Preface
ADVERTISEMENTBYTHEEDITOR
ThehistoryofthepresentWorkissomewhatcurious：itisextractedfromtwosetsofmanuscripts，differingconsiderablyastotheirarrangement；theoneinFrenchandtheotherinEnglish，writtenbyMr。Benthambetweenfortyandfiftyyearsago；andwhichdonotappeartohavebeeneverconfrontedtogether。
Boththesemanuscripts，withMr。Bentham’sPapersonPunishment，were，atthedesireofMr。Dumont，placedinhishands，and，togetherwithsomefewadditionsfromhisownelegantpen，formthematteroftheworkpublishedbyhim（atParisin1811）underthetitleofThè；oriedesPeinesetdesRé；compenses。OfthisworkthreeeditionshavebeenprintedinFrance，andoneinEngland：
the``RationaleofReward’’occupiesthesecondvolume。
InpreparingitforitsappearancebeforetheEnglishpublic，theEditorhastakentheabovevolumeasthegroundworkofhislabours；
buthavingavailedhimselfwhereverhecouldoftheoriginalmanuscripts，hiswill，inmanyinstances，notbefoundaliteraltranslationofM。Dumont’swork。
TheadditionsmadebyM。Dumontaremarkedout，wheredistinguishable，byappropriateindications。OneoftheseadditionsbeingatvariancewithMr。Bentham’spresentopinions，hasgivenrisetotheremarkswhichimmediatelyfollow。
RRPrefaceSection2TheRationaleofRewardPrefaceREMARKSBYMR。BENTHAM``Catherine’sScaleofRanks’’：———``BenthamorDumont，onPensionsofRetreat？’’———whichyouplease。———Youaskmypresentthoughts：———I
amallobedience。Allowmeonlytonametheplace。Notinyourwork，butletitbeinasequelIampreparingforit。Fromthatwhichyouhavesokindlymadeyours，thosewickedthoughtswouldscareawayreaders，whom，ifcontentwithwhatyougivethemfrommyfirstfriend，thatsequelmayhaveachancefor。Inthatproductionmaybeseen，notindescriptiononly，butinterminis，thearrangements，which，afterfromfortytofiftyyearsforreflection，exhibitthepractical———Idonotsaythenowpracticable———resultoftheprinciplesofyours：andthatcleared（forgivemysayingso）ofwhatnowshowsitselftomeasdross。Noryetwillitdrawreadersfromyours；———forinyoursalonewillbefounddiscussions，explanations，andreasoningsatlength；inthenewone（exceptwheretheoppositeofficiallyavowedprinciplesareexamined）littleelsethanresults。
OfficialAptitudeMaximized；ExpenseMinimized。
Inthesewordsyouhavethetitleofaplanofofficialeconomyandeducationthatgivesdenominationtothewhole，andanindicationofthematterofthefirstandprincipalpart。Sendyourreaders，ifyouhaveany，tothatwork。There，withofficialeconomy，andofficialeducation，theymayseenationalgrowingoutofit———added，andthatwithoutneedofadditionaldescriptionorexpense。There，confrontedwithRadical，theymayseeWhigandToryeconomy，andtaketheirchoice。IsayWhigandTory；forthesetwoareone。
AstoCatherineandherranks，theyranknotquitesohighwithmenowasthen。Pensionsofretreatwouldbeinvitedtomaketheirretreatfromyourpages，wereitnotformyrespectforeditorsandreaders。Inmyownworkmaybeseenapictureofthem，paintedinthosecolourswhichnowappeartometheirproperones。
``Revise？’’Impossible：nottospeakofmydoingyoumoreharmthangood。IntheFrenchalone，the``PensionsofRetreat’’
havealreadycostme———Ihadalmostsaidlostme———moredaysthanIcanenduretothinkof：Iwhohavesofewleft，andworkenoughleftforahundredtimesthenumber。WhatIhavefoundpossible，Ihavedone，———lookingoverthetitlesofthechaptersandsections（stillintheFrenchalone）
and，inrelationtothem，submittingwhatappearstomeanappropriatewording，togetherwithsomelittlealterationsandadditionswhichpresentedthemselvestomeasamendments。
RRPrefaceSection3TheRationaleofRewardPrefacePRELIMINARYOBSERVATIONSThegreatesthappinessofthegreatestnumberoughttobetheobjectofeverylegislator：foraccomplishinghispurposesrespectingthisobject，hepossessestwoinstruments———PunishmentandReward。Thetheoriesofthesetwoforcesdividebetweenthem，althoughinunequalshares，thewholefieldoflegislation。
ThesubjectofthepresentworkisReward；andnotrewardalone，buteveryotherusewhichcanbemadeofthatmatterofwhichrewardsmaybeformed。
Inthefollowingwork，thedifferentsourcesfromwhichrewardsmaybederivedareexamined；thechoicewhichoughttobemadebetweenthedifferentmodificationsofwhichrewardissusceptible，ispointedout；andrulesarelaiddownfortheproductionofthegreatesteffectwiththeleastportionofthispreciousmatter。
Ontheonehand，indicationisgivenofthevenom，moreorlessconcealed，whichisincludedintheemploymentswhichhavetoocommonlybeenmadeofit；andanattempthasbeenmadetotakeswayfromotherscertainimputationswhichtheenthusiasmofvirtuehascastuponthem。
Thelimitshavebeentracedbetweenthefieldsofrewardandpunishment；thespringsofthatmechanismdeveloped，whencethoselawsarisetowhichthepowerisattributedofexecutingthemselves，anddirectionsgivenforthatcombinationofremedies，thesweetwiththebitter，wherebysohappyaunionisproducedbetweeninterestandduty。
Theadvantagesofasystemofremuneratoryprocedurearepointedout；anideagivenofthecourseitoughttotake；andanenumerationmadeoftheusesofthematterofrewardwhicharenotremuneratory。Thenatureandeffectsofsalariesandotherofficialemolumentsareinquiredinto；thenatureanddegreeoftheencouragementpropertobeaffordedtotheartsandsciencesisdiscussed；
and，finally，thequestion，———Howfaritispossiblebeneficiallytoapplyartificialrewardtotheencouragementofproductionandtrade，isconsidered。
RRBook1Chapter1TheRationaleofRewardBookIOfRewardsinGeneralChapterIDEFINITIONSReward，inthemostgeneralandextensivesenseevergiventotheword，maybedefinedtobe———aportionofthematterofgood，which，inconsiderationofsomeservicesupposedorexpectedtobedone，isbestowedonsomeone，intheintentthathemaybebenefitedthereby。{AlternativeDefinition}
Whenemployedunderthedirectionoftheprincipleofutility，itoperatesasamotivefortheperformanceofactionsusefultosocietyinthesamemanneras，underthesameguidance，punishmentoperatesinthepreventionofactionstowhichweascribeaninjurioustendency。
Theservices，intheproductionofwhichthispreciousmattermaybeemployed，maybedistinguishedintoordinaryandextraordinary。
Ordinaryservicesmayhesubdividedintoregularlyrecurringorroutine，andoccasional。Byroutineservices，Imeanthosewhich，inallthevariousdepartmentsofgovernment，thepublicfunctionariesareboundtoperforminvirtueoftheirrespectiveoffices。
Byoccasionalservices，Imeanthoserequiredbythegovernmentatthehandsofpersonsnotinitsemploy。Theybelongalmostentirelytotheadministrationofjustice，andthatbranchofthepolicewhichisconnectedwithit———asdenouncingandprosecutingcriminals，givingjudicialevidence，andseizingpersonsaccused，&；c。Tothesameheadmaybereferredservicesrenderedtoindividualsincaseoffires，inundations，andshipwrecks：inasmuchasthegovernmentisinterestedinthepreservationofeveryindividualinthecommunity，theseservicesmaybeconsideredasrenderedtoit。
Totheheadofextraordinaryservices，maybereferred———Servicesrenderedtothewholecommunitybynewinventions，givingtotheoperationsofgovernment，inanyofitsdifferentbranches，anincreaseddegreeofperfection：suchasimportantimprovementsinmilitaryornavaltactics，fortificationorshipbuilding，&；c。；inthemodeofadministeringjustice，regulatingthepoliceorthefinances，orinanyotherpartofthefieldoflegislation。Servicesrenderedintimeofwar，bytheseizureordestructionofobjectscontributingtothepoweroftheenemy，orbythepreservationofsuchasbelongtoone’sowncountry。Servicesrenderedbypersonsexercisingtheofficeofforeignministers，consistinginthepreventionorterminationofthecalamitiesofwar，orinthebringingaboutusefulalliances。Discoveriesofgreatimportancetotheaugmentationofthenationalwealth；
newmethodsofabridginglabour；theintroductionofnewbranchesofindustry&；c。Discoveriesinscience，whicharenotsusceptibleofimmediateapplicationtothearts。Nobleactions，anddistinguishedinstancesofvirtue：inconsideringwhich，notonlytheimmediatebenefitshouldberewarded，buttheirinfluenceasexamplesuponthecultivationofsimilarexcellencies。Suchisthefieldofservices；such，therefore，isthefieldofreward。
Withregardtorewards，themostimportantdivisionisintooccasionalandpermanent，thefirstareapplied，accordingtotimesandcircumstances，toasingleindividual，ortoanumberofindividuals，invirtueofsomeinsulatedandspecificservice。Theothersarechargeduponsomegeneralfundprovidedforanindefinitenumberofpersons，andforasuccessionofservices。
Inconsequenceoftheextentandpermanenceoftheireffects，itisprincipallywithregardtothelatterclassofrewardsthatitwillbefoundofimportancetoestablishthetrueprincipleswhichoughttoregulatetheirdistribution。Occasionalrewardsbeingconfinedwithinnarrowerlimits，andtheireffectsmoretransitory，erroneousviewsrespectingthemarecomparativelyoftriflingconsequence。
Themostextensiveuseofthematterofrewardtakesplaceintransactionsbetweenindividuals。Inthecaseofpersonalserviceswhichareperformedinvirtueofcontract，thepaygiventohimbywhomtheyarerendered，ishisreward。Inbuyingandselling，reciprocaldeliveryistherewardforthemutualtransfer。Butthepublic，thatistosay，thegovernmentonaccountofthepublic，hasademandforavarietyofservicesandgoodsexactlysimilartothoseofwhichanindividualstandsinneed：anditisthusthatthemostadvantageousmodeofemployingthematterofreward，evenintheordinarycourseofbusiness，entersintothesphereofpolitics，andclaimstheattentionofthelegislator。
RRBook1Chapter2TheRationaleofRewardBookIOfRewardsinGeneralChapterIIMATTEROFREWARD———SOURCESBetweenthefourobjects———delinquency，punishment，expenditure，andreward，thereisanintimateconnexion。Hewhoknowsthroughthenatureandpossiblemodificationsofanyone，knowsthoroughlythenatureandpossiblemodificationsofalltherest。Whyso？Becausetheyareallofthembutsomanymodificationsofgoodandevil———oftheinstrumentsorcausesofpainandpleasure，consideredinaparticularpointofview。
Whatevermischiefbeingproducedcontrarytothewillofthelegislator，takesthenameofanoffence，thesamewhenproducedinpursuanceofthatwill（soitbewithadirectintentiononhispartthatthepartyshallbeasuffererbyit）takesthenameofpunishment。Rewardistogood，whatpunishmentistoevil：rewardononepartsupposesexpenditureontheother：
whateverisreceivedbyonepartyonthefootingofreward，isexpendedbysomeother：———whenaview，then，isgivenoftheseveralpossiblemodificationsofoffence，aviewisatthesametimegiveninreality，ifnotinname，oftheseveralpossiblemodificationsofreward。
Thismayatfirstsightappearaparadox；butastheabsenceofgoodiscomparativelyanevil，sotheabsenceofeviliscomparativelyagood：thenotion，therefore，ofevil，andofallsortsofevil，isincludedinthenotionofreward。
Theseveralmodificationsofthematterofrewardmaybecomprisedunderfourheads：———1。Thematterofwealth；2。Honour；3。Power；4。Exemptions。Inrespectoftheemploymentofthedirectmodeforaffordingpleasure，itbelongsnotproperlytopolitical，buttodomesticgovernmentoreducation。
1。Thematterofwealth。———Money，ormoney’sworth，isbymuchthemostcommonstuffofwhichrewardsaremade；andingeneralthemostsuitableofwhichtheycanbemade：whyitissowillappearhereafter。
2。Honour。———Honourmaybemadeoutofanystuff。Insomecases，itisproducedbythebearingaparticulartitlenothereditary，———asthenameoftheofficeamanholds。Inothercases，itishereditary，andplacestheindividualsbearingitinadistinctrank，superiortothatoftheotherclasses，———asinthecaseofthenobility。
Inothercases，itisunaccompaniedwithanydistinguishingdenomination，oranyparticulartitle，———asinthecaseofmedals，orpublicthanksconferredafteranygreatvictory，inthenameofthekingandparliament。
Agraduatedscaleofranks，especiallywhenitsgradationsaredeterminedbymerit，anddependuponactualservice，isanexcellentinstitution。Itcreatesanewsourceofhappiness，bymeansofataxuponhonour，almostimperceptibletothosebywhomitispaid：
itaugmentsthesumofhumanenjoyment；itincreasesthepowerofgovernment，byclothingitsauthoritywithbenignity；itopensnewsourcesfortheexerciseofhope，themostpreciousofallpossessions；anditnourishesemulation，themostpowerfulofallincentivestovirtuousactions。Suchagraduatedscaleofrankshasatalltimesbeeninuseinthemilitarybranchofthepublicservice。Butinthiscase，theprincipalobjectisnothonourbutpower：———superiorityinrankisinvariablyaccompaniedbysuperiorityincommand。Thehonourwhichaccompaniesthepowerisbutanaccidentalappendage。
CatherineII。extendedtheapplicationofhisarrangementtothecivilservice。Shedistributedallthepublicofficersinthecivildepartmentintodistinctandevennumericalclasses，correspondingwiththedistributionofrankinthearmy：———secretaries，judges，musicians，academicians，allthecivilfunctionaries，beingadvancedbysteps，aperpetualstateofemulationandofhopestimulatedtheirlaboursthroughoutthewholecourseoftheircareer。Itwasaninventioninpolitics，whichmatchesthemostingeniousdiscoverynartthatthepresentcenturyhaswitnessed。
Atonestroke，withoutviolenceorinjustice，hereditarynobilitywasdeprivedofthegreaterpartofitsinjuriousprerogatives。Theforemostinrankandwealthbeganhiscareerattheloweststep：hisascentthrougheachgradationdependingupontheappointmentofthesovereign，ifwithoutmerit，hewasleftbehind，whilemenofthemostobscurebirthtookprecedenceofhim。Thisenginewasthemorepowerful，fromthegentlenesswithwhichitoperated———thesimplenon—collationofrewardperformingtheofficeofpunishment。
Anotheradvantagegainedbythetransferenceofthedenominationsofthemilitaryranksintothecivilserviceis，thattherespectbornebythemilitarytothecivilfunctionariesisthusinnosmalldegreeincreased。Itisaningeniousartificeforconqueringthebarbarousandabsurdcontemptforcivilfunctionswhichprevailsinallmilitarygovernments。Theassimilationofranksnaturallyleadstotheassimilationofrespect。Fromthetimethatthisarrangementwasmade，thenobilitywereseeneagerlytoengageinoffices，whichbeforetheyhadregardedwithdisdain。
Ordersofknighthoodappearlikefloatingfragmentsdetachedfromsomesuchregularsystemofhonoraryrewards。
Insomestates，anorderofknighthoodbasbeenestablishedunderthetitleof``TheOrderofMerit’’。Itmightbesupposedthatthisorderhadbeenestablishedasajest，bywayofsatireuponallotherorders。Notso，however：whateverridiculetheremaybe，fallsexclusivelyuponthosewhoaremembersofthisorder：ofallordersitistheleastdistinguished；thenobilityarenotcandidatesforadmission———theyconsideritderogatorytotheirbirth。Itisthereward———itmaybepurchasedby，service。
Thehigherranksofknighthood，aretheytobeconsideredasrewards？———aretheypublicrewards？Tothisquestionitappearsdifficulttogiveadecisiveanswer。Theyarebestowedforsogreatavarietyofreasons，thattogiveanydescriptionofthem，whichshallbeapplicabletoallcases，isimpossible。Theyaresometimesgivenfortheperformanceofdistinguishedservices；butmuchmoregenerallytocourtiersandmenofrank，whoarethecompanionsofthesovereign，toincreasethesplendourofhiscourt。Inthesecases，themeritprovedis，thattheindividualhasmadehimselfagreeabletothesovereign。Butifpersonsthusdecoratedclaimdistinctionsnotbelongingtoothermembersofthecommunity，———ifeveryonemustyieldthemprecedence，oughtnotsomepublicreasontobegivenforcreatingthissuperiority———forthiscomparativedegradationofthelargestportionofthecommunity？Oughtsuchdraftsupontherespectofthepublictobedrawninfavourofanindividual，tillithasbeenshownthathehasrenderedservicestoentitlehimtothisspecialhomage？
Whenthusconferred，isnotaresourcethatmightyieldimportantfruitsemployedwithbadeconomy？Weshallreturntothissubject。
3。Power。———Theprincipleswhichoughttoregulatethedistributionofthisgreatobjectofhumandesire，belongtotheheadofconstitutionallaw，ratherthantoourpresentsubject。
Poweriscreatedforapurposealtogetherdifferentfromthatofservingasmatterofreward。Meritisnottheonlyconsiderationbywhichitsdistributionmustbegoverned。
Underamonarchicalgovernment，forexample，theinconveniencesattendingtheelectionofakingmaybesoserious，thatthesupremepoweroughttobeattachedtosomequalificationmoremanifestandindispensablethanthepersonalmeritofanindividual。Inamixedgovernment，also，inwhichthereisachiefmagistrate，andabodyofhereditarynoblesinvestedwithcertainpowers，itmaybethoughtproperthatthisbodyshouldbecomposedofmanymembers：butthemorenumerous，thelesssusceptibleisitofthatsortofselectionwhichsupposesineachindividualdistinguishedmerit。
Thusfar，however，wemaydetermineingeneral，viz。thatpower，whereveritcanbeemployedwithoutinconvenienceasmatterofreward，oughttobesoemployed。
Inthususingit，thedifficultyistoselectanyactoreventthatshallserveasevidenceofthecapacityofindividua]sforexercisingthepowerwithwhichtheymaycometobeinvested。Inpublicemployments，forexample，howvariousarethetalentsrequired，forthepossessionofwhichnosingleactcanbeconsideredassatisfactoryevidence！
Werethisnotthecase，thegreaternumberofpublicemploymentsmightbeconferredasrewardsfortheperformanceofsomedeterminateservice，respectivelyrelatingtothem。
IntheGazette，noticesmightbegiven，couchedinthefollowingterms：———``Whoeverproducesthemostperfectdie，shallbeplacedattheheadoftheMint。’’———``Whoeverproducesamodelofthemostserviceablepieceofartillery，shallbeplacedattheheadoftheOrdnance。’’———``Hewhoconstructstheswiftestsailingvessel，unitedwiththemostperfectmeansofattackanddefence，shallbeplacedattheheadofthenavalarchitecture。’’———``Theauthorwhowritesthebesttreatiseuponcommerce，finances，ortheartofwar，shallbeplacedattheheadoftheBoardofTrade，shallbefirstLordoftheTreasury，orCommander—in—Chief，respectively。Hewhowritesthebesttreatiseonthelaws，shallbemadeChancellor。’’
Atfirstview，nothingcanbemorecaptivatingthansuchaplan；butupontheslightestexamination，itwillbefoundmorespeciousthansolid。Why？Becauseitisbynomeansuncommonforamanwhoisinaneminentdegreeendowedwithoneofthequalitiesrequisite，tobealtogetherdestituteofotherequallyindispensable。
Thereare，besides，casesinwhicheventhisimperfectmodeofproofisaltogetherwanting。Duringalongperiodoftranquillity，bywhatdescribableservicecanamilitarymandisplayhistalentsforcommand？Amongthequalitiesmostessentialforsuchaduty，arepresenceofmind，enlargedviews，foresight，activity，courage，perseverance，personalinfluence，&；c。&；c。Bywhatspecificactcananofficerwhohasseennoservice，showhimselftobepossessedofanyofthesequalifications？
Wearereduced，then，tomereconjecture。Thebestfoundedopinionsaredrawnfromhishabitsoflife，hisattachmenttohisprofession，andabovealltheconfidencereposedinhimbythosewhoareengagedinthesameprofession，whoseopinionisfoundeduponamultiplicityofacts，whichintheaggregateconstitutehischaracter。
Discernment，ortheartofjudgingofindividualcapacity，isararequality，whoseuseitisimpossibletosupersedebygeneralrules。
Aslightadvancemightperhapsbemadeinthisdifficultart，didwepossessacatalogueoftheindicationsoftalentsorcapacity，asapplicabletothevariousdepartmentsofstate。
4。Exemptions。———Thelegislatorcreatestwosortsofevils：heappointspunishmentforoffences；heimposesburthensomedutiesuponthevariousmembersofthecommunity。Henceexemptionsmaybeoftwokinds：exemptionsfrompunishmenta1readyincurred；exemptionsfromcivilburthens。
Anexemptionfrompunishmentalreadyincurred，isapardon。Pardonshaveoftenbeengiveninthewayofreward，thatis，inconsiderationofformerservices。Suchactscannotbeforeseenandprovidedforbyanticipation：theyaretheresultofthediscretionentrustedonthisbehalftothesovereign。
UndertheEnglishlaw，however，thereareinstancesinwhich，byanticipation，exemptionfrompunishmentisgranted；thatistosay，beforethepunishmentisinflicted。Thus，fromthepolicyorweaknessofthetemporalsovereign，theEnglishclergyobtainedintimesofbarbarismanexemptioninallcasesfromcapitalandseveralotherkindsofpunishment：anexemptionwhichbeingbystatutelawconfined，inregardtocausesontheonehand，whilebycommonlawitwasextended，withregardtopersonsontheother，hasleftthispartofthepenalbranchofthelawintheconfusionunderwhichitstilllabours。[3]
Thenobilityfollowedtheexampleoftheclergy。
InalmosteverycountryofEuropetheyhavefoundthemselvesinvestedwithexemptionsofthisnature。AncientRomesettheexample。Nocitizencouldbeputtodeath：Verres，convictedofthemostatrociouscrimes，atonedforthembyenjoyingatdistancefromRomethefruitsofhisplunder。
WhenCatherineII。，empressofRussia，convenedtogetherdeputiesfromalltheprovincesofthatimmenseempire，underthepretenceoftheirassistingherintheformationofacodeoflaws（asortofparodyofthelegislativeassembliesoffreestates，whichwasnothoweverwithoutitsuse，insofarasitcontributedtothespreadofenlightenedideas，）sheconferreduponthem，amongstotherprivileges，anexemptionfromallcorporalpunishment，casesofhightreasonexcepted。
Thisspeciesofdistinction，whichasarewardforlegislators，couldscarcelybeimaginedinanyotherstatethanonejustemergingfromastateofbarbarism，haddoubtlessforitsobjecttheincreasingtheirselfimportance，andtheconferringuponthemasortofrankwhichshouldlastbeyondthedurationoftheirduties。
Asamanmaybepunishedinhisperson，hisreputation，hisproperty，———inlikemanner，throughnecessity，andwiththeviewofpunishinghim，hemaybeburthened。Anexemptionfromaburthenisanexemptionfromtheobligationofrenderingservice：servicesareeitherservicesofsubmission，intherenderingofwhichthewillofthepartyhasnoshare———orservicesofbehaviour。
Ofexemptionfromservicesofsubmission，notexactedinthewayofpunishment，weshallnotfindagreatvarietyofexamples。
InGreatBritain，membersoftheupperhouseofParliamentandotherpeersconstantly，andmembersofthelowerhouseatcertainperiods，areexemptedfromarrests：thisprivilegetheymaybeconsideredasenjoyingpartlyonthegroundsofsatisfaction，partlythattheymaynothedivertedfromtheexerciseoftheirfunctions，andpartlybecause，beingmembersofthesovereignbody，theywouldhaveitso。
Amongservicesperformedbyaction，aresomewhichmaybestyledservicesofrespect。ItisaserviceofrespectexactedbyusageineverykingdominEuropenottowearahat，orwhatisequivalent，inthepresenceoftheking。InSpain，somefamiliesamongthenobilityenjoytheprivilegeofremainingcoveredinthepresenceoftheking。InIreland，theheadofonefamily（thefamilyoftheDeCourcys，earlsofKinsale）enjoysthelikeexemption，usarewardforsomeservicerenderedbyanancestor。
ByaBritishstatute，hewhoapprehendsandprosecutestoconvictionacriminalofacertaindescription，receivedamongstotherrewardsanexemptionfromparishoffices，togetherwiththeprivilegeoftransferring1gthatexemptiontoanother。
ByotherBritishstatutes，personswhohavebornearmsforacertainlengthoftimeintheserviceofthestate，wereexemptedfromtheobligationofthoselawswhich，lestindustryshouldbetoocommon，forbadeamanfromworkingforhisownbenefitatatradeatwhichhehadnotworkedsevenyearsforthebenefitofanother。
Therearevariousotherexemptionsofthesamenature：butastheobjecthereisnottogiveanexhaustiveviewoftheseseveralexemptions，butmerelyafewinstancestoservobywayofexample，theabovespecimensmaysuffice。
Onegeneralobservationappliestoallcasesofexemptionsfromgeneralobligationsimposedbylaw：itis———thatthemoreseverethelaw，themoreabundant，asdrawnfromthissource，isthefundofreward。Itmaybecreatedbyamereactofrestitutionbytherenderingofjustice：tosomemaybegivenwhatoughttobeleftforall：conditionsmaybeannexedtowhatoughttobegivengratuitously。Thegreaterthemassofinjusticeinflicted，thegreatertheopportunityforgenerosityindetail。Theoppressivegovernmentofonesovereignisamineofgoldtohissuccessor。Inthechurch，itisthegoodworksoftheirpredecessors———inthestate，itistheirbadworks，thatincreasethetreasureoftheirsuccessorsInRussiaandinPoland，emancipationisaverydistinguishedreward。A
tyrantmayrewardbydoinglessmischief。
Onewordonthelast，articleofreward———Pleasures。
Punishmentmaybeappliedinallshapestoallpersons。Pleasure，however，inthehandsofthelegislator，isnotequallymanageable：pleasurecanbegivenonlybygivingthemeansbywhichitispurchased———thatistosay，thematterofwealthwhicheveryonemayemployinhisownway。
Amongcertainbarbarousorhalf—civilisednations，theservicesoftheirwarriorshavebeenrewardedbythefavoursofwomen。Helvetiusappearstosmilewithapprobationatthismodeofexcitingbravery。ItwasperhapsMontesquieuthatledhimintothiserror。InspeakingoftheSamnites，amongwhomtheyoungmandeclaredthemostworthyselectedwhomsoeverhepleasedforhiswife，headds，thatthiscustomwascalculatedtoproducemostbeneficialeffects。
Philosophersdistinguishedfortheirhumanity———bothofthemgoodhusbandsandgoodfathers，bothofthemeloquentagainstslavery，howcouldtheyspeakinpraiseofalawwhichsupposestheslaveryofthebesthalfofthehumanspecies？———howcouldtheyhaveforgottenthatfavoursnotprecededbyanuncontrouledchoice，andwhichtheheartperhapsrepelledwithdisgust，affordedthespectacleratherofthedegradationofwomanthantherewardingahero？Thewarrior，surroundedbypalmsofhonour，couldhedescendtoactthepartofaravisher？Andifhedisdainedthisbarbarousright，wasnothisgenerosityasatireonthelaw？
Voltairerelateswithgreatsimplicity，thatatthefirstrepresentationofoneofhistragedies，theaudience，whosawtheauthorinaboxwithanextremelybeautifulyoungduchess，requiredthatsheshouldgivehimakiss，bywayofacknowledgingthepublicgratitude。
Thevictim，apartakerinthegeneralenthusiasm，feltapparentlynorepugnancetomakingthesacrifice：and，withouttheinterventionofthemagistrate，wemaytrusttotheenthusiasmofthesex，andtheirpassionfordistinction，forpreferencesthatmayanimatecourageandgeniusintheircareer。
RRBook1Chapter3TheRationaleofRewardBookIOfRewardsinGeneralChapterIIIREWARDANDPUNISHMENTSCOMBINEDTherearesomecasesinwhichitwouldbeimpropertoemployeitherrewardorpunishmentalone。Theyarethoseinwhichthetwoforcesmaywithadvantagebeunited———inwhichthelegis1atorsaystothecitizen，obey，andyoushallreceiveacertainreward；disobey，audyoushallsufferacertainpunishment。
Thetwomodesmaybeproperlyunitedwhentheservicerequiredbythelawdependsforitsperformanceuponasmallnumberofpersons，inavirtueofthepeculiarcircumstancesinwhichtheyhappenedtobeplaced。If，forexample，theobjectbethesecuringadelinquentatthemomentthatheisabouttocommitanoffence，toinformagainsthimortoprosecutehim———itwillbefoundexpedient，inordertoensuretherenderingofsuchservices，tocombinewitharewardfortheirperformance，punishmentfortheiromission。
Insuchcases，punishmentisusefulintwoways：
besidetheeffectproducedbyitsownforce，italsosustainsthevalueofthereward。Thereisaverystrongprejudiceinthepublicmindagainstpersonswhoacceptpecuniaryrewardfortheperformanceofsuchservices；
butwhenapenalmotiveisadded，thepublicresentmentisabated，ifnotaltogetherremoved。Theprosecutionofacriminalforthesakeofthepecuniarybenefitderivablefromit，isgenerallyregardedasdiscreditable；buthewhoundertakestheprosecutiontoavoidbeinghimselfpunishedwillbeconsideredatleastasexcusable。Thedesireofself—preservationiscalledanaturalpropensity；thatistosay，isregardedwithapprobation。
Thedesireofgainisapropensitynotlessnatural；butinthiscase，althoughmoreuseful，itisnotregardedwiththesameapprobationThisisamischievousprejudice：butitexists，anditisthereforenecessarytocombatitsinfluence。Wemusttreatopinionsaswefindthem，andnotactasthoughtheywerewhattheyoughttobe。Thisisnottheonlyinstanceinwhichitisnecessarytoputaconstraintuponmen’sinclinations，thattheymaybeatlibertytofollowthem。
Aninstanceofthejudiciousmixtureofrewardandpunishmentisfurnishedbythepracticepursuedinmanyschools，calledchallenging。Allthescholarsinthesameclasshavingrangedthemselvesaroundthemaster，hewhostandsattheheadoftheclassbeginstheexercise：
doeshemakeamistake，thenexttohiminsuccessioncorrectshimandtakeshisplace；doesthesecondnotperceivethemistake，orisheunabletocorrectit，theprivilegedevolvesuponthethird；andsooftherest；———thepossessionofthefirstplaceentitlingtheholdertocertainflatteringmarksofdistinction。
Thetwoincitementsareinthiscasemostcarefullycombined：punishmentforthemistake，lossofrank；rewardfortheinformer，acquisitionofthatsamerank；punishmentfornotinforming，lossofrankthesameasfortheoffenceitself。
If，undertheordinarydisciplineofschools，inthecasewherethescholarhasnonaturalinterestwhichshouldinducehimtopointoutthemistakesofhisassociate，itwereattemptedtoproducethesechallengesbytheforceofrewardalone，theopinionwhichthegeneralinterestwouldcreatewouldopposeanobstacletothereceptionofthereward，mostdifficulttobeovercome：butwhentheyoungcompetitorshavetosayintheirdefence，thattheyhavedepressedtheirneighbourmerelytoavoidbeingdepressedthemselves，theyarerelievedfromallpretenceforreproach；everyonewithouthesitationabandonshimselftothesuggestionsofhisambition，and，underthesanctionofthelaw，honourcombatswithunrestrainedimpetuosity。
Thisingeniousexpedientforexcitingemulationisoneamongtheotheradvantagesofanumerousclass。Intheprivateplanofeducation，thereareseldomactorsinsufficientnumberfortheperformanceofthiscomedy。Themostfavourableopportunitiesforlegislationarethoseinwhichthetwomethodsaresocombined，thatthepunishmentimmediatelyfollowstheomissionoftheduty，andtherewarditsperformanceThisarrangementpresentstheideaofabsoluteperfection。Why？Becausetoalltheforceofthepunishmentisunitedalltheattractivenessandcertaintyofthereward。
Ihavesaidcertainty：butthisrequirestobeexplained。Denounceapunishmentforsuchorsuchacts：theonlyindividualwhocannotfailtoknowwhetherornothehasincurredthepunishment，isinterestedinconcealinghishavingincurredit。Ontheotherhand，offerareward，andthesameindividualfindshimselfinterestedinproducingthenecessaryproofsforestablishinghistitletoit。Thusavarietyofcausescontributetothefailureofpunishment———theartificesofthepersoninterested，theprejudicesagainstinformers，thelossorfailureofevidence，thefallibilityormistakenhumanityofjudges———whiletotheattainmentofrewardnosuchobstaclesoccur：itoperates，then，uponalloccasions，withthewholeofitsforceandcertainty。
Beforeacelebratedlaw，whichweowetoMr。Burke，thelordsofthetreasurywerecharged，astheystillare，withthepaymentofthesalariesofcertainofthepublicservants。Justicerequiredthatallshouldbepaidinthesameproportionasfundsforthatpurposewerereceived。Butnolawwasasyetinforcetosupportthisprinciple。Asmightnaturallybeexpected，allsortsofpreferenceshadplace：theypaidtheirfriendsfirst，anditcannotbesupposedtheyforgotthemselves。
Whenthefundssetaparttothisservicewereinsufficient，thelessfavouredclasssuffered。Thedelaysofpaymentoccasionedcontinualcomplaints。
Howwouldanordinarylegislatorhaveacted？Hewouldhaveenactedthateveryoneshouldbepaidinproportiontothereceipts；andthathisregulationsmightnotbewantinginform，hewouldhaveaddedadirectpunishmentforitsbreach，withoutinquiringifitwereeasytobeeludedornot。Mr。
Burkeacteddifferently：hearrangedthedifferentofficersinclasses；
hepreparedatableofpreference，inwhichtheorderistheinverseofthecreditwhichtheymightbesupposedtopossess。Thenoblelords，withtheprimeministerattheirhead，bringuptherear，andareprohibitedfromtouchingasingleshillingoftheirpay，tillthelowestscullionhasreceivedeverypennyofhis。
Hadhepermittedthesegreatofficerstopaythemselves，andprescribedhistableofpreferencefortherest，underthepenaltyoflosingapartoftheirsalaries，whatembarrassment，whatdifficulties，whatdelays！——Whowouldundertaketheodioustaskofinformer？Howmanypretencesofjustificationwouldtheynothavehad？Whowouldharedaredtoattacktheministers？InthisarrangementofMr。Burke，tilltheyhavefulfilledtheirduty，theylosetheenjoymentofalltheirsalary；theyloseitwithoutinquiryandwithoutembarrassment。Thusrenderedconditional，theirsalarybecomesinrealitytherecompenceoftheirregularityinpayingtheothers。
Theadvantagesofthisinventionmaybethussummedup。Theirsalary，dependsupontheperformanceoftheservice，isnolongerabarrengratification，butareallyproductivereward。Themotivehasalltheforcebelongingtopunishment：bythesuspensionofpayment，itoperatesasafine。Itpossessesallthecertaintyofareward：
therighttoreceivefollowsthecompletionoftheservice，withoutanyjudicialprocedure。
RRBook1Chapter4TheRationaleofRewardBookIOfRewardsinGeneralChapterIVTHEUNIONOFINTERESTWITHDUTY，ANDOFSELF—EXECUTINGLAWSWhathasbeensaidintheprecedingchapterwillservetoelucidatethemeaningoftheabovetwoexpressions，which，thoughinfamiliarusewithpoliticalwriters，haveneveryetbeencompletelyexplained。
Thelegislatorshould，saythey，endeavourtouniteinterestwithduty：thisaccomplished，theyconsiderperfectionasattained。
Buthowisthisuniontobebroughtabout？———whatconstitutesit？Tocreateadutyandaffixapunishmenttotheviolationofit，istouniteaman’sinterestwithhisduty，andeventouniteitmorestronglythanbyanyprospectofreward。Butthisisnotuniversallyatleastwhattheymean；
forifpunishmentaloneweresufficientfortheestablishmentofthedesiredconnexionbetweeninterestandduty，whatlegislatoristherewhowouldfailinitsaccomplishment？———whatwouldtherebetoboastofinacontrivancewhichsurpassesnottheingenuityofthemostclumsypolitician？
Inthisphrase，bythewordinterest，pleasureorprofitisunderstood：theideadesignedtobeexpressedis，theexistenceofsuchaprovisioninthelaw，asthatconformitytoitshallbeproductiveofcertainbenefitswhichwillceaseofthemselvessosoonasthelawceasestobeobserved。
Inaword，theunioninquestionisproducedwheneversuchaspeciesofinterestcanbeformedasshallcombinetheforcewhichispeculiartopunishmentwiththecertaintywhichispeculiartoreward。
Thisconnexionbetweendutyandinterestistoahighdegreeattainedinthecaseofpensionsandplacesheldduringpleasure。
Letussuppose，forexample，thatthecontinuanceofthepensionismadetodependupontheholder’spayingatalltimesabsoluteobediencetothewillofhissuperior。Thepensionerceasestogivesatisfaction；thepensionceases。Therearenoneoftheembarrassmentsanduncertaintiesattendantonordinaryprocedure；therearenocomplaintsofdisobediencemadeagainstpersonsthuscircumstanced。Itisagainsttheextremeefficacyofthisplan，ratherthanagainstitsweakness，thatcomplaintsareheard。
Insomecountries，bytherevenuelaws，andparticularlyinthecaseofthecustomhouseduties，itisnotuncommontoallowtheofficers，asarewardaportionofthegoodsseizedbythemintheactofbeingsmuggledThisistheonlymodethathasappearedeffectuallytocombatthetemptationstowhichtheyareperpetuallyexposed。Thepricewhichitwouldbeworthwhileforindividualstooffertotheofficersforconnivance，canscarcelyequal，uponanaveragetheadvantagetheyderivefromtheperformanceoftheirduty。Sofarfromtherebeinganyapprehensionoftheirbeingremissinitsdischarge，wheneveryinstanceofneglectisfollowedbyimmediatepunishment，thedangeris，lesttheyshouldbeledtoexceedtheirduty，andtheinnocentshouldbeexposedtosuspicionandvexation。
Thelegislatorshouldenactlawswhichwillexecutethemselves。Whatistobeunderstoodbythis？Speakingwithprecision，nolawcanexecuteitselfInastateofinsulation，alawisinoperative：toproduceitsdesiredeffects，itmustbesupportedandenforcedbysomeotherlaw，which，initsturn，requiresforitssupporttheassistanceofotherlaws。Itisthusthatabodyoflawsformsagroup，orratheracircle，inwhicheachisreciprocallysupportedandsupports。Whenitissaid，therefore，thatthelawexecutesitself，itisnotmeantthatitcansubsistwithouttheassistanceofotherlaws，butthatitsprovisionsaresoarrangedthatpunishmentimmediatelyfollowsitsviolation，unaidedbyanyformofprocedure；thattooneoffence，anothermoreeasilysusceptibleofproof，ormoreseverelypunished，issubstituted。
Mr。Burke’slaw，whichhasalreadybeenmentioned，isjustlyentitledtoberankedunderthishead。Theclausewhichforbidstheministersandtreasurerstopaythemselvestillallotherpersonshavebeenpaid，possessesineffectthepropertiesofapunishmentannexedtoanyretardationofpayments———apunishmentwhichcommenceswiththeoffence，whichlastsaslongastheoffence，whichisinflictedwithoutneedofprocedure；inaword，apunishment，theimpositionofwhichdoesnotrequiretheinterventionofanythirdperson。
Beforethepassingofthislaw，largearrearsonthecivillistwereallowedtoaccumulate：theiraccumulationborethecharactermerelyofasimpleactofomission，whichcouldnotbeclassedunderanyparticularheadofoffence，andtheevilofwhichmightmoreoverbepalliatedbyathousandpretexts。Afterthepassingofthislaw，theministers，itistrue，mightstill，inspiteofthelaw，continuetogivetothemselvesapreferenceovertheothercreditorsonthecivillist———thereisnophysicalforceotherthanexistedbeforetopreventthem：butinvirtueofthislaw，anysuchpreferencewouldbeapalpableoffence———aspeciesofpeculationwhichwouldbestronglyreprobatedbypublicopinion。
Anotherexampleisfurnishedbythelawsrespectingthepaymentofstampduties———Theselawsarerepresentedasamongthenumberofthosewhichexecutethemselves，andarepanegyrizedaccordingly。Thisistruewithregardtosomuchofthesetaxesasislevieduponcontractsandlawproceedings。Letusexplaintheirmechanism。Thesanctiongiventoprivatecontracts，andtheprotectionaffordedbythelawtopersonandproperty，areserviceswhichthepublicreceivesatthehandsoftheministersofjustice。Themethodinwhichtheseduties，then，arelevied，isthis：theseservicesareatfirstrefusedtoallpersonswithoutexception；
theyarethenofferedtoallpersonswhoatthepricesetuponthem，havethemeansandinclinationtobecomepurchasers。Thusaprotection，whichmightbeconsideredasadebtduefromthestatetoallitssubjects，isconvertedintoareward，bymeansoftheprecedentconditionannexedtoit。Thisisnotthetimeforexaminingwhetherthisduty，whichpalpablyamountstothesellingofjustice，isajudicioustax：allthatisherenecessarytobeobservedis，thatthepaymentisinsuredbythesecurityitaffords，andthedangerwithwhichtheomissionisaccompanied。
Torangeoverthewholefieldoflegislation，inordertoascertainthedifferenteasesinwhichthisspeciesofpoliticalmechanismhasbeenemployed，orinwhichitmightbeintroducedwithadvantage，doesnotbelongtoourpresentsubject：———generaldirectionsmighteasilybeframedfortheconstructionofself—executinglaws，andtheirapplicationmightoccupyaplacein``Therecreationsoflegislation’’。
RRBook1Chapter5TheRationaleofRewardBookIOfRewardsinGeneralChapterVMATTEROFREWARD———REASONSFORHUSBANDINGIfitbepropertobefrugalinthedistributionofpunishment，itisnolesspropertobesointhedistributionofreward。
Evilisinflictedinbothcases。Thedifferenceis，thatpunishmentisaneviltohimtowhomitisapplied———reward，tohimatwhoseexpenseitisapplied。Thematterofreward，andthematterofpunishment，springfromthesameroot。Ismoneybestowedasareward？Suchmoneycanonlyarisefromtaxes，ororiginalrevenue———canonlybebestowedatthepublicexpense：———truthssoobvious，thatproofisunnecessary；butwhichoughtonalloccasionstoberecollected，since，allothercircumstancesbeingequal，topayataxtoagivenamountisagreaterevilthantoreceiveitisgood。
Rewards，consistinginhonour，itiscommonlysaid，costnothing。Thisis，however，amistake。Honoursnotonlyenhancethepriceofservices；（asweshallpresentlysee，）theyalsooccasionexpensesandburthenswhichcannotbeestimatedinmoney。Thereisnohonourwithoutpre—eminence：if，then，oftwopersons，forexample，whoareequal，oneprofitsbybeingmadethehigher，theothersuffersinatleastequalproportionbybeingmadethelowerofthetwo。Withregardtohonourswhichconferrankandprivileges，therearecommonlytwosetsofpersonsatwhoseexpensehonourisconferred：thepersonsfromamongstwhomthenewdignitaryistaken，andthepersons，ifany，towhomheisaggregatedbyhiselevation。Thusthegreatertheadditionmadetothenumberofpeers，themoretheirimportanceisdiminished———thegreateristhedefalcationmadefromthevalueoftheirrank。
Thecaseissimilarwithrewardtopower。
Itisbytakingawaylibertyorsecurity，thatpowerisconferred；andtheshareofeachmanistheless，thegreaterthenumberofco—partnersinit。Thepowerconferredinanycasemustheeitherneworold：ifnew，itisconferredattheexpenseofthosewhoaresubjecttoit；ifold，attheexpenseofthosebywhomitwasformerlyexercised。
Exemptionsgiveninthewayofrewardmayappearatfirstsightbutlittleexpensive。Thismaybeonereasonwhytheyhavebeensoliberallygrantedbyshortsightedsovereigns。Itoughthowevertoberecollected，thatinthecaseofpublicburthens，theexemptionofoneincreasestheburthenontheremainder：ifitbehonourabletobeexemptedfromthem，itbecomesadisgracetobearthem，andsuchpartialexemptionsatlengthgivebirthtogeneraldiscontent。
Theexemptionfromarrestfordebt，enjoyedbymembersofparliamentsarearewardconferredattheexpenseoftheircreditors。
Exemptionsfromparishofficesandmilitaryservicesarerewardsconferredattheexpenseofthosewhoareexposedtothechanceofbearingthem。
Theburthenofexemptionsfromtaxesfallsuponthosewhocontributetotheexigenciesofthestate。
Aprivilegetocarryon，inconcurrencewithalimitednumberofotherpersons，aparticularbranchoftruce，isanexemptionfromtheexclusionwhichpersonsingeneralarelaidunderwithreferencetothattrade：thefavourisshownattheexpenseofthepersonswhoaresharersintheprivilege。
Iftherebeaninstanceinwhichanymodificationofthematterofrewardcouldbeconferredwithoutexpense，itwillbefoundamongthosewhichconsistinexemptionfrompunishment。Whenanexemptionofthissortisconferred，theexpenseofit，iftherebeany，isbornebythosewhoareinterestedintheinflictionofthepunishment；thatis，bythoseinwhosefavourthelawwasmade，whichthepunishmentwasintendedtoenforce。Butif，bytheimpunitygiven，thesanctionofthelawsbeweakened，andcrimesconsequentlymultiplied，thepardongrantedtocriminalsisdearlypaidforbytheirvictims。
Theevilofprodigalityisnotconfinedtothediminishingthefundofreward：itoperatesasalawagainstrealmerit。
Ifrewardsarcbestoweduponpretendedservices，suchpretendedservicesenterintocompetitionwithrealservices，Hesucceedsbest，whoaims，nottoentitlehimselftothegratitudeofthepeople，buttocaptivatethegoodwillofhimatwhosedisposalthefundofrewardisplaced。Obsequiousnessandcourtlyvicestriumphovervirtueandgenius。Theartofpleasingiselevatedattheexpenseoftheartofserving。
Whatistheconsequence？Realservicesarenotperformed，ortheyarepurchasedatextravagantprices。Itidnotsufficientthatthepricepaidforthembeequaltothatofthefalseservices：beyondthis，theremustbeasurplustocompensatethelabourwhichrealservicesrequire。``Ifsomuchisgiventoonewhohasdonenothing，howmuchmoreisduetome，whohavebornetheheatandtheburthenoftheday？———ifparasitesarethusrewarded，howmuchmoreisduetomytalentsandindustry？’’，Suchisthelanguagewhichwillnaturallybeemployed，andnotwithoutreason，bythemanofconsciousmerit。
Itisthusthattheamountoftheevilisperpetuallyaccumulating。Thegreatertheamountalreadylavished，thegreaterthedemandforstillfurtherprodigality；asinthecaseofpunishment，themoreprofuselyithasbeendealtout，thegreateroftentimesistheneedofemployingstillmore。
Whenbythedisplayofextraordinaryzealanddistinguishedtalents，apublicfunctionaryhasrenderedgreatservicestohiscountry，———toassociatehimwiththecrowdofordinarysubordinates，istodegradehim。
Hewillfeelinrespectofthefundofreward，inthesamemannerasthedisposerofitoughttohavefelt。Hewillconsiderhimselfinjured，notonlywhenanythingisrefusedtohim，butwhenanythingisbestoweduponthosewhohavenotdeservedit。
Aprofusedistributionofhonoursisattendedwithadoubleinconvenience：inthefirstplaceitdeterioratesthestock；andinthenext，itisproductiveofgreatpecuniaryexpense。Whenapeerage，forexample，isconferred，itisgenerallynecessarytoaddtoitapension，underthenotionofenablingthebearertosustainitsdignity。
Itisthusthattheexistenceofanhereditarynobilitytendstoincreasethepricenecessarytohepaidintheshapeofreward。Hasaplebeianrenderedsuchservicestohiscountryascannotbepassedbywithneglect，thefirstoperationistodistinguishhimfrommenofhisownrank，byplacinghimamongthenobility。Butwithoutfortune，apeerageisaburthen；tomakeitworthhaving，itmustbeaccompaniedwithpecuniaryreward：theimmediatepaymentofalargesumwouldbetooburthensome；posterityisthereforemadetobearaportionoftheburthen。
Itistrue，posterityoughttopayitsshareinthepriceofservicesofwhichitreapsashareoftheadvantage。Buttheamebenefitmightbeprocuredatalewexpense：iftherewerenohereditarynobility，personalnobilitywouldanswereverypurpose。AmongtheGreeks，abranchfromapinetree，ahandfulofbarley，———amongtheRomans，afewlaurelleaves，orearsofcorn，———weretherewardsofheroes。
FortunateAmericans！fortunateonsomanyaccounts，iftopossesshappiness，itweresufficienttopossesseverythingbywhichitisconstituted，thisadvantageisstillyours！———Preserveitforever：
bestowrewards，erectstatues，confereventitles，sothattheybepersonalalone；butneverbindthecrownofmerituponthebrowofsloth。
Suchisthelanguageofthosepassionateadmirersofmeritwhowouldgladlyseeagenerousemulationburninginullranksofthecommunity———whoconsidereverythingwastedwhichisnotemployedinitspromotion。Cananythingberepliedtothem？Iftherecan，itcanonlybebythosewho，jealousofthepublictranquillityasnecessarytotheenjoymentsofluxury，andmorealarmedatthefollywhichknowsnorestraintthanattheselfishnesswhichmaybeconstrainedtoregulateitself，wouldhave，atanyprice，aclassofpersonswhomayimposetranquillityuponthosewhocanneverbetaught。
Insomestatesthestrictestfrugalityisobservedinthedistributionofrewards：suchingeneralhasbeenthecaseunderrepublicangovernments；thoughitistrue，thatevenindemocracies，historyfurnishesinstancesofthemostextravagantprodigalityandcorruption。
Thespeciesofrewardbestowedbythepeopleupontheirfavouriteswiththeleastexamination，ispower———agiftmorepreciousanddangerousthantitlesofhonourorpecuniaryrewards。Themaxim，Woetothegratefulnation！isaltogetherdevoidofmeaning，unlessitbedesignedasawarningagainstthisdispositionofthepeopletoconferunlimitedauthorityuponthosewhoforamomentobtaintheirconfidence。
Afterhavingsaidthusmuchinfavourofeconomy，itmustnotbedeniedthatspeciouspretencesmaybeurgedinjustificationofaliberaluseofrewards。
Thatportionofthematterofrewardwhichissuperfluouslyemployeditissaid，maybeconsideredasthefundofaspeciesoflottery。
Atacomparativelysmallexpense，alargemassofexpectationiscreated，andprizesareofferedwhicheverymanmayflatterhimselfwiththehopeofobtaining。Andwhatarealltheothersourcesofenjoyment，whenputincompetitionwithhope？Butcansuchreasonsjustifytheimpositionorcontinuanceoftaxeswithnootherviewthanthatofincreasingtheamountofthodisposablefundofreward？Certainlynot。Itwouldbeabsurdthustocreatearealevil———thustopillagethemultitudeofwhattheyhaveearnedbythesweatoftheirbrow，tomultiplytheenjoymentsofthewealthy。
Inaword，whatevermaybethoughtofthislottery，wemustnotforgetthatitsprizesmustbedrawnbeforewecanobtainanyusefulservices。
Totheindividualhimself，activeismoreconducivetohishappinessthanidlehope：theonedevelopshistalents，theotherrendersthemobtuse；
thefirstisnaturallyalliedtovirtue，thesecondtovice。
InEngland，reasons，oratleastpretexts，havebeenfoundforthearbitrarydisposalofrewards，whichwouldnotexistunderanabsolutemonarchy。Theconstitutionofparliamentgivesoccasiontotheperformanceofservicesofsuchanatureascannotbeacknowledged，butwhichintheeyesofmanypoliticiansarenotthelessnecessary。A
certainquantityoftalentisrequisite，itissaid，tosavethepoliticalvesselfrombeingupsetbyanymomentaryturbulenceorwhimofthepeople。