ItwasnowSeptemberandthesecondsummerwithitstolloffevervictimswaswell—nighover。Autumnandrenewedenergywereathand。Allthelandturnedcrimsonandgold。AtJamestownbuildingwentforward，togetherwiththegatheringofripenedcrops，thefellingoftrees，fishingandfowling，andtradingforIndiancornandturkeys。
OnedayGeorgePercy，headingatradingpartydowntheriver，sawcomingtowardhimawhitesailedship，theMaryandMargaret—itwasChristopherNewportagain，withthesecondsupply。SeventycolonistscameoverontheMaryandMargaret，amongthemafairnumberofmenofnote。HerewereCaptainPeterWynneandRichardWaldo，\"oldsoldiersandvaliantgentlemen，\"
FrancisWest，youngbrotheroftheLordDeLaWarr，RawleyCrashaw，JohnCodrington，DanielTucker，andothers。Thisisindeedanimportantship。Amongthelaborers，theLondonCouncilhadsenteightPolesandGermans，skilledintheirowncountryintheproductionofpitch，tar，glass，andsoap—ashes。
Here，then，begininVirginiaotherbloodstrainsthantheEnglish。AndintheMaryandMargaretcomeswithMasterThomasForesthiswife，MistressForest，andhermaid，bynameAnneBurras。ApartfromthoselostonesofRaleigh’scolonyatRoanoke，thesearethefirstEnglishwomeninVirginia。Theremaybeguessedwhatwelcometheygot，howmuchwasmadeofthem。
ChristopherNewporthadfromthatimpatientLondonCouncilsomewhatstrangeorders。Hewasnottoreturnwithoutalumpofgold，oracertaindiscoveryofwaterspouringintotheSouthSea，orsomenotiongainedofthefateofthelostcolonyofRoanoke。HehadbeengivenabargewhichcouldbetakentopiecesandsobornearoundthoseFallsoftheFarWest，thenputtogether，andthevoyagetothePacificresumed。Moreover，hehadforPowhatan，whomthemindsathomefiguredasasortofAsiaticDespot，agiltcrownandafineewerandbasin，abedstead，andagorgeousrobe。
Theeasiesttask，thatofdeliveringPowhatan’spresentandplacinganidlecrownuponthatIndian’sheadwho，amonghisownpeople，wasalreadysufficientlysupreme，mightbeandwasperformed。AndNewportwithalargepartywentagaintotheFallsoftheFarWestandmilesdeepintothecountrybeyond。HeretheyfoundIndiansoutsidethePowhatanConfederacy，butnoSouthSea，norminesofgoldandsilver，noranynewsofthelostcolonyofRoanoke。InDecemberNewportleftVirginiaintheMaryandMargaret，andwithhimsailedRatcliffe。Smithsucceededtothepresidency。
AboutthistimeJohnLaydon，alaborer，andAnneBurras，thatmaidofMistressForest’s，fellinloveandwouldmarry。SocameaboutthefirstEnglishweddinginVirginia。
Winterfollowedwithsnowandice，nightwohundredpeopletofeed，andnotovermuchinthelarderwithwhichtodoit。SmithwithGeorgePercyandFrancisWestandotherswentagaintotheIndiansforcorn。Christmasfoundthemweather—boundatKecoughtan。\"WhereveranEnglishmanmaybe，andinwhateverpartoftheworld，hemustkeepChristmaswithfeastingandmerriment！And，indeed，wewerenevermoremerrie，norfeddeonmoreplentieofgoodoysters，fish，flesh，wildfowleandgoodbread;norneverhadbetterfiresinEnglandthaninthedrie，smokiehousesofKecoughtan！\"
ButdespitethisChristmasfare，theresoonbeganquarrels，manyandintricate，withPowhatanandhisbrotherOpechancanough。
CHAPTERV。THE\"SEAADVENTURE\"
Experienceisagreatteacher。ThatLondonCompanywithVirginiatocolonizehadnowcometoseehowinadequatetotheattemptwereitsmeansandstrength。EvidentlyitmightbelongbeforeeithergoldminesortheSouthSeacouldbefound。Thecompany’sshipsweretooslightandfew;
colonistsweregoingbythesinglehandfulwhentheyshouldgobythedouble。Somethingwasatfaultinthemanagementoftheenterprise。ThequarrelsinVirginiaweretooconstant，thedisasterstoofrequent。Moremoney，morepersonsinterestedwithpurseandmind，agreatcompanyinsteadofasmall，anationalcasttotheenterprisethesewereimperativeneeds。
InthepressofsuchdemandstheLondonCompanypassedaway。In1609undernewletterspatentwasborntheVirginiaCompany。
ThemembersandshareholdersinthiscorporationtouchthroughandthroughthebodyofEnglandatthatday。FirstnamesupontherollcomeRobertCecil，ThomasHoward，HenryWriothesley，WilliamHerbert，HenryClinton，RichardSackville，ThomasCecil，PhilipHerbert——EarlsofSalisbury，Suffolk，Southampton，Pembroke，Lincoln，Dorset，Exeter，andMontgomery。
Thenfollowadozenpeers，theLordBishopofBathandWells，ahundredknights，manygentlemen，onehundredandtenmerchants，certainphysiciansandclergymen，oldsoldiersoftheContinentalwars，sea—captainsandmariners，andasmallhostoftheunclassified。Inadditionsharesweretakenbyfifty—sixLondonguildsorindustrialcompanies。HerearetheCompaniesoftheTallowandWaxChandlers，theArmorersandGirdlers，CordwaynersandCarpenters，Masons，Plumbers，Founders，Poulterers，Cooks，Coopers，TylersandBrickLayers，BowyersandVinters，MerchantTaylors，BlacksmithsandWeavers，Mercers，Grocers，Turners，Gardeners，Dyers，Scriveners，Fruiterers，Plaisterers，BrownBakers，Imbroiderers，Musicians，andmanymore。
ThefirstCouncilappointedbythenewcharterhadfifty—twomembers，fourteenofwhomsatintheEnglishHouseofLords，andtwicethatnumberintheCommons。ThuswasVirginiawelllinkedtoCrownandParliament。
ThisgreatcommercialcompanyhadsovereignpowerswithinVirginia。TheKingshouldhavehisfifthpartofalloreofgoldandsilver;thelawsandreligionofEnglandshouldbeupheld，andnomanletgotoVirginiawhohadnotfirsttakentheoathofsupremacy。ButinthewidefieldbesideallthisthePresident——calledtheTreasurer—andtheCouncil，henceforthtobechosenoutofandbythewholebodyofsubscribers，hadfullsway。NolongershouldtherebeasecondCouncilsittinginVirginia，butaGovernorwithpower，answerableonlytotheCompanyathome。ThatCompanymighttaxandlegislatewithintheVirginianfield，punishtheill—doeror\"rebel，\"
andwagewar，ifneedbe，againstIndianorSpaniard：
\"OneofthefirstactionsofthenewlyconstitutedbodywastoseekremedyforthecustomarypassagebywayoftheWestIndies—solongandsobesetbydangers。TheysentforthasmallshipunderCaptainSamuelArgall，withinstructions\"toattemptadirectandclearepassage，byleavingtheCanariestotheEast，andfromthencetorunastraightwesternecourse……AndsotomakeanexperienceoftheWindsandCurrentswhichhaveaffrightedallundertakersbytheNorth。\"
ThisArgall，ayoungmanwithastirringandadventurouslifebehindhimandbeforehim，tookhisshiptheindicatedway。Hemadethevoyageinnineweeks，ofwhichtwowerespentbecalmed，anduponhisreturnreportedthatitmightbemadeinseven，\"andnoapparentinconvenienceintheway。\"HebroughttothegreatCounciloftheCompanyastoryofnecessityanddistressatJamestown，andtheCouncillaysmuchoftheblameforthatupon\"themisgovernmentoftheCommanders，bydissentionandambitionamongthemselves，\"andupontheidlenessofthegeneralrun，\"activeinnothingbutadhearingtofactionsandparts。\"TheCouncil，sittingafarfromasavageland，isprobablymuchtoosevere。Butthe\"factionsandparts\"
cannoteasilybedenied。
BeforeArgall’sreturn，theCompanyhadcommissionedasGovernorofVirginiaSirThomasGates，andhadgatheredafleetofsevenshipsandtwopinnaceswithSirGeorgeSomersasAdmiral，intheshipcalledtheSeaAdventure，andChristopherNewportasVice—Admiral。AllweighedanchorfromFalmouthearlyinJuneandsailedbythenewlytriedcourse，southtotheCanariesandthenacross。Thesesevenshipscarriedfivehundredcolonists，men，women，andchildren。
OnSt。James’sdaythereroseandbrokeafearsomestorm。Twodaysandnightsitraged，anditscatteredthatfleetofseven。Gates，Somers，andNewportwithothersof\"ranckeandquality\"wereupontheSeaAdventure。
Howfaredthisshipwithoneattendantpinnaceweshallcometoseepresently。Buttheotherships，driventoandfro，atlastfoundafavorablewind，andinAugusttheysightedVirginia。Ontheeleventhofthatmonththeycame，storm—beatenandwithoutGovernororAdmiralorSeaAdventure，into\"ourBay\"andatlastto\"theKing’sRiverandTown。\"Herethereswarmedfromtheseshipsnighthreehundredpersons，meetingandmetbythehundreddwellingatJamestown。Thiswasthethirdsupply，butitlackedthehundredorsoupontheSeaAdventureandthepinnace，anditlackedahead。\"BeingputashorewithouttheirGovernororanyorderfromhim（alltheCommissionersandprincipalpersonsbeingaboardhim）nomanwouldacknowledgeasuperior。\"
WiththismultitudeappearedoncemoreinVirginiathethreeancientcouncilors——Ratcliffe，Archer，andMartin。Apparentlyherecamefreshfuelforfactions。Whoshouldrule，andwhoshouldberuled？Hereisanextremelyoldandimportantquestion，settledinhistoryonlytobeunsettledagain。Everywhereitrises，dustonTime’sroad，andislaidonlytoriseagain。
SmithwasstillPresident。Whowasintherightandwhointhewrongintheseancientquarrels，therecitalofwhichfillsthepagesofSmithandofothermen，ishardnowtobedetermined。ButJamestownbecameaplaceofturbulence。FrancisWestwassentwithaconsiderablenumbertotheFallsoftheFarWesttomaketheresomekindofsettlement。ForalikepurposeMartinandPercyweredispatchedtotheNansemondRiver。Allalongthelinetherewasbitterfallingout。TheIndiansbecamemarkedlyhostile。Smithwasuptheriver，quarrelingwithWestandhismen。Atlasthecalledthem\"wrongheadedasses，\"flunghimselfintohisboat，andmadedowntherivertoJamestown。Yetevensoefoundnopeace，for，whilehewasasleepintheboat，bysomeaccidentorotherasparkfounditswaytohispowderpouch。
Thepowderexploded。Terriblyhurt，heleapedoverboardintotheriver，whencehewaswithdifficultyrescued。
SmithwasnowdeposedbyRatcliffe，Archer，andMartin，because，\"beinganambityous，onworthy，andvaynegloriousfellowe，\"sayhisdetractors，\"hewolderuleallandingroseallauthorityintohisownhands。\"Bethisasitmay，SmithwasputonboardoneoftheshipswhichwereabouttosailforEngland。Wounded，andwithnoneatJamestownabletohealhishurt，hewasnounwillingpassenger。Thushedeparted，andVirginiaknewCaptainJohnSmithnomore。Somelikedhimandhisways，somelikedhimnotnorhiswayseither。Hewroteofhisowndeedsandpraisedthemhighly，andsawlittlegoodinothermankind，thoughhereandtherehemadeanexception。Evidentenougharefaultsoftemper。Buthehadgreatcourageandenergyandattimesaloftydisinterestedness。
AgainwinterdrewonatJamestown，andwithitmiseryonmisery。GeorgePercy，nowPresident，layillandunabletokeeporder。Themultitude，\"unbridledandheedless，\"pulledthiswayandthat。Beforethecoldhadwellbegun，whatprovisiontherewasinthestorehousebecameexhausted。
ThatstreamofcornfromtheIndiansinwhichthecolonistshadputdependencefailedtoflow。TheIndiansthemselvesbegansystematicallytospoilandmurder。RatcliffeandfourteenwithhimmetdeathwhileloadinghisbargewithcornuponthePamunkey。Thecoldgrewworse。Bymidwintertherewasfamine。Thefourhundred——alreadynoticeablydwindled——dwindledfastandfaster。Thecoldwassevere;theIndianswereinthewoods;theweakenedbodiesofthewhitemenpinedandshivered。Theybrokeuptheemptyhousestomakefirestowarmthemselves。TheybegantodieofhungeraswellasbyIndianarrows。Onwentthewinter，andeverydaysomedied。
Talesofcannibalismaretold……ThiswastheStarvingTime。
Whentheleaveswereredandgold，England—in—Americahadapopulationoffourhundredandmore。Whenthedogwoodandthestrawberrybloomed，England—in—Americahadapopulationofbutsixty。
SomewhatlaterthanthistimetherecamefromthepenofShakespeareaplaydealingwithatempestandshipwreckandamagicalisleandrescuethereon。
ThebrightspiritArielspeaksof\"thestill—vex’dBermoothes。\"Thesewereislands\"twohundredleaguesfromanycontinent，\"namedafteraSpanishCaptainBermudezwhohadlandedthere。OncetherehadbeenIndians，butthesetheSpaniardshadslainortakenasslaves。Nowtheislandsweredesolate，uninhabited，\"forlornandunfortunate。\"Chancevesselsmighttouch，buttheapproachwasdangerous。Theregrewrumorsofpirates，andthenofdemons。\"TheIslesofDemons，\"wasthenamegiventothem。\"Themostforlornandunfortunateplaceintheworld\"wasthedescriptionthatfittedtheminthosedistantdays：
Alltorment，trouble，wonderandamazementInhabitshere：someheavenlypowerguideusOutofthisfearfulcountry。
WhenShakespearesowrote，therewasnewsinEnglandandtalkwenttoandfrooftheshipwreckoftheSeaAdventureupontherockyteethoftheBermoothes，\"uninhabitableandalmostinaccessible，\"andoftheescapeanddwellingthereformonthsofGatesandSomersandthecolonistsinthatship。ItisgenerallyassumedthatthisincidentfurnishedtimberfortheframeworkofTheTempest。
ThestormthatbrokeonSt。James’sDay，scatteringtheshipsofthethirdsupply，drovetheSeaAdventurehereandthereatwill。UponherwatchedGatesandSomersandNewport，aboveahundredmen，andafewwomenandchildren。Theresprangaleak;allthoughtofdeath。Thenroseacry\"Landho！\"Thestormabated，butthewindcarriedtheSeaAdventureuponthisshoreandgroundedheruponareef。AcertainR。Rich，gentleman，oneofthevoyagers，madeandpublishedaballaduponthewholeevent。IfitishardlyShakespeareanmusic，yetitisnotdevoidofinterest……TheSeasdidrage，thewindesdidblowe，Distressedweretheythen;
Theirshippedidleake，hertacklingsbreake，Indaungerwerehermen;
Butheavenwaspylotteinthisstorme，AndtoanIlandneare，Bermoothawescalled，conductedthem，Whichdidabatetheirfeare。
Usingtheship’sboatstheygottoshore，thoughwithtoilanddanger。Heretheyfoundnospritesnordemons，norevenmen，butafair，half—tropicalverdureand，runningwild，greatnumbersofswine。
AndthenonshoaretheilandcameInhabitedbyhogges，SomeFouleandtortoysestherewere，Theyonlyhadonedogge，Tokilltheseswyne，toyieldthemfoode，Thatlittlehadtoeate。
Theirstorewasspentandallthingsscant，Alas！theywantedmeate。
Theydidnot，however，starve。
AthousandhoggesthatdoggedidkillTheirhungertosustaine。
TenmonthstheVirginiacolonistslivedamongthe\"still—vex’dBermoothes。\"
TheSeaAdventurewasbutawreckpinnedbetweenthereefs。Nosailwasseenuponthebluewater。Wheretheywerethrown，thereGatesandSomersandNewportandallmuststayforatimeandmakethebestofit。Theybuildedhutsandthatchedthem，andtheybroughtfromthewreckedship，pinnedbuthalfamilefromland，storesofmanykinds。Theclimeprovedoftheblandest，fairest;withfishingandhuntingtheymaintainedthemselves。
Days，weeks，andmonthswentby。Theyhadaminister，MasterBuck。Theybroughtfromtheshipabellandraiseditforachurch—bell。Amarriage，afewdeaths，thebirthoftwochildrenthesewereeventsontheisland。Oneofthesechildren，thedaughterofJohnRolfe，gentleman，andhiswife，waschristenedBermuda。GatesandSomersheldkindlysway。Thecolonistslivedinplenty，peace，andease。Butforallthat，theywereshipwreckedfolk，andfar，faroutoftheworld，andtheylongedfortheoldwaysandtheirownkin。Dayfollowedday，butnosailwouldshowtobearthemthence;andsoatlast，takingwhattheycouldfromtheforestsoftheisland，andfromtheSeaAdventure，theysetabouttobecomeshipwrights。
Andtheretwogallantpynases，DidbuildofSeader—tree，ThebraveDeliveranceonewascall’d，Ofseaventytonnewasshee，TheotherPatiencehadtoname，Herburthenthirtytonne……ThetwoandfortyweekesbeingpastTheyhoystsayleandaway;
Theirshippeswithhoggeswellfreightedwere，Theirhartswithmicklejoy。
AndsotoVirginiacame……
WhattheyfoundwhentheycametoVirginiawasdolorenough。OnJamestownstrandtheybeheldsixtyskeletons\"whohadeatenallthequickthingsthatwearethere，andsomeofthemhadeatensnakesandadders。\"Somers，Gates，andNewport，onenteringthetown，foundit\"ratherastheruinsofsomeauntientfortificationthanthatanypeoplelivingmightnowinhabitit。\"
Apitiableoutcome，this，ofallthehopesoffair\"harboursandhabitations，\"ofgoldendreams，andfarflungdominion。AllthosewhomRaleighhadsenttoRoanokewerelostorhadperished。ThosewhohadnamedandhadfirstdwelledinJamestownwereinnumberaboutahundred。Tothesehadbeenadded，duringthefirstyearorso，perhapstwohundredmore。AndtheshipsthathadpartedfromtheSeaAdventurehadbroughtinthreehundred。Firstandlast，notfarfromsevenhundredEnglishfolkhadcometoliveinVirginia。Andtheseskeletonseatingsnakesandadderswereallthatremainedofthatcompany;allthoseothershaddiedmiserablyandtheirhopeswereasheswiththem。
WhatmightSirThomasGates，theGovernor，do？\"Thatwhichaddedmosttohissorowe，andnotalittlestartledhim，wastheimpossibilitie……howtoamendonewhittofthis。Hisforceswerenotofhabilitietorevengeuponthe。Indian，norhisownesupply（nowbroughtfromtheBermudas）sufficienttorelievehispeople。\"SohecalledaCouncilandlistenedinturntoSirGeorgeSomers，toChristopherNewport，andto\"thegentlemenandCounsaileoftheformerGovernment。\"Theendandupshotwasthatnonecouldseeothercoursethantoabandonthecountry。England—in—Americahadtriedandfailed，andhadtriedagainandfailed。God，orthecourseofNature，orthecurrentofHistorywasagainsther。PerhapsintimestrongerforcesandotherattemptsmightyetissuefromEngland。Butnowthehourhadcometosayfarewell！
Uponthebosomoftheriverswungtwopinnaces，theDiscoveryandtheVirginia，leftbythedepartingshipsmonthsbefore，andtheDeliveranceandthePatience，theBermudapinnaces。ThustheEnglishabandonedthelittletownthatwasbutthreeyearsold。Aboardthefoursmallshipstheywent，anddownthebroadriver，betweenthefloweryshores，theysailedaway。
DoubtlessunderthetreesoneitherhandwereIndianswatchingthisretreatoftheinvadersoftheirforests。Theplanofthedepartingcolonistswastoturnnorth，whentheyhadreachedthesea，andmakeforNewfoundland，wheretheymightperhapsmeetwithEnglishfishingships。Sotheysaileddowntheriver，anddoubtlessmanyheartswereheavyandsad，butothersdoubtlesswerefullofjoyandthankfulnesstobegoingbacktoanolderhomethanVirginia。
TheriverbroadenedtowardChesapeake——andthen，beforethem，whatdidtheysee？Whatdeliveranceforthosewhohadheldontotheuttermost？TheysawthelongboatofanEnglishshipcomingtowardthemwithflashingoars，bringingnewsofcomfortandrelief。There，indeed，offPointComfortlaythreeships，theDeLaWarr，theBlessing，andtheHercules，andtheybrought，withagoodcompanyandgoodstores，SirThomasWest，LordDeLaWarr，appointed，overGates，LordGovernorandCaptainGeneral，bylandandsea，oftheColonyofVirginia。
TheDiscovery，theVirginia，thePatience，andtheDeliverancethereuponputbacktothatshoretheythoughttohaveleftforever。Twodayslater，onSundaythe10thofJune，1610，thereanchoredbeforeJamestowntheDeLaWarr，theBlessing，andtheHercules;anditwasthusthatthenewLordGovernorwrotehome：\"I……intheafternoonwentashore，whereafterasermonmadebyMr。Buck……Icausedmycommissiontoberead，uponwhichSirThomasGatesdeliveredup’……untomehisownecommission，bothpatents，and’thecounsellseale;andthenIdeliveredsomefewwordesuntotheCompany……andafter……didconstituteandgiveplaceofofficeandchardgetodiversCaptainesandgentlemenandelecteduntomeacounsaile。\"
Thedeadwasaliveagain。SaithRich’sballad：
Andtotheadventurers*thushewrites，\"Benotdismayedatall，Forscandallcannotdoeuswrong，Godwillnotletusfall。
LetEnglandknoweourwillingnesse，Forthatourworkeisgood，WEHOPETOPLANTANATION
WHERENONEBEFOREHATHSTOOD。\"
*TheVirginiaCompany。
CHAPTERVI。SIRTHOMASDALE
InarebuildedJamestown，LordDeLaWarr，of\"approvedcourage，temperandexperience，\"heldforashortintervaldignified，seigneurialsway，whilehisrestlessassociatesadventuredfarandwide。SirGeorgeSomerssailedbacktotheBermudastogatheracargoofthewildswineofthosewoods，butillnessseizedhimthere，andhediedamongthebeautifulislands。ThatCaptainSamuelArgallwhohadtraversedfortheCompanytheshortroadfromtheCanariestookupSmith’sfallenmantleandcarriedontheworkofexploration。Itwashewhofound，andnamedfortheLordGovernor，DelawareBay。HewentupthePotomacandtradedforcorn;rescuedanEnglishboyfromtheIndians;hadbrusheswiththesavages。IntheautumnbacktoEnglandwithastringofshipswentthattriedandtestedseafarerChristopherNewport。Virginiawantedmanythings，andchieflythattheVirginiaCompanyshouldexcusedefectandrememberpromise。SoGatessailedwithNewporttomaketruereportandguideexertion。Sixmonthspassed，andtheLordGovernorhimselffellillandmusthometoEngland。Soawayhe，too，wentandforsevenyearsuntilhisdeathruledfromthatdistancethroughadeputygovernor。DeLaWarrwasamanofnoteandworth，oldprivycouncilorofElizabethandofJames，soldierintheLowCountries，strongProtestantandbelieverinEngland—in—America。Todayhisnameisbornebyagreatriver，agreatbay，andbyoneoftheUnitedStates。
InLondon，theVirginiaCompany，havinglistenedtoGates，projectedafourthsupplyforthecolony。OfthosehundredswhohadperishedinVirginia，manyhadbeentrueandintelligentmen，andagainmanyperhapshadbeenhardlythat。ButtheVirginiaCompanywasnowdeterminedtoexerciseforthefutureadiscrimination。Itissuedabroadside，makingknownthatitwassendinganewsupplyofmenandallnecessaryprovisioninafleetofgoodships，undertheconductofSirThomasGatesandSirThomasDale，andthatitwasnotintendedanymoretoburdentheactionwith\"vagrantandunnecessarypersons……buthonestandindustriousmen，asCarpenters，Smiths，Coopers，Fishermen，Tanners，Shoemakers，Shipwrights，Brickmen，Gardeners，Husbandmen，andlaboringmenofallsortsthat……shallbeentertainedfortheVoyageuponsuchtermesastheirqualitieandfitnesseshalldeserve。\"Yet，inspiteofprecautions，someoftheothersortcontinuedtocreepinwiththesoberandindustrious。MasterWilliamCrashaw，inasermonupontheVirginiaventure，remarksthat\"theywhogoe……belikeforaughtIsee）tothosewhoareleftbehind，evenofallsortsbetterandworse！\"Thisprobablyhitsthemark。
TheVirginiaCompanymeantatlasttohaveorderinVirginia。Tothiseffect，anewofficewascreatedandastrongmanwasfoundtofillit。
GatesremainedDeLaWarr’sdeputygovernor，butSirThomasDalewentasMarshalofVirginia。ThelattersailedinMarch，1611，with\"threeships，threehundredpeople，twelvekine，twentygoats，andallthingsneedfulforthecolony。\"GatesfollowedinMaywithotherships，threehundredcolonists，andmuchcattle。
ForthenextfewyearsDalebecomes，ineffect，rulerofVirginia。Hedidmuchforthecolony，andtherefore，inthatfarpastthatisnotsodistanteither，muchfortheUnitedStates—amanofnote，andworthconsidering。
DalehadseenmanyyearsofserviceintheLowCountries。HewasstillinHollandwhenthesummonscametocrosstheoceanintheserviceoftheVirginiaCompany。OntherecommendationofHenry，PrinceofWales，theStates—GeneraloftheUnitedNetherlandsconsented\"thatCaptainThomasDale（destinedbytheKingofGreatBritaintobeemployedinVirginiainhisMajesty’sservice）mayabsenthimselffromhiscompanyforthespaceofthreeyears，andthathissaidcompanyshallremainmeanwhilevacant，toberesumedbyhimifhethinkproper。\"
Thismanhadasoldier’swaywithhimandanironwill。ForfiveyearsinVirginiaheexhibitedacertainsternefficiencywhichwasperhapsthebestsupportandmedicinethatcouldhavebeendevised。Attheendofthattime，leavingVirginia，hedidnotreturntotheDutchservice，butbecameAdmiralofthefleetoftheEnglishEastIndiaCompany，thuspassingfromonehugehistoricmercantilecompanytoanother。WithsixshipshesailedforIndia。NearJava，theEnglishandtheDutchhavingchosentoquarrel，hehadwithaDutchfleet\"acruel，bloodyfight。\"Later，whenpeacewasrestored，theEastIndiaCompanywouldhavegivenhimcommandofanalliedfleetofEnglishandDutchships，theobjectivebeingtradealongthecoastofMalabarandanattempttoopencommercewith—theChinese。ButSirThomasDalewasopeningcommercewithavaster，hiddenland，foratMasulipatamhedied。\"Whosevalor，\"sayshisepitaph，\"havingshinedintheWesterne，wassetintheEasterneIndia。\"
ButnowinMaytimeof1611DalewasinVirginianwaters。Bythisday，besidethemainsettlementofJamestown，therewereatCapeHenryandPointComfortsmallfortsgarrisonedwithmeagercompaniesofmen。Dalemadepauseatthese，settingmattersinorder，andthen，proceedinguptheriver，hecametoJamestownandfoundthepeoplegatheredtoreceivehim。
PresentlyhewriteshometotheCompanyaletterthatgivesaviewoftheplaceanditsneeds。Anynumberofthingsmustbedone，requiringcontinuousandhardwork，\"as，namely，thereparationofthefallingChurchandsooftheStore—house，astableforourhorses，amunitionhouse，aPowderhouse，anewwellfortheamendingofthemostunwholesomewaterwhichtheoldafforded。Bricktobemade，asturgionhouse……aBlockhousetoberaisedontheNorthsideofourbackrivertopreventtheIndiansfromkillingourcattle，ahousetobesetuptolodgeourcattleinthewinter，andhaytobeappointedinhisduetimetobemade，asmith’sforgetobeperfectedcaskeforourSturgionstobemade，andbesidesprivategardensforeachmancommongardensforhempandflaxandsuchotherseeds，andlastlyabridgetolandourgoodsdryandsafeupon，formostofwhichItakepresentorder。\"
DalewouldhaveagreedwithDr。WattsthatSatanfindssomemischiefstillForidlehandstodo！
IfweoftheUnitedStatestodaywillcalltomindcertainWesternsmalltownsofsomedecadesago——ifwewillreviewthemastheyarepicturedinpoemandnovelandplay——wemayreceive，asitwereoutofthetailoftheeye，animpressionofsomeaspectsofthesewesternplantingsoftheseventeenthcentury。Thedare—devil，thebully，thetenderfoot，thegambler，thegentleman—desperadohadtheircounterpartsinVirginia。Sohadthecool，indomitablesheriffandhisdependableposse，thefriendsgenerallyoflawandorder。Dalemaybeviewedasthepicturesquesheriffofthisearlierage。
ButitmustberememberedthatthisVirginiawasoftheseventeenth，notofthenineteenthcentury。Andlawhadcruelandidiotfacesaswellasfacesjustandwise。Hithertothecolonypossessednowrittenstatutes。TheCompanynowresolvedtoimposeuponthewaywardanironrestraint。ItfelltoDaletoenforcetheregulationsknownas\"LawesandOrders，dyvine，politique，andmartiallfortheColonyeofVirginia\"——notEnglishcivillawsimply，butlaws\"chieflyextractedoutoftheLawesforgoverningthearmyintheLowCountreys。\"ThefirstpartofthiscodewascompiledbyWilliamStrachey;thelatterpartisthoughttohavebeentheworkofSirEdwardCecil，SirThomasGates，andDalehimself，approvedandacceptedbytheVirginiaCompany。Tenyearsafterwards，defendingitselfbeforeaCommitteeofParliament，theCompanythroughitsTreasurerdeclared\"thenecessityofsuchlaws，insomecasesadterrorem，andinsometobetrulyexecuted。\"
Seventeenth—centuryEnglishlawherselfwasterribleenoughinallconscience，but\"Dale’sLaws\"wentbeyond。Offencesrangedfromfailuretoattendchurchandidlenesstolesemajeste。Thepenaltiesweregross——cruelwhippings，imprisonments，barbarousputtingstodeath。TheHighMarshalheldtheunrulydownwithahighhand。
ButotherfactorsthanthisDraconiancodeworkedatlasttowardorderinthisEnglishWest。Dalewasnosmallstatesman，andheplayedfermentagainstferment。IntoVirginianowfirstcameprivateownershipofland。，，Somuchwasgiventoeachcolonist，andcareofthisbootybecametoeachapreoccupation。TheCompanyathomesentoutmoreandmoresettlers，andmoreandmoreoftheindustrious，peace—lovingsort。By1612theEnglishinAmericanumberedabouteighthundred。Daleprojectedanothertown，andchoseforitssitethegreathorseshoebendintheriverafewmilesbelowtheFallsoftheFarWest，ataspotwenowcallDutchGap。HereDalelaidoutatownwhichhenamedHenricusafterthePrinceofWales，andforitscitizenshedraftedfromJamestownthreehundredpersons。TohimalsoaredueBermudaandShirleyHundredsandDale’sGiftoverontheEasternShore。
AstheCompanysentovermorecolonists，therebegantoshow，upanddowntheJamesthoughatfarintervals，cabinsandclearingsmadebywhitemen，setaboutwithastockade，andattheriveredgearudelandingandafastenedboat。Therestlesssearchforminesofgoldandsilvernowslackened。InsteadeyesturnedforwealthtothekingdomoftheDlantandtree，andtofurtradeandfisheries。
*Hithertotherehadbeennotradingorlandholdingbyindividuals。AllthecolonistscontributedtheproductsoftheirtoiltothecommonstoreandreceivedtheirsuppliesfromtheCompany。Theadventurers（stockholders）
contributedmoneytotheenterprise;thecolonists，themselvesandtheirlabor。
ThoseshipsthatbroughtcolonistswereineveryinstanceexpectedtoreturntoEnglandladenwiththecommoditiesofVirginia。Atfirstcargoesofpreciousoreswerelookedfor。Thesefailing，theCompanymusttakefromVirginiawhatlayathandandwhatmightbesuitedtoEnglishneeds。In1610theCompanyissuedapaperofinstructionsuponthissubjectofVirginiacommodities。Thedaughterwasexpectedto，sendtothemothercountrysassafrasroot，bayberries，puccoon，sarsaparilla，walnut，chestnut，andchinquapinoil，wine，silkgrass，beavercod，beaverandotterskins，clapboardofoakandwalnut，tar，pitch，turpentine，andpowderedsturgeon。
ItmightseemthatVirginiawasheadedtobecomealandoffishers，offoresters，andvinedressers，perhapseven，whenthegoldshouldbeatlastdiscovered，ofminers。Athome，thecolonizingmerchantsandstatesmenlookedforsomesuchthing。Inreturnforwhatsheladedintoships，VirginiawastoreceiveEnglish—madegoods，andtoanespecialdegreewoolengoods，\"averyliberallutteranceofourEnglishclothsintoamainecountrydescribedtobebiggerthanallEurope。\"Therewastobedirecttrade，countrykindforcountrykind，andnospecietobetakenoutofEngland。Thepromotersathomedoubtlessconceivedahardyandsimpletrans—Atlanticfolkoftheirownkindred，plantersfortheirownneeds，steadyconsumersoftheplainersortofEnglishwares，steadygatherers，inreturn，ofnecessariesforwhichEnglandotherwisemusttradeafteracostlyfashionwithlandswhichwerenotalwaysfriendly。Asimple，sturdy，laboriousVirginia，whitemenandIndiansifthiswastheirdream，realitywassoontomodifyit。
Anewcommodityofunsuspectedcommercialvaluebegannowtobegrowningarden—plotsalongtheJamesthe\"weed\"parexcellence，tobacco。ThatJohnRolfewhohadbeenshipwreckedontheSeaAdventurewasnowaplanterinVirginia。HischildBermudahaddiedininfancy，andhiswifesoonaftertheircomingtoJamestown。Rolferemained，ayoungman，agoodcitizen，andaChristian。Andhelovedtobacco。OnthattrivialfacthingesanimportantchapterintheeconomichistoryofAmerica。In1612Rolfeplantedtobaccoinhisowngarden，experimentedwithitsculture，andprophesiedthattheVirginianweedwouldrankwiththebestSpanish。Itwasnowashorterplant，smaller—leafedandsmaller—flowered，buttimeandskilfulgardeningwouldimproveit。
Englandhadknowntobaccoforthirtyyears，owingitsintroductiontoRaleigh。AtfirstmerelyamusedbytheNewWorldrarity，Englandwasnowbygeneraluseturningaluxuryintoanecessity。MoreandmoreshereceivedthroughDutchandSpanishshipstobaccofromtheIndies。AmongtheEnglishadventurerstoVirginiasomealreadyknewtheusesoftheweed;otherssoonlearnedfromtheIndians。TobaccowasperhapsnotindigenoustoVirginia，buthadprobablycomethroughsoutherntribeswhointurnhadgaineditfromthosewhoknewitinitstropichabitat。Now，however，tobaccowasgrownbyallVirginiaIndians，andwasregardedastheGreatSpirit’sbestgift。Inthefinalhappyhunting—ground，kings，werowances，andpriestsenjoyeditforever。When，inthetimeafterthefirstlanding，theIndiansbroughtgiftstotheadventurersastobeingsfromasuperiorsphere，theyofferedtobaccoaswellascomestibleslikedeer—meatandmulberries。
Later，inEnglandandinVirginia，therewassomesuggestionthatitmightbecultivatedamongothercommodities。ButtheCompany，nottobedivertedfromthepathtoprofits，demandedfromVirginianecessitiesandnotnew—fangledluxuries。Nevertheless，alittletobaccowassentovertoEngland，andthenalittlemore，andthenalargerquantity。Inlessthanfiveyearsithadbecomeamainexport;andfromthattimetothisprofoundlyhasitaffectedthelifeofVirginiaand，indeed，oftheUnitedStates。
ThisthenisthewideandgeneraleventwithwhichJohnRolfeisconnected。
Butthereisalsoanarrower，personalhappeningthathaspleasedallthesecenturies。Indiandifficultiesyetabounded，butDale，administratoraswellasmanofMars，woundhiswayskilfullythroughthemall。Powhatanbroodedtooneside，overthereatWerowocomoco。CaptainSamuelArgallwasagaininVirginia，havingbroughtoversixty—twocolonistsinhisship，theTreasurer。Aboldandrestlessman，explorernolessthanmariner，heagainwenttradingupthePotomac，andvisiteduponitsbanksthevillageofJapazaws，kinsmanofPowhatan。HerehefoundnolessapersonagethanPowhatan’sdaughterPocahontas。AnideacameintoArgall’sactiveandsomewhatunscrupulousbrain。HebribedJapazawswithamightygleamingcopperkettle，andbythatchief’sconnivancetookPocahontasfromthevillageabovethePotomac。HebroughthercaptiveinhisboatdowntheChesapeaketothemouthoftheJamesandsouptherivertoJamestown，heretobeheldhostageforanIndianpeace。Thiswasin1613。
PocahontasstayedbytheJames，intherudesettlers’town，whichmayhaveseemedtotheIndiangirlstatelyandwonderfulenough。HereRolfemadeheracquaintance，heretheytalkedtogether，andhere，aftersomescruplesonhispartasto\"heathennesse，\"theyweremarried。Hewritesof\"herdesiretobetaughtandinstructedintheknowledgeofGod;hercapablenessofunderstanding;heraptnesseandwillingnessetorecieveaniegoodimpression，andalsothespiritual，besidesherowneincitementsstirringmeuphereunto。\"Firstshewasbaptized，receivingthenameRebecca，andthenshewasmarriedtoRolfeintheflower—deckedchurchatJamestown。
Powhatanwasnotthere，buthesentyoungchiefs，herbrothers，inhisplace。RolfehadlandsandcabinsthereuponuptherivernearHenricus。HecalledthisplaceVarina，thebestSpanishtobaccobeingVarinas。HereheandPocahontasdwelledtogether\"civillyandlovingly。\"WhentwoyearshadpassedthecouplewentwiththeirinfantsonuponavisittoEngland。TherecourtandtownandcountryflockedtoseetheIndian\"princess。\"AfteratimesheandRolfewouldgobacktoVirginia。ButatGravesend，beforetheirshipsailed，shewasstrickenwithsmallpoxanddied，making\"areligiousandgodlyend，\"andthereatGravesendsheisburied。Herson，ThomasRolfe，whowasbroughtupinEngland，returnedatlasttoVirginiaandlivedouthislifetherewithhiswifeandchildren。TodaynosmallhostofAmericanshaveforancestressthedaughterofPowhatan。InEngland—in—AmericatheimmediateeffectofthemarriagewasreallytoprocureanIndianpeaceoutlastingPocahontas’sbrieflife。
InDale’syearsthererisesabovetheEnglishhorizonthecloudofNewFrance。Theold，disaster—hauntedHuguenotcolonyinFloridawasathingofthepast，tobemournedforwhentheSpaniardwipeditout——foratthattimeEnglandherselfwasnotinAmerica。Butnowthatshewasestablishedthere，withsomehundredsofmeninaVirginiathatstretchedfromSpanishFloridatoNovaScotia，theFrenchshadowseemedominous。Andjustinthisfartherregion，amidfir—treesandsnow，uponthedesolateBayofFundy，theFrenchforsomeyearshadbeenkeepingthebreathoflifeinahuddleofcabinsnamedPortRoyal。Morethanthis，andlaterthanthePortRoyalbuilding，Frenchmen——Jesuitsthat！——weretryingasettlementonanislandnowcalledMountDesert，offacoastnownamedMaine。TheVirginiaCompany—doubtlesswithsomereferencebacktotheKingandPrivyCouncil——DeLaWarr，Gates，thedeputygovernor，andDale，theHighMarshal，appeartohavebeenofonemindastotheseFrenchsettlements。UpnorththerewasstillVirginia——ineffect，England！Handsoff，therefore，allEuropeanpeoplesspeakingwithanun—Englishtongue！
NowithappenedaboutthistimethatCaptainSamuelArgallreceivedacommission\"togofishing，\"andthathefishedoffthatcoastthatisnowthecoastofMaine，andbroughthisshiptoanchorbyMountDesert。Argall，aswiftandhigh—handedperson，fishedondryland。HesweptintohisnettheJesuitsonMountDesert，sethalfoftheminanopenboattomeetwithwhatshiptheymight，andbroughttheotherhalfcaptivetoJamestown。
Later，heappearedbeforePortRoyal，whereheburnedthecabins，slewthecattle，anddroveintotheforestthesettlerFrenchmen。ButPortRoyalandthelandaboutitcalledAcadia，thoughmuchhurt，survivedArgall’sfishing。*
*Argall，onhisfishingtrip，hasbeencreditedwithattackingnotonlytheFrenchinAcadiabuttheDutchtradersonManhattan。Buttherearegroundsfordoubtifhedidthelatter。
TherewasalsoonVirginiainthesedaystheshadowofSpain。In1611theEnglishhadfounduponthebeachnearPointComfortthreeSpaniardsfromaSpanishcaravelwhich，astheEnglishmenhadlearnedwithalarm，\"wasfittedwithashallopnecessarieandproppertodiscoverfreshetts，rivers，andcreekes。\"TheytookthethreeprisonerandappliedforinstructionstoDale，whoheldthemtobespiesandclappedthemintoprisonatPointComfort。
ThatDale’ssuspicionswerecorrect，isprovedbyaletterwhichtheKingofSpainwroteinciphertotheSpanishAmbassadorinLondonorderinghimtoconferwiththeKingastothelibertyofthreeprisonerswhomEnglishmeninVirginiahavecaptured。Thethreeare\"theAlcaydeDonDiegodeMolino，EnsignMarcoAntonioPerez，andFranciscoLembrianEnglishpilot，whobymyorderswenttoreconnoitrethoseports。\"SmallwonderthatDalewasapprehensive。\"Whatmaybethedaungerofthisuntous，\"hewrotehome，\"whoareheresofew，soweake，andunfortified，……Irefermetoyourownehonorableknowledg。\"
Monthspass，andtheEnglishAmbassadortoSpainwritesfromMadridthathe\"isnothastytoadvertiseanythinguponbarerumours，whichhathmademehithertoforbearetowritewhatIhadgenerallyheardoftheirintentsagainstVirginia，butnowIhavebeen……advertisedthatwithoutquestiontheywillspeedilyattemptagainstourplantationthere。Andthatitisathingresolvedof，thatyeKingofSpainmustrunanyhazardwithEnglandratherthanpermityeEnglishtosettlethere……Whatsoeverisattempted，IconceivewillbefromyeHavana。\"
Rumorsflybackandforth。Thenextyear1613——theAmbassadorwritesfromMadrid：\"TheyhavelateliehadseverallConsultationsaboutourPlantationinVirginia。Theresolutionis——Thatitmustberemoved，buttheythinkeitfitttosuspendtheexecutionofit，……forthattheyareinhopethatitwillfallofitselfe。\"
TheSpanishhopeseemed，atthistime，notatallwithoutfoundation。
MembersoftheVirginiaCompanyhadformedtheSomersIslandsCompanynamedforSomerstheAdmiral——andhadplantedasmallcolonyinBermudawheretheSeaAdventurehadbeenwrecked。Herewerefair，fertileislandswithoutIndians，andwithoutthediseasesthatseemedtorise，nomanknewhow，fromthemarshesalongthoselowerreachesofthegreatriverJamesinVirginia。Youngthoughitwas，thenewplantation\"prosperethbetterthanthatofVirginia，andgivethgreaterincouragementtoprosecuteyt。\"InEnglandtherearose，fromsomeconcerned，thecrytoGiveupVirginiathathasprovedaprojectawry！AsGateswasonceabouttoremovethenceeverylivingman，sotrulytheymight\"nowremovedtothesemorehopefulislands！\"TheSpanishAmbassadorisfoundwritingtotheSpanishKing：
\"Thustheyareherediscouraged……onaccountoftheheavyexpensestheyhaveincurred，andthedisappointment，thatthereisnopassagefromtheretotheSouthSea……norminesofgoldorsilver。\"This，beitnoted，wasbeforetobaccowasdiscoveredtobeaneconomictreasure。
TheElizabethfromLondonreachedVirginiainMay，1613。ItbroughttothecolonynewsofBermuda，andincidentallyofthatnewnotionbrewinginthemindofsomeoftheCompany。WhentheElizabeth，afteramonthinVirginia，turnedhomeward，shecarriedavigorousletterfromDale，theHighMarshal，toSirThomasSmith，TreasureroftheCompany。
\"Letmetellyouallathome[writesDale]thisonething，andIprayrememberit;ifyougiveoverthiscountryandlooseit，you，withyourwisdoms，willleapsuchagudgeonasourstatehathnotdonethelikesincetheylosttheKingdomofFrance;beotgulledwiththeclamorousreportofbasepeople;believeCalebandJoshua;ifthegloryofGodhavenopowerwiththemandtheconversionofthesepoorinfidels，yetlettherichmammons’desireeggethemontoinhabitthesecountries。Iprotesttoyou，bythefaithofanhonestman，themoreIrangethecountrythemoreI
admireit。IhaveseenthebestcountriesinEurope;Iprotesttoyou，beforetheLivingGod，putthemalltogether，thiscountrywillbeequivalentuntothemifitbeinhabitedwithgoodpeople。\"
IfeverMotherEnglandseriouslythoughtofmovingVirginiaintoBermuda，theideawasnowgivenover。Spain，suspendingthesworduntilVirginia\"willfallofitselfe，\"sawthatswordrustaway。
FiveyearsinallDaleruledVirginia。Then，personalandfamilymatterscalling，hesailedawayhometoEngland，toreturnnomore。Soonhisstar\"havingshinedintheWesterne，wassetintheEasterneIndia。\"AtthehelminVirginiaheleftGeorgeYeardley，anhonest，ableman。ButinEngland，whatwasknownasthe\"courtparty\"intheCompanymanagedtohavechoseninsteadforDeLaWarr’sdeputygovernor，CaptainSamuelArgall。Itprovedanunfortunatechoice。Argall，acapableanddaringbuccaneer，fastenedonVirginiaasonaSpanishgalleon。Forayearheruledinhisowninterest，plunderingandterrorizing。AtlasttheoutcryagainsthimgrewsoloudthatithadtobelistenedtoacrosstheAtlantic。LordDeLaWarrwassentoutinpersontodealwithmattersbutdiedontheway;andCaptainYeardley，nowknightedandappointedGovernor，wasinstructedtoproceedagainsttheincorrigibleArgall。ButArgallhadalreadydepartedtofacehisaccusersinEngland。
CHAPTERVII。YOUNGVIRGINIA
ThechoiceofSirEdwynSandysasTreasureroftheVirginiaCompanyin1619
marksaturningpointinthehistoryofbothCompanyandcolony。AtamomentwhenJamesIwasaimingatabsolutemonarchyandwasmenacingParliament，Sandysandhisparty——theLiberalsoftheday——turnedthesessionsoftheCompanyintoaparliamentwheremomentousquestionsofstateandcolonialpolicywerefreelydebated。TheliberalspiritofSandyscastabeamoflight，too，acrosstheAtlantic。WhenGovernorYeardleysteppedashoreatJamestowninmid—April，hebroughtwithhim，asthefirstfruitsofthenewregime，nolessaboonthanthegrantofarepresentativeassembly。
ThereweretobeinVirginia，subjecttotheCompany，subjectinitsturntotheCrown，two\"SupremeCouncils，\"oneofwhichwastoconsistoftheGovernorandhiscouncilorschosenbytheCompanyinEngland。Theotherwastobeelectedbythecolonists，tworepresentativesorburgessesfromeachdistinctsettlement。CouncilandHouseofBurgessesweretoconstitutetheupperandlowerhousesoftheGeneralAssembly。ThewholehadpowertolegislateuponVirginianaffairswithintheboundsofthecolony，buttheGovernorinVirginiaandtheCompanyinEnglandmustapproveitsacts。
Amightyhopeinsmallwashere！Hedgedaboutwithprovisions，curtailedandlimited，hereneverthelesswasanacornoutofwhich，bynaturalgrowthandsomemutation，wastocomepopulargovernmentwideanddeep。Theplantingofthissmallseedoffreedomhere，in1619，uponthebanksoftheJamesinVirginia，isaneventofprimeimportance。
Onthe30thofJuly，1619，therewasconvenedinthelogchurchinJamestownthefirsttrueParliamentorLegislativeAssemblyinAmerica。
Twenty—twoburgessessat，hatonhead，inthebodyofthechurch，withtheGovernorandtheCouncilinthebestseats。MasterJohnPory，thespeaker，facedtheAssembly;clerkandsergeant—at—armswereathand;MasterBuck，theJamestownminister，madethesolemnopeningprayer。ThepoliticaldivisionsofthisVirginiawereCities，Plantations，andHundreds，theEnglishpopulationnumberingnowatleastathousandsouls。BoroughssendingburgesseswereJamesCity，CharlesCity，theCityofHenricus，Kecoughtan，Smith’sHundred，FlowerdieuHundred，Martin’sHundred，MartinBrandon，Ward’sPlantation，Lawne’sPlantation，andArgall’sGift。ThisfirstAssemblyattendedtoIndianquestions，agriculture，andreligion。
Mostnotableisthisyear1619，ayearwroughtofgoldandiron。JohnRolfe，backinVirginia，thoughwithouthisIndianprincess，whonowliesinEnglishearth，jotsdownandmakesnocommentuponwhathehaswritten：
\"AboutthelastofAugustcameinaDutchmanofwarrethatsoldustwentyNegars。\"
NoEuropeanstateofthatday，fewindividuals，disapprovedoftheAfricanslavetrade。Thatdarkcontinentmadeageneralhunting—ground。England，Spain，France，theNetherlands，captured，bought，andsoldslaves。
EnglishmeninVirginiaboughtwithoutqualm，asEnglishmeninEnglandboughtwithoutqualm。ThecargooftheDutchshipwasacommonplace。TheonlynoveltywasthatitwasthefirstshiploadofAfricansbroughttoEnglish—America。Here，bythesamewaters，werethebeginningsofpopulargovernmentandtheyoungupas—treeofslavery。Acontradictionintermswassettoresolveitself，ariddleforunborngenerationsofAmericans。
Presentlytherehappenedanotherimportation。Virginia，underthenewmanagement，hadstronglyrevived。Shipsbringingcolonistswerecomingin;
hamletswerebuilding;fieldswerebeingplanted;upanddownweretobefoundchurches;acollegeatHenricuswasprojectedsothatIndianchildrenmightbetaughtandconvertedfrom\"heathennesse。\"Yetwasthepopulationalmostwhollyadoublet—and—breeches—wearingpopulation。ThechildrenforwhomtheschoolwasbuildingwereIndianchildren。ThemensailingtoVirginiadreamedofafewyearsthereandgatheredwealth，andthenreturntoEngland。
ApparentlyitwasthenewTreasurer，SirEdwynSandys，whofirstgraspedtheessentialprincipleofsuccessfulcolonization：VirginiamustbeHOME
tothosewesend！Wifeandchildrenmadehome。Sandysgatheredninetywomen，poormaidensandwidows，\"young，handsome，andchaste，\"whowerewillingtoemigrateandinVirginiabecomewivesofsettlers。Theysailed;
theirpassageoneywaspaidbythemenoftheirchoice;theymarried——andhomelifebeganinVirginia。Induecourseoftimeappearedfair—hairedchildren，blueorgrayofeye，withallEnglandbehindthem，yetnative—born，Virginiansfromthecradle。
ColonistsinnumbersailednowfromEngland。Mostranksofsocietyandmostprofessionswererepresented。Manybroughteducation，means，independentposition。Otherhonestmen，chieflyyoungmenwithlittleinthepurse，cameoverunderindentures，boundforaspecifiedtermofyearstosettlersoflargermeans。Theseindenturedmenarenumerous;andwhentheyhaveworkedouttheirindebtednesstheywilltakeuplandoftheirown。
AnoldsuggestionofDale’snowforthefirsttimeborefruit。Overtheprotestofthe\"countryparty\"intheCompany，therebegantobesenteachyearoutoftheKing’sgaolsanumber，thoughnotatanytimealargenumber，ofmenunderconvictionforvariouscrimes。Thispracticecontinued，oratintervalswasresumed，foryears，butitsconsequenceswerenotsodire，perhaps，aswemightimagine。Thepenallawswereexecrablybrutal，andinthedrag—netofthelawmightbefoundmanymerelyunfortunate，manyperhapsfinerthanthelaw。
Virginiathuswasfoundedandestablished。AnEnglishpeoplemovedthroughherforests，crossedinboatshershiningwaters，trodthelanesofhamletsbuildedofwoodbutafterEnglishfashions。Climate，surroundingnature，differedfromoldEngland，andtheseandcircumstancewouldworkforvariation。ButthestockwasMiddlesex，Surrey，Devon，andalltheothershiresofEngland。Scotchmencamealso，Welshmen，and，perhapsasearlyasthis，afewIrish。AndtherewereDeLaWarr’shandfulofPolesandGermans，andseveralFrenchvinedressers。
Politicalandeconomiclifewastakingform。Thathuge，luxurious，thick—leafed，yellow—floweredcrop，alikecomfortingandextravagant，thattobaccothatwasinmuchtomouldmannersandcustomsandwaysoflookingatthings，wasbeginningtogrowabundantly。In1620，fortythousandpoundsoftobaccowentfromVirginiatoEngland;twoyearslaterwentsixtythousandpounds。Thebestsoldattwoshillingsthepound，theinferiorforeighteenpence。TheVirginiansdroppedallthoughtofsassafrasandclapboard。TobaccoonlyhadanyflavorofGolconda。
Atthistimetherichsoil，composedoflayeronlayerofthedecayofforeststhathadlivedfromoldtime，wasincrediblyfertile。Asfastastreescouldbefelledanddraggedaway，inwentthetobacco。Fieldsmusthavelaborers，nordidtheseneedtobeespeciallyintelligent。Bringinindenturedmentowork。Presentlydreamthatships，EnglishaswellasDutch，mightoftenerloadinAfricaandsellinVirginia，tofurnishthedarkfieldswithdarkworkers！InDale’stimehadbegunthemakingoveroflandinfeesimple;inYeardley’stimeevery\"ancient\"colonist——thatiseverymanwhohadcometoVirginiabefore1616——wasgivenagoodlynumberofacressubjecttoaquit—rent。Menofmeansandinfluenceobtainedgreatholdings;ownership，rental，sale，andpurchaseofthelandbeganinVirginiamuchasinoldertimesithadbeguninEngland。Onlyhere，inAmerica，whereitseemedthatthelandcouldneverbeexhausted，individualholdingswereoftenofgreatacreage。ThusarosetheVirginiaPlanter。
InYeardley’stimeJohnBerkeleyestablishedatFallingCreekthefirstironworkseversetupinEnglish—America。TherewerebythistimeinVirginia，glassworks，awindmill，ironworks。Totillthesoilremainedthechiefindustry，butthetobaccoculturegrewuntilitovershadowedthemaizeandwheat，thepeaseandbeans。Therewerecattleandswine，notafewhorses，poultry，pigeons，andpeacocks。
In1621Yeardley，desiringtoberelieved，wassucceededbySirFrancisWyatt。InOctoberthenewGovernorcamefromEnglandintheGeorge，andwithhimagoodlycompany。AmongothersisfoundGeorgeSandys，brotherofSirEdwyn。Thisgentlemanandscholar，beneathVirginiaskiesandwithVirginiatreesandblossomsabouthim，translatedthe\"Metamorphoses\"ofOvidandtheFirstBookofthe\"Aeneid\"，bothofwhichwerepublishedinLondonin1626。HestandsasthefirstpurelyliterarymanoftheEnglishNewWorld。Butvigorousenoughliterature，thoughthewritersthereofregardeditasinformationonly，had，fromthefirstyears，emanatedfromVirginia。Smith’s\"TrueRelation\"，GeorgePercy’s\"Discourse\"，Strachey’s\"TrueRepertoryoftheWrackeandRedemptionofSirThomasGates\"，andhis\"HistorieofTravaileintoVirginiaBrittannia\"，Hamor’s\"TrueDiscourse\"，Whitaker’s\"GoodNews\"——otherlettersandreports——hadalreadyflowered，allwithsomethingofthestrengthandfragranceofElizabethanandearlyJacobeanwork。
ForsomeyearstherehadseemedpeacewiththeIndians。Doubtlessmembersoftheoneracemayhavemarauded，andmembersoftheothershowedthemselveshighhanded，impatient，andunjust，butthemajorityoneachsideappearedtohavesettledintoakindofamity。Indianscamesinglyorinpartiesfromtheirvillagestothewhitemen’ssettlements，wheretheytradedcornandvenisonandwhatnotforthemagicthingsthewhitemanowned。Anumberhadobtainedthewhiteman’sfirearms，unwiselysoldorgiven。Theredseemedreconciledtothewhite’spresenceintheland;theIndianvillageandtheIndiantribaleconomyrestedbesidetheEnglishsettlement，church，andlaws。DoubtlessafragmentofthepopulationofEnglandandafragmentoftheEnglishinVirginiasawinapearlydreamtheredmanbaptized，clothed，becomeChristianandEnglish。Attheleast，itseemedthatfriendlinessandpeacemightcontinue。
Inthespringof1622aconcertedIndianattackandmassacrefelllikeaboltfromtheblue。UpanddowntheJamesandupontheChesapeake，everywhereonthesameday，Indians，burstingfromthedarkforestthatwassoclosebehindeveryclusterofloghouses，attackedthecolonists。ThreehundredandfortysevenEnglishmen，women，andchildrenwereslain。ButJamestownandtheplantationsinitsneighborhoodwerewarnedintime。TheEnglishrallied，gatheredforce，turneduponandbeatbacktotheforesttheIndian，whowasnowandforalongtimetocometheiropenfoe。
Therefolloweduponthishorrornotadayoramonthbutyearsoforganizedretaliationandsystematicharrying。IntheendthegreatmajorityoftheIndianseitherfellorwerepushedbacktowardtheupperPamunkey，theRappahannock，thePotomac，andwestwarduponthegreatshelforterraceoftheearththatclimbedtothefabledmountains。AndwiththiswestwardmovetherepassedawaythatoldvisionofwholesaleChristianizing。
CHAPTERVIII。ROYALGOVERNMENT
InNovember，1620，theresailedintoaquietharboronthecoastofwhatisnowMassachusettsashipnamedtheMayflower，havingonboardonehundredandtwoEnglishNon—conformists，menandwomenandwiththemafewchildren。TheselatestcolonistsheldapatentfromtheVirginiaCompanyandhaveleftinwritingastatementoftheirobject：\"We……havingundertaken，forthegloryofGodandadvancementoftheChristianfaith，andhonorofourKingandCountry，avoyagetoplantthefirstcolonyinthenorthernpartsofVirginia——\"。Thementalreservationis，ofcourse，\"whereperchancewemayserveGodaswewill！\"InEnglandthereobtainedinsomequartersasuspicionthat\"theymeanttomakeafree，popularStatethere。\"Free——Popular—PublicGood！Thesearewordsthatbegan，inthesecondquarteroftheseventeenthcentury，toshineandring。Kingandpeoplehadreachedthevergeofagreatstruggle。TheVirginiaCompanywasdivided，aswereothergroups，intofactions。Thecourtpartyandthecountrypartyfoundthemselvesdistinctlyopposed。Thegreat，crowdedmeetingsoftheCompanySessionsrangwiththeirdivisionsuponpoliciessmallandlarge。Wordsandphrases，comprehensive，sonorous，heavywiththefuture，roseandrolledbeneaththeroofoftheirgreathall。Therewereheardamidwarmdiscussion：KingdomandColony——Spain——Netherlands——France——ChurchandState——PapistsandSchismatics——Duties，Tithes，ExcisePetitionsofGrievances——Representation——RightofAssembly。SeveralyearsearliertheKinghadcried，\"ChoosetheDevil，butnotSirEdwynSandys！\"NowhedeclaredtheCompany\"justaseminarytoaseditiousparliament！\"AllLondonresoundedwiththeclashofpartiesandopinions。*\"LastweektheEarlofWarwickandtheLordCavendishfellsofoulataVirginia……
courtthattheliepassedandrepassed……Thefactions……aregrownsoviolentthatGuelfsandGhibellineswerenotmoreanimatedoneagainstanother！\"
*Inhisworkon\"Joint—stockCompanion\"，vol。II，pp。266ff。，W。
R。ScotttracesthehistoryoftheseacutedissensionsintheVirginiaCompanyanddrawsconclusionsdistinctlyunfavorabletothemanagementofSandysandhisparty。——Editor。
BelievingthattheCompany’ssessionsforeshadoweda\"seditiousparliament，\"JamesStuartsethimselfwithobstinacyandsomecunningtotheCompany’sundoing。ThecourtpartygavetheKingaid，andcircumstancesfavoredtheattempt。CaptainNathanielButler，whohadoncebeenGovernorof，theSomersIslandsandhadnowreturnedtoEnglandbywayofVirginia，publishedinLondon\"TheUnmaskedFaceofOurColonyinVirginia\"，containingasavageattackuponeveryitemofVirginianadministration。
TheKing’sPrivyCouncilsummonedtheCompany，orratherthe\"country\"
party，toanswertheseandotherallegations。Southampton，Sandys，andFerraransweredwithstrengthandcogency。Butthetidewasrunningagainstthem。JamesappointedcommissionerstosearchoutwhatwaswrongwithVirginia。CertainmenwereshippedtoVirginiatogetevidencethere，aswellassupportfromtheVirginiaAssembly。Inthisattempttheysignallyfailed。ThentoEnglandcameaVirginiamemberoftheVirginiaCouncil，withlongletterstoKingandPrivyCouncil：theSandys—SouthamptonadministrationhaddonemorethanwellforVirginia。Theletterswerelettersofappeal。Thecolonyhopedthat\"theGovernorssentovermightnothaveabsoluteauthority，butmightberestrainedtotheconsentoftheCouncil……ButabovealltheymadeittheirmosthumblerequestthattheymightstillretainthelibertyoftheirGeneralAssemblies;thanwhichnothingcouldmoreconducetothepublickSatisfactionandpublickLiberty。\"
InLondonanotherpaper，drawnbyCavendish，wasgiventoKingandPrivyCouncil。Itansweredmanyaccusations，andamongothersthestatementthat\"theGovernmentofthecompaniesasitthenstoodwasdemocraticalandtumultuous，andoughtthereforetobealtered，andreducedintotheHandsofafew。\"Itisofinteresttohearthesemenspeak，intheyear1623，inanEnglandthatwasclosetoabsolutemonarchy，toaKingwhowithall，hishousestoodoutforpersonalrule。\"However，theyownedthat，accordingtohisMajesty’sInstitution，theirGovernmenthadsomeShowofademocraticalForm;whichwasnevertheless，inthatCase，themostjustandprofitable，andmostconducivetotheEndsandEffectsaimedatthereby……Lastly，theyobservedthattheoppositeFactioncriedoutloudlyagainstDemocracy，andyetcalledforOligarchy;whichwould，astheyconceived，maketheGovernmentneitherofbetterForm，normoremonarchical。\"
ButthedissolutionoftheVirginiaCompanywasathand。InOctober，1623，thePrivyCouncilstatedthattheKinghad\"takenintohisprincelyConsiderationthedistressedStateoftheColonyofVirginia，occasioned，asitseemed，bytheIllGovernmentoftheCompany。\"Theremedyfortheill—managementlayinthereductionoftheGovernmentintofewerhands。HisMajestyhadresolvedthereforeuponthewithdrawaloftheCompany’scharterandthesubstitution，\"withdueregardforcontinuingandpreservingtheInterestofallAdventurersandprivatepersonswhatsoever，\"ofaneworderofthings。Theneworderproved，onexamination，tobetheoldorderofrulebytheCrown。WouldtheCompanysurrendertheoldcharterandacceptanewonesomodeled？
TheCompany，throughthecountryparty，strovetogaintime。Theymetwithasuccessionofarbitrarymeasuresandwerefinallyforcedtoadecision。