Then，iftheministershouldmakereply：\"Ohyes，weknowallthis。Evensincetherevivaloflettersintheendofthefifteenthcenturyawholeliteraturehasbeenwritten——agreatdealofit，Ifear，bypedantswhoseldomwashedeventheirhandsandfaces——aboutyourGreekandRomanbaths。WevisittheircolossalruinsinItalyandelsewherewithaweandadmiration；andthediscoveryofanewRomanbathinanyoldcityofourislessetsallourantiquariesbuzzingwithinterest。\"
\"Thenwhy，\"theshademightask，\"doyounotcopyanexamplewhichyousomuchadmire？SurelyEnglandmustbemuchinwant，eitherofwater，oroffueltoheatitwith？\"
\"Onthecontrary，ourrainfallisalmosttoogreat；oursoilsodampthatwehavehadtoinventawholeartofsubsoildrainageunknowntoyou；while，asforfuel，ourcoal-minesmakeusthegreatfuel-exportingpeopleoftheworld。\"
WhataquietsneermightcurlthelipofaConstantineashereplied：\"Notinvain，asIsaid，didwecallyou，somefifteenhundredyearsago，thebarbariansofthenorth。Buttellme，goodbarbarian，whomIknowtobebothbraveandwise——forthefameofyouryoungBritishempirehasreachedusevenintherealmsbelow，andwerecogniseinyou，withallrespect，apeoplemorelikeusRomansthananywhichhasappearedonearthformanycenturies——
howisityouhaveforgottenthatsacreddutyofkeepingthepeopleclean，whichyousurelyatonetimelearntfromus？Whenyourancestorsenteredourarmies，androse，someofthem，tobegreatgenerals，andevenemperors，likethosetwoTeutonpeasants，JustinandJustinian，who，longaftermydays，reignedinmyownConstantinople：then，atleast，yousawbaths，andusedthem；andfelt，afterthebath，thatyouwerecivilisedmen，andnot’sordidiacfoetentes，’asweusedtocallyouwhenfreshoutofyourbullock-waggonsandcattle-pens。Howisitthatyouhaveforgottenthatlesson？\"
Theminister，Ifear，wouldhavetoanswerthatourancestorswerebarbarousenough，notonlytodestroytheRomancities，andtemples，andbasilicas，andstatues，buttheRomanbathslikewise；
andthenretired，eachmantohisownfreeholdinthecountry，tolivealifenotmuchmorecleanlyormoregracefulthanthatoftheswinewhichwerehisfavouritefood。Buthewouldhavearighttoplead，asanexcuse，thatnotonlyinEngland，butthroughoutthewholeoftheconqueredLatinempire，theLatinpriesthood，who，insomerespects，were——totheirhonour——therepresentativesofRomancivilisationandtheprotectorsofitsremnants，werethedeterminedenemiesofitscleanliness；thattheylookedonpersonaldirt——liketheoldhermitsoftheThebaid——
asasignofsanctity；anddiscouraged——astheyaresaidtodostillinsomeoftheRomancecountriesofEurope——theuseofthebath，asnotonlyluxurious，butalsoindecent。
Atwhichanswer，itseemstome，anothersneermightcurlthelipoftheaugustshade，ashesaidtohimself：\"This，atleast，I
didnotexpect，whenImadeChristianitythestatereligionofmyempire。Butyou，goodbarbarian，lookcleanenough。Youdonotlookondirtasasignofsanctity？\"
\"Onthecontrary，sire，theupperclassesofourempireboastofbeingthecleanliest——perhapstheonlyperfectlycleanly——peopleintheworld：except，ofcourse，thesavagesoftheSouthSeas。
Anddirtissofarfrombeingathingwhichweadmire，thatourscientificmen——thanwhomtheworldhasneverseenwiser——haveprovedtous，forawholegenerationpast，thatdirtisthefertilecauseofdiseaseanddrunkenness，misery，andrecklessness。\"
\"And，therefore，\"repliestheshade，erehedisappears，\"ofdiscontentandrevolution：followedbyatyrannyendured，asinRomeandmanyanotherplace，bymenoncefree；becausetyrannywillatleastdoforthemwhattheyaretoolazy，andcowardly，andgreedy，todoforthemselves。Farewell，andprosper；asyouseemlikelytoprosper，onthewhole。Butifyouwishmetoconsideryouacivilisednation：letmehearthatyouhavebroughtagreatriverfromthedepthsoftheearth，betheyathousandfathomsdeep，orfromyournearestmountains，betheyfivehundredmilesaway；andhavewashedoutLondon’sdirt——andyourownshame。Tillthen，abstainfromjudgingtooharshlyaConstantine，orevenaCaracalla；forthey，whateverweretheirsins，builtbaths，andkepttheirpeopleclean。Butdoyourgymnasia——yourschoolsanduniversities，teachyouryouthnaughtaboutallthis？\"
THETREEOFKNOWLEDGE
ThemoreIhavecontemplatedthatancientstoryoftheFall，themoreithasseemedtomewithintherangeofprobability，andevenofexperience。Itmusthavehappenedsomewhereforthefirsttime；forithashappenedonlytoomanytimessince。Ithashappened，asfarasIcanascertain，ineveryrace，andeveryage，andeverygradeofcivilisation。Itishappeningroundusnowineveryregionoftheglobe。Alwaysandeverywhere，itseemstome，havepoorhumanbeingsbeentemptedtoeatofsome\"treeofknowledge，\"thattheymaybe，evenforanhour，asgods；wise，butwithafalsewisdom；careless，butwithafranticcarelessness；
andhappy，butwithahappinesswhich，whentheexcitementispast，leavestoooften——aswiththathaplesspairinEden——
depression，shame，andfear。Everywhere，andinallages，asfarasIcanascertain，hasmanbeeninventingstimulantsandnarcoticstosupplythatwantofvitalityofwhichheissopainfullyaware；andhasaskednature，andnotGod，toclearthedullbrain，andcomfortthewearyspirit。
Thishasbeen，andwillbeperhapsformanyacenturytocome，almostthemostfearfulfailingofthispoor，exceptional，over-
organised，diseased，andtrulyfallenbeingcalledMan，whoisindoubtdailywhetherhebeagodoranape；andintryingwildlytobecometheformer，endsbuttooofteninbecomingthelatter。
Forman，whethersavageorcivilised，feels，andhasfeltineveryage，thatthereissomethingwrongwithhim。Heusuallyconfessesthisfact——asistobeexpected——ofhisfellow-men，ratherthanofhimself；andshowshissensethatthereissomethingwrongwiththembycomplainingof，hating，andkillingthem。Buthecannotalwaysconcealfromhimselfthefactthathe，too，iswrong，aswellasthey；andashewillnotusuallykillhimself，hetrieswildwaystomakehimselfatleastfeel——ifnottobe——somewhat\"better。\"Philosophersmaybidhimbecontent；andtellhimthatheiswhatheoughttobe，andwhatnaturehasmadehim。Buthecaresnothingforthephilosophers。Heknows，usually，thatheisnotwhatheoughttobe；thathecarriesaboutwithhim，inmostcases，abodymoreorlessdiseasedanddecrepit，incapableofdoingalltheworkwhichhefeelsthathehimselfcoulddo，orexpressingalltheemotionswhichhehimselflongstoexpress；adullbrainanddullsenses，whichcramptheeagerinfinitywithinhim；as——soGoetheoncesaidwithpity——thehorse’ssinglehoofcrampsthefineintelligenceandgenerosityofhisnature，andforbidshimeventograspanobject，likethemorestupidcat，andbasermonkey。Andmanhasaself，too，within，fromwhichhelongstoooftentoescape，asfromahouseholdghost；whopullsout，atunfortunatelyrudeandunwelcomehours，theledgerofmemory。Andsowhenthetempter——behewhohemay——saystohim，\"Takethis，andyouwill’feelbetter。’Takethis，andyoushallbeasgods，knowinggoodandevil：\"then，ifthetemptationwas，astheoldstorysays，toomuchformanwhilehealthyandunfallen，whatmustitbeforhisunhealthyandfallenchildren？
Invainwesaytoman：
’Tislife，notdeath，forwhichyoupant；
’Tislife，whereofyournervesarescant；
Morelife，andfuller，thatyouwant。
Andyourtreeofknowledgeisnotthetreeoflife：itisineverycase，thetreeofdeath；ofdecrepitude，madness，misery。
Heprefersthevoiceofthetempter：\"Thoushaltnotsurelydie。\"
Nay，hewillsayatlast：\"Betterbeasgodsawhile，anddie：
thanbethecrawling，insufficientthingIam；andlive。\"
He——didIsay？Alas！Imustsayshelikewise。Thesacredstoryisonlytootruetofact，whenitrepresentsthewomanasfalling，notmerelyatthesametimeastheman，butbeforetheman。Onlyletusrememberthatitrepresentsthewomanastempted；tempted，seemingly，byarationalbeing，oflowerrace，andyetofsuperiorcunning；whomust，therefore，havefallenbeforethewoman。Whoorwhatthebeingwas，whoiscalledtheSerpentinourtranslationofGenesis，itisnotformetosay。Wehaveabsolutely，Ithink，nofactsfromwhichtojudge；andRabbinicaltraditionsneedtroublenomanmuch。ButIfancythatamissionary，preachingonthisstorytoNegroes；tellingthemplainlythatthe\"Serpent\"meantthefirstObeahman；andthencomparingtheexperiencesofthathaplesspairinEden，withtheirownaftercertainorgiesnotyetextinctinAfricaandelsewhere，wouldbeonlytoowellunderstood：sowell，indeed，thathemightrunsomeriskofeatinghimself，notofthetreeoflife，butofthatofdeath。Thesorcererorsorceresstemptingthewoman；andthenthewomantemptingtheman；thisseemstobe，certainlyamongsavagepeoples，and，alas！toooftenamongcivilisedpeoplesalso，theusualcourseoftheworld-widetragedy。
But——paradoxicalasitmayseem——thewoman’syieldingbeforethemanisnotaltogethertoherdishonour，asthoseoldmonksusedtoallegewhohated，andtoooftentortured，thesexwhomtheycouldnotenjoy。Itisnottothewoman’sdishonour，ifshefelt，beforeherhusband，higheraspirationsthanthoseaftermereanimalpleasure。Tobeasgods，knowinggoodandevil，isavainandfoolish，butnotabaseandbrutal，wish。Sheprovedherselfthereby——thoughatanawfulcost——awoman，andnotananimal。Andindeedthewoman’smoredelicateorganisation，hermorevividemotions，hermorevolublefancy，aswellashermerephysicalweaknessandweariness，havebeentoher，inallages，aspecialsourceoftemptation；whichitistoherhonourthatshehasresistedsomuchbetterthanthephysicallystronger，andthereforemoreculpable，man。
Asforwhatthetreeofknowledgewas，therereallyisnoneedforustowasteourtimeinguessing。Ifitwasnotoneplant，thenitwasanother。Itmayhavebeensomethingwhichhaslongsinceperishedofftheearth。Itmayhavebeen——assomelearnedmenhaveguessed——thesacredSoma，orHoma，oftheearlyBrahminrace；
andthatmayhavebeenastillexistingnarcoticspeciesofAsclepias。Itcertainlywasnotthevine。ThelanguageoftheHebrewScriptureconcerningit，andthesacredusetowhichitisconsecratedintheGospels，forbidthatnotionutterly；atleasttothosewhoknowenoughofantiquitytopassby，withasmile，thetheorythatthewinesmentionedinScripturewerenotintoxicating。Andyet——asafreshcorroborationofwhatIamtryingtosay——howfearfullyhasthatnoblegifttomanbeenabusedforthesameendasahundredothervegetableproducts，eversincethosemythicdayswhenDionusosbroughtthevinefromthefarEast，amidtroopsofhumanMaenadsandhalf-humanSatyrs；
andtheBacchaetorePentheusinpiecesonCithaeron，fordaringtointrudeupontheirsacredrites；andsincethosehistoricdays，too，when，lessthantwohundredyearsbeforetheChristianera，theBacchicritesspreadfromSouthernItalyintoEtruria，andthencetothematronsofRome；andundertheguidanceofPoeniaAnnia，aCampanianlady，tookatlastshapesofwhichnomanmustspeak，butwhichhadtobeputdownwithterriblebutjustseverity，bytheConsulsandtheSenate。
Butitmatterslittle，Isay，whatthissametreeofknowledgewas。Waseveryvineonearthdestroyedto-morrow，andeveryvegetablealsofromwhichalcoholisnowdistilled，manwouldsoondiscoversomethingelsewherewithtosatisfytheinsatiatecraving。Hashenotdonesoalready？Hasnotalmosteverypeoplehaditstreeofknowledge，oftenmoredeadlythananydistilledliquor，fromtheabsintheofthecultivatedFrenchman，andtheopiumofthecultivatedChinese，downtothebush-poisonswherewiththetropicsorcererinitiateshisdupesintotheknowledgeofgoodandevil，andthefungusfromwhichtheSamoiedeextractsinautumnafewdaysofbrutalhappiness，beforethesettinginofthelongsixmonths’night？Godgrantthatmodernsciencemaynotbringtolightfreshsubstitutesforalcohol，opium，andtherest；andgivethewhiteraces，inthatstateofeffeminateandgodlessquasi-civilisationwhichIsometimesfeariscreepinguponthem，freshmeansofdestroyingthemselvesdelicatelyandpleasantlyoffthefaceoftheearth。
Itissaidbysomethatdrunkennessisontheincreaseinthisisland。Ihavenotrustyproofofit：butIcanbelieveitpossible；foreverycauseofdrunkennessseemsontheincrease。
Overworkofbodyandmind；circumstanceswhichdepresshealth；
temptationtodrink，anddrinkagain，ateverycornerofthestreets；andfinally，money，andevermoremoney，inthehandsofuneducatedpeople，whohavenotthedesire，andtoooftennotthemeans，ofspendingitinanysavethelowestpleasures。These，itseemstome，arethetruecausesofdrunkenness，increasingornot。Andifwewishtobecomeamoretemperatenation，wemustlessenthem，ifwecannoteradicatethem。
First，overwork。Wealllivetoofast，andworktoohard。\"Allthingsarefulloflabour，mancannotutterit。\"Intheheavystruggleforexistencewhichgoesonallaroundus，eachmanistaskedmoreandmore——ifhebereallyworthbuyingandusing——totheutmostofhispowersalldaylong。Theweakhavetocompeteonequaltermswiththestrong；andcrave，inconsequence，forartificialstrength。HowweshallstopthatIknownot，whileeverymanis\"makinghastetoberich，andpiercinghimselfthroughwithmanysorrows，andfallingintofoolishandhurtfullusts，whichdrownmenindestructionandperdition。\"Howweshallstopthat，Isay，Iknownot。Theoldprophetmayhavebeenrightwhenhesaid：\"SurelyitisnotoftheLordthatthepeopleshalllabourintheveryfire，andwearythemselvesforveryvanity；\"andinsomejuster，wiser，moresobersystemofsociety——
somewhatmoreliketheKingdomofTheFathercomeonearth——itmaybethatpoorhumanbeingswillnotneedtotoilsohard，andtokeepthemselvesuptotheirworkbystimulants，butwillhavetimetositdown，andlookaroundthem，andthinkofGod，andGod’squietuniverse，withsomethingofquietinthemselves；somethingofrationalleisure，andmanfulsobrietyofmind，aswellasofbody。
Butitseemstomealso，thatinsuchastateofsociety，when——asitwasoncewellput——\"everyonehasstoppedrunningaboutlikerats：\"——thatthosewhoworkhard，whetherwithmuscleorwithbrain，wouldnotbesurrounded，asnow，witheverycircumstancewhichtemptstowarddrink；byeverycircumstancewhichdepressesthevitalenergies，andleavesthemaneasypreytopestilenceitself；bybadlight，badair，badfood，badwater，badsmells，badoccupations，whichweakenthemuscles，crampthechest，disorderthedigestion。Letanyrationalman，freshfromthecountry——inwhichIpresumeGod，havingmadeit，meantallmen，moreorless，tolive——gothroughthebackstreetsofanycity，orthroughwholedistrictsofthe\"blackcountries\"ofEngland；andthenaskhimself：IsitthewillofGodthatHishumanchildrenshouldliveandtoilinsuchdens，suchdeserts，suchdarkplacesoftheearth？Lothimaskhimself：Cantheyliveandtoiltherewithoutcontractingaprobablydiseasedhabitofbody；withoutcontractingacertainlydull，weary，sordidhabitofmind，whichcravesforanypleasure，howeverbrutal，toescapefromitsownstupidityandemptiness？WhenIrunthrough，byrail，certainpartsoftheiron-producingcountry——streetsoffurnaces，collieries，slagheaps，mud，slop，brickhouse-rows，smoke，dirt——
andthatisall；andwhenIamtold，whethertrulyorfalsely，thatthemainthingwhichthewell-paidandwell-fedmenofthoseabominablewastescareforis——goodfighting-dogs：Icanonlyanswer，thatIamnotsurprised。
Isay——asIhavesaidelsewhere，andshalldomybesttosayitagain——thatthecravingfordrinkandnarcotics，especiallythatengenderedinourgreatcities，isnotadisease，butasymptomofdisease；ofafardeeperdiseasethananywhichdrunkennesscanproduce；namely，ofthegrowingdegeneracyofapopulationstrivinginvainbystimulantsandnarcoticstofightagainstthoseslowpoisonswithwhichourgreedybarbarism，miscalledcivilisation，hassurroundedthemfromthecradletothegrave。I
maybeansweredthattheoldGerman，Angle，Dane，drankheavily。
Iknowit：butwhydidtheydrink，saveforthesamereasonthatthefenmandrank，andhiswifetookopium，atleasttillthefensweredrained？whybuttokeepoffthedepressingeffectsofthemalariaofswampsandnewclearings，whichtoldonthem——whoalwayssettledinthelowestgrounds——intheshapeoffeverandague？Hereitmaybeansweredagainthatstimulantshavebeen，duringthememoryofman，thedestructionoftheRedIndianraceinAmerica。IreplyboldlythatIdonotbelieveit。ThereisevidenceenoughinJacquesCartier’s\"VoyagestotheRiversofCanada；\"andevidencemorethanenoughinStrachey’s\"TravaileinVirginia\"——toquoteonlytwoauthoritiesoutofmany——toprovethattheRedIndians，whenthewhitemanfirstmetwiththem，were，inNorthandSouthalike，adiseased，decaying，and，asalltheirtraditionsconfess，decreasingrace。Sucharacewouldnaturallycravefor\"thewateroflife，\"the\"usquebagh，\"orwhisky，aswehavecontractedtheoldnamenow。ButIshouldhavethoughtthatthewhiteman，byintroducingamongthesepoorcreaturesiron，fire-arms，blankets，andaboveall，horseswherewithtofollowthebuffalo-herds，whichtheycouldneverfollowonfoot，musthavedonetentimesmoretowardskeepingthemalive，thanhehasdonetowardsdestroyingthembygivingthemthechanceofaweek’sdrunkennesstwiceayear，whentheycameintohisfortstoselltheskinswhich，withouthisgifts，theywouldneverhavegot。
Sucharacewould，ofcourse，ifwantingvitality，craveforstimulants。Butifthestimulants，andnottheoriginalwantofvitality，combinedwithmoralsutterlydetestable，andworthyonlyofthegallows——andhereIknowwhatIsay，anddarenottellwhatIknow，fromeye-witnesses——havebeenthecauseoftheRedIndians’extinction，thenhowisit，letmeask，thattheIrishmanandtheScotsmanhave，oftentotheirgreatharm，beendrinkingasmuchwhisky——andusuallyverybadwhisky——notmerelytwiceayear，butasoftenastheycouldgetit，duringthewholeIronAge，and，foraughtanyonecantell，duringtheBronzeAge，andtheStoneAgebeforethat，andyetarestillthemosthealthy，able，valiant，andprolificracesinEurope？Hadtheydrunklesswhiskytheywould，doubtless，havebeenmorehealthy，able，valiant，andperhapsevenMOREprolific，thantheyarenow。Theyshownosign，however，asyet，ofgoingthewayoftheRedIndian。
Butifthecravingforstimulantsandnarcoticsisatokenofdeficientvitality，thenthedeadliestfoeofthatcraving，andallitsmiserableresults，issurelytheSanatoryReformer；themanwhopreaches，and——asfarasignoranceandvestedinterestswillallowhim，procures——forthemasses，pureair，puresunlight，purewater，puredwelling-houses，purefood。Notmerelyeveryfreshdrinking-fountain，buteveryfreshpublicbathandwash-
house，everyfreshopenspace，everyfreshgrowingtree，everyfreshopenwindow，everyfreshflowerinthatwindow——eachoftheseissomuch，astheoldPersianswouldhavesaid，conqueredforOrmuzd，thegodoflightandlife，outofthedominionofAhriman，thekingofdarknessandofdeath；somuchtakenfromthecausesofdrunkennessanddisease，andaddedtothecausesofsobrietyandhealth。
Meanwhileonethingisclear：thatifthispresentbarbarismandanarchyofcovetousness，miscalledmoderncivilisation，weretamedanddrilledintosomethingmorelikeaKingdomofGodonearth，thenweshouldnotseetherecklessandneedlessmultiplicationofliquorshops，whichdisgracesthiscountrynow。
Asasingleinstance：inonecountryparishofninehundredinhabitants，inwhichthepopulationhasincreasedonlyone-ninthinthelastfiftyyears，therearenowpracticallyeightpublic-
houses，wherefiftyyearsagotherewerebuttwo。One，thatis，foreveryhundredandten——orrather，omittingchildren，farmers，shop-keepers，gentlemen，andtheirhouseholds，oneforeveryfiftyoftheinhabitants。Inthefaceoftheallurements，oftenofthebasestkind，whichthesedensoffer，theclergymanandtheschoolmasterstruggleinvaintokeepupnightschoolsandyoungmen’sclubs，andtoinculcatehabitsofprovidence。
Theyounglabourersoveragreatpartofthesouthandeast，atleastofEngland——thoughneversowelloff，forseveralgenerations，astheyarenow——aregrowingupthriftless，shiftless；inferior，itseemstome，totheirgrandfathersineverything，savethattheycanusuallyreadandwrite，andtheirgrandfatherscouldnot；andthattheywearsmartcheapclothclothes，insteadoftheirgrandfathers’smock-frocks。
Andifitbesointhecountry，howmustitbeintowns？Theremustcomeathoroughchangeinthepresentlicensingsystem，inspiteofallthe\"pressure\"whichcertainpowerfulvestedinterestsmaybringtobearongovernments。Anditisthedutyofeverygoodcitizen，whocaresforhiscountrymen，andfortheirchildrenafterthem，tohelpinbringingaboutthatchangeasspeedilyaspossible。
Again：Isaidjustnowthataprobablecauseofincreasingdrunkennesswastheincreasingmaterialprosperityofthousandswhoknewnorecreationbeyondlowanimalpleasure。IfIamright——
andIbelievethatIamright——Imusturgeonthosewhowishdrunkennesstodecrease，thenecessityofprovidingmore，andmorerefined，recreationforthepeople。
Mendrink，andwomentoo，remember，notmerelytosupplyexhaustion，notmerelytodriveawaycare；butoftensimplytodriveawaydulness。Theyhavenothingtodosavetothinkoverwhattheyhavedoneintheday，orwhattheyexpecttodoto-
morrow；andtheyescapefromthatdrearyroundofbusinessthoughtinliquorornarcotics。Therearestillthose，bynomeansofthehand-workingclass，butabsorbedalldaybybusiness，whodrinkheavilyatnightintheirowncomfortablehomes，simplytorecreatetheirover-burdenedminds。Suchcases，doubtless，arefarlesscommonthantheywerefiftyyearsago：butwhy？Isnotthedecreaseofdrinkingamongthericherclassescertainlyduetotheincreasedrefinementandvarietyoftheirtastesandoccupations？Incultivatingtheaestheticsideofman’snature；
inengaginghimwiththebeautiful，thepure，thewonderful，thetrulynatural；withpainting，poetry，music，horticulture，physicalscience——inallthisliesrecreation，inthetrueandliteralsenseofthatword，namely，there-creatingandmendingoftheexhaustedmindandfeelings，suchasnorationalmanwillnowneglect，eitherforhimself，hischildren，orhisworkpeople。
Buthowlittleofallthisisopentothemasses，allshouldknowbuttoowell。Howlittleopportunitytheaveragehand-worker，orhiswife，hasofeatingofanytreeofknowledge，saveoftheverybasestkind，isbuttoopalpable。Wearemending，thankGod，inthisrespect。FreelibrariesandmuseumshavesprungupoflateinothercitiesbesideLondon。God’sblessingrestuponthemall。
AndtheCrystalPalace，andstilllater，theBethnalGreenMuseum，havebeen，Ibelieve，offarmoreusethanmanyaveragesermonsandlecturesfrommanyaverageorators。
ButarewenotstillfarbehindtheoldGreeks，andtheRomansoftheEmpirelikewise，intheamountofamusementandinstruction，andevenofshelter，whichweprovideforthepeople？Recollectthe——tome——disgracefulfact，thatthereisnot，asfarasIamaware，throughoutthewholeofLondon，asingleporticoorothercoveredplace，inwhichthepeoplecantakerefugeduringashower：andthisintheclimateofEngland！Wheretheydotakerefugeonawetdaythepublicanknowsbuttoowell；asheknowsalsowherethousandsofthelowerclasses，simplyforwantofanyotherplacetobein，savetheirownsordiddwellings，spendasmuchastheyarepermittedoftheSabbathday。Letusputdown\"Sundaydrinking\"byallmeans，ifwecan。Butletusrememberthatbyclosingthepublic-housesonSunday，wepreventnomanorwomanfromcarryinghomeasmuchpoisonastheychooseonSaturdaynight，tobrutalisethemselvestherewith，perhapsforeight-and-
fortyhours。Andletussee——inthenameofHimwhosaidthatHehadmadetheSabbathforman，andnotmanfortheSabbath——letussee，Isay，ifwecannotdosomethingtopreventthetownsman’sSabbathbeing，notadayofrest，butadayofmereidleness；thedayofmosttemptation，becauseofmostdulness，ofthewholeseven。
Andhere，perhapssomesweetsoulmaylookupreprovinglyandsay：
\"Hetalksofrest。Doesheforget，andwouldhehavetheworkingmanforget，thatalltheseoutwardpalliativeswillnevertouchtheseatofthedisease，theunrestofthesoulwithin？Doesheforget，andwouldhehavetheworkingmanforget，whoitwaswhosaid——whoonlyhastherighttosay：\"ComeuntoMe，allyewhoarewearyandheavyladen，andIwillgiveyourest\"？Ahno，sweetsoul。Iknowyourwordsaretrue。Iknowthatwhatweallwantisinwardrest；restofheartandbrain；thecalm，strong，self-contained，self-denyingcharacter；whichneedsnostimulants，forithasnofitsofdepression；whichneedsnonarcotics，forithasnofitsofexcitement；whichneedsnoasceticrestraints，foritisstrongenoughtouseGod’sgiftswithoutabusingthem；thecharacter，inaword，whichistrulytemperate，notindrinkorfoodmerely，butinalldesires，thoughts，andactions；freedfromthewildlustsandambitionstowhichthatoldAdamyielded，and，seekingforlightandlifebymeansforbidden，foundtherebydiseaseanddeath。Yes，Iknowthat；andknow，too，thatthatrestisfoundonlywhereyouhavealreadyfoundit。
Andyet，insuchaworldasthis，governedbyaBeingwhohasmadesunshine，andflowers，andgreengrass，andthesongofbirds，andhappyhumansmiles，andwhowouldeducatebythem——ifwewouldletHim——Hishumanchildrenfromthecradletothegrave；insuchaworldasthis，willyougrudgeanyparticleofthateducation，evenanyharmlesssubstituteforit，tothosespiritsinprisonwhosesurroundingstoooftentemptthem，fromthecradletothegrave，tofancythattheworldiscomposedofbricksandiron，andgovernedbyinspectorsandpolicemen？Preachtothosespiritsinprison，asyouknowfarbetterthanweparsonshowtopreach；butletthemhavebesidessomeglimpsesofthesplendidfact，thatoutsidetheirprison-houseisaworldwhichGod，notman，hasmade；whereingrowseverywherethattreeofknowledge，whichislikewisethetreeoflife；andthattheyhavearighttosomesmallshareofitsbeauty，anditswonder，anditsrest，fortheirownhealthofsoulandbody，andforthehealthoftheirchildrenafterthem。
GREATCITIESANDTHEIRINFLUENCEFORGOODANDEVIL{9}
Thepleasure，gentlemenandladies，ofaddressingyouhereismixedinmymindwithverysolemnfeelings；thehonourwhichyouhavedonemeistemperedbyhumiliatingthoughts。
ForitwasinthisverycityofBristol，twenty-sevenyearsago，thatIreceivedmyfirstlessoninwhatisnowcalledSocialScience；andyet，alas！morethantenyearselapsedereIcouldevenspelloutthatlesson，thoughithadbeenwrittenforme（aswellasforallEngland）inlettersofflame，fromtheoneendofheaventotheother。
Iwasaschool-boyinCliftonupabove。Ihadbeenhearingofpoliticaldisturbances，evenofriots，ofwhichIunderstoodnothing，andforwhichIcarednothing。ButononememorableSundayafternoonIsawanobjectwhichwasdistinctlynotpolitical。OtherwiseIshouldhavenorighttospeakofithere。
Itwasanafternoonofsullenautumnrain。Thefoghungthickoverthedocksandlowlands。GlaringthroughthatfogIsawabrightmassofflame——almostlikeahalf-risensun。
That，Iwastold，wasthegateofthenewgaolonfire。Thattheprisonersinithadbeensetfree；that——Butwhyspeakofwhattoomanyhererecollectbuttoowell？Thefogrolledslowlyupward。Darkfigures，evenatthatgreatdistance，wereflittingtoandfroacrosswhatseemedthemouthofthepit。Theflameincreased——multiplied——atonepointafteranother；tillbyteno’clockthatnightIseemedtobelookingdownuponDante’sInferno，andtohearthemultitudinousmoanandwailofthelostspiritssurgingtoandfroamidthatseaoffire。
RightbehindBrandonHill——howcanIeverforgetit？——rosethegreatcentralmassoffire；tillthelittlemoundseemedconvertedintoavolcano，fromthepeakofwhichtheflamestreamedup，notredalone，but，delicatelygreenandblue，paleroseandpearlywhite，whilecrimsonsparksleaptandfellagaininthemidstofthatrainbow，notofhope，butofdespair；anddullexplosionsdownbelowmingledwiththeroarofthemob，andtheinfernalhissandcrackleoftheflame。
Higherandhigherthefogwasscorchedandshrivelledupwardbythefierceheatbelow，glowingthroughandthroughwithredreflectedglare，tillitarcheditselfintoonevastdomeofred-
hotiron，fitroofforallthemadnessdownbelow——andbeneathit，milesaway，IcouldseethelonelytowerofDundieshiningred；——
thesymboloftheoldfaith，lookingdowninstatelywonderandsorrowuponthefearfulbirth-throesofanewage。Yes。——WhydidIsayjustnowdespair？Iwaswrong。Birth-throes，andnotdeathpangs，thosehorrorswere。Elsetheywouldhavenoplaceinmydiscourse；noplace，indeed，inmymind。Whytalkoverthesignsofdisease，decay，death？Letthedeadburytheirdead，andletusfollowHimwhodiethnot；bywhosecommandTheoldorderchangeth，givingplacetothenew，AndGodfulfilshimselfinmanyways。
Ifwewillbelievethis，——ifwewilllookoneachconvulsionofsociety，howeverterribleforthetimebeing，asatoken，notofdecrepitude，butofyouth；notastheexpiringconvulsionsofsinkinghumanity，butasupwardstruggles，upwardtowardfullerlight，freerair，ajuster，simpler，andmoreactivelife；——thenweshallbeabletolookcalmly，howeversadly，onthemostappallingtragediesofhumanity——evenontheselateIndianones——
andtakeourshare，faithfulandhopeful，insupplyingthenewanddeeperwantsofanewandnoblertime。
Buttoreturn。ItwasontheTuesdayorWednesdayafter，ifI
recollectright，thatIsawanother，andastillmoreawfulsight。
AlongthenorthsideofQueenSquare，infrontofruinswhichhadbeenthreedaysbeforenoblebuildings，layaghastlyrow，notofcorpses，butofcorpse-fragments。Ihavenomorewishthanyoutodilateuponthatsight。Buttherewasonecharredfragment——withascrapofoldredpetticoatadheringtoit，whichIneverforgot——
whichItrustinGodthatInevershallforget。Itisgoodforamantobebroughtonceatleastinhislifefacetofacewithfact，ultimatefact，howeverhorribleitmaybe；andhavetoconfesstohimself，shuddering，whatthingsarepossibleuponGod’searth，whenmanhasforgottenthathisonlywelfareliesinlivingafterthelikenessofGod。
NotthatIlearntthelessonthen。Whenthefirstexcitementofhorrorandwonderwerepast，whatIhadseenmademeforyearstheveriestaristocrat，fullofhatredandcontemptofthesedangerousclasses，whoseexistenceIhadforthefirsttimediscovered。Itrequiredmanyyears——years，too，ofpersonalintercoursewiththepoor——toexplaintomethetruemeaningofwhatIsawhereinOctobertwenty-sevenyearsago，andtolearnapartofthatlessonwhichGodtaughttoothersthereby。Andonepartatleastofthatlessonwasthis：Thatthesocialstateofacitydependsdirectlyonitsmoralstate，and——Ifeardissentingvoices，butImustsaywhatIbelievetobetruth——thatthemoralstateofacitydepends——howfarIknownot，butfrightfully，toanextentasyetuncalculated，andperhapsincalculable——onthephysicalstateofthatcity；onthefood，water，air，andlodgingofitsinhabitants。
Butthatlesson，andothersconnectedwithit，waslearnt，andlearntwell，byhundreds。FromthesadcatastropheIdatetheriseofthatinterestinSocialScience；thatdesireforsomenobler，moremethodic，morepermanentbenevolencethanthatwhichstopsatmerealmsgivingandcharity-schools。Thedangerousclassesbegantoberecognisedasanawfulfactwhichmustbefaced；andfaced，notbyrepression，butbyimprovement。The\"PerilsoftheNation\"begantooccupytheattentionnotmerelyofpoliticians，butofphilosophers，physicians，priests；andtheadmirablebookwhichassumedthattitledidbutre-echothefeelingofthousandsofearnesthearts。
Eversincethattime，schemeonschemeofimprovementhasbeennotonlyproposedbutcarriedout。Ageneralinterestoftheupperclassesinthelower，ageneraldesiretodogood，andtolearnhowgoodcanbedone，hasbeenawakenedthroughoutEngland，suchas，Iboldlysay，neverbeforeexistedinanycountryuponearth；
andEngland，hereyesopenedtoherneglectoftheseclasses，withoutwhosestrongarmsherwealthandgeniuswouldbeuseless，hasputherselfintoapermanentstateofconfessionofsin，repentance，andamendment，whichIverilytrustwillbeacceptedbyAlmightyGod；andwill，inspiteofourpresentshameandsorrow，{10}inspiteofshameandsorrowwhichmaybeyetinstoreforus，savealiveboththesoulandthebodyofthisancientpeople。
Letusthen，thatwemaylearnhowtobearourpartinthisgreatworkofSocialReform，considerawhilegreatcities，theirgoodandevil；andletusstartfromthefactsaboutyourowncityofwhichIhavejustputyouinremembrance。Theuniversallawwillbebestunderstoodfromtheparticularinstance；andbestofall，fromtheinstancewithwhichyouaremostintimatelyacquainted。
Anddonot，Ientreatyou，fearthatIshallberudeenoughtosayanythingwhichmaygivepaintoyou，mygeneroushosts；orpresumptuousenoughtoimputeblametoanyoneforeventswhichhappenedlongago，andoftheexcitingcausesofwhichIknowlittleornothing。BristolwasthenmerelyinthesamestateinwhichothercitiesofEnglandwere，andinwhicheverycityontheContinentisnow；andthelocalexcitingcausesofthatoutbreak，thepersonalconductofAorBinit，isjustwhatweoughtmostcarefullytoforget，ifwewishtolookattherealrootofthematter。Ifconsumption，latentintheconstitution，havebrokenoutinactivemischief，thewisephysicianwilltroublehisheadlittlewiththeparticularaccidentwhichwokeupthesleepingdisease。Thediseasewasthere，andifonethinghadnotawakeneditsomeotherwould。Andso，ifthepopulationofagreatcityhavegotintoasociallydiseasedstate，itmatterslittlewhatshockmayhavecausedittoexplode。Politicsmayinonecase，fanaticisminanother，nationalhatredinathird，hungerinafourth——perhapseven，asinByzantiumofold，nomoreimportantmatterthanthejealousybetweentheblueandthegreencharioteersinthetheatre，mayinflameawholepopulationtomadnessandcivilwar。Ourbusinessisnotwiththenatureoftheignitingspark，butofthepowderwhichisignited。
Iwillnot，then，tobegin，goasfarassomewhosaythat\"A
greatcityisagreatevil。\"WecannotsaythatBristolwasin1830orisnow，agreatevil。Itrepresentssomuchrealisedwealth；andthat，again，somuchemploymentforthousands。Itrepresentssomuchcommerce；somuchknowledgeofforeignlands；
somuchdistributionoftheirproducts；somuchscience，employedaboutthatdistribution。
Anditisundeniable，thatasyetwehavehadnomeansofrapidandcheapdistributionofgoods，whetherimportsormanufactures，savebythiscrowdingofhumanbeingsintogreatcities，forthemoreeasydespatchofbusiness。WhetherweshalldeviseothermeanshereafterisaquestionofwhichIshallspeakpresently。
Meanwhile，nomanistobeblamedfortheexistence，hardlyevenfortheevils，ofgreatcities。Theprocessoftheirgrowthhasbeenverysimple。Theyhavegatheredthemselvesroundabbeysandcastles，forthesakeofprotection；roundcourts，forthesakeoflaw；roundports，forthesakeofcommerce；roundcoalmines，forthesakeofmanufacture。Beforetheexistenceofrailroads，penny-posts，electrictelegraphs，menwerecompelledtobeascloseaspossibletoeachother，inordertoworktogether。
Whenthepopulationwassmall，andcommercefeeble，thecitiesgrewtonoverygreatsize，andthebadeffectsofthiscrowdingwerenotfelt。ThecitiesofEnglandintheMiddleAgeweretoosmalltokeeptheirinhabitantsweekafterweek，monthaftermonth，inonedeadlyvapour-bathoffoulgas；andthoughthemortalityamonginfantswasprobablyexcessive，yetweshouldhaveseenamongtheadultsurvivorsfewornoneofthosestuntedandetiolatedfiguressocommonnowinEngland，aswellasontheContinent。Thegreenfieldswerecloseoutsidethewalls，whereladsandlasseswenta-maying，andchildrengatheredflowers，andsoberburgherswiththeirwivestooktheeveningwalk；therewerethebutts，too，closeoutside，wherestalwartprentice-ladsranandwrestled，andpitchedthebar，andplayedbacksword，andpractisedwiththelong-bow；andsometimes，instormytimes，turnedoutforafewmonthsasready-trainedsoldiers，and，likeUlyssesofold，Drankdelightofbattlewiththeirpeers，andthenreturnedagaintotheworkshopandtheloom。Theverymayorandaldermanwentforth，atfiveo’clockonthesummer’smorning，withhawkandleaping-pole，afteraduckandheron；orhuntedthehareinstate，probablyinthefullgloryoffurredgownandgoldchain；andthenreturnedtobreakfast，anddoubtlesstransactedtheirday’sbusinessallthebetterfortheirmorning’sgalloponthebreezydowns。
Buttherewasanothersidetothisgenialandhealthypicture。A
hintthatthiswasastateofsocietywhichhaditsconditions，itslimit；andifthosewereinfringed，woealiketoburgherandtoprentice。Everynowandthenepidemicdiseaseenteredthejollycity——andthendownwentstrongandweak，richandpoor，beforetheinvisibleandseeminglysupernaturalarrowsofthatangelofdeathwhomtheyhadbeenpamperingunwittinglyineverybedroom。
Theyfasted，theyprayed；butinvain。TheycalledthepestilenceajudgmentofGod；andtheycalleditbyatruename。Buttheyknownot（andwhoarewetoblamethemfornotknowing？）whatitwasthatGodwasjudgingthereby——foulair，foulwater，uncleanbackyards，stiflingattics，houseshangingoverthenarrowstreettilllightandairwerealikeshutout——thattherelaythesin；
andthattoamendthatwastherepentancewhichGoddemanded。
Yetwecannotblamethem。Theyshowedthatthecrowdedcitylifecanbringouthumannoblenessaswellashumanbaseness；thattobecrushedintocontactwiththeirfellow-men，forcedatleasttheloftierandtendersoulstoknowtheirfellow-men，andthereforetocareforthem，tolovethem，todieforthem。Yes——fromonetemptationthecitylifeisfree，towhichthecountrylifeissadlyexposed——thatisolationwhich，self-contentedandself-
helping，forgetsinitssurlyindependencethatmanishisbrother’skeeper。Incities，onthecontrary，wefindthatthestoriesoftheseoldpestilences，whenthefirstpanicterrorhaspast，become，howevertragical，stillbeautifulandheroic；andwereadofnoble-heartedmenandwomenpalliatingruinwhichtheycouldnotcure，bravingdangerswhichseemedtothemmiraculous，fromwhichtheywereutterlydefenceless，spendingmoney，time，and，afterall，lifeitselfuponsufferersfromwhomtheymightwithoutshamehavefled。
Theyareverycheering，thestoriesoftheoldcitypestilences；
andthenoblenesswhichtheybroughtoutintheheartofmanyatownsmanwhohadseemedabsorbedinthelustofgain——whoperhapshadbeenreallyabsorbedinit——tillthatfearfulhourawakenedinhimhisbetterself，andtaughthim，notself-aggrandisement，butself-sacrifice；begettinginhim，outoftheverydepthofdarkness，newanddivinelight。Thatnobleness，doubtitnot，existsaseverintheheartsofcitizens。MayGodgrantustoseethedaywhenitshallawakentoexertitself，notforthepalliation，notevenforthecure，butfortheprevention，yea，theutterextermination，ofpestilence。
Aboutthemiddleofthesixteenthcentury，asfarasIcanascertain，anotherandevenmorepainfulphenomenonappearsinourgreatcities——adangerousclass。Howitaroseisnotyetclear。
ThattheReformationhadsomethingtodowiththematter，wecanhardlydoubt。Atthedissolutionofthemonasteries，themoreidle，ignorant，andprofligatemembersofthemendicantorders，unabletoliveanylongeronthealmsofthepublic，sunk，probably，intoviciouspenury。ThefrightfulmisgovernmentofthiscountryduringtheminorityofEdwardtheSixth，especiallytheconversionoftilledlandsintopasture，hadprobablytheeffectofdrivingthesurplusagriculturalpopulationintothegreattowns。Butthesocialhistoryofthiswholeperiodisasyetobscure，andIhavenorighttogiveanopiniononit。
Anotherelement，andamorepotentone，istobefoundinthedischargedsoldierswhocamehomefromforeignwar，andthesailorswhoreturnedfromourvoyagesofdiscovery，andfromourraidsagainsttheSpaniards，toooftencrippledbyscurvy，orbyTropicfevers，withperhapsalittleprizemoney，whichwasashastilyspentasithadbeenhastilygained。ThelateryearsofElizabeth，andthewholeofJamestheFirst’sreign，disclosetousanuglystateofsocietyinthelowstreetsofalloursea-porttowns；andBristol，asoneofthegreatstarting-pointsofWestIndianadventure，wasprobably，duringtheseventeenthcentury，asbadasanycityinEngland。AccordingtoBenJonson，andtheplaywritersofhistime，thebeggarsbecomearegularfourth-
estate，withtheirownlaws，andeventheirownlanguage——ofwhichwemayremark，thatthethieves’LatinofthosedaysisfullofGermanwords，indicatingthatitsinventorshadbeenemployedintheContinentalwarsofthetime。Howthatclasssprungup，wemaysee，Isuppose，prettyplainly，fromShakespeare’s\"HenrytheFifth。\"WhetherNym，Pistol，andBardolph，DollandMrs。Quickly，existedinthereignofHenrytheFifth，theycertainlyexistedinthereignofElizabeth。TheyareprobablysketchesfromlifeofpeoplewhomShakespearehadseeninAlsatiaandtheMint。
Tothesemerelyrascalelements，maleandfemale，wemustadd，I
fear，thosewhommerepenury，fromsickness，failure，wantofemploymentdroveintodwellingsofthelowestorder。Suchpeople，thoughnotcriminalthemselves，arebuttoolikelytobecometheparentsofcriminals。Iamnotblamingthem，poorsouls；Godforbid！Iammerelystatingafact。Whenweexamineintotheultimatecauseofadangerousclass；intotheonepropertycommontoallitsmembers，whetherthieves，beggars，profligates，orthemerelypauperised——wefindittobethislossofself-respect。Aslongasthatremains，poorsoulsmaystruggleonheroically，pureamidpenury，filth，degradationunspeakable。Butwhenself-
respectislost，theyarelostwithit。Andwhatevermaybethefateofvirtuousparents，childrenbroughtupindensofphysicalandmoralfilthcannotretrieveself-respect。Theysink，theymustsink，intoalifeonalevelwiththesights，sounds，aye，theverysmells，whichsurroundthem。Itisnotmerelythatthechild’smindiscontaminated，byseeingandhearing，inovercrowdedhouses，whatheshouldnothearandsee：butthewholephysicalcircumstancesofhislifearedestructiveofself-
respect。Hehasnomeansforwashinghimselfproperly：buthehasenoughoftheinnatesenseofbeautyandfitnesstofeelthatheoughtnottobedirty；hethinksthatothersdespisehimforbeingdirty，andhehalfdespiseshimselfforbeingso。Inallragedschoolsandreformatories，sotheytellme，thefirststeptowardrestoringself-respectistomakethepoorfellowsclean。
Fromthatmomenttheybegintolookonthemselvesasnewmen——withanewstart，newhopes，newduties。Fornotwithoutthedeepestphysicalaswellasmoralmeaning，wasbaptismchosenbytheoldEasterns，andadoptedbyourLordJesusChrist，asthesignofanewlife；andoutwardpuritymadethetokenandsymbolofthatinwardpuritywhichistheparentofself-respect，andmanliness，andaclearconscience；ofthefreeforehead，andtheeyewhichmeetsboldlyandhonestlytheeyeofitsfellow-man。
Butwouldthatmerephysicaldirtwereallthattheladhastocontendwith。Thereisthedesireofenjoyment。Moralandintellectualenjoymenthehasnone，andcanhavenone：butnottoenjoysomethingistobedeadinlife；andtothelowestphysicalpleasureshewillbetakehimself，andallthemorefiercelybecausehisopportunitiesofenjoymentaresolimited。Itisahideoussubject；Iwillpassitbyveryshortly；onlyaskingofyou，asIhavetoaskdailyofmyself——thissolemnquestion：We，whohavesomanycomforts，somanypleasuresofbody，soul，andspirit，fromthelowestappetitetothehighestaspiration，thatwecangratifyeachinturnwithdueandwholesomemoderation，innocentlyandinnocuously——whoarewethatweshouldjudgethepooruntaughtandovertemptedinhabitantofTempleStreetandLewin’sMead，if，havingbutoneortwopleasurespossibletohim，hesnatchesgreedily，evenfoully，atthelittlewhichhehas？
Andthisbringsmetoanother，andamostfearfulevilofgreatcities，namely，drunkenness。Iamoneofthosewhocannot，onscientificgrounds，considerdrunkennessasacauseofevil，butasaneffect。Ofcourseitisacause——acauseofendlesscrimeandmisery；butIamconvincedthattocure，youmustinquire，notwhatitcauses，butwhatcausesit？Andforthatweshallnothavetoseekfar。
Themainexcitingcauseofdrunkennessis，Ibelieve，firmly，badairandbadlodging。
Amanshallspendhisdaysbetweenafoulalleywherehebreathessulphurettedhydrogen，acloseworkshopwherehebreathescarbonicacid，andacloseandfoulbedroomwherehebreathesboth。Inneitherofthethreeplaces，meanwhile，hashehisfairshareofthatmysteriouschemicalagentwithoutwhichhealthisimpossible，thewantofwhichbetraysitselfatonceinthedulleye，thesallowcheek——namely，light。Believeme，itisnomerepoeticmetaphorwhichconnectsinScripture，LightwithLife。Itistheexpressionofadeeplaw，onewhichholdsastrueinthephysicalasinthespiritualworld；acaseinwhich（asperhapsinallcases）thelawsofthevisibleworldarethecounterpartsofthoseoftheinvisibleworld，andEarthisthesymbolofHeaven。
Deprive，then，themanofhisfairshareoffreshairandpurelight，andwhatfollows？Hisbloodisnotproperlyoxygenated：
hisnervousenergyisdepressed，hisdigestionimpaired，especiallyifhisoccupationbesedentary，orrequiresmuchstooping，andthecavityofthechesttherebybecomescontracted；
andforthatmiserablefeelingoflanguorandcravingheknowsbutoneremedy——thepassingstimulusofalcohol；——apassingstimulus；