Inblowingrain，heknewhewouldfindthedeerherdingintheshelteredplacesonthehillsides。Inwindlessrain，heknewthathisquarryrangedtheopenwoodsandthehighplaces。Thefairplayofthepioneerhelditagreatdisgracetokilladeerinwinterwhentheheavyfrosthadcrustedthedeepsnow。Onthecrustmenandwolvescouldtravelwithease，butthedeer’ssharphoofspiercedthroughandmadehimdefenseless。Wolvesanddogsdestroyedgreatquantitiesofdeercaughtinthisway；andmenwhoshotdeerundertheseconditionswereconsiderednohuntsmen。
Therewas，indeed，apracticalsidetothischivalryofthechase，formeatandpeltwerebothpooratthisseason；butthetruehunteralsoobeyedthefinertenetofhiscode，forhewouldgototherescueofdeercaughtinthecrusts——andhekilledmanyawolfslidingovertheicetoaneasymeal。
Thecommunitymoralcodeofthefrontierwasbriefandrigorous。
Whatitlackedofthe\"whereas\"and\"inasmuch\"oflegalinkitmadeupinsoundhickory。Infact，whenwereviewtheactivitiesofthissolidyetelasticwoodinthemoral，social，andeconomicphasesofBackCountrylife，wearemovedtowonderifthepioneerswouldhavebeenthesameraceofmenhadtheybeennurturedbeneathalessstrenuousandadaptablevegetation！Thehickorygavethefrontiersmanwoodforallimplementsandfurnishingswherethedemandwasequallyforlightness，strength，andelasticity。Itprovidedhisstraightlogsforbuilding，hisblockmortarshollowed——byfireandstone——forcorn-grinding，hissolidplainfurniture，hisaxles，riflebutts，axhandles，andsoforth。Itsuppliedhismagicwandforthesearchingoutofiniquityinthejuniormembersofhishousehold，andhismostcogentargument，asacitizen，inconvincingtheslothful，theblasphemous，orthedishonestadultwhoseerrorsdisturbedcommunalharmony。Itsnutsfedhishogs。Beforeheraisedstock，theunripehickorynuts，crushedfortheirwhiteliquid，suppliedhimwithbutterforhiscornbreadandhelpedouthisstoreofbear’sfat。Boththenameandtheknowledgeoftheusesofthistreecametotheearliestpioneersthroughcontactwiththeredman，whosehuntingbowandfishingspearandthehobblesforhishorseswerefashionedofthe\"pohickory\"tree。TheIndianwomenfirstmadepohickorybutter，andthewiseoldmenoftheCherokeetowns，sowearetold，firstappliedthepohickoryrodtothevanityofyouth！
AglanceattheinteriorofalogcabinintheBackCountryofVirginiaorNorthCarolinawouldshow，inprimitivedesign，whatis，perhaps，afteralltheperfecthome——aplacewherethepersonallifeandtheworklifeareunitedandwherenothingfutilefindsspace。Everyobjectinthecabinwaspracticalandhadbeenmadebyhandonthespottoansweraneed。Besidesthechairshewnfromhickoryblocks，therewereothersmadeofslabssetonthreelegs。Alargeslabortwowithfourlegsservedasamovabletable；thepermanenttablewasbuiltagainstthewall，itsouteredgeheldupbytwosticks。Thelowbedwasbuiltintothewallinthesamewayandsoftenedforslumberbyamattressofpineneedles，chaff，ordriedmoss。Inthebestlightfromthegreasedpaperwindowpanesstoodthespinningwheelandloom，onwhichthehousewifemadeclothforthefamily’sgarments。Overthefireplaceorbesidethedoorway，andsuspendedusuallyonstags’antlers，hungthefirearmsandtheyellowpowderhorns，thelatteroftencarvedinIndianfashionwithscenesofthehuntorwar。Onashelforonpegswerethewoodenspoons，plates，bowls，andnoggins。Alsonearthefireplace，whichwasmadeoflargeflatstoneswithamud-plasteredlogchimney，stoodthegrindingblockformakinghominy。Ifitwereaneveninginearlyspring，themenofthehouseholdwouldbetanninganddressingdeerskinstobesentoutwiththetradecaravan，whilethewomensewed，mademoccasinsormendedthem，inthelightofpineknotsorcandlesofbear’sgrease。Thelargerchildrenmightbeweavingcradlesforthebabies，Indianfashion，outofhickorytwigs；andtherewouldsurelybeasoundofwhettingsteel，forscalpingknivesandtomahawksmustbekeptkeen-temperednowthatthedayshavecomewhentheredgodswhispertheirchantofwarthroughtheyoungleafage。
TheBackCountryfolk，astheycamefromseveralcountries，generallysettledinnationalgroups，eachpreservingitsownspeechanditsownreligion，eachapproachingfrontierlifethroughitsownnativetemperament。Andthefrontiermeteachandallalike，withthesameneedandthesamemenace，andmoldedthemafteronegeneralpattern。IfthecabinstoodinatypicalVirginiansettlementwherethefolkwereofEnglishstock，itmaybethatthedulcimerandsomeoldlovesongofthehomelandenlivenedthework——orperhapschairswerepushedbackandyoungpeopledancedthecountrydancesofthehomelandandtheVirginiaReel，fortheseVirginianEnglishweremerryfolk，andtheirreligiondidnotfrownuponthedance。InacabinontheShenandoahortheupperYadkintheGermantongueclickedawayovertheeveningdishofkrautorsoundedmoresedatelyinaLutheranhymn；whilefromsomeherder’sbutonthelowerYadkinthewildnoteofthebagpipesoroftheancientfour-stringedharpmingledwiththeGaelicspeech。
AmongthehomesintheShenandoahwhereoldEngland’swaysprevailed，nonewasgayerthanthetavernkeptbythemanwhomthegoodMoravianBrothercalled\"Severe。\"ThereperhapsthefeastingcelebratedthenuptialsofJohnSevier，whowasbarelypasthisseventeenthbirthdaywhenhetooktohimselfawife。Orperhapsthedancing，inmoccasinedfeetonthepuncheonflooring，wasaceremonialtousherintoBackCountrylifethenewmunicipalityJohnhadjustorganized，forJohnatnineteenhadtakenhisearlieststeptowardshislargercareer，whichweshallfollowlateron，asthearchitectofthefirstlittlegovernmentsbeyondthemountains。
IntheBoonehomeontheYadkin，wemayguessthatthetalkwassolelyofthehunt，unlessyoungDanielhadalreadybecomepossessedofhisfirstcompassandwasstudyingitsways。Onsuchanevening，whiletheredafterglowlingered，hemightbemendingapassingtrader’sfirearmsbythefiresoftheprimitiveforgehisfatherhadsetupnearthetradingpathrunningfromHillsboroughtotheCatawbatowns。ItwassaidbythelocalnimrodsthatnonecoulddoctorasickriflebetterthanyoungDanielBoone，alreadythemasterhuntsmanofthemall。Andperhapssometrader’stale，toldwhenthecaravanhaltedforthenight，kindledtheyouth’sfirstdesiretopenetratethemountain-guardedwilderness，forthetalesoftheseRomaniesofcommercewereastheverybadgeoftheirfree-masonry，andentrymoneyatthedoorsofstrangers。
Outontheborder’sedge，heedlessoftheshadowofthemountainsloomingbetweenthenewlybuiltcabinandthatwesternlandwheretheyandtheirkindweretowritethefameoftheUlsterScotinashiningscriptthattimecannotdull，theremightsitagroupofstern-facedmen，alldeepindiscussionofsomepointofspiritualdoctrineorofthetemporalrightsofmen。Yet，ineverycabin，whateverthenationaldifferences，thesettingwasthesameThespiritofthefrontierwasmodelingoutofoldclayanewAdamtoanswertheneedsofanewearth。
ItwouldbefarlessthanjusttoleavetheBackCountryfolkwithoutfurtherreferencetothedevotedlaborsoftheirclergy。
Intheearliestdaysthesettlerswerecutofffromtheirchurchsystems；thepioushadtomaintaintheirpietyunaided，exceptintherarecaseswhereapastoraccompaniedagroupofsettlersofhisdenominationintothewilds。OneofthefirstministerswhofaredintotheBackCountrytoremindtheUlsterPresbyteriansoftheirspiritualdutieswastheReverendHughMcAdenofPhiladelphia。Hemadelongitinerariesunderthegreatesthardships，inconstantdangerfromIndiansandwildbeasts，carryingthecounselofgodlinesstothefarscatteredflock。
AmongtheHighlandsettlementstheReverendJamesCampbellforthirtyyearstraveledabout，preachingeachSundayatsomegatheringpointasermoninbothEnglishandGaelic。Alittlelater，intheYadkinValley，afterCraighead’sdaytherearoseasmallschoolofPresbyterianministerswhosezealandfearlessnessinthecauseofreligionandofjustgovernmenthadaninfluenceonthefrontiersmenthatcanhardlybeoverestimated。
But，inthebeginning，thepioneerencounteredthesavageryofborderlife，grappledwithit，andreactedtoitwithoutguidancefromothermentorthanhisowninstincts。Hisneedwasstilltheprimalthreefoldneedfamily，sustenance，andsafesleepwhentheday’sworkwasdone。Wewholookbackwiththoughtfuleyesuponthefrontiersman——alllinksofcontactwithhisracialpastsevered，atgripswithdestructioninthecontentingofhisneeds——seesomethingmore，somethinglarger，thanhesawinthelogcabinraisedbyhishands，itsstructureheldtogethersolelybyhisclosegroovingandfittingofitsownstrength。Thoughthewallshebuiltforhimselfhavegonewithhisowndustbacktotheearth，thesymbolheerectedforusstands。
ChapterIII。TheTraderThetraderwasthefirstpathfinder。HiscaravansbeganthechangeofpurposethatwastocometotheIndianwarrior’sroute，turningitslowlyintothebeatentrackofcommunicationandcommerce。Thesettlers，therangers，thesurveyors，wentwestwardoverthetrailswhichhehadblazedforthemyearsbefore。Theirenduringworksarecommemoratedinthecitiesandfarmswhichtodayliealongeveryancientborderline；butoftheirforerunner’shazardousIndiantradenothingremains。Letusthereforepayamoment’shomageheretothetrader，whofirst——toborrowaphrasefromIndianspeech——madewhiteforpeacetheredtrailsofwar。
HewasthefirstcattlemanoftheOldSouthwest。FiftyyearsbeforeJohnFindlay，*oneofthisclassofpioneers，ledDanielBoonethroughCumberlandGap，thetrader’sbandsofhorsesroamedthewesternslopesoftheAppalachianMountainsandhiscattlegrazedamongthedeeronthegreenbanksoftheoldCherokee（Tennessee）River。Hewasthepioneersettlerbeyondthehighhills；forhebuilt，inthecenteroftheIndiantowns，thefirstwhiteman’scabin——withitslargerannex，thetradinghouse——anddweltthereduringthegreaterpartoftheyear。HewasAmerica’sfirstmagnateofinternationalcommerce。Hisfurs——forwhichhepaidinguns，knives，ammunition，vermilionpaint，mirrors，andcloth——linedkings’mantles，andhattedtheLordsofTradeastheystrodetotheircouncilchamberinLondontodiscusshisbusinessandtopassthoseregulationswhichmighthaveseriouslyhamperedhimbutforhisresourcefulnessincircumventingthem！
*Thenameisspelledinvariousways：Findlay，Finlay，Findley。
Hewasthefirstfrontierwarrior，forheeitherfoughtofforfellbeforesmallpartiesofhostileIndianswho，intheinterestoftheSpanishorFrench，raidedhispack-horsecaravansonthemarch。Often，too，sidebysidewiththeredbrothersofhisadoption，hefoughtintheintertribalwars。HiswasthefirsteducativeandcivilizinginfluenceintheIndiantowns。HeendeavoredtocuretheIndiansoftheirfavoritemidsummermadness，war，byinducingthemtoraisestockandpoultryandimprovetheircorn，squash，andpeagardens。Itisnotnecessarytoimputetohimphilanthropicmotives。Hewasapracticalmanandhesawthatwarhurthistrade：itendangeredhissummercaravansandhamperedtheautumnhuntfordeerskins。
Intheearliestdaysoftheeighteenthcentury，whenthecolonistsofVirginiaandtheCarolinaswereonlyahandful，itwasthetraderwhodefeatedeachsuccessiveattemptofFrenchandSpanishagentstoweldthetribesintoaconfederacyfortheannihilationoftheEnglishsettlements。TheEnglishtraderdidhissharetopreventwhatisnowtheUnitedStatesfrombecomingapartofaLatinempireandtosaveitforaracehavingtheAnglo-SaxonidealandspeakingtheEnglishtongue。
Thecolonialrecordsoftheperiodcontainitemswhich，takensingly，makesmallimpressiononthecasualreaderbutwhich，listedtogether，throwastronglightonthepastandbringthatmercenaryfigure，thetrader，intosoboldareliefthatthedesignvergesontheheroic。Ifwewonder，forinstance，whytheScotchHighlanderswhosettledinthewildsattheheadwatersoftheCapeFearRiver，about1729，andwerelaterfollowedbyWelshandHuguenots，metwithnooppositionfromtheIndians，themysteryissolvedwhenwediscover，almostbyaccident，afewprintedlineswhichrecordthat，in1700，thehostilenativesontheCapeFearweresubduedtotheEnglishandbroughtintofriendlyalliancewiththembyColonelWilliamBull，atrader。WereadfurtherandlearnthattheSpaniardsinFloridahadlongendeavoredtounitethetribesinSpanishandFrenchterritoryagainsttheEnglishandthattheinfluenceoftraderspreventedtheconsummation。TheSpaniards，in1702，hadpreparedtoinvadeEnglishterritorywithninehundredIndians。TheplotwasdiscoveredbyCreekIndiansanddisclosedtotheirfriends，thetraders，whoimmediatelygatheredtogetherfivehundredwarriors，marchedswiftlytomeettheinvaders，andutterlyroutedthem。
Again，whentheIndians，incitedbytheSpanishatSt。Augustine，roseagainsttheEnglishin1715，andtheYamasiMassacreoccurredinSouthCarolina，itwasduetothetradersthatsomeofthesettlementsatleastwerenotwhollyunpreparedtodefendthemselves。
TheearlyEnglishtraderwasgenerallyanintelligentman；
sometimeseducated，nearlyalwaysfearlessandresourceful。Heknewtheonesurebasisonwhichmenofalienbloodandfarseparatedstagesofmoralandintellectualdevelopmentcanmeetinunderstanding——namely，thetruthofthespokenword。Herecognizedhonorasthebondoftradeandthewarpandwoofofhumanintercourse。Theuncorruptedsavagealsohadhisplaininterpretationofthetruewordinthemouthsofmen，andanameforit。Hecalleditthe\"OldBelovedSpeech\"；andhegavehisconfidencetothemanwhospokethisspeechevenintheclosebarterforfurs。
WeshallfinditworthwhiletorefertothemapofAmericaasitwasintheearlydaysofthecolonialfurtrade，aboutthebeginningoftheeighteenthcentury。AnarrowstripoflooselystrungEnglishsettlementsstretchedfromthenorthborderofNewEnglandtotheFloridaline。NorthFloridawasSpanishterritory。
OnthefardistantsouthwesternbordersoftheEnglishcolonieswerethesouthernpossessionsofFrance。TheFrenchsphereofinfluenceextendeduptheMississippi，andthencebywayofriversandtheGreatLakestoitsbaseinCanadaonthebordersofNewEnglandandNewYork。InSouthCarolinadwelttheYamasitribeofaboutthreethousandwarriors，theirchieftownsonlysixtyoreightymilesdistantfromtheSpanishtownofSt。
Augustine。Onthewest，aboutthesamedistancenortheastofNewOrleans，inwhatisnowAlabamaandGeorgia，laytheCreeknation。ThereFrenchgarrisonsheldMobileandFortAlabama。TheCreeksatthistimenumberedoverfourthousandwarriors。ThelandsoftheChoctaws，atribeofevenlargerfightingstrength，begantwohundredmilesnorthofNewOrleansandextendedalongtheMississippi。AhundredandsixtymilesnortheastoftheChoctawtownsweretheChickasaws，thebravestandmostsuccessfulwarriorsofallthetribessouthoftheIroquois。TheCherokees，inpartseatedwithintheCarolinas，ontheuppercoursesoftheSavannahRiver，musteredoversixthousandmenatarms。EastofthemweretheCatawbatowns。NorthofthemweretheShawanoesandDelawares，ineasycommunicationwiththetribesofCanada。Stillfarthernorth，alongtheMohawkandotherriversjoiningwiththeHudsonandLakeOntariostoodthe\"longhouses\"
ofthefiercestandmostwarlikeofallthesavages，theIroquoisorSixNations。
TheIndiansalongtheEnglishbordersoutnumberedthecolonistsperhapstentoone。IftheSpanishandtheFrenchhadsucceededintheconspiracytouniteontheirsideallthetribes，aredbillowoftomahawkwielderswouldhaveengulfedandextinguishedtheEnglishsettlements。TheFrench，itistrue，madealliesoftheShawanoes，theDelawares，theChoctaws，andastrongfactionoftheCreeks；andtheyfinallywonovertheCherokeesaftercourtingthemformorethantwentyyears。ButtheCreeksinpart，thepowerfulChickasaws，andtheIroquoisConfederacy，orSixNations，remainedloyaltotheEnglish。InbothNorthandSouthitwastheinfluenceofthetradersthatkepttheseredtribesontheEnglishside。TheIroquoiswereheldloyalbySirWilliamJohnsonandhisdeputy，GeorgeCroghan，the\"KingofTraders。\"
TheChickasawsfollowedtheir\"best-beloved\"trader，JamesAdair；
andamongtheCreeksanothertrader，LachlanMcGillivray，wieldedapotentinfluence。
LachlanMcGillivraywasaHighlander。HelandedinCharlestonin1735attheageofsixteenandpresentlyjoinedatrader’scaravanaspackhorseboy。AfewyearslaterhemarriedawomanoftheCreeks。OnmanyoccasionshedefeatedFrenchandSpanishplotswiththeCreeksfortheexterminationofthecolonistsinGeorgiaandSouthCarolina。HisactioninthefinalwarwiththeFrench（1760），whentheIndianterrorwasraging，istypical。
NewscamethatfourthousandCreekwarriors，reinforcedbyFrenchChoctaws，wereabouttofallonthesouthernsettlements。Attheriskoftheirlives，McGillivrayandanothertradernamedGalphinhurriedfromCharlestontotheirtradinghouseontheGeorgiafrontier。ThithertheyinvitedseveralhundredCreekwarriors，feastedandhousedthemforseveraldays，andfinallywonthemfromtheirpurpose。McGillivrayhadabrilliantson，Alexander，whoaboutthistimebecameachiefinhismother’snationperhapsonthisveryoccasion，asitwasanIndiancustom，inmakingabrotherhoodpact，tosendasontodwellinthebrother’shouse。
WeshallmeetthatsonagainastheChiefoftheCreeksandtheterriblescourgeofGeorgiaandTennesseeinthedarkdaysoftheRevolutionaryWar。
Thebolddeedsoftheearlytraders，ifallweretobetold，wouldrequireabookaslongasthehugevolumewrittenbyJamesAdair，the\"EnglishChickasaw。\"AdairwasanEnglishmanwhoenteredtheIndiantradein1785andlauncheduponthelonganddangeroustrailfromCharlestontotheuppertownsoftheCherokees，situatedinthepresentMonroeCounty，Tennessee。ThushewasoneoftheearliestpioneersoftheOldSouthwest；andhewasTennessee’sfirstauthor。\"Iamwellacquainted，\"hesays，\"withneartwothousandmilesoftheAmericancontinent\"——astatementwhichgivesonesomeideaofanearlytrader’senterprise，hardihood，andperil。Adair’s\"twothousandmiles\"
weretwistingIndiantrailsandpathsheslashedoutforhimselfthroughuninhabitedwilds，forwhennotengagedintrade，hunting，literature，orwar，itpleasedhimtomakesolitarytripsofexploration。TheseseemtohaveledhimchieflynorthwardthroughtheAppalachians，ofwhichhemusthavebeenoneofthefirstwhiteexplorers。
Amany-sidedmanwasJamesAdair——cultured，forhisstylesuffersnotbycomparisonwithotherwritersofhisday，nostrangertoLatinandGreek，andnotignorantofHebrew，whichhestudiedtoassisthiminsettingforthhisethnologicaltheorythattheAmericanIndianswerethedescendantsoftheTenLostTribesofIsrael。Beforewedismisshistheorywithasmile，letusrememberthathehadnotathisdisposalthedatanowavailablewhichrevealpointsoflikenessincustom，languageformation，andsymbolismamongalmostallprimitivepeoples。Theformidabletitle-pageofhisbookinitselfsuggestsanauthorkeenlyobservant，accurateastodetail，andpossessedofaversatileandsubstantialmind。MostofthepageswerewritteninthetownsoftheChickasaws，withwhomhelived\"asafriendandbrother，\"
butfromwhose\"naturaljealousy\"and\"pryingdisposition\"hewasobligedtoconcealhispapers。\"Never，\"heassuresus，\"wasaliteraryworkbegunandcarriedonwithmoredisadvantages！\"
Despitethesedisabilitiestheauthorwroteabookofabsorbinginterest。HisintimatesympatheticpicturesofIndianlifeasitwasbeforethetribeshadbeenconqueredarerichlyvaluabletotheloverofnativeloreandtothestudentofthehistoryofwhitesettlement。Theauthorbelieves，ashemust，inthesupremacyofhisownrace，butheneverthelesspresentstheIndians’sideoftheargumentasnomancouldwhohadnotmadehimselfoneofthem。Hetherebyaddsinteresttothosefiercestruggleswhichtookplacealongtheborder；forheshowsustheredwarriornotasamerebrutewithatomahawkbutasahumancreaturewithanidealofhisown，albeitanidealthatmustgiveplacetoabetter。Eveninviewoftheredman’shideousmethodsofbattleandinhumantreatmentofcaptives，wecannotponderunmovedAdair’sdescriptionofhispreparationsforwar——thefasting，theabstentionfromallfamilyintercourse，andthepurificationritesandprayersforthreedaysinthehousesetapart，whilethewomen，whomightnotcomeclosetotheirmeninthisfatefulhour，stoodthroughoutthenighttilldawnchantingbeforethedoor。Anotherpoetictouchtheauthorgivesus，fromtheCherokee——orCheerakeashespellsit——explainingthattheroot，chee-ra，meansfire。ACherokeeneverextinguishedfiresaveontheoccasionofadeath，whenhethrustaburningtorchintothewaterandsaid，Neetahintahah——\"thedaysappointedhimwerefinished。\"Thewarriorslaininbattlewasheldtohavebeenbalancedbydeathanditwassaidofhimthat\"hewasweighedonthepathandmadelight。\"AdairwritesthattheCherokees，untilcorruptedbyFrenchagentsandbythelaterclassoftraderswhopouredrumamongthemlikewater，werehonest，industrious，andfriendly。Theywerereadytomeetthewhitemanwiththeircustomaryphraseofgoodwill\"Ishallfirmlyshakehandswithyourspeech。\"Hewasintimatelyassociatedwiththistribefrom1735to1744，whenhedivertedhisactivitiestotheChickasaws。
ItwasfromtheCherokees’chieftown，GreatTelliko，intheAppalachians，thatAdairexploredthemountains。HedescribesthepassthroughthechainwhichwasusedbytheIndiansandwhich，fromhisoutlineofit，wasprobablytheCumberlandGap。HerelatesmanyincidentsofthestrugglewiththeFrench——
manifestationseveninthisremotewildernessofthevastconflictthatwasbeingwagedfortheNewWorldbytwoimperialnationsoftheOld。
Adairundertook，atthesolicitationofGovernorGlenofSouthCarolina，thedangeroustaskofopeninguptradewiththeChoctaws；atribemusteringupwardsoffivethousandwarriorswhowerewhollyintheFrenchinterest。TheircountrylayinwhatisnowtheStateofMississippialongthegreatriver，somesevenhundredmileswestandsouthwestofCharleston。AfterpassingthefriendlyCreektownsthetrailledonfor150milesthroughwhatwaspracticallytheenemy’scountry。Adair，owingtowhathelikestotermhis\"usualgoodfortune，\"reachedtheChoctawcountrysafelyandbyhisadroitnessandsubstantialpresentswonthefriendshipoftheinfluentialchief，RedShoe，whomhefoundinareceptivemood，owingtoaFrenchagent’sbreachofhospitalityinvolvingRedShoe’sfavoritewife。AdairthuscreatedalargeproEnglishfactionamongtheChoctaws，andhissuccessseriouslyimpairedFrenchprestigewithallthesouthwesterntribes。SeveraltimesFrenchChoctawsbribedtomurderhim，waylaidAdaironthetrail——twicewhenhewasalone——onlytobebaffledbytheimperturbableself-possessionandalertwitwhichneverfailedhiminemergencies。
WinningaChoctawtradecostAdair，besidesattacksonhislife，2200pounds，forwhichhewasneverreimbursed，notwithstandingGovernorGlen’sagreementwithhim。And，onhisreturntoCharleston，whiletheGovernorwasdetaininghim\"ononepretextoranother，\"hefoundthatanewexpedition，whichtheGovernorwasfavoringforreasonsofhisown，hadsetouttocapturehisChickasawtradeandgatherin\"theexpectedgreatcropofdeerskinsandbeaver……beforeIcouldpossiblyreturntotheChikkasahCountry。\"Nothingdaunted，however，thehardytradersetoutalone。
\"Intheseverityofwinter，frost，snow，hailandheavyrainssucceedeachotherintheseclimes，sothatIpartlyrodeandpartlyswamtotheChikkasahcountry；fornotexpectingtostaylongbelow[inCharleston]Itooknoleatherncanoe。Manyofthebroad，deepcreeks……hadnowoverflowedtheirbanks，ranatarapidrateandwereunpassabletoanybutDESPERATEPEOPLE……
theriversandswampsweredreadfulbyraftsoftimberdrivingdowntheformerandthegreatfallentreesfloatinginthelatter……Beingforcedtowadedeepthroughcaneswampsorwoodythickets，itprovedverytroublesometokeepmyfirearmsdryonwhich，asasecondmeans，mylifedepended。\"
NeverthelessAdairdefeatedtheGovernor’sattempttostealhistrade，andlateronpublishedthewholestoryintheCharlestonpressandsentinastatementofhisclaimstotheAssembly，withfrankobservationsonHisExcellencyhimself。WegatherthathisbolddisregardofHighPersonagessetallCharlestoninanuproar！
Adairistantalizinglymodestabouthisowndeeds。HedevotespagestoprovethatanIndianriteagreeswiththeBookofLeviticusbutonlyaparagraphtoanexploitofcourageandendurancesuchasthatrideandswimfortheIndiantrade。Wehavetoreadbetweenthelinestofindtheman；buthewellrepaysthesearch。Briefly，incidentally，hementionsthatononetriphewascapturedbytheFrench，whowereso\"wellacquaintedwiththegreatdamagesIhaddonetothemandfearedothersImightoccasion，astoconfinemeacloseprisoner……intheAlebahmagarrison。TheywerefullyresolvedtohavesentmedowntoMobileorNewOrleansasacapitalcriminaltobehanged……BUTIDOUBTEDNOTOFBEINGABLETOEXTRICATE
MYSELFSOMEWAYOROTHER。TheyappointeddoublecentriesovermeforsomedaysbeforeIwastobesentdownintheFrenchKing’slargeboat。TheywerestronglychargedagainstlayingdowntheirweaponsorsufferinganyhostilethingtobeintheplacewhereI
waskept，astheydeemedmecapableofanymischief……AboutanhourbeforeweweretosetoffbywaterIescapedfromthembyland……Itookthroughthemiddleofthelowlandcoveredwithbriersatfullspeed。IheardtheFrenchclatteringonhorsebackalongthepath……andthehowlingsavagespursuing……，butMYUSUALGOODFORTUNEenabledmetoleavethemfarenoughbehind……\"
OnefeelsthatafewofthepagesgivenuptoLeviticusmightwellhavebeendevotedtoadetailedaccountofthisescapefrom\"doublecentries\"andafortifiedgarrison，andtheplungethroughthetangledwilds，byamanwithoutgunorknifeorsupplies，andwhofordaysdarednotshowhimselfuponthetrail。
Thereistoomuchof\"myusualgoodfortune\"inAdair’snarrative；suchluckashisarguesforextraordinaryresourcesintheman。Sometimeswediscoveronlythroughonephraseonapagethathemusthimselfhavebeentheheroofaneventherelatesinthethirdperson。ThisseemstobethecaseintheaffairofPriber，whichwastheworstofthose\"damages\"AdairdidtotheFrench。Priberwas\"agentlemanofcuriousandspeculativetemper\"sentbytheFrenchin1786toGreatTellikotowintheCherokeestotheirinterest。AtthistimeAdairwastradingwiththeCherokees。HerelatesthatPriber，\"moreeffectuallytoanswerthedesignofhiscommission……ate，drank，slept，danced，dressed，andpaintedhimselfwiththeIndians，sothatitwasnoteasytodistinguishhimfromthenatives，——hemarriedalsowiththem，andbeingenduedwithastrongunderstandingandretentivememoryhesoonlearnedtheirdialect，andbygradualadvancesimpressedthemwithaveryillopinionoftheEnglish，representingthemasfraudulent，avaritiousandencroachingpeople；heatthesametimeinflatedtheartlesssavageswithaprodigioushighopinionoftheirownimportanceintheAmericanscaleofpower……Havingthusinfectedthem……heeasilyformedthemintoanominalrepublicangovernment——crownedtheiroldArchimagusemperorafterapleasingnewsavageform，andinventedavarietyofhigh-soundingtitlesforallthemembersofhisimperialmajesty’sredcourt。\"
PribercementedtheCherokeeempire\"byslowbutsuredegreestotheverygreatdangerofoursoutherncolonies。\"HispositionwasthatofSecretaryofStateandassuch，withastudiedlyprovocativearrogance，hecarriedoncorrespondencewiththeBritishauthorities。ThecolonialGovernmentseems，onthisoccasion，tohavelistenedtothetradersandtohaverealizedthatPriberwasadanger，forsoldiersweresenttotakehimprisoner。TheCherokees，however，hadsofirmly\"shakedhands\"
withtheirSecretary’sadmireddiscoursethattheythreatenedtotakethewarpathiftheirbelovedmanwereannoyed，andthesoldierswenthomewithouthim——tothegreathurtofEnglishprestige。TheCherokeeempirehadnowenduredforfiveyearsandwasabouttorise\"intoafargreaterstateofpuissancebytheacquisitionoftheMuskohge，ChocktawandtheWesternMississippiIndians，\"whenfortunatelyforthehistoryofBritishcolonizationinAmerica，\"anaccidentbefelltheSecretary。\"
Itisinconnectionwiththis\"accident\"thatthereadersuspectsthemodestbutresourcefulAdairofconnivingwithFate。SincethemilitaryhadfailedandtheGovernmentdarednotagainemployforce，othermeansmustbefound；thetraderprovidedthem。TheSecretarywithhisCherokeebodyguardjourneyedsouthonhismissiontotheCreeks。Secure，ashesupposed，helodgedovernightinanIndiantown。ButthereacompanyofEnglishtraderstookhimintocustody，alongwithhisbundleofmanuscriptspresumablyintendedfortheFrenchcommandantatFortAlabama，andhandedhimovertotheGovernorofGeorgia，whoimprisonedhimandkepthimoutofmischieftillhedied。
AsaBriton，AdaircontributedtoPriber’sfate；andassuchheapprovesit。Asascholarwithphilosophicalandethnologicalleanings，however，hedeploresit，andhopesthatPriber’svaluablemanuscriptsmay\"escapethedespoilinghandsofmilitarypower。\"PriberhadspenthisleisureincompilingaCherokeedictionary；Adair’soccupation，whiledomiciledinhiswinterhouseinGreatTelliko，wasthewritingofhisIndianAppendixtothePentateuch。Asbecamebrothersinscience，theyhadexchangednotes，sowegatherfromAdair’sreferencestoconversationsandcorrespondence。Adair’sdifficultiesasanauthor，however，hadbeenincreasedbyatreacherouslapsefromprofessionaletiquetteonthepartoftheSecretary：\"Hetoldthem[theIndians]thatintheverysamemannerashewastheirgreatSecretary，Iwasthedevil’sclerk，oranaccursedonewhomarkedonpaperthebadspeechoftheevilonesofdarkness。\"OnhisownpartAdairadmitsthathisobjectinthiscorrespondencewastotraptheSecretaryintosomethingmoreseriousthanliteraryerrata。Thatis，headmitsitbyimplication；hesaystheSecretary\"feared\"
it。Duringtheyearsoftheirduel，AdairapparentlyknewthatthescholarlycompileroftheCherokeedictionarywassecretlyincitingmembersofthisparticularLostTribetotomahawkthediscovereroftheirbiblicalorigin；andPriber，itwouldseem，knewthatheknew！
Adairshows，inferentially，thatlandencroachmentwasnotthesolecauseofthoseIndianwarswithwhichweshalldealinalaterchapter。TheearliestcausesweretheinstigationsoftheFrenchandtherewardswhichtheyofferedforEnglishscalps。ButequallyprovocativeofIndianrancorweretheactsofsometimesmerelystupid，sometimesdishonest，officials；theworstofthese，Adairconsidered，wasthecheapeningofthetradethroughthegrantingofgenerallicenses。
\"Formerlyeachtraderhadalicensefortwo[Indian]towns……
Atmyfirstsettingoutamongthem，anumberoftraders……
journeyedthroughourvariousnationsindifferentcompaniesandweregenerallymenofworth；ofcoursetheywouldhavealivingpricefortheirgoods，whichtheycarriedonhorsebacktotheremoteIndiancountriesatverygreatexpences……[TheIndians]werekeptunderproperrestraint，wereeasyintheirmindsandpeaceableonaccountoftheplain，honestlessonsdailyinculcatedonthem……butaccordingtothepresentunwiseplan，twoandeventhreeArablikepeddlarssculkaboutinoneofthosevillages……whoaregenerallythedregsandoffscouringsofourclimes……byinebriatingtheIndianswiththeirnominallyprohibitedandpoisoningspirits，theypurchasethenecessariesoflifeatfourandfivehundredpercentcheaperthantheorderlytraders……Insteadofshowinggoodexamplesofmoralconduct，besidetheotherpartoflife，theyinstructtheunknowingandimitatingsavagesinmanydiabolicallessonsofobscenityandblasphemy。\"
Inthesestatements，contemporaryrecordsbearhimout。ThereisnosadderreadingthanthemanypleasaddressedbytheIndianchiefstovariousofficialstostoptheimportationofliquorintotheircountry，allegingthedebauchmentoftheiryoungmenandwarningthewhiteman，withwhomtheydesiredtobefriends，thatinanIndiandrinkandbloodlustquicklycombined。
Adair’sbookwaspublishedinLondonin1775。HewroteittobereadbyEnglishmenaswellasAmericans；andsomeofhisreflectionsonliberty，justice，andAnglo-Saxonunitywouldnotsoundunworthilytoday。Hissympathieswerewith\"theprinciplesofourMagnaChartaAmericana\"；buthethoughtthethreateneddivisionoftheEnglish-speakingpeoplesthegreatestevilthatcouldbefallcivilization。Hisvoluminousworkdisclosesamannotonlyofwidementaloutlookbutapracticalmanwithasenseofcommercialvalues。Yet，insteadofmakingacareerforhimselfamonghisowncaste，hemadehishomeforoverthirtyyearsintheChickasawtowns；anditisplainthat，withtheexceptionofsomeofhisolderbrothertraders，hepreferredtheChickasawtoanyothersociety。
ThecompleteexplanationofsuchmenasAdairweneednotexpecttofindstatedanywhere——noteveninandbetweenthelinesofhisbook。Theconventionalistwouldseekitinmoralobliquity；theradical，inatemperamentthatisirkedbythesuperficialitiesthatcomprisesolargeapartofconventionalstandards。ThereasonforhisbeingwhathewasisalmosttheonlythingAdairdidnotanalyzeinhisbook。Perhaps，tohim，itwasselfevident。
Wemayletitbesotous，andseeitmostclearlypresentedinapicturecomposedfromsomeofhisbriefsketches：Alandofgrassandgreenshadeinsetwithbrightwaters，wheredeeranddomesticcattleherdedtogetheralongthebanks；acirclinggroupofhouses，theirwhite-clayedwallssparklingunderthesun’srays，and，withinandwithout，themovementof\"afriendlyandsagaciouspeople，\"who\"kindlytreatedandwatchfullyguarded\"
theirwhitebrotherinpeaceandwar，andwhoconverseddailywithhimintheOldBelovedSpeechlearnedfirstofNature。\"LiketowersincitiesbeyondthecommonsizeofthoseoftheIndians\"
rosethewinterandsummerhousesandthehugetradinghousewhichthetribehadbuiltfortheirbestbelovedfriendinthetown’scenter，becausetherehewouldbesafestfromattack。Ontheraftershungthesmokedandbarbecueddelicaciestakeninthehuntandpreparedforhimbyhisredservants，whowerealsohiscomradesathomeandonthedangeroustrail。\"Belovedoldwomen\"
keptaneyeonhissmallsons，puttodrowseonpantherskinssothattheymightgrowupbravewarriors。Nothingwasthereofartificeorpretense，only\"theneedfulthingstomakeareasonablelifehappy。\"Allwasasprimitive，naive，andcontentedasthewomanwhoseoutlineisgivenonceinafewstrokes，proudlyandgaylypenciled：\"IhavethepleasureofwritingthisbythesideofaChikkasahfemale，asgreataprincessaseverlivedamongtheancientPeruviansorMexicans，andshebidsmebesurenottomarkthepaperwrongafterthemannerofmostofthetraders；otherwiseitwillspoilthemakinggoodbreadorhomony！\"
HisfinalchapteristhelastnewsofJamesAdair，typeoftheearliesttrader。Didhisboldattacksoncorruptofficialsandrumpeddlers——madepubliclybeforeAssembliesandinprint——raiseforhimadensecloudofenmitythatdroppedobliviononhismemory？Perhaps。But，intruth，hisownbookisallthehistoryofhimweneed。Itistherecordofaman。Helivedafulllifeandservedhisday；anditmattersnotthatamistenvelopstheplacewhereunafraidhemettheLastEnemy，was\"weighedonthepathandmadelight。\"
ChapterIV。ThePassingOfTheFrenchPerilThegreatpileoftheAppalachianpeakswasnottheonlybarrierwhichheldbackthesettlerwithhisploughandhisriflefromfollowingthetrader’stinklingcaravansintothevalleysbeyond。
OverthehillstheFrenchwerelordsoftheland。Thefrontiersmanhadalreadyfelttheirenmitythroughthetorchandtomahawkoftheirsavageallies。Byhisownstrengthalonehecouldnotcopewiththepowerentrenchedbeyondthehills；sohehalted。Butthatpower，byitsunachievabledesiretobeoverlordoftwohemispheres，wasitselftoprecipitateeventswhichwouldopenthewestwardroad。
Therecurringhourinthecycleofhistory，whentheissueofAutocracyagainstDemocracycleavestheworld，struckforthemenoftheeighteenthcenturyasthesecondhalfofthatcenturydawned。Inourownday，happily，thatissuehasbeenperceivedbytherankandfileofthepeople。Inthosedarkerdays，asFranceandEnglandgrappledinthatconflictofsystemswhichculminatedintheSevenYears’War，thefundamentalprinciplesatstakewerecleartoonlyahandfulofthinkingmen。
Butabstractions，whetherclearorobscure，donotcauseambassadorstodemandtheirpassports。Thedeclarationofwarawaitstheovertact。Behold，then，howgreatamatteriskindledbyalittlefire！ThecasusbellibetweenFranceandEnglandintheSevenYears’War——thewarwhichhumbledFranceinEuropeandlostherIndiaandCanada——hadtodowithasmalllogfortbuiltbyafewVirginiansin1754attheForksoftheOhioRiverandwrestedfromtheminthesameyearbyacompanyofFrenchmenfromCanada。
TheFrenchclaimedthevalleyoftheOhioastheirterritory；theEnglishclaimeditastheirs。Thedisputewasoflongstanding。
TheFrenchclaimwasbasedondiscovery；theEnglishclaim，ontheseato-seachartersofVirginiaandothercoloniesandontreatieswiththeSixNations。TheFrenchrefusedtoadmittherightoftheSixNationstodisposeoftheterritory。TheEnglishwereinclinedtomaintainthevalidityoftheirtreatieswiththeIndians。EspeciallywasVirginiasoinclined，foralargeshareoftheOhiolaywithinherchartereddomain。
Thequarrelhadentereditsacutephasein1749，whenboththerivalclaimantstookactiontoasserttheirsovereignty。TheGovernorofCanadasentanenvoy，CelorondeBlainville，withsoldiers，totakeformalpossessionoftheOhiofortheKingofFrance。InthesameyeartheEnglishorganizedinVirginiatheOhioCompanyforthecolonizationofthesamecountry；andsummonedChristopherGist，explorer，trader，andguide，fromhishomeontheYadkinanddispatchedhimtosurveytheland。
Thenappearedonthescenethatextraordinaryman，RobertDinwiddie，LieutenantGovernorofVirginia，erstwhilecitizenofGlasgow。HiscorrespondencefromVirginiaduringhissevenyears’
tenureofoffice（1751-58）depictsthemanwithavividnesssurpassingpaint。Hewasashonestastheday——ashonestashewasfearlessandfussy。Buthehadnopatience；hewantedthingsdoneanddoneatonce，andhiswaywasTHEwaytodothem。Peoplewhodidnotthinkashethoughtdidn’tTHINKatall。Onthisdrasticpremisehewenttowork。TherewasofcoursecontinuousfrictionbetweenhimandtheHouseofBurgesses。DinwiddiehadallaScot’snativetalentforsarcasm。Hisletters，hisaddresses，perhapsinparticularhisaddressestotheHouse，bristledwithsatiricalthrustsathisopponents。Ifhehadspelledoutinfullallthewordshewassoeagertowrite，hewouldhavebeenobligedtolessenhisoutput；soheusedashorthandsystemofhisown，peculiarenoughtoberemarkableeventhoughabbreviationsweretheruleinthatday。EventhedignityofKingshesacrificedtospeed，andwefind\"HisMajesty\"abbreviatedto\"HM’y\"；yetasmallerluminaryknownas\"HisHonor\"faresbetter，losingonlythelastletter——\"HisHono。\"\"Ho。\"standsfor\"house\"and\"yt\"for\"that，\"\"what，\"
\"it，\"and\"anythingelse，\"asconvenient。Manyofhisletterswindupwith\"Iamve’ymuchfatig’d。\"Weknowthathemusthavebeen！
ItwasaformidabletaskthatconfrontedDinwiddie——topossessanddefendtheOhio。ChristopherGistreturnedin1751，havingsurveyedthevalleyfortheOhioCompanyasfarastheSciotoandMiamirivers，andinthefollowingyearthesurveywasratifiedbytheIndians。TheCompany’smenwerebusyblazingtrailsthroughtheterritoryandbuildingfortifiedposts。ButtheFrenchdominatedtheterritory。TheyhadbuiltandoccupiedwithtroopsFortLeBoeufonFrenchCreek，astreamflowingintotheAllegheny。WemayimagineDinwiddie’srageatthisviolationofBritishsoilbyFrenchsoldiersandhowhemusthavesputteredtotheyoungGeorgeWashington，whenhesummonedthatofficerandmadehimthebearerofalettertotheFrenchcommanderatFortLeBoeuf，todemandthatFrenchtroopsbeatoncewithdrawnfromtheOhio。
WashingtonmadethejourneytoFortLeBoeufinDecember，1753，butthemissionofcourseprovedfruitless。DinwiddiethenwrotetoLondonurgingthataforcebesentovertohelpthecoloniesmaintaintheirrightsand，underordersfromtheCrown，suggestedbyhimself，hewrotetothegovernorsofalltheothercoloniestojoinwithVirginiainraisingtroopstosettletheownershipofthedisputedterritory。FromGovernorDobbsofNorthCarolinahereceivedanimmediateresponse。Bymeansoflogic，sarcasm，andtheentireforceofhisprerogatives，DinwiddiesecuredfromhisownbalkingAssembly10，000poundswithwhichtoraisetroops。FromMarylandheobtainednothing。TherewerethreeprominentMarylandersintheOhioCompany，but——orbecauseofthis——theMarylandAssemblyvoteddownthemeasureforamilitaryappropriation。OnJune18，1754，Dinwiddiewrote，withunusuallyfullspellingforhim：
\"IamperswadedhadHisMajesty’sCom’dstotheotherColoniesbeenduelyobey’d，andthenecessaryAssistancegivenbythem，theFr。wou’dhavelongagohavebeenoblig’dentirelytohaveevacuatedtheirusurp’dPossessionoftheKing’sLands，insteadofw’chtheyaredailybecomingmoreformidable，whilsteveryGov’texceptNo。Caro。hasamus’dmewithExpectationsthathaveprovedfruitless，andatlengthrefusetogiveanySupply，unlessinsuchamannerasmustrenderitineffectual。\"
Thissaddenedmoodwithitsdeliberatepenmanshipdidnotlastlong。PresentlyDinwiddiewasmakingaRoundRobinofhimselfinanotherseriesofletterstoGovernors，Councilors，andAssemblymen，franticallybeseechingthemfor\"H。M’y’shono。\"andtheirown，and，ifnot，for\"post’r’ty，\"toriseagainstthecruelFrenchwhoseIndianswereharryingthebordersagainand\"Basely，likeVirmin，stealingandcarryingoffthehelplessinfant\"——asniceasimile，bytheway，asanySheridaneverputintothemouthofMrs。Malaprop。
DinwiddiesawhisdesiresthwartedoneveryhandbytheselfishspiritoflocalismandjealousywhichwasmorerifeinAmericainthosedaysthanitistoday。Thoughthephrase\"capitalisticwar\"
hadnotyetbeencoined，thegreatissuesofEnglishcivilizationonthiscontinentwerebefogged，forthemajorityinthecolonies，bythetrivialfactthattheshareholdersintheOhioCompanystoodtowinbyavigorousprosecutionofthewarandtoloseifitwerenotprosecutedatall。TheirascibleGovernor，however，proceededwithsuchmenandmeansashecouldobtain。
Andnowinthesummerof1754camethe\"overtact\"whichprecipitatedtheinevitablewar。ThekeytothevalleyoftheOhiowasthetongueoflandattheForks，wheretheAlleghenyandtheMonongahelajointheirwatersintheBeautifulRiver。Thissite——todayPittsburgh——ifoccupiedandheldbyeithernationwouldgivethatnationthecommandoftheOhio。OccupieditwasforabriefhourbyasmallpartyofVirginians，underCaptainWilliamTrent；butnosoonerhadtheyerectedonthespotacrudefortthantheFrenchdescendeduponthem。Whathappenedthenalltheworldknows：howtheFrenchbuiltonthecapturedsitetheirgreatFortDuquesne；howGeorgeWashingtonwithanarmedforce，sentbyDinwiddietorecapturetheplace，encounteredFrenchandIndiansatGreatMeadowsandbuiltFortNecessity，whichhewascompelledtosurrender；howinthenextyear（1755）GeneralBraddockarrivedfromacrosstheseaandsetouttotakeFortDuquesne，onlytomeetonthewaythedisastercalled\"Braddock’sDefeat\"；andhow，beforeanotheryearhadpassed，theSevenYears’WarwasraginginEurope，andEnglandwasalliedwiththeenemiesofFrance。
>FromthemidstofthedebacleofBraddock’sdefeatrisesthefigureoftheyoungWashington。Twenty-threehewasthen，tallandspareandhardbodiedfromalifespentlargelyintheopen。
WhenBraddockfell，thisWashingtonappeared。Recklessoftheenemy’sbullets，whichspangedabouthimandpiercedhisclothes，hedashedupanddownthelinesinanefforttorallythepanic-strickenredcoats。Hewastoolatetosavetheday，butnottosavearemnantofthearmyandbringouthisownVirginiansingoodorder。Whetheramongthestay-at-homesandvotersofcreditsthereweresomewhowouldhaveascribedWashington’sconductonthatdaytothefactthathisbrotherswerelargeshareholdersintheOhioCompanyandthatFortDuquesnewastheirpersonalpropertyor\"privateinterest，\"historydoesnotsay。Wemaysupposeso。
NorthCarolina，theonecolonywhichhadnot\"amus’d\"theGovernorofVirginia\"withExpectationsthatprovedfruitless，\"
hadvoted12，000poundsforthewarandhadraisedtwocompaniesoftroops。Oneofthese，underEdwardBriceDobbs，sonofGovernorDobbs，marchedwithBraddock；andinthatcompanyaswagonerwentDanielBoone，theninhistwenty-secondyear。OfBoone’spartinBraddock’scampaignnothingmoreisrecordedsavethatonthemarchhemadefriendswithJohnFindlay，thetrader，hisfutureguideintoKentucky；andthat，onthedayofthedefeat，whenhiswagonsweresurrounded，heescapedbyslashingtheharness，leapingonthebackofoneofhishorses，anddashingintotheforest。
Meanwhilethesoutherntribesalongtheborderwerecomparativelyquiet。Thattheywellknewacolossalstrugglebetweenthetwowhiteraceswaspendingandwerepredisposedtoallythemselveswiththestrongerisnottobedoubted。FrenchinfluencehadlongbeensiftingthroughtheformidableCherokeenation，whichstill，however，heldtrueinthemaintoitstreatieswiththeEnglish。
ItwasthepolicyoftheGovernorsofVirginiaandNorthCarolinatoinducetheCherokeestoenterstronglyintothewarasalliesoftheEnglish。TheireffortscametonothingchieflybecauseofthepurelylocalandsuicidalIndianpolicyofGovernorGlenofSouthCarolina。TherehadbeensomedisputebetweenGlenandDinwiddieastotherightofVirginiatotradewiththeCherokees；andGlenhadsenttothetribesletterscalculatedtosowdistrustofallotheraspirantsforIndianfavor，evenpromisingthatcertainsettlersintheBackCountryofNorthCarolinashouldberemovedandtheirholdingsrestoredtotheIndians。TheseletterscausedgreatindignationinNorthCarolina，whentheycametolight，andhadtheworstpossibleeffectuponIndianrelations。TheIndiansnowinclinedtheireartotheFrenchwho，thoughfewerthantheEnglish，wereatleastunitedinpurpose。
GovernorGlentookthisinauspiciousmomenttoholdhighfestivalwiththeCherokees。Itwasthelastyearofhisadministrationandapparentlyhehopedtowinpromotiontosomehigherpostbyshowinghisachievementsforthefurtradeandinthematterofnewlandacquired。HepliedtheCherokeeswithdrinkandinducedthemtomakeformalsubmissionandtocedealltheirlandstotheCrown。Whenthechiefsrecoveredtheirsobriety，theywerefilledwithrageatwhathadbeendone，andtheyrememberedhowtheFrenchhadtoldthemthattheEnglishintendedtomakeslavesofalltheIndiansandtostealtheirlands。Thesituationwascomplicatedbyanotherincident。SeveralCherokeewarriorsreturningfromtheOhio，whithertheyhadgonetofightfortheBritish，wereslainbyfrontiersmen。Thetribe，inaccordancewithexistingagreements，appliedtoVirginiaforredress——butreceivednone。
Therewasthusplentyofpowderforanexplosion。GovernorLyttleton，Glen’ssuccessor，atlastflungthetorchintothemagazine。Heseized，ashostages，anumberoffriendlychiefswhowerecomingtoCharlestontooffertokensofgoodwillandforcedthemtomarchunderguardonamilitarytourwhichtheGovernorwasmaking（1759）withintenttooverawethesavages。WhenthisexpeditionreachedPrinceGeorge，ontheupperwatersoftheSavannah，theIndianhostageswereconfinedwithinthefort；andtheGovernor，satisfiedwiththeresultofhismaneuverdepartedsouthforCharleston。Thenfollowedatragedy。SomeIndianfriendsoftheimprisonedchiefsattackedthefort，andthecommander，apopularyoungofficer，wastreacherouslykilledduringaparley。Theinfuriatedfrontiersmenwithinthefortfelluponthehostagesandslewthemall——twenty-sixchiefs——andtheIndianwarwason。
IfallweretobetoldofthestrugglewhichfollowedintheBackCountry，thestorycouldnotbecontainedinthisbook。Manybraveandresourcefulmenwentoutagainstthesavages。Wecanaffordonlyapassingglanceatoneofthem。HughWaddellofNorthCarolinawasthemostbrilliantofallthefrontierfightersinthatwar。HewasayoungUlstermanfromCountyDown，abornsoldier，withaspecialgeniusforfightingIndians，althoughhedidnotgrowupontheborder，forhearrivedinNorthCarolinain1753，attheageofnineteen。HewasappointedbyGovernorDobbstocommandthesecondcompanywhichNorthCarolinahadraisedforthewar，aforceof450rangerstoprotectthebordercounties；andhepresentlybecamethemostconspicuousmilitaryfigureinthecolony。Astohispersonality，wehaveonlyafewmeagerdetails，withaportraitthatsuggestsplainlyenoughthosequalitiesofboldnessandcraftwhichcharacterizedhistactics。GovernorDobbsappearstohavehadaspeciallovetowardsHugh，whosefamilyhehadknowninIreland，foranundercurrentofalmostfatherlyprideistobefoundintheoldGovernor’sreportstotheAssemblyconcerningWaddell’sexploits。
Theterrorragedfornearlythreeyears。Cabinsandfieldswereburned，andwomenandchildrenwereslaughteredordraggedawaycaptives。Notonlydidimmigrationceasebutmanyhardysettlersfledfromthecountry。Atlength，afterhorrorsindescribableandgreattolloflife，theCherokeesgaveupthestruggle。Theirtownswereinvadedandlaidwastebyimperialandcolonialtroops，andtheycoulddonothingbutmakepeace。In1761theysignedatreatywiththeEnglishtohold\"whileriversflowandgrassesgrowandsunandmoonendure。\"
Inthepreviousyear（1760）theimperialwarhadrunitscourseinAmerica。NewFrancelayprostrate，andtheEnglishweresupremenotonlyontheOhiobutontheSt。LawrenceandtheGreatLakes。Louisbourg，Quebec，Montreal，Oswego，Niagara，Duquesne，Detroit——allwereinEnglishhands。