Darwinian；butwhatevidenceotherthaninferentialcanfromthenatureofthecasebeadducedinsupportofthis，asIbelieve，perfectlycorrectjudgment？NoneknowbetterthantheywhoclamourfordirectevidencethattheirmasterwasrightintakingthepositionassignedtohimbyProfessorVines，thattheycannotreasonablylookforit。Withus，aswiththemselves，modificationproceedsverygradually，anditviolatesourprinciplesasmuchastheirowntoexpectvisiblepermanentprogress，inanysinglegeneration，orindeedinanynumberofgenerationsofwildspecieswhichwehaveyethadtimetoobserve。Occasionallywecanfindsuchcases，asinthatofBranchipusstagnalis，quotedbyMr。
Wallace，orinthatoftheNewZealandKeawhoseskin，IwasassuredbythelateSirJuliusvonHaast，hasalreadybeenmodifiedasaconsequenceofitschangeoffood。Herewecanshowthatinevenafewgenerationsstructureismodifiedunderchangedconditionsofexistence，butaswebelievethesecasestooccurcomparativelyrarely，soitisstillmorerarelythattheyoccurwhenandwherewecanwatchthem。Natureiseminentlyconservative，andfixityoftype，evenunderconsiderablechangeofconditions，issurelymoreimportantforthewell-beingofanyspeciesthananover-readypowerofadaptationto，itmaybe，passingchanges。Therecouldbenosteadyprogressifeachgenerationwerenotmainlyboundbythetraditionsofthosethathavegonebeforeit。Itisevolutionandnotincessantrevolutionthatbothpartiesareupholding；andthisbeingso，rapidvisiblemodificationmustbetheexception，nottherule。Ihavequoteddirectevidenceadducedbycompetentobservers，whichis，Ibelieve，sufficienttoestablishthefactthatoffspringcanbeandissometimesmodifiedbytheacquiredhabitsofaprogenitor。Iwillnowproceedtothestillmore，asitappearstome，cogentproofaffordedbygeneralconsiderations。
What，letmeask，aretheprincipalphenomenaofheredity？Theremustbephysicalcontinuitybetweenparent，orparents，andoffspring，sothattheoffspringis，asErasmusDarwinwellsaid，akindofelongationofthelifeoftheparent。
ErasmusDarwinputthemattersowellthatImayaswellgivehiswordsinfull；hewrote：-
\"Owingtotheimperfectionoflanguagetheoffspringistermedanewanimal，butisintruthabranchorelongationoftheparent，sinceapartoftheembryonanimalis，orwas，apartoftheparent，andtherefore，instrictlanguage，cannotbesaidtobeentirelynewatthetimeofitsproduction；andthereforeitmayretainsomeofthehabitsoftheparentsystem。
\"Attheearliestperiodofitsexistencetheembryonwouldseemtoconsistofalivingfilamentwithcertaincapabilitiesofirritation，sensation，volition，andassociation，andalsowithsomeacquiredhabitsorpropensitiespeculiartotheparent；theformeroftheseareincommonwithotheranimals；thelatterseemtodistinguishorproducethekindofanimal，whethermanorquadruped，withthesimilarityoffeatureorformtotheparent。\"{39}
Thosewhoacceptevolutioninsistonunbrokenphysicalcontinuitybetweentheearliestknownlifeandourselves，sothatwebothareandarenotpersonallyidenticalwiththeunicellularorganismfromwhichwehavedescendedinthecourseofmanymillionsofyears，exactlyinthesamewayasanoctogenarianbothisandisnotpersonallyidenticalwiththemicroscopicimpregnateovumfromwhichhegrewup。Everythingbothisandisnot。Thereisnosuchthingasstrictidentitybetweenanytwothingsinanytwoconsecutiveseconds。Instrictnesstheyareidenticalandyetnotidentical，sothatinstrictnesstheyviolateafundamentalruleofstrictness——
namely，thatathingshallneverbeitselfandnotitselfatoneandthesametime；wemustchoosebetweenlogicanddealinginapracticalspiritwithtimeandspace；itisnotsurprising，therefore，thatlogic，inspiteoftheshowofrespectoutwardlypaidtoher，istoldtostandasidewhenpeoplecometopractice。
Inpracticeidentityisgenerallyheldtoexistwherecontinuityisonlybrokenslowlyandpiecemeal，nevertheless，thatoccasionalperiodsofevenrapidchangearenotheldtobaridentity，appearsfromthefactthatnoonedeniesthistoholdbetweenthemicroscopicallysmallimpregnateovumandthebornchildthatspringsfromit，noryet，therefore，betweentheimpregnateovumandtheoctogenarianintowhichthechildgrows；forbothovumandoctogenarianareheldpersonallyidenticalwiththenewbornbaby，andthingsthatareidenticalwiththesameareidenticalwithoneanother。
Thefirst，then，andmostimportantelementofheredityisthatthereshouldbeunbrokencontinuity，andhencesamenessofpersonality，betweenparentsandoffspring，inneithermorenorlessthanthesamesenseasthatinwhichanyothertwopersonalitiesaresaidtobethesame。Therepetition，therefore，ofitsdevelopmentalstagesbyanyoffspringmustberegardedassomethingwhichtheembryorepeatingthemhasalreadydoneonce，inthepersonofoneorotherparent；andifonce，then，asmanytimesastherehavebeengenerationsbetweenanygivenembryonowrepeatingit，andthepointinlifefromwhichwestarted——say，forexample，theamoeba。Inthecaseofasexuallyandsexuallyproducedorganismsalike，theoffspringmustbeheldtocontinuethepersonalityoftheparentorparents，andhenceontheoccasionofeveryfreshdevelopment，toberepeatingsomethingwhichinthepersonofitsparentorparentsithasdoneonce，andifonce，thenanynumberoftimes，already。
Itisobvious，therefore，thatthegerm-plasm（orwhateverthefancywordforitmaybe）ofanyonegenerationisasphysicallyidenticalwiththegerm-plasmofitspredecessorasanytwothingscanbe。
ThedifferencebetweenProfessorWeismannand，wewillsay，Heringiansconsistsinthefactthatthefirstmaintainsthenewgerm-plasmwhenonthepointofrepeatingitsdevelopmentalprocessestotakepracticallynocognisanceofanythingthathashappenedtoitsincethelastoccasiononwhichitdevelopeditself；
whilethelattermaintainthatoffspringtakesmuchthesamekindofaccountofwhathashappenedtoitinthepersonsofitsparentssincethelastoccasiononwhichitdevelopeditself，aspeopleinordinarylifetakeofthingsthathappentothem。Indailylifepeopleletfairlynormalcircumstancescomeandgowithoutmuchheedasmattersofcourse。Iftheyhavebeenluckytheymakeanoteofitandtrytorepeattheirsuccess。Iftheyhavebeenunfortunatebuthaverecoveredrapidlytheysoonforgetit；iftheyhavesufferedlonganddeeplytheygrizzleoveritandarescaredandscarredbyitforalongtime。Thequestionisoneofcognisanceornon-cognisanceonthepartofthenewgerms，ofthemoreprofoundimpressionsmadeonthemwhiletheywereonewiththeirparents，betweentheoccasionoftheirlastprecedingdevelopment，andthenewcourseonwhichtheyareabouttoenter。ThosewhoacceptthetheoryputforwardindependentlybyProfessorHeringofPrague（whoseworkonthissubjectistranslatedinmybook，\"UnconsciousMemory\"）{40}andbymyselfin\"LifeandHabit，\"{41}believeincognizance，asdoLamarckiansgenerally。Weismannites，andwiththemtheorthodoxyofEnglishscience，findnon-cognisancemoreacceptable。
IftheHeringianviewisaccepted，thatheredityisonlyamodeofmemory，andanextensionofmemoryfromonegenerationtoanother，thentherepetitionofitsdevelopmentbyanyembryothusbecomesonlytherepetitionofalessonlearnedbyrote；and，asIhaveelsewheresaid，ourviewoflifeissimplifiedbyfindingthatitisnolongeranequationof，say，ahundredunknownquantities，butofninety-nineonly，inasmuchastwooftheunknownquantitiesprovetobesubstantiallyidentical。Inthiscasetheinheritanceofacquiredcharacteristicscannotbedisputed，foritispostulatedinthetheorythateachembryotakesnoteof，remembersandisguidedbytheprofounderimpressionsmadeuponitwhileinthepersonsofitsparents，betweenitspresentandlastprecedingdevelopment。Tomaintainthisistomaintainuseanddisusetobethemainfactorsthroughoutorganicdevelopment；todenyitistodenythatuseanddisusecanhaveanyconceivableeffect。ForthedetailedreasonswhichledmetomyownconclusionsImustreferthereadertomybooks，\"LifeandHabit\"{42}and\"UnconsciousMemory，\"{42}theconclusionsofwhichhavebeenoftenadopted，butnever，thatIhaveseen，disputed。Abriefresumeoftheleadingpointsintheargumentisallthatspacewillhereallowmetogive。
Wehaveseenthatitisafirstrequirementofhereditythatthereshallbephysicalcontinuitybetweenparentsandoffspring。Thisholdsgoodwithmemory。Theremustbecontinuedidentitybetweenthepersonrememberingandthepersontowhomthethingthatisrememberedhappened。Wecannotrememberthingsthathappenedtosomeoneelse，andinourabsence。Wecanonlyrememberhavingheardofthem。Wehaveseen，however，thatthereisasmuchbona-
fidesamenessofpersonalitybetweenparentsandoffspringuptothetimeatwhichtheoffspringquitstheparent’sbody，asthereisbetweenthedifferentstatesoftheparenthimselfatanytwoconsecutivemoments；theoffspringtherefore，beingoneandthesamepersonwithitsprogenitorsuntilitquitsthem，canbeheldtorememberwhathappenedtothemwithin，ofcourse，thelimitationstowhichallmemoryissubject，asmuchastheprogenitorscanrememberwhathappenedearliertothemselves。Whetheritdoessoremembercanonlybesettledbyobservingwhetheritactsaslivingbeingscommonlydowhentheyareactingunderguidanceofmemory。Iwillendeavourtoshowthat，thoughheredityandhabitbasedonmemorygoaboutindifferentdresses，yetifwecatchthemseparately——fortheyareneverseentogether——andstripthemthereisnotamolenorstrawberry-mark，nortricknorleeroftheone，butwefinditintheotheralso。
Whatarethemolesandstrawberry-marksofhabitualaction，oractionsrememberedandthusrepeated？First，themoreoftenwerepeatthemthemoreeasilyandunconsciouslywedothem。Lookatreading，writing，walking，talking，playingthepiano，&c。；thelongerwehavepractisedanyoneoftheseacquiredhabits，themoreeasily，automaticallyandunconsciously，weperformit。Look，ontheotherhand，broadly，atthethreepointstowhichIcalledattentionin\"LifeandHabit\"：-
I。Thatwearemostconsciousofandhavemostcontroloversuchhabitsasspeech，theuprightposition，theartsandsciences——whichareacquisitionspeculiartothehumanrace，alwaysacquiredafterbirth，andnotcommontoourselvesandanyancestorwhohadnotbecomeentirelyhuman。
II。Thatwearelessconsciousofandhavelesscontrolovereatinganddrinking[providedthefoodbenormal]，swallowing，breathing，seeing，andhearing——whichwereacquisitionsofourprehumanancestry，andforwhichwehadprovidedourselveswithallthenecessaryapparatusbeforewesawlight，butwhicharestill，geologicallyspeaking，recent。
III。Thatwearemostunconsciousofandhaveleastcontroloverourdigestionandcirculation——powerspossessedevenbyourinvertebrateancestry，and，geologicallyspeaking，ofextremeantiquity。
Ihaveputtheforegoingverybroadly，butenoughisgiventoshowthereaderthegistoftheargument。Letitbenotedthatdisturbanceanddeparture，toanyseriousextent，fromnormalpracticetendstoinduceresumptionofconsciousnesseveninthecaseofsucholdhabitsasbreathing，seeing，andhearing，digestionandthecirculationoftheblood。Soitiswithhabitualactionsingeneral。Letaplayerbeneversoproficientonanyinstrument，hewillbeputoutifthenormalconditionsunderwhichheplaysaretoowidelydepartedfrom，andwillthendoconsciously，ifindeedhecandoitatall，whathehadhithertobeendoingunconsciously。Itisanaxiomasregardsactionsacquiredafterbirth，thatweneverdothemautomaticallysaveastheresultoflongpractice；thestagesinthecaseofanyacquiredfacility，theinceptionofwhichwehavebeenabletowatch，haveinvariablybeenfromanothingnessofignorantimpotencetoalittlesomethingnessofhighlyself-
conscious，arduousperformance，andthencetotheunselfconsciousnessofeasymastery。IsawoneyearapoorblindladofabouteighteensittingonawallbythewaysideatVarese，playingtheconcertinawithhiswholebody，andsnortinglikeachild。Thenextyeartheboynolongersnorted，andheplayedwithhisfingersonly；theyearafterthatheseemedhardlytoknowwhetherhewasplayingornot，itcamesoeasilytohim。Iknownoexceptiontothisrule。Whereistheintricateandatonetimedifficultartinwhichperfectautomaticeasehasbeenreachedexceptastheresultoflongpractice？If，then，whereverwecantracethedevelopmentofautomatismwefindittohavetakenthiscourse，isitnotmostreasonabletoinferthatithastakenthesameevenwhenithasriseninregionsthatarebeyondourken？
Oughtwenot，wheneverweseeadifficultactionperformed，automaticallytosuspectantecedentpractice？Grantedthatwithouttheconsiderationsinregardtoidentitypresentedaboveitwouldnothavebeeneasytoseewhereababyofadayoldcouldhavehadthepracticewhichenablesittodoasmuchasitdoesunconsciously，butevenwithouttheseconsiderationsitwouldhavebeenmoreeasytosupposethatthenecessaryopportunitieshadnotbeenwanting，thanthattheeasyperformancecouldhavebeengainedwithoutpracticeandmemory。
WhenIwrote\"LifeandHabit\"（originallypublishedin1877）Isaidinslightlydifferentwords：-
\"Shallwesaythatababyofadayoldsucks（whichinvolvesthewholeprincipleofthepumpandhenceaprofoundpracticalknowledgeofthelawsofpneumaticsandhydrostatics），digests，oxygenisesitsblood——millionsofyearsbeforeanyonehaddiscoveredoxygen——seesandhears，operationsthatinvolveanunconsciousknowledgeofthefactsconcerningopticsandacousticscomparedwithwhichtheconsciousdiscoveriesofNewtonareinsignificant——shallwesaythatababycandoallthesethingsatonce，doingthemsowellandsoregularlywithoutbeingevenabletogivethemattention，andyetwithoutmistake，andshallwealsosayatthesametimethatithasnotlearnttodothem，andneverdidthembefore？
\"Suchanassertionwouldcontradictthewholeexperienceofmankind。\"
Ihavemetwithnothingduringthethirteenyearssincetheforegoingwaspublishedthathasgivenmeanyqualmsaboutitssoundness。Fromthepointofviewofthelawcourtsandeverydaylifeitis，ofcourse，nonsense；butinthekingdomofthought，asinthatofheaven，therearemanymansions，andwhatwouldbeextravaganceinthecottageorfarmhouse，asitwere，ofdailypractice，isbutcommondecencyinthepalaceofhighphilosophy，whereindwellsevolution。Ifweleaveevolutionalone，wemaysticktocommonpracticeandthelawcourts；touchevolutionandweareinanotherworld；nothigher，notlower，butdifferentasharmonyfromcounterpoint。As，however，inthemostabsolutecounterpointthereisstillharmony，andinthemostabsoluteharmonystillcounterpoint，sohighphilosophyshouldbestillintouchwithcommonsense，andcommonsensewithhighphilosophy。
Thecommon-senseviewofthemattertopeoplewhoarenotover-
curiousandtowhomtimeismoney，willbethatababyisnotababyuntilitisborn，andthatwhenbornitshouldbeborninwedlock。
Nevertheless，asasoptohighphilosophy，everybabyisallowedtobetheoffspringofitsfatherandmother。
Thehigh-philosophyviewofthematteristhateveryhumanbeingisstillbutafresheditionoftheprimordialcellwiththelatestadditionsandcorrections；therehasbeennoleapnorbreakincontinuityanywhere；themanofto-dayistheprimordialcellofmillionsofyearsagoastrulyasheisthehimselfofyesterday；hecanonlybedeniedtobetheoneongroundsthatwillprovehimnottobetheother。Everyoneisbothhimselfandallhisdirectancestorsanddescendantsaswell；therefore，ifwewouldbelogical，heisonealsowithallhiscousins，nomatterhowdistant，forheandtheyarealikeidenticalwiththeprimordialcell，andwehavealreadynoteditasanaxiomthatthingswhichareidenticalwiththesameareidenticalwithoneanother。Thisispracticallymakinghimonewithalllivingthings，whetheranimalorvegetable，thateverhaveexistedoreverwill——somethingofallwhichmayhavebeeninthemindofSophocleswhenhewrote：-
\"NorseestthouyetthegatheringhostsofillThatshallen-onetheebothwiththineownselfAndwiththineoffspring。\"
Andallthishascomeofadmittingthatamanmaybethesamepersonfortwodaysrunning！Asforsoppingcommonsenseitwillbeenoughtosaythattheseremarksaretobetakeninastrictlyscientificsense，andhavenoappreciableimportanceasregardslifeandconduct。Truetheydealwiththefoundationsonwhichalllifeandconductarebased，butlikeotherfoundationstheyarehiddenoutofsight，andthesoundertheyare，thelesswetroubleourselvesaboutthem。
Whatothermaincommonfeaturesbetweenheredityandmemorymaywenotebesidesthefactthatneithercanexistwithoutthatkindofphysicalcontinuitywhichwecallpersonalidentity？First，thedevelopmentoftheembryoproceedsinanestablishedorder；somustallhabitualactionsbasedonmemory。Disturbthenormalorderandtheperformanceisarrested。Thebetterweknow\"GodsavetheQueen，\"thelesseasilycanweplayorsingitbackwards。Thereturnofmemoryagaindependsonthereturnofideasassociatedwiththeparticularthingthatisremembered——weremembernothingbutforthepresenceofthese，andwhenenoughofthesearepresentedtousweremembereverything。So，ifthedevelopmentofanembryoisduetomemory，weshouldsupposethememoryoftheimpregnateovumtorevertnottoyesterday，whenitwasinthepersonsofitsparents，buttothelastoccasiononwhichitwasanimpregnateovum。Thereturnoftheoldenvironmentandthepresenceofoldassociationswouldatonceinvolverecollectionofthecoursethatshouldbenexttaken，andthesameshouldhappenthroughoutthewholecourseofdevelopment。Theactualcourseofdevelopmentpresentspreciselythephenomenaagreeablewiththis。ForfullertreatmentofthispointImustreferthereadertothechapterontheabeyanceofmemoryinmybook\"LifeandHabit，\"alreadyreferredto。
Secondly，werememberbestourlastfewperformancesofanygivenkind，soourpresentperformancewillprobablyresemblesomeoneorotherofthese；werememberourearlierperformancesbywayofresiduumonly，buteverynowandthenwereverttoanearlierhabit。
Thisfeatureofmemoryismanifestedinhereditybythewayinwhichoffspringcommonlyresemblesmostitsnearerancestors，butsometimesrevertstoearlierones。Brothersandsisters，eachasitweregivingtheirownversionofthesamestory，butindifferentwords，shouldgenerallyresembleeachothermorecloselythanmoredistantrelations。Andthisiswhatactuallywefind。
Thirdly，theintroductionofslightlynewelementsintoamethodalreadyestablishedvariesitbeneficially；thenewissoonfusedwiththeold，andthemonotonyceasestobeoppressive。Butifthenewbetooforeign，wecannotfusetheoldandthenew——natureseemingtohateequallytoowideadeviationfromordinarypracticeandnoneatall。Thisfactreappearsinheredityasthebeneficialeffectsofoccasionalcrossingontheonehand，andontheother，inthegenerallyobservedsterilityofhybrids。Ifhereditybeanaffairofmemory，howcananembryo，sayofamule，beexpectedtobuildupamuleonthestrengthofbuttwomule-memories？Hybridismcausesafaultinthechainofmemory，anditistothiscausethattheusualsterilityofhybridsmustbereferred。
Fourthly，itrequiresmanyrepeatedimpressionstofixamethodfirmly，butwhenithasbeenengrainedintousweceasetohavemuchrecollectionofthemannerinwhichitcametobeso，orindeedofanyindividualrepetition，butsometimesasingleimpression，ifprolongedaswellasprofound，producesalastingimpressionandisliabletoreturnwithsuddenforce，andthentogoonreturningtousatintervals。Asageneralrule，however，abnormalimpressionscannotlongholdtheirownagainsttheoverwhelmingpreponderanceofnormalauthority。Thisappearsinheredityasthenormalnon-
inheritanceofmutilationsontheonehand，andontheotherastheiroccasionalinheritanceinthecaseofinjuriesfollowedbydisease。
Fifthly，ifheredityandmemoryareessentiallythesame，weshouldexpectthatnoanimalwoulddevelopnewstructuresofimportanceaftertheageatwhichitsspeciesbeginsordinarilytocontinueitsrace；forwecannotsupposeoffspringtorememberanythingthathappenstotheparentsubsequentlytotheparent’sceasingtocontaintheoffspringwithinitself。Fromtheaverageage，therefore，ofreproduction，offspringshouldceasetohaveanyfarthersteady，continuousmemorytofallbackupon；whatmemorythereisshouldbefulloffaults，andassuchunreliable。Anorganismoughttodevelopaslongasitisbackedbymemory——thatistosay，untiltheaverageageatwhichreproductionbegins；itshouldthencontinuetogoforatimeontheimpetusalreadyreceived，andshouldeventuallydecaythroughfailureofanymemorytosupportit，andtellitwhattodo。Thiscorrespondsabsolutelywithwhatweobserveinorganismsgenerally，andexplains，ontheonehand，whytheageofpubertymarksthebeginningofcompleteddevelopment——ariddlehithertonotonlyunexplainedbut，sofarasI
haveseen，unasked；itexplains，ontheotherhand，thephenomenaofoldage——hithertowithoutevenattemptatexplanation。
Sixthly，thoseorganismsthatarethelongestinreachingmaturityshouldontheaveragebethelongest-lived，fortheywillhavereceivedthemostmomentousimpulsefromtheweightofmemorybehindthem。Thisharmoniseswiththelatestopinionastothefacts。InhisarticleonWeismannintheContemporaryReviewforMay1890，Mr。
Romaneswrites：\"ProfessorWeismannhasshownthatthereisthroughoutthemetazoaageneralcorrelationbetweenthenaturallifetimeofindividualscomposinganygivenspecies，andtheageatwhichtheyreachmaturityorfirstbecomecapableofprocreation。\"
This，Ibelieve，hasbeentheconclusiongenerallyarrivedatbybiologistsforsomeyearspast。
Lateness，then，intheaverageageofreproductionappearstobetheprincipleunderlyinglongevity。Theredoesnotappearatfirstsighttobemuchconnectionbetweensuchdistinctandapparentlydisconnectedphenomenaas1，theorderlynormalprogressofdevelopment；2，atavismandtheresumptionofferalcharacteristics；
3，themoreordinaryresemblanceinterseofnearerrelatives；4，thebenefitofanoccasionalcross，andtheusualsterilityofhybrids；5，theunconsciousnesswithwhichalikebodilydevelopmentandordinaryphysiologicalfunctionsproceed，solongastheyarenormal；6，theordinarynon-inheritance，butoccasionalinheritanceofmutilations；7，thefactthatpubertyindicatestheapproachofmaturity；8，thephenomenaofmiddlelifeandoldage；9，theprincipleunderlyinglongevity。Thesephenomenahavenoconceivablebearingononeanotheruntilheredityandmemoryareregardedaspartofthesamestory。Identifythesetwothings，andIknownophenomenonofhereditythatdoesnotimmediatelybecomeinfinitelymoreintelligible。Isitconceivablethatatheorywhichharmonisessomanyfactshithertoregardedaswithouteitherconnectionorexplanationshouldnotdeserveatanyrateconsiderationfromthosewhoprofesstotakeaninterestinbiology？
Itisnotasthoughthetheorywereunknown，orhadbeencondemnedbyourleadingmenofscience。ProfessorRayLankesterintroducedittoEnglishreadersinanappreciativenoticeofProfessorHering’saddress，whichappearedinNature，July18，1876。HewrotetotheAthenaeum，March24，1884，andclaimedcreditforhavingdoneso，butIdonotbelievehehaseversaidmoreinpublicaboutitthanwhatIhaveherereferredto。Mr。RomanesdidindeedtrytocrushitinNature，January27，1881，butin1883，inhis\"MentalEvolutioninAnimals，\"headopteditsmainconclusionwithoutacknowledgment。TheAthenaeum，tomyunboundedsurprise，calledhimtotaskforthis（March1，1884），andsincethattimehehasgiventheHeringiantheoryasufficientlywideberth。Mr。Wallaceshowedhimselffavourablyenoughdisposedtowardstheviewthatheredityandmemoryarepartofthesamestorywhenhereviewedmybook\"LifeandHabit\"inNature，March27，1879，buthehasneversincebetrayedanysignofbeingawarethatsuchatheoryexisted。Mr。
HerbertSpencerwrotetotheAthenaeum（April5，1884），andclaimedthetheoryforhimself，but，inspiteofhisdoingthis，hehasnever，thatIhaveseen，referredtothematteragain。Ihavedealtsufficientlywithhisclaiminmybook，\"LuckorCunning。\"{43}
Lastly，ProfessorHeringhimselfhasneverthatIknowoftouchedhisowntheorysincethesingleshortaddressreadin1870，andtranslatedbymein1881。Everyone，evenitsoriginator，exceptmyself，seemsafraidtoopenhismouthaboutit。OfcoursetheinferencesuggestsitselfthatotherpeoplehavemoresensethanI
have。Ireadilyadmitit；butwhyhavesomanyofourleadersshownsuchastronghankeringafterthetheory，ifthereisnothinginit？
ThedeadlockthatIhavepointedoutasexistinginDarwinismwill，Idoubtnot，leaderelongtoaconsiderationofProfessorHering’stheory。EnglishbiologistsarelittlelikelytofindWeismannsatisfactoryforlong，andifhebreaksdownthereisnothingleftforthembutLamarck，supplementedbytheimportantandelucidatorycorollaryonhistheoryproposedbyProfessorHering。Whenthetimearrivesforthistoobtainahearingitwillbeconfirmed，doubtless，byargumentsclearerandmoreforciblethananyIhavebeenabletoadduce；IshallthenbedelightedtoresignthechampionshipwhichtillthenIshallcontinue，asforsomeyearspast，tohavemuchpleasureinsustaining。Heretoforemysatisfactionhasmainlylaininthefactthatmoreofourprominentmenofsciencehaveseemedanxioustoclaimthetheorythantorefuteit；intheconfidencethusengenderedIleaveittoanyfullerconsiderationwhichtheoutlineIhaveabovegivenmayinclinethereadertobestowuponit。
Footnotes：
{1}PublishedintheUniversalReview，July1888。
{2}PublishedintheUniversalReview，December1890。
{3}PublishedintheUniversalReview，May1889。AsIhaveseveraltimesbeenaskedifthelettersherereprintedwerenotfabricatedbyButlerhimself，Itakethisopportunityofstatingthattheyareauthenticineveryparticular，andthattheoriginalsarenowinmypossession。——R。A。S。
{4}AnaddressdeliveredattheSomervilleClub，February27，1895。
{5}\"TheFoundationsofBelief，\"bytheRightHon。A。J。Balfour。
Longmans，1895，p。48。
{6}PublishedintheUniversalReview，November1888。
{7}SincethisessaywaswrittenithasbeenascertainedbyCavaliereFrancescoNegri，ofCasaleMonferrato，thatTabachettidiedin1615。If，therefore，theSanctuaryofMontrigonewasnotfoundeduntil1631，itisplainthatTabachetticannothaveworkedthere。AllthelatestdiscoveriesaboutTabachetti’scareerwillbefoundinCavaliereNegri’spamphlet\"IlSantuariodiCrea\"
（Alessandria，1902）。Seealsonoteonp。154。——R。A。S。
{8}PublishedintheUniversalReview，December1889。
{9}Longmans&Co。，1890。
{10}Longmans&Co。，1890。
{11}PublishedintheUniversalReview，November1890。
{12}Longmans&Co。，1890。
{13}M。Ruppen’swordsrun：\"1687wurdedieKapellezurhohenStiegegebaut，1747durchZusatzvergrossertund1755mitOrgelnausgestattet。AntonRuppen，eingeschickterSteinhauermidMaurermeisterleitetedenKapellebau，undmachtedarindaskleinereAltarlein。BeiderhohenStiegewarfruherkeinGebetshauslein；nureinwunderthatigesBildleinderMutterGottesstanddaineinerMauervordemfrommeHirtenundvielandachtigesVolkunterfreiemHimmelbeteten。
\"1709wurdendiekleinenKapelleleindie15GeheimnissedesPsaltersvorstellandaufdemWegezurhohenStiegegebaut。JederHaushalterdesViertelsFeeubernahmdenBaueinesdieserGeheimnisskapellen，undeinbesondererGutthaterdieserfrommenUnternehmungwarHeinrichAndenmatten，nachherBruderderGeselischaftJesu。\"
{14}ThestoryofTabachetti’sincarcerationisverydoubtful。
CavaliereF。Negri，towhosebookonTabachettiandhisworkatCreaIhavealreadyreferredthereader，doesnotmentionit。TabachettilefthisnativeDinantin1585，andfromthatdateuntilhisdeathin1615heappearstohaveworkedchieflyatVaralloandCrea。
Thereisadocumentinexistencestatingthatin1588heexecutedastatueforthehermitageofS。Rocco，atCrea，which，ifitistobereliedon，disposesbothoftheincarcerationandofthevisittoSaas。Itispossible，however，thatthedateis1598，inwhichcaseButler’stheoryofthevisittoSaasmayholdgood。In1590
TabachettiwascertainlyatVarallo，andagainin1594，1599，and1602。Hediedin1615，possiblyduringavisittoVarallo，thoughhishomeatthattimewasCostigliole，nearAsti。——R。A。S。
{15}ThisisthuschronicledbyM。Ruppen：\"1589den9SeptemberwareineWassergrosse，dievielSchadenverursachte。DieThalstrasse，dievondenSteinmattenanbiszurKircheamUferderVisplag，wurdeganzzerstort。ManwardgezwungeneineneueStrasseineinigerEntfernungvomWasserdurcheinenaltenFusswegauszuhauenwelchevierundeinerhalbenViertelderKlafter，oder6
Schuhund9Zollbreitsoilte。\"（p。43）。
{16}AlecturedeliveredattheWorkingMen’sCollegeinGreatOrmondStreet，March15，1890；rewrittenanddeliveredagainattheSomervilleClub，February13，1894。
{17}\"CorrelationofForces\"：Longmans，1874，p。15。
{18}\"ThreeLecturesontheScienceofLanguage，\"Longmans，1889，p。4。
{19}\"ScienceofThought，\"Longmans，1887，p。9。
{20}PublishedintheUniversalReview，April，May，andJune1890。
{21}\"VoyagesoftheAdventureandBeagle，\"iii。p。237。
{22}\"Luck，orCunning，asthemainmeansofOrganicModification？\"
（Longmans），pp。179，180。
{23}JournalsoftheProceedingsoftheLinneanSociety（Zoology，vol。iii。），1859，p。61。
{24}\"Darwinism\"（Macmillan，1889），p。129。
{25}Longmans，1890，p。376。
{26}SeeNature，March6，1890。
{27}\"OriginofSpecies，\"sixthedition，1888，vol。i。p。168。
{28}\"OriginofSpecies，\"sixthedition，1888，vol。ii。p。261。
{29}Mr。J。T。Cunningham，oftheMarineBiologicalLaboratory，Plymouth，hascalledmyattentiontothefactthatIhaveascribedtoProfessorRayLankesteracriticismonMr。Wallace’sremarksupontheeyesofcertainfiat-fish，whichProfessorRayLankesterwas，inreality，onlyadopting——withfullacknowledgment——fromMr。
Cunningham。Mr。Cunninghamhasleftittomewhethertocorrectmyomissionpubliclyornot，buthewouldsoplainlyprefermydoingsothatIconsidermyselfboundtoinsertthisnote。CuriouslyenoughIfindthatinmybook\"EvolutionOldandNew，\"IgavewhatLamarckactuallysaidupontheeyesofflat-fish，andhavingbeenledtoreturntothesubject，Imayaswellquotehiswords。Hewrote：-
\"Need——alwaysoccasionedbythecircumstancesinwhichananimalisplaced，andfollowedbysustainedeffortsatgratification——cannotonlymodifyanorgan——thatistosay，augmentorreduceit——butcanchangeitspositionwhenthecaserequiresitsremoval。
\"Oceanfisheshaveoccasiontoseewhatisoneithersideofthem，andhavetheireyesaccordinglyplacedoneithersideoftheirhead。
Somefishes，however，havetheirabodenearcoastsonsubmarinebanksandinclinations，andarethusforcedtoflattenthemselvesasmuchaspossibleinordertogetasnearastheycantotheshore。
Inthissituationtheyreceivemorelightfromabovethanfrombelow，andfinditnecessarytopayattentiontowhateverhappenstobeabovethem；thisneedhasinvolvedthedisplacementoftheireyes，whichnowtaketheremarkablepositionwhichweobserveinthecaseofsoles，turbots，plaice，&c。Thetransferofpositionisnotevenyetcompleteinthecaseofthesefishes，andtheeyesarenot，therefore，symmetricallyplaced；buttheyaresowiththeskate，whoseheadandwholebodyareequallydisposedoneithersidealongitudinalsection。Hencetheeyesofthisfishareplacedsymmetricallyupontheuppermostside。\"——PhilosophieZoologique，tom。i。，pp。250，251。EditionC。Martins。Paris，1873。
{30}\"EssaysonHeredity，\"&c。，Oxford，1889，p。171。
{31}\"EssaysonHeredity，\"&c。，Oxford，1889，p。266。
{32}\"Darwinism，\"1889，p。440。
{33}Page83。
{34}Vol。i。p。466，&c。Ed。1885。
{35}\"Darwinism，\"p。440。
{36}Longmans，1890。
{37}Tom。iv。p。383。Ed。1753。
{38}Essays，&c。，p。447。
{39}\"Zoonomia，\"1794，vol。i。p。480。
{40}Longmans，1890。
{41}Longmans，1890。
{42}Longmans，1890。
{43}Longmans，1890。