Astotheirclothes，observehowlittleworkisspentinthem：
whiletheyareatlabor，theyareclothedwithleatherandskins。
castcarelesslyaboutthem，whichwilllastsevenyears;andwhen
theyappearinpublictheyputonanuppergarment，whichhides
theother;andtheseareallofonecolor，andthatisthenatural
colorofthewool。Astheyneedlesswoollencloththanisused
anywhereelse，sothatwhichtheymakeuseofismuchlesscostly。
Theyuselinenclothmore;butthatispreparedwithlesslabor，
andtheyvalueclothonlybythewhitenessofthelinenorthe
cleannessofthewool，withoutmuchregardtothefinenessofthe
thread：whileinotherplaces，fourorfiveuppergarmentsof
woollencloth，ofdifferentcolors，andasmanyvestsofsilk，
willscarceserveoneman;andwhilethosethatarenicerthink
tenaretoofew，everymanthereiscontentwithone，whichvery
oftenserveshimtwoyears。Noristhereanythingthatcantempta
mantodesiremore;forifhehadthem，hewouldneitherbethe
warmernorwouldhemakeonejotthebetterappearanceforit。And
thus，sincetheyareallemployedinsomeusefullabor，andsince
theycontentthemselveswithfewerthings，itfallsoutthatthere
isagreatabundanceofallthingsamongthem：sothatit
frequentlyhappensthat，forwantofotherwork，vastnumbersare
sentouttomendthehighways。Butwhennopublicundertakingis
tobeperformed，thehoursofworkingarelessened。The
magistratesneverengagethepeopleinunnecessarylabor，since
thechiefendoftheconstitutionistoregulatelaborbythe
necessitiesofthepublic，andtoallowallthepeopleasmuch
timeasisnecessaryfortheimprovementoftheirminds，inwhich
theythinkthehappinessoflifeconsists。
BOOKII：OFTHEIRTRAFFIC
BUTitisnowtimetoexplaintoyouthemutualintercourseof
thispeople，theircommerce，andtherulesbywhichallthingsare
distributedamongthem。
Astheircitiesarecomposedoffamilies，sotheirfamiliesare
madeupofthosethatarenearlyrelatedtooneanother。Their
women，whentheygrowup，aremarriedout;butallthemales，both
childrenandgrandchildren，livestillinthesamehouse，ingreat
obediencetotheircommonparent，unlessagehasweakenedhis
understanding：andinthatcase，hethatisnexttohiminage
comesinhisroom。Butlestanycityshouldbecomeeithertoo
great，orbyanyaccidentbedispeopled，provisionismadethat
noneoftheircitiesmaycontainabove6，000families，besides
thoseofthecountryroundit。Nofamilymayhavelessthanten
andmorethansixteenpersonsinit;buttherecanbeno
determinednumberforthechildrenunderage。Thisruleiseasily
observed，byremovingsomeofthechildrenofamorefruitful
coupletoanyotherfamilythatdoesnotaboundsomuchinthem。
Bythesamerule，theysupplycitiesthatdonotincreasesofast，
fromothersthatbreedfaster;andifthereisanyincreaseover
thewholeisland，thentheydrawoutanumberoftheircitizens
outoftheseveraltowns，andsendthemovertotheneighboring
continent;where，iftheyfindthattheinhabitantshavemoresoil
thantheycanwellcultivate，theyfixacolony，takingthe
inhabitantsintotheirsociety，iftheyarewillingtolivewith
them;andwheretheydothatoftheirownaccord，theyquickly
enterintotheirmethodoflife，andconformtotheirrules，and
thisprovesahappinesstobothnations;foraccordingtotheir
constitution，suchcareistakenofthesoilthatitbecomes
fruitfulenoughforboth，thoughitmightbeotherwisetoonarrow
andbarrenforanyoneofthem。Butifthenativesrefuseto
conformthemselvestotheirlaws，theydrivethemoutofthose
boundswhichtheymarkoutforthemselves，anduseforceifthey
resist。Fortheyaccountitaveryjustcauseofwar，foranation
tohinderothersfrompossessingapartofthatsoilofwhichthey
makenouse，butwhichissufferedtolieidleanduncultivated;
sinceeverymanhasbythelawofnaturearighttosuchawaste
portionoftheearthasisnecessaryforhissubsistence。Ifan
accidenthassolessenedthenumberoftheinhabitantsofanyof
theirtownsthatitcannotbemadeupfromtheothertownsofthe
island，withoutdiminishingthemtoomuch，whichissaidtohave
fallenoutbuttwicesincetheywerefirstapeople，whengreat
numberswerecarriedoffbytheplague，thelossisthensupplied
byrecallingasmanyasarewantedfromtheircolonies;forthey
willabandonthese，ratherthansufferthetownsintheislandto
sinktoolow。
Buttoreturntotheirmanneroflivinginsociety，theoldestman
ofeveryfamily，ashasbeenalreadysaid，isitsgovernor。Wives
servetheirhusbands，andchildrentheirparents，andalwaysthe
youngerservestheelder。Everycityisdividedintofourequal
parts，andinthemiddleofeachthereisamarketplace：whatis
broughtthither，andmanufacturedbytheseveralfamilies，is
carriedfromthencetohousesappointedforthatpurpose，inwhich
allthingsofasortarelaidbythemselves;andthitherevery
fathergoesandtakeswhatsoeverheorhisfamilystandinneed
of，withouteitherpayingforitorleavinganythinginexchange。
Thereisnoreasonforgivingadenialtoanyperson，sincethere
issuchplentyofeverythingamongthem;andthereisnodangerof
aman’saskingformorethanheneeds;theyhavenoinducementsto
dothis，sincetheyaresurethattheyshallalwaysbesupplied。
Itisthefearofwantthatmakesanyofthewholeraceofanimals
eithergreedyorravenous;butbesidesfear，thereisinmana
pridethatmakeshimfancyitaparticularglorytoexcelothers
inpompandexcess。ButbythelawsoftheUtopians，thereisno
roomforthis。Nearthesemarketsthereareothersforallsorts
ofprovisions，wheretherearenotonlyherbs，fruits，andbread，
butalsofish，fowl，andcattle。
Therearealso，withouttheirtowns，placesappointednearsome
runningwater，forkillingtheirbeasts，andforwashingaway
theirfilth，whichisdonebytheirslaves：fortheysuffernone
oftheircitizenstokilltheircattle，becausetheythinkthat
pityandgood-nature，whichareamongthebestofthoseaffections
thatarebornwithus，aremuchimpairedbythebutcheringof
animals：nordotheysufferanythingthatisfouloruncleantobe
broughtwithintheirtowns，lesttheairshouldbeinfectedby
ill-smellswhichmightprejudicetheirhealth。Ineverystreet
therearegreathallsthatlieatanequaldistancefromeach
other，distinguishedbyparticularnames。Thesyphograntsdwellin
thosethataresetoverthirtyfamilies，fifteenlyingononeside
ofit，andasmanyontheother。Inthesehallstheyallmeetand
havetheirrepasts。Thestewardsofeveryoneofthemcometothe
market-placeatanappointedhour;andaccordingtothenumberof
thosethatbelongtothehall，theycarryhomeprovisions。But
theytakemorecareoftheirsickthanofanyothers：theseare
lodgedandprovidedforinpublichospitalstheyhavebelongingto
everytownfourhospitals，thatarebuiltwithouttheirwalls，and
aresolargethattheymaypassforlittletowns：bythismeans，
iftheyhadeversuchanumberofsickpersons，theycouldlodge
themconveniently，andatsuchadistance，thatsuchofthemas
aresickofinfectiousdiseasesmaybekeptsofarfromtherest
thattherecanbenodangerofcontagion。Thehospitalsare
furnishedandstoredwithallthingsthatareconvenientforthe
easeandrecoveryofthesick;andthosethatareputinthemare
lookedafterwithsuchtenderandwatchfulcare，andareso
constantlyattendedbytheirskilfulphysicians，thatasnoneis
senttothemagainsttheirwill，sothereisscarceoneinawhole
townthat，ifheshouldfallill，wouldnotchooserathertogo
thitherthanliesickathome。
Afterthestewardofthehospitalshastakenforthesick
whatsoeverthephysicianprescribes，thenthebestthingsthatare
leftinthemarketaredistributedequallyamongthehalls，in
proportiontotheirnumbers，only，inthefirstplace，theyserve
thePrince，thechiefpriest，thetranibors，theambassadors，and
strangers，ifthereareany，whichindeedfallsoutbutseldom，
andforwhomtherearehouseswellfurnished，particularly
appointedfortheirreceptionwhentheycomeamongthem。Atthe
hoursofdinnerandsupper，thewholesyphograntybeingcalled
togetherbysoundoftrumpet，theymeetandeattogether，except
onlysuchasareinthehospitalsorliesickathome。Yetafter
thehallsareserved，nomanishinderedtocarryprovisionshome
fromthemarket-place;fortheyknowthatnonedoesthatbutfor
somegoodreason;forthoughanythatwillmayeatathome，yet
nonedoesitwillingly，sinceitisbothridiculousandfoolish
foranytogivethemselvesthetroubletomakereadyanilldinner
athome，whenthereisamuchmoreplentifulonemadereadyfor
himsonearathand。Alltheuneasyandsordidservicesabout
thesehallsareperformedbytheirslaves;butthedressingand
cookingtheirmeat，andtheorderingtheirtables，belongonlyto
thewomen，allthoseofeveryfamilytakingitbyturns。Theysit
atthreeormoretables，accordingtotheirnumber;themensit
towardthewall，andthewomensitontheotherside，thatifany
ofthemshouldbetakensuddenlyill，whichisnouncommoncase
amongwomenwithchild，shemay，withoutdisturbingtherest，rise
andgotothenurses’room，whoaretherewiththesucking
children，wherethereisalwayscleanwaterathand，andcradles
inwhichtheymaylaytheyoungchildren，ifthereisoccasionfor
it，andafirethattheymayshiftanddressthembeforeit。
Everychildisnursedbyitsownmother，ifdeathorsicknessdoes
notintervene;andinthatcasethesyphogrants’wivesfindouta
nursequickly，whichisnohardmatter;foranyonethatcandoit
offersherselfcheerfully;forastheyaremuchinclinedtothat
pieceofmercy，sothechildwhomthenurseconsidersthenurseas
itsmother。Allthechildrenunderfiveyearsoldsitamongthe
nurses，therestoftheyoungersortofbothsexes，tilltheyare
fitformarriage，eitherservethosethatsitattableor，ifthey
arenotstrongenoughforthat，standbythemingreatsilence，
andeatwhatisgiventhem;norhavetheyanyotherformalityof
dining。Inthemiddleofthefirsttable，whichstandsacrossthe
upperendofthehall，sitthesyphograntandhiswife;forthat
isthechiefandmostconspicuousplace：nexttohimsittwoof
themostancient，fortheregoalwaysfourtoamess。Ifthereis
atemplewithinthatsyphogranty，thepriestandhiswifesitwith
thesyphograntabovealltherest：nextthemthereisamixtureof
oldandyoung，whoaresoplaced，thatastheyoungaresetnear
others，sotheyaremixedwiththemoreancient;whichtheysay
wasappointedonthisaccount，thatthegravityoftheoldpeople，
andthereverencethatisduetothem，mightrestraintheyounger
fromallindecentwordsandgestures。Dishesarenotservedupto
thewholetableatfirst，butthebestarefirstsetbeforethe
old，whoseseatsaredistinguishedfromtheyoung，andafterthem
alltherestareservedalike。Theoldmendistributetothe
youngeranycuriousmeatsthathappentobesetbeforethem，if
thereisnotsuchanabundanceofthemthatthewholecompanymay
beservedalike。
Thusoldmenarehonoredwithaparticularrespect;yetallthe
restfareaswellasthey。Bothdinnerandsupperarebegunwith
somelectureofmoralitythatisreadtothem;butitissoshort，
thatitisnottediousnoruneasytothemtohearit：fromhence
theoldmentakeoccasiontoentertainthoseaboutthemwithsome
usefulandpleasantenlargements;buttheydonotengrossthe
wholediscoursesotothemselves，duringtheirmeals，thatthe
youngermaynotputinforashare：onthecontrary，theyengage
themtotalk，thatsotheymayinthatfreewayofconversation
findouttheforceofeveryone’sspiritandobservehistemper。
Theydespatchtheirdinnersquickly，butsitlongatsupper;
becausetheygotoworkaftertheone，andaretosleepafterthe
other，duringwhichtheythinkthestomachcarriesonthe
concoctionmorevigorously。Theyneversupwithoutmusic;and
thereisalwaysfruitservedupaftermeat;whiletheyareat
table，someburnperfumesandsprinkleaboutfragrantointments
andsweetwaters：inshort，theywantnothingthatmaycheerup
theirspirits：theygivethemselvesalargeallowancethatway，
andindulgethemselvesinallsuchpleasuresasareattendedwith
noinconvenience。Thusdothosethatareinthetownslive
together;butinthecountry，wheretheyliveatgreatdistance，
everyoneeatsathome，andnofamilywantsanynecessarysortof
provision，foritisfromthemthatprovisionsaresentuntothose
thatliveinthetowns。
BOOKII：OFTHETRAVELLINGOFTHEUTOPIANS
IFanymanhasamindtovisithisfriendsthatliveinsomeother
town，ordesirestotravelandseetherestofthecountry，he
obtainsleaveveryeasilyfromthesyphograntandtraniborswhen
thereisnoparticularoccasionforhimathome：suchastravel，
carrywiththemapassportfromthePrince，whichbothcertifies
thelicensethatisgrantedfortravelling，andlimitsthetimeof
theirreturn。Theyarefurnishedwithawagon，andaslavewho
drivestheoxenandlooksafterthem;butunlesstherearewomen
inthecompany，thewagonissentbackattheendofthejourney
asaneedlessencumbrance。Whiletheyareontheroad，theycarry
noprovisionswiththem;yettheywantnothing，butareeverywhere
treatedasiftheywereathome。Iftheystayinanyplacelonger
thananight，everyonefollowshisproperoccupation，andisvery
wellusedbythoseofhisowntrade;butifanymangoesoutof
thecitytowhichhebelongs，withoutleave，andisfoundrambling
withoutapassport，heisseverelytreated，heispunishedasa
fugitive，andsenthomedisgracefully;andifhefallsagaininto
thelikefault，iscondemnedtoslavery。Ifanymanhasamindto
travelonlyovertheprecinctofhisowncity，hemayfreelydo
it，withhisfather’spermissionandhiswife’sconsent;butwhen
hecomesintoanyofthecountryhouses，ifheexpectstobe
entertainedbythem，hemustlaborwiththemandconformtotheir
rules：andifhedoesthis，hemayfreelygooverthewhole
precinct;beingthusasusefultothecitytowhichhebelongs，as
ifhewerestillwithinit。Thusyouseethattherearenoidle
personsamongthem，norpretencesofexcusinganyfromlabor。
Therearenotaverns，noalehousesnorstewsamongthem;norany
otheroccasionsofcorruptingeachother，ofgettingintocorners，
orformingthemselvesintoparties：allmenliveinfullview，so
thatallareobliged，bothtoperformtheirordinarytasks，andto
employthemselveswellintheirsparehours。Anditiscertain
thatapeoplethusorderedmustliveingreatabundanceofall
things;andthesebeingequallydistributedamongthem，nomancan
want，orbeobligedtobeg。
IntheirgreatCouncilatAmaurot，towhichtherearethreesent
fromeverytownonceayear，theyexaminewhattownsaboundin
provisionsandwhatareunderanyscarcity，thatsotheonemaybe
furnishedfromtheother;andthisisdonefreely，withoutany
sortofexchange;foraccordingtotheirplentyorscarcitythey
supplyoraresuppliedfromoneanother;sothatindeedthewhole
islandis，asitwere，onefamily。Whentheyhavethustakencare
oftheirwholecountry，andlaidupstoresfortwoyears，which
theydotopreventtheill-consequencesofanunfavorableseason，
theyorderanexportationoftheoverplus，ofcorn，honey，wool，
flax，wood，wax，tallow，leather，andcattle;whichtheysendout
commonlyingreatquantitiestoothernations。Theyordera
seventhpartofallthesegoodstobefreelygiventothepoorof
thecountriestowhichtheysendthem，andselltherestat
moderaterates。Andbythisexchange，theynotonlybringback
thosefewthingsthattheyneedathome（forindeedtheyscarce
needanythingbutiron），butlikewiseagreatdealofgoldand
silver;andbytheirdrivingthistradesolong，itisnottobe
imaginedhowvastatreasuretheyhavegotamongthem：sothatnow
theydonotmuchcarewhethertheysellofftheirmerchandisefor
moneyinhand，orupontrust。
Agreatpartoftheirtreasureisnowinbonds;butinalltheir
contractsnoprivatemanstandsbound，butthewritingrunsinthe
nameofthetown;andthetownsthatowethemmoneyraiseitfrom
thoseprivatehandsthatoweittothem，layitUpintheirpublic
chamber，orenjoytheprofitofittilltheUtopianscallforit;
andtheychooserathertoletthegreatestpartofitlieintheir
handswhomakeadvantagebyit，thantocallforitthemselves：
butiftheyseethatanyoftheirotherneighborsstandmorein
needofit，thentheycallitinandlendittothem：whenever
theyareengagedinwar，whichistheonlyoccasioninwhichtheir
treasurecanbeusefullyemployed，theymakeuseofitthemselves。
Ingreatextremitiesorsuddenaccidentstheyemployitinhiring
foreigntroops，whomtheymorewillinglyexposetodangerthan
theirownpeople：theygivethemgreatpay，knowingwellthatthis
willworkevenontheirenemies，thatitwillengagethemeither
tobetraytheirownside，oratleasttodesertit，andthatitis
thebestmeansofraisingmutualjealousiesamongthem：forthis
endtheyhaveanincredibletreasure;buttheydonotkeepitasa
treasure，butinsuchamannerasIamalmostafraidtotell，lest
youthinkitsoextravagant，astobehardlycredible。ThisIhave
themorereasontoapprehend，becauseifIhadnotseenitmyself，
Icouldnothavebeeneasilypersuadedtohavebelieveditupon
anyman’sreport。
Itiscertainthatallthingsappearincredibletous，in
proportionastheydifferfromourowncustoms。Butonewhocan
judgearightwillnotwondertofindthat，sincetheir
constitutiondifferssomuchfromours，theirvalueofgoldand
silvershouldbemeasuredbyaverydifferentstandard;forsince
theyhavenouseformoneyamongthemselves，butkeepitasa
provisionagainsteventswhichseldomhappen，andbetweenwhich
therearegenerallylonginterveningintervals，theyvalueitno
fartherthanitdeserves，thatis，inproportiontoitsuse。So
thatitisplaintheymustpreferironeithertogoldorsilver;
formencannomorelivewithoutironthanwithoutfireorwater，
butnaturehasmarkedoutnousefortheothermetals，so
essentialasnoteasilytobedispensedwith。Thefollyofmenhas
enhancedthevalueofgoldandsilver，becauseoftheirscarcity。
Whereas，onthecontrary，itistheiropinionthatnature，asan
indulgentparent，hasfreelygivenusallthebestthingsingreat
abundance，suchaswaterandearth，buthaslaidupandhidfrom
usthethingsthatarevainanduseless。
Ifthesemetalswerelaidupinanytowerinthekingdom，itwould
raiseajealousyofthePrinceandSenate，andgivebirthtothat
foolishmistrustintowhichthepeopleareapttofall，ajealousy
oftheirintendingtosacrificetheinterestofthepublicto
theirownprivateadvantage。Iftheyshouldworkitintovessels
oranysortofplate，theyfearthatthepeoplemightgrowtoo
fondofit，andsobeunwillingtolettheplateberundownifa
warmadeitnecessarytoemployitinpayingtheirsoldiers。To
preventalltheseinconveniences，theyhavefallenuponan
expedient，which，asitagreeswiththeirotherpolicy，soisit
verydifferentfromours，andwillscarcegainbeliefamongus，
whovaluegoldsomuchandlayitupsocarefully。Theyeatand
drinkoutofvesselsofearth，orglass，whichmakeanagreeable
appearancethoughformedofbrittlematerials：whiletheymake
theirchamber-potsandclose-stoolsofgoldandsilver;andthat
notonlyintheirpublichalls，butintheirprivatehouses：of
thesamemetalstheylikewisemakechainsandfettersfortheir
slaves;tosomeofwhich，asabadgeofinfamy，theyhanganear-
ringofgold，andmakeotherswearachainorcoronetofthesame
metal;andthustheytakecare，byallpossiblemeans，torender
goldandsilverofnoesteem。Andfromhenceitisthatwhile
othernationspartwiththeirgoldandsilverasunwillinglyasif
onetoreouttheirbowels，thoseofUtopiawouldlookontheir
givinginalltheypossessofthose（metals，whentherewasany
useforthem）butasthepartingwithatrifle，oraswewould
esteemthelossofapenny。Theyfindpearlsontheircoast，and
diamondsandcarbunclesontheirrocks;theydonotlookafter
them，but，iftheyfindthembychance，theypolishthem，andwith
themtheyadorntheirchildren，whoaredelightedwiththem，and
gloryinthemduringtheirchildhood;butwhentheygrowtoyears，
andseethatnonebutchildrenusesuchbaubles，theyoftheirown
accord，withoutbeingbidbytheirparents，laythemaside;and
wouldbeasmuchashamedtousethemafterwardaschildrenamong
us，whentheycometoyears，areoftheirpuppetsandothertoys。
Ineversawaclearerinstanceoftheoppositeimpressionsthat
differentcustomsmakeonpeople，thanIobservedinthe
ambassadorsoftheAnemolians，whocametoAmaurotwhenIwas
there。Astheycametotreatofaffairsofgreatconsequence，the
deputiesfromseveraltownsmettogethertowaitfortheircoming。
TheambassadorsofthenationsthatlienearUtopia，knowingtheir
customs，andthatfineclothesareinnoesteemamongthem，that
silkisdespised，andgoldisabadgeofinfamy，usedtocomevery
modestlyclothed;buttheAnemolians，lyingmoreremote，and
havinghadlittlecommercewiththem，understandingthattheywere
coarselyclothed，andallinthesamemanner，tookitforgranted
thattheyhadnoneofthosefinethingsamongthemofwhichthey
madenouse;andtheybeingavaingloriousratherthanawise
people，resolvedtosetthemselvesoutwithsomuchpomp，that
theyshouldlooklikegods，andstriketheeyesofthepoor
Utopianswiththeirsplendor。Thusthreeambassadorsmadetheir
entrywith100attendants，allcladingarmentsofdifferent
colors，andthegreaterpartinsilk;theambassadorsthemselves，
whowereofthenobilityoftheircountry，wereincloth-of-gold，
andadornedwithmassychains，ear-rings，andringsofgold：their
capswerecoveredwithbraceletssetfullofpearlsandother
gems：inaword，theyweresetoutwithallthosethingsthat，
amongtheUtopians，werethebadgesofslavery，themarksof
infamy，ortheplaythingsofchildren。
Itwasnotunpleasanttosee，ontheoneside，howtheylooked
big，whentheycomparedtheirrichhabitswiththeplainclothes
oftheUtopians，whowerecomeoutingreatnumberstoseethem
maketheirentry：and，ontheother，toobservehowmuchtheywere
mistakenintheimpressionwhichtheyhopedthispompwouldhave
madeonthem。Itappearedsoridiculousashowtoallthathad
neverstirredoutoftheircountry，andhadnotseenthecustoms
ofothernations，thatthoughtheypaidsomereverencetothose
thatwerethemostmeanlyclad，asiftheyhadbeenthe
ambassadors，yetwhentheysawtheambassadorsthemselves，sofull
ofgoldandchains，theylookeduponthemasslaves，andforbore
totreatthemwithreverence。Youmighthaveseenthechildren，
whoweregrownbigenoughtodespisetheirplaythings，andwhohad
thrownawaytheirjewels，calltotheirmothers，pushthemgently，
andcryout，\"Seethatgreatfoolthatwearspearlsandgems，as
ifhewereyetachild。\"Whiletheirmothersveryinnocently
replied，\"Holdyourpeace;this，Ibelieve，isoneofthe
ambassador’sfools。\"Otherscensuredthefashionoftheirchains，
andobservedthattheywereofnouse;fortheyweretooslightto
bindtheirslaves，whocouldeasilybreakthem;andbesideshung
solooseaboutthemthattheythoughtiteasytothrowthemaway，
andsogetfromthem。
Butaftertheambassadorshadstayedadayamongthem，andsawso
vastaquantityofgoldintheirhouses，whichwasasmuch
despisedbythemasitwasesteemedinothernations，andbeheld
moregoldandsilverinthechainsandfettersofoneslavethan
alltheirornamentsamountedto，theirplumesfell，andtheywere
ashamedofallthatgloryforwhichtheyhadformerlyvalued
themselves，andaccordinglylaiditaside;aresolutionthatthey
immediatelytook，whenontheirengaginginsomefreediscourse
withtheUtopians，theydiscoveredtheirsenseofsuchthingsand
theirothercustoms。TheUtopianswonderhowanymanshouldbeso
muchtakenwiththeglaringdoubtfullustreofajewelorastone，
thatcanlookuptoastarortothesunhimself;orhowany
shouldvaluehimselfbecausehisclothismadeofafinerthread：
forhowfinesoeverthatthreadmaybe，itwasoncenobetterthan
thefleeceofasheep，andthatsheepwasasheepstillforall
itswearingit。Theywondermuchtohearthatgoldwhichinitself
issouselessathing，shouldbeeverywheresomuchesteemed，that
evenmenforwhomitwasmade，andbywhomithasitsvalue，
shouldyetbethoughtoflessvaluethanthismetal。Thatamanof
lead，whohasnomoresensethanalogofwood，andisasbadas
heisfoolish，shouldhavemanywiseandgoodmentoservehim，
onlybecausehehasagreatheapofthatmetal;andthatifit
shouldhappenthatbysomeaccidentortrickoflaw（which
sometimesproducesasgreatchangesaschanceitself）allthis
wealthshouldpassfromthemastertothemeanestvarletofhis
wholefamily，hehimselfwouldverysoonbecomeoneofhis
servants，asifhewereathingthatbelongedtohiswealth，and
sowereboundtofollowitsfortune。Buttheymuchmoreadmireand
detestthefollyofthosewho，whentheyseearichman，though
theyneitherowehimanythingnorareinanysortdependentonhis
bounty，yetmerelybecauseheisrichgivehimlittlelessthan
divinehonors，eventhoughtheyknowhimtobesocovetousand
base-mindedthatnotwithstandingallhiswealthhewillnotpart
withonefarthingofittothemaslongashelives。
Theseandsuchlikenotionshasthatpeopleimbibed，partlyfrom
theireducation，beingbredinacountrywhosecustomsandlaws
areoppositetoallsuchfoolishmaxims，andpartlyfromtheir
learningandstudies;forthoughtherearebutfewinanytown
thataresowhollyexcusedfromlaborastogivethemselves
entirelyuptotheirstudies，thesebeingonlysuchpersonsas
discoverfromtheirchildhoodanextraordinarycapacityand
dispositionforletters;yettheirchildren，andagreatpartof
thenation，bothmenandwomen，aretaughttospendthosehoursin
whichtheyarenotobligedtowork，inreading：andthistheydo
throughthewholeprogressoflife。Theyhavealltheirlearning
intheirowntongue，whichisbothacopiousandpleasant
language，andinwhichamancanfullyexpresshismind。Itruns
overagreattractofmanycountries，butitisnotequallypure
inallplaces。Theyhadneversomuchasheardofthenamesofany
ofthosephilosophersthataresofamousinthesepartsofthe
world，beforewewentamongthem;andyettheyhadmadethesame
discoveriesastheGreeks，inmusic，logic，arithmetic，and
geometry。Butastheyarealmostineverythingequaltothe
ancientphilosophers，sotheyfarexceedourmodernlogicians;for
theyhaveneveryetfallenuponthebarbarousnicetiesthatour
youthareforcedtolearninthosetriflinglogicalschoolsthat
areamongus;theyaresofarfrommindingchimeras，and
fantasticalimagesmadeinthemind，thatnoneofthemcould
comprehendwhatwemeantwhenwetalkedtothemofmaninthe
abstract，ascommontoallmeninparticular（sothatthoughwe
spokeofhimasathingthatwecouldpointatwithourfingers，
yetnoneofthemcouldperceivehim），andyetdistinctfrom
everyone，asifheweresomemonstrousColossusorgiant。
Yetforallthisignoranceoftheseemptynotions，theyknew
astronomy，andwereperfectlyacquaintedwiththemotionsofthe
heavenlybodies，andhavemanyinstruments，wellcontrivedand
divided，bywhichtheyveryaccuratelycomputethecourseand
positionsofthesun，moon，andstars。Butforthecheat，of
diviningbythestarsbytheiroppositionsorconjunctions，ithas
notsomuchasenteredintotheirthoughts。Theyhaveaparticular
sagacity，foundeduponmuchobservation，injudgingofthe
weather，bywhichtheyknowwhentheymaylookforrain，wind，or
otheralterationsintheair;butastothephilosophyofthese
things，thecausesofthesaltnessofthesea，ofitsebbingand
flowing，andoftheoriginandnaturebothoftheheavensandthe
earth;theydisputeofthem，partlyasourancientphilosophers
havedone，andpartlyuponsomenewhypothesis，inwhich，asthey
differfromthem，sotheydonotinallthingsagreeamong
themselves。
Astomoralphilosophy，theyhavethesamedisputesamongthemas
wehavehere：theyexaminewhatareproperlygoodbothforthe
bodyandthemind，andwhetheranyoutwardthingcanbecalled
trulygood，orifthattermbelongonlytotheendowmentsofthe
soul。Theyinquirelikewiseintothenatureofvirtueand
pleasure;buttheirchiefdisputeisconcerningthehappinessofa
man，andwhereinitconsists？Whetherinsomeonething，orina
greatmany？Theyseem，indeed，moreinclinabletothatopinion
thatplaces，ifnotthewhole，yetthechiefpartofaman’s
happinessinpleasure;and，whatmayseemmorestrange，theymake
useofargumentsevenfromreligion，notwithstandingitsseverity
androughness，forthesupportofthatopinionsoindulgentto
pleasure;fortheyneverdisputeconcerninghappinesswithout
fetchingsomeargumentsfromtheprinciplesofreligion，aswell
asfromnaturalreason，sincewithouttheformertheyreckonthat
allourinquiriesafterhappinessmustbebutconjecturaland
defective。
Thesearetheirreligiousprinciples，thatthesoulofmanis
immortal，andthatGodofhisgoodnesshasdesignedthatitshould
behappy;andthathehasthereforeappointedrewardsforgoodand
virtuousactions，andpunishmentsforvice，tobedistributed
afterthislife。Thoughtheseprinciplesofreligionareconveyed
downamongthembytradition，theythinkthatevenreasonitself
determinesamantobelieveandacknowledgethem，andfreely
confessthatiftheseweretakenawaynomanwouldbeso
insensibleasnottoseekafterpleasurebyallpossiblemeans，
lawfulorunlawful;usingonlythiscaution，thatalesser
pleasuremightnotstandinthewayofagreater，andthatno
pleasureoughttobepursuedthatshoulddrawagreatdealofpain
afterit;fortheythinkitthemaddestthingintheworldto
pursuevirtue，thatisasouranddifficultthing;andnotonlyto
renouncethepleasuresoflife，butwillinglytoundergomuchpain
andtrouble，ifamanhasnoprospectofareward。Andwhatreward
cantherebeforonethathaspassedhiswholelife，notonly
withoutpleasure，butinpain，ifthereisnothingtobeexpected
afterdeath？Yettheydonotplacehappinessinallsortsof
pleasures，butonlyinthosethatinthemselvesaregoodand
honest。
Thereisapartyamongthemwhoplacehappinessinbarevirtue;
othersthinkthatournaturesareconductedbyvirtueto
happiness，asthatwhichisthechiefgoodofman。Theydefine
virtuethus，thatitisalivingaccordingtonature，andthink
thatwearemadebyGodforthatend;theybelievethatamanthen
followsthedictatesofnaturewhenhepursuesoravoidsthings
accordingtothedirectionofreason;theysaythatthefirst
dictateofreasonisthekindlinginusofaloveandreverence
fortheDivineMajesty，towhomweowebothallthatwehaveand
allthatwecaneverhopefor。Inthenextplace，reasondirects
ustokeepourmindsasfreefrompassionandascheerfulaswe
can，andthatweshouldconsiderourselvesasboundbythetiesof
good-natureandhumanitytouseourutmostendeavorstohelp
forwardthehappinessofallotherpersons;forthereneverwas
anymansuchamoroseandseverepursuerofvirtue，suchanenemy
topleasure，thatthoughhesethardrulesformentoundergomuch
pain，manywatchings，andotherrigors，yetdidnotatthesame
timeadvisethemtodoalltheycould，inordertorelieveand
easethemiserable，andwhodidnotrepresentgentlenessandgood-
natureasamiabledispositions。Andfromthencetheyinferthatif
amanoughttoadvancethewelfareandcomfortoftherestof
mankind，therebeingnovirtuemoreproperandpeculiartoour
nature，thantoeasethemiseriesofothers，tofreefromtrouble
andanxiety，infurnishingthemwiththecomfortsoflife，in
whichpleasureconsists，naturemuchmorevigorouslyleadsthemto
doallthisforhimself。
Alifeofpleasureiseitherarealevil，andinthatcasewe
oughtnottoassistothersintheirpursuitofit，butonthe
contrary，tokeepthemfromitallwecan，asfromthatwhichis
mosthurtfulanddeadly;orifitisagoodthing，sothatwenot
onlymay，butoughttohelpotherstoit，why，then，oughtnota
mantobeginwithhimself？Sincenomancanbemoreboundtolook
afterthegoodofanotherthanafterhisown;fornaturecannot
directustobegoodandkindtoothers，andyetatthesametime
tobeunmercifulandcrueltoourselves。Thus，astheydefine
virtuetobelivingaccordingtonature，sotheyimaginethat
naturepromptsallpeopleontoseekafterpleasure，astheendof
alltheydo。Theyalsoobservethatinordertooursupportingthe
pleasuresoflife，natureinclinesustoenterintosociety;for
thereisnomansomuchraisedabovetherestofmankindastobe
theonlyfavoriteofnaturewho，onthecontrary，seemstohave
placedonalevelallthosethatbelongtothesamespecies。Upon
thistheyinferthatnomanoughttoseekhisownconveniencesso
eagerlyastoprejudiceothers;andthereforetheythinkthatnot
onlyallagreementsbetweenprivatepersonsoughttobeobserved，
butlikewisethatallthoselawsoughttobekept，whicheithera
goodprincehaspublishedindueform，ortowhichapeoplethat
isneitheroppressedwithtyrannynorcircumventedbyfraud，has
consented，fordistributingthoseconveniencesoflifewhich
affordusallourpleasures。
Theythinkitisanevidenceoftruewisdomforamantopursue
hisownadvantagesasfarasthelawsallowit。Theyaccountit
pietytopreferthepublicgoodtoone’sprivateconcerns;but
theythinkitunjustforamantoseekforpleasurebysnatching
anotherman’spleasuresfromhim。Andonthecontrary，theythink
itasignofagentleandgoodsoul，foramantodispensewith
hisownadvantageforthegoodofothers;andthatbythismeansa
goodmanfindsasmuchpleasureonewayashepartswithanother;
forashemayexpectthelikefromotherswhenhemaycometoneed
it，soifthatshouldfailhim，yetthesenseofagoodaction，
andthereflectionsthathemakesontheloveandgratitudeof
thosewhomhehassoobliged，givesthemindmorepleasurethan
thebodycouldhavefoundinthatfromwhichithadrestrained
itself。TheyarealsopersuadedthatGodwillmakeupthelossof
thosesmallpleasures，withavastandendlessjoy，ofwhich
religioneasilyconvincesagoodsoul。
Thus，uponaninquiryintothewholematter，theyreckonthatall
ouractions，andevenallourvirtues，terminateinpleasure，as
inourchiefendandgreatesthappiness;andtheycallevery
motionorstate，eitherofbodyormind，inwhichnatureteaches
ustodelight，apleasure。Thustheycautiouslylimitpleasure
onlytothoseappetitestowhichnatureleadsus;fortheysay
thatnatureleadsusonlytothosedelightstowhichreasonas
wellassensecarriesus，andbywhichweneitherinjureanyother
personnorlosethepossessionofgreaterpleasures，andofsuch
asdrawnotroublesafterthem;buttheylookuponthosedelights
whichmenbyafoolishthoughcommonmistakecallpleasure，asif
theycouldchangeaseasilythenatureofthingsastheuseof
words;asthingsthatgreatlyobstructtheirrealhappiness
insteadofadvancingit，becausetheysoentirelypossessthe
mindsofthosethatareoncecaptivatedbythemwithafalse
notionofpleasure，thatthereisnoroomleftforpleasuresofa
truerorpurerkind。
Therearemanythingsthatinthemselveshavenothingthatis
trulydelightful;onthecontrary，theyhaveagooddealof
bitternessinthem;andyetfromourperverseappetitesafter
forbiddenobjects，arenotonlyrankedamongthepleasures，but
aremadeeventhegreatestdesignsoflife。Amongthosewhopursue
thesesophisticatedpleasures，theyreckonsuchasImentioned
before，whothinkthemselvesreallythebetterforhavingfine
clothes;inwhichtheythinktheyaredoublymistaken，bothinthe
opinionthattheyhaveoftheirclothes，andinthattheyhaveof
themselves;forifyouconsidertheuseofclothes，whyshoulda
finethreadbethoughtbetterthanacoarseone？Andyetthese
men，asiftheyhadsomerealadvantagesbeyondothers，anddid
notowethemwhollytotheirmistakes，lookbig，seemtofancy
themselvestobemorevaluable，andimaginethatarespectisdue
tothemforthesakeofarichgarment，towhichtheywouldnot
havepretendediftheyhadbeenmoremeanlyclothed;andeven
resentitasanaffront，ifthatrespectisnotpaidthem。Itis
alsoagreatfollytobetakenwithoutwardmarksofrespect，
whichsignifynothing：forwhattrueorrealpleasurecanoneman
findinanother’sstandingbare，ormakinglegstohim？Willthe
bendinganotherman’skneesgiveeasetoyours？Andwillthe
head’sbeingbarecurethemadnessofyours？Andyetitis
wonderfultoseehowthisfalsenotionofpleasurebewitchesmany
whodelightthemselveswiththefancyoftheirnobility，andare
pleasedwiththisconceit，thattheyaredescendedfromancestors
whohavebeenheldforsomesuccessionsrich，andwhohavehad
greatpossessions;forthisisallthatmakesnobilityatpresent;
yettheydonotthinkthemselvesawhitthelessnoble，though
theirimmediateparentshaveleftnoneofthiswealthtothem，or
thoughtheythemselveshavesquandereditaway。
TheUtopianshavenobetteropinionofthosewhoaremuchtaken
withgemsandpreciousstones，andwhoaccountitadegreeof
happiness，nexttoadivineone，iftheycanpurchaseonethatis
veryextraordinary;especiallyifitbeofthatsortofstones
thatistheningreatestrequest;forthesamesortisnotatall
timesuniversallyofthesamevalue;norwillmenbuyitunlessit
bedismountedandtakenoutofthegold;thejewelleristhenmade
togivegoodsecurity，andrequiredsolemnlytoswearthatthe
stoneistrue，thatbysuchanexactcautionafalseonemightnot
beboughtinsteadofatrue：thoughifyouweretoexamineit，
youreyecouldfindnodifferencebetweenthecounterfeitandthat
whichistrue;sothattheyareallonetoyouasmuchasifyou
wereblind。Orcanitbethoughtthattheywhoheapupauseless
massofwealth，notforanyusethatitistobringthem，but
merelytopleasethemselveswiththecontemplationofit，enjoy
anytruepleasureinit？Thedelighttheyfindisonlyafalse
shadowofjoy。Thosearenobetterwhoseerrorissomewhat
differentfromtheformer，andwhohideit，outoftheirfearof
losingit;forwhatothernamecanfitthehidingitintheearth，
orrathertherestoringittoitagain，itbeingthuscutofffrom
beinguseful，eithertoitsownerortotherestofmankind？And
yettheownerhavinghiditcarefully，isglad，becausehethinks
heisnowsureofit。Ifitshouldbestolen，theowner，thoughhe
mightliveperhapstenyearsafterthetheft，ofwhichheknew
nothing，wouldfindnodifferencebetweenhishavingorlosingit;
forbothwaysitwasequallyuselesstohim。
Amongthosefoolishpursuersofpleasuretheyreckonallthat
delightinhunting，infowling，orgaming：ofwhosemadnessthey
haveonlyheard，fortheyhavenosuchthingsamongthem。Butthey
haveaskedus，whatsortofpleasureisitthatmencanfindin
throwingthedice？Foriftherewereanypleasureinit，they
thinkthedoingofitsooftenshouldgiveoneasurfeitofit：
andwhatpleasurecanonefindinhearingthebarkingandhowling
ofdogs，whichseemratherodiousthanpleasantsounds？Norcan
theycomprehendthepleasureofseeingdogsrunafterahare，more
thanofseeingonedogrunafteranother;foriftheseeingthem
runisthatwhichgivesthepleasure，youhavethesame
entertainmenttotheeyeonboththeseoccasions，sincethatis
thesameinbothcases：butifthepleasureliesinseeingthe
harekilledandtornbythedogs，thisoughtrathertostirpity，
thataweak，harmlessandfearfulhareshouldbedevouredby
strong，fierce，andcrueldogs。Thereforeallthisbusinessof
huntingis，amongtheUtopians，turnedovertotheirbutchers;and
those，ashasbeenalreadysaid，areallslaves;andtheylookon
huntingasoneofthebasestpartsofabutcher’swork：forthey
accountitbothmoreprofitableandmoredecenttokillthose
beaststhataremorenecessaryandusefultomankind;whereasthe
killingandtearingofsosmallandmiserableananimalcanonly
attractthehuntsmanwithafalseshowofpleasure，fromwhichhe
canreapbutsmalladvantage。Theylookonthedesireofthe
bloodshed，evenofbeasts，asamarkofamindthatisalready
corruptedwithcruelty，orthatatleastbythefrequentreturns
ofsobrutalapleasuremustdegenerateintoit。
Thus，thoughtherabbleofmankindlookuponthese，andon
innumerableotherthingsofthesamenature，aspleasures，the
Utopians，onthecontrary，observingthatthereisnothinginthem
trulypleasant，concludethattheyarenottobereckonedamong
pleasures：forthoughthesethingsmaycreatesometicklinginthe
senses（whichseemstobeatruenotionofpleasure），yetthey
imaginethatthisdoesnotarisefromthethingitself，butfroma
depravedcustom，whichmaysovitiateaman’staste，thatbitter
thingsmaypassforsweet;aswomenwithchildthinkpitchor
tallowtastessweeterthanhoney;butasaman’ssensewhen
corrupted，eitherbyadiseaseorsomeillhabit，doesnotchange
thenatureofotherthings，soneithercanitchangethenatureof
pleasure。
Theyreckonupseveralsortsofpleasures，whichtheycalltrue
ones：somebelongtothebodyandotherstothemind。The
pleasuresofthemindlieinknowledge，andinthatdelightwhich
thecontemplationoftruthcarrieswithit;towhichtheyaddthe
joyfulreflectionsonawell-spentlife，andtheassuredhopesof
afuturehappiness。Theydividethepleasuresofthebodyintotwo
sorts;theoneisthatwhichgivesoursensessomerealdelight，
andisperformed，eitherbyrecruitingnature，andsupplyingthose
partswhichfeedtheinternalheatoflifebyeatinganddrinking;
orwhennatureiseasedofanysurchargethatoppressesit;when
wearerelievedfromsuddenpain，orthatwhicharisesfrom
satisfyingtheappetitewhichnaturehaswiselygiventoleadus
tothepropagationofthespecies。Thereisanotherkindof
pleasurethatarisesneitherfromourreceivingwhatthebody
requiresnoritsbeingrelievedwhenovercharged，andyetbya
secret，unseenvirtueaffectsthesenses，raisesthepassions，and
strikesthemindwithgenerousimpressions;thisisthepleasure
thatarisesfrommusic。Anotherkindofbodilypleasureisthat
whichresultsfromanundisturbedandvigorousconstitutionof
body，whenlifeandactivespiritsseemtoactuateeverypart。
Thislivelyhealth，whenentirelyfreefromallmixtureofpain，
ofitselfgivesaninwardpleasure，independentofallexternal
objectsofdelight;andthoughthispleasuredoesnotso
powerfullyaffectus，noractsostronglyonthesensesassomeof
theothers，yetitmaybeesteemedasthegreatestofall
pleasures，andalmostalltheUtopiansreckonitthefoundation
andbasisofalltheotherjoysoflife;sincethisalonemakes
thestateoflifeeasyanddesirable;andwhenthisiswanting，a
manisreallycapableofnootherpleasure。Theylookuponfreedom
frompain，ifitdoesnotrisefromperfecthealth，tobeastate
ofstupidityratherthanofpleasure。
Thissubjecthasbeenverynarrowlycanvassedamongthem;andit
hasbeendebatedwhetherafirmandentirehealthcouldbecalled
apleasureornot？Somehavethoughtthattherewasnopleasure
butwhatwasexcitedbysomesensiblemotioninthebody。Butthis
opinionhasbeenlongagoexcludedfromamongthem，sothatnow
theyalmostuniversallyagreethathealthisthegreatestofall
bodilypleasures;andthatasthereisapaininsickness，which
isasoppositeinitsnaturetopleasureassicknessitselfisto
health，sotheyholdthathealthisaccompaniedwithpleasure：and
ifanyshouldsaythatsicknessisnotreallypain，butthatit
onlycarriespainalongwithit，theylookuponthatasafetchof
subtilty，thatdoesnotmuchalterthematter。Itisallone，in
theiropinion，whetheritbesaidthathealthisinitselfa
pleasure，orthatitbegetsapleasure，asfiregivesheat;soit
begranted，thatallthosewhosehealthisentirehaveatrue
pleasureintheenjoymentofit：andtheyreasonthus——whatisthe
pleasureofeating，butthataman’shealthwhichhadbeen
weakened，does，withtheassistanceoffood，driveawayhunger，
andsorecruitingitselfrecoversitsformervigor？Andbeingthus
refreshed，itfindsapleasureinthatconflict;andifthe
conflictispleasure，thevictorymustyetbreedagreater
pleasure，exceptwefancythatitbecomesstupidassoonasithas
obtainedthatwhichitpursued，andsoneitherknowsnorrejoices
initsownwelfare。Ifitissaidthathealthcannotbefelt，they
absolutelydenyit;forwhatmanisinhealththatdoesnot
perceiveitwhenheisawake？Isthereanymanthatissodulland
stupidasnottoacknowledgethathefeelsadelightinhealth？
Andwhatisdelightbutanothernameforpleasure？
Butofallpleasures，theyesteemthosetobemostvaluablethat
lieinthemind，thechiefofwhicharisesoutoftruevirtue，and
thewitnessesofagoodconscience。Theyaccounthealththechief
pleasurethatbelongstothebody;fortheythinkthatthe
pleasureofeatinganddrinking，andalltheotherdelightsof
sense，areonlysofardesirableastheygiveormaintainhealth。
Buttheyarenotpleasantinthemselves，otherwisethanasthey
resistthoseimpressionsthatournaturalinfirmitiesarestill
makinguponus：forasawisemandesiresrathertoavoiddiseases
thantotakephysic，andtobefreedfrompain，ratherthanto
findeasebyremedies;soitismoredesirablenottoneedthis
sortofpleasure，thantobeobligedtoindulgeit。Ifanyman
imaginesthatthereisarealhappinessintheseenjoyments，he
mustthenconfessthathewouldbethehappiestofallmenifhe
weretoleadhislifeinperpetualhunger，thirst，anditching，
andbyconsequenceinperpetualeating，drinking，andscratching
himself;whichanyonemayeasilyseewouldbenotonlyabasebut
amiserablestateoflife。Theseareindeedthelowestof
pleasures，andtheleastpure;forwecanneverrelishthem，but
whentheyaremixedwiththecontrarypains。Thepainofhunger
mustgiveusthepleasureofeating;andherethepainout-
balancesthepleasure;andasthepainismorevehement，soit
lastsmuchlonger;forasitbeginsbeforethepleasure，soit
doesnotceasebutwiththepleasurethatextinguishesit，and
bothexpiretogether。
Theythink，therefore，noneofthosepleasuresistobevaluedany
furtherthanasitisnecessary;yettheyrejoiceinthem，and
withduegratitudeacknowledgethetendernessofthegreatAuthor
ofnature，whohasplantedinusappetites，bywhichthosethings
thatarenecessaryforourpreservationarelikewisemadepleasant
tous。Forhowmiserableathingwouldlifebe，ifthosedaily
diseasesofhungerandthirstweretobecarriedoffbysuch
bitterdrugsaswemustuseforthosediseasesthatreturn
seldomeruponus？Andthusthesepleasantaswellaspropergifts
ofnaturemaintainthestrengthandthesprightlinessofour
bodies。
Theyalsoentertainthemselveswiththeotherdelightsletinat
theireyes，theirears，andtheirnostrils，asthepleasant
relishesandseasoningsoflife，whichnatureseemstohavemarked
outpeculiarlyforman;sincenoothersortofanimals
contemplatesthefigureandbeautyoftheuniverse;noris
delightedwithsmells，anyfurtherthanastheydistinguishmeats
bythem;nordotheyapprehendtheconcordsordiscordsofsound;
yetinallpleasureswhatsoevertheytakecarethatalesserjoy
doesnothinderagreater，andthatpleasuremayneverbreedpain，
whichtheythinkalwaysfollowsdishonestpleasures。Butthey
thinkitmadnessforamantowearoutthebeautyofhisface，or
theforceofhisnaturalstrength;tocorruptthesprightlinessof
hisbodybyslothandlaziness，ortowasteitbyfasting;thatit
ismadnesstoweakenthestrengthofhisconstitution，andreject
theotherdelightsoflife;unlessbyrenouncinghisown
satisfaction，hecaneitherservethepublicorpromotethe
happinessofothers，forwhichheexpectsagreaterrecompense
fromGod。Sothattheylookonsuchacourseoflifeasthemark
ofamindthatisbothcrueltoitself，andungratefultothe
Authorofnature，asifwewouldnotbebeholdentoHimforHis
favors，andthereforerejectallHisblessings;asonewhoshould
afflicthimselffortheemptyshadowofvirtue;orfornobetter
endthantorenderhimselfcapableofbearingthosemisfortunes
whichpossiblywillneverhappen。