Bydeclaringthistobe66absurd，\"Mulbergerputshimselfoutsidetheproletarianmovementandintothecampofpetty-bourgeoissocialism。
Thehousingquestionhastheadvantagethatitisnotanexclusivelyworkingclassquestion，butaquestionwhich\"intereststoaquiteoutstandingextent\"thepettybourgeoisie，inthat，\"theactualmiddleclasses\"sufferfromit\"justasmuchas，andperhapsevenmorethan，theproletariat。\"
Ifanyonedeclaresthatthepettybourgeoisiesuffers，evenifinoneconnectiononly，\"perhapsevenmorethantheproletariat，\"thenhecanhardlycomplainwhenonecountshimamongthepetty-bourgeoissocialists。HasMulbergerthereforeanygroundsforcomplaintwhenIsay：
\"Itiswithjustsuchsufferingsasthese，whichtheworkingclassenduresincommonwithotherclasses，andparticularlythepettybourgeoisie，thatpetty-bourgeoissocialism，towhichProudhonbelongs，preferstooccupyitself。AndthusitisnotatallaccidentalthatourGermanProudhonistoccupieshimselfchieflywiththehousingquestion，which，aswehaveseen，isbynomeansexclusivelyaworkingclassquestion。\"Thereisan\"absoluteinneridentity\"betweentheinterestsof\"theactualmiddleclassesofsociety\"andtheinterestsoftheproletariat，anditisnottheproletariat，buttheseactualmiddleclasseswhowill\"enjoyaboveall\"the\"blessings\"ofthecomingtransformationofsociety。
Theworkers，therefore，aregoingtomakethecomingsocialrevolution\"aboveall\"intheinterestsofthepettybourgeoisie。Andfurther，thereisanabsoluteinneridentityoftheinterestsofthepettybourgeoisieandthoseoftheproletariat。Iftheinterestsofthepettybourgeoisiehaveaninneridentitywiththoseoftheworkers，thentheinterestsoftheworkershaveaninneridentitywiththoseofthepettybourgeoisie。
Thepetty-bourgeoisstandpointhasthusasmuchrighttoexistinthemovementastheproletarianstandpointhas，anditispreciselytheassertionofthisequalityofrightthatiscalledpetty-bourgeoissocialism。
Itis，thereforealsoperfectlylogicalwhen，onpage25ofthereprint，Mulbergerextols\"smallenterprise\"asthe\"actualbuttressofsociety，\"because\"inaccordancewithitsownnature，itunitesthethreefactors：labor——acquisition——property，andbecauseintheunificationofthesethreefactorsitplacesnoboundstothecapacityfordevelopmentoftheindividual，\"andwhenhereproachesmodernindustryinparticularwithdestroyingthisnurseryfortheproductionofnormalhumanbeingsand\"makingoutofavigorousclasscontinuallyreproducingitself，ahelplessmassofhumanbeingswhodonotknowwhithertodirecttheiranxiousglances。\"
ThepettybourgeoisisthusMulberger’smodelhumanbeingandsmall-scaleenterpriseisMulberger’smodelmodeofproduction。DidIdefamehimthereforewhenIputhimamongthepetty-bourgeoissocialists？
AsMulbergerrejectsallresponsibilityforProudhon，itwouldbesuperfluoustodiscusshereanyfurtherhowProudhon’sreformplansaimattransformingallmembersofsocietyintopettybourgeoisandsmallpeasants。Itwillbejustasunnecessarytodealherewiththeallegedidentityoftheinterestsofthepettybourgeoisieandtheworkers。WhatisnecessaryistobefoundalreadyinTheCommunistManifesto。（LeipzigEdition，1872，pp。12，21。）
Theresultofourexaminationisthereforethatsidebysidewiththe\"mythofthepettybourgeoisProudhon\"appearstherealityofthepettybourgeoisMulberger。
II
Wenowcometooneofthemainpoints。IaccusedMulberger’sarticlesoffalsifyingeconomicrelationshipsafterthemannerofProudhonbytranslatingthemintolegalterminology。Asanexampleofthis，IpickedoutthefollowingpassageofMulberger：
\"Thehouse，onceithasbeenbuilt，servesasaperpetuallegaltitletoadefinitefractionofsociallaboralthoughtherealvalueofthehousehasalreadylongagobeenmorethanpaidoutintheformofrenttotheowner。Thusitcomesaboutthatahousethat，forinstance，wasbuiltfiftyyearsago，duringthisperiodcoverstheoriginalcosttwo，three，five，tenormoretimesoverinitsrentyield。\"Mulbergernowcomplainsasfollows：
\"Thissimple，soberstatementoffactcausesEngelstoenlightenmetotheeffectthatIshouldhaveexplainedhowthehousebecamea’legaltitle’——somethingwhichwasquiteoutsidethescopeofmytask……Adescriptionisonething，anexplanationanother。
WhenIsaywithProudhonthattheeconomiclifeofsocietyshouldbepervadedbyaconceptionofjustice，thenIamdescribingpresent-daysocietyasoneinwhich，itistrue，notallconceptionsofjusticeareabsent，butinwhichtheconceptionofjusticeoftherevolutionisabsent，afactwhichevenEngelswilladmit。\"Letuskeepforthemomenttothehousewhichhasbeenbuilt。Thehouse，onceithasbeenlet，bringsinforitsbuildergroundrent，repairingcosts，andinterestonthebuildingcapitalinvested，aswellastheprofitmadethereonintheformofrent，and，accordingtothecircumstances，therentinstallmentscangraduallyamounttotwice，thrice，fivetimes，ortentimesasmuchastheoriginalcostpriceofthehouse。This，friendMulberger，isthe66simple，soberstatementoffact，\"aneconomicfact，andifwewanttoknow\"howithappens\"thatitexists，thenwemustconductourexaminationontheeconomicfield。Letus，therefore，lookalittlecloseratthefactsothatnotevenachildmaymisunderstanditanylonger。
Asisknown，thesaleofacommodityconsistsinthefactthatitsownerrelinquishesitsusevalueandputsitsexchangevalueintohispocket。
Theusevaluesofcommoditiesdifferfromoneanotheramongotherthingsinthevaryingperiodsoftimerequiredfortheirconsumption。Aloafofbreadisconsumedinaday，apairoftrouserswillbewornoutinayear，andahouse，ifyoulike，inahundredyears。Hence，inthecaseofcommoditieswithalongperiodofwear，thepossibilityarisesofsellingtheirusevaluepiecemealandeachtimeforadefiniteperiod，thatistosay，toletitout。Thepiecemealsalethereforerealizestheexchangevalueonlygradually。Asacompensationforhisrenouncingtheimmediaterepaymentofthecapitaladvancedandtheprofitearnedonit，thesellerreceivesanincreasedprice，interest，whoserateisdeterminedbythelawsofpoliticaleconomyandnotbyanymeansinanarbitraryfashion。Attheendofthehundredyearsthehouseisusedup，wornoutandnolongerhabitable。Ifwethendeductfromthetotalrentpaidforthehousethefollowing：1。
Thegroundrenttogetherwithanyincreasethatmayhaveoccurredtoitduringtheperiodinquestion，and2。thesumsexpendedforcurrentrepairs，weshallfindthattheremainderiscomposedonanaverageasfollows：
1。thebuildingcapitaloriginallyinvestedinthehouse;2。theprofitonthis，and3。theinterestonthegraduallymaturingcapitalandontheprofit。Nowitistruethatattheendofthisperiodthetenanthasnohouse，butneitherhasthehouseowner。Thelatterhasonlythesite（providedthatitbelongstohim）andthebuildingmaterialonit，which，however，isnolongerahouse。Andalthoughinthemeantimethehousemayhavebroughtinasum\"whichcoversfiveortentimestheoriginalcostprice，\"weshallseethatthisissolelyduetoanincreaseofgroundrent。ThisprocessisasecrettonooneinsuchcitiesasLondonwherethelandownerandthehouseownerareusuallytwodifferentpersons。Suchtremendousrentincreasesoccurinrapidlygrowingtowns，butnotinavillage，wherethegroundrentforbuildingsitesremainspracticallyunchanged。Itisindeedanotoriousfactthat，apartfromincreasesinthegroundrent，rentsproduceonanaveragenomorethansevenpercentperannumontheinvestedcapital（includingprofit）forthehouseowner，andoutofthissum，repaircosts，etc。，mustbepaid。Inshort，therentagreementisquiteanordinarycommoditytransactionwhichis，theoreticallyspeaking，ofnogreaterandnolesserinteresttotheworkerthananyothercommoditytransaction，withtheexceptionofthatwhichconcernsthebuyingandsellingoflaborpower，and，practically，theworkercomesfacetofacewiththerentagreementasoneofthethousandformsofbourgeoischeatingwhichIdealtwithonpage4ofthereprint，buteventhen，asIprovedthere，itissubjecttoeconomicregulation。
Mulberger，ontheotherhand，regardstherentagreementasnothingbutpure\"arbitrariness\"（page19ofthereprint）andwhenIprovethecontrarytohimhecomplainsthatIamtellinghim\"allsortsofthingswhichunfortunately\"he\"alreadyknew。\"
Butwithalltheeconomicinvestigationsintohouserentwearenotabletoturntheabolitionoftherenteddwellinginto\"oneofthemostfruitfulandmagnificenteffortswhichhaseversprungfromthewomboftherevolutionaryidea。\"Inordertoaccomplishthiswemusttranslatethesimplefactfromsobereconomicsintothefarmoreideologicalsphereoflegaltalk。\"Thehouseservesasaperpetuallegaltitle\"tohouserent，and\"thusitcomeabout\"thatthevalueofahousecanbepaidbackinrenttwo，three，fiveortentimes。Inordertodiscoverhowitreallycomesabout，the\"legaltitle\"doesnothelpusintheleastandthereforeIsaidthatMulbergerwouldhavebeenabletofindouthowit\"thuscomesabout\"byfirstofallinquiringhowthehousebecomesalegaltitle。Wediscoverthisonlyafterwehaveexamined，asIdid，theeconomicnatureofhouserent，insteadofgettingangryatthelegalexpressionunderwhichtherulingclasssanctionsit。Whoeverproposesthetakingofeconomicstepstoabolishrentoughtsurely，firstofall，toknowmoreabouthouserentthanthatitis\"thetributewhichthetenantmustpaytotheperpetualtitleofcapital。\"ButtothisMulbergeranswers，\"adescriptionisonething，anexplanationanother。\"
Wehave，therefore，convertedthehouse，althoughitisbynomeanseverlasting，intoaperpetuallegaltitletohouserent。Wefindnomatterhow\"itthuscomesabout，\"thatbyvirtueofthislegaltitle，thehousebringsinitsoriginalvalueseveraltimesoverintheformofrent。Bythetranslationintolegalphraseologywearehappilysofarremovedfromeconomicsthatwecanseenomorethanthephenomenonthatahousecangraduallygetpaidforingrossrentseveraltimesover。Aswearethinkingandtalkinginlegalterms，weapplytothisphenomenonthemeasureofequalityandjustice，andwediscoverthatitisunjust，thatitisnotinaccordancewiththe\"conceptionofjusticeoftherevolution，\"whateverkindofathingthatmaybe，andthatthereforethelegaltitleisnogood。
Wefindfurtherthatthesameholdsgoodforinterest-bearingcapitalandleasedagriculturalland，andwenowhavetheexcuseforseparatingtheseclassesofpropertyfromtheothersandsubjectingthemtoexceptionaltreatment。Thisconsistsinthedemands：1。todeprivetheowneroftherighttogivenotice，therighttodemandthereturnofhisproperty;2。
togivethelessee，borrowerortenanttheusewithoutpaymentoftheobjecthandedovertohim，butnotbelongingtohim;and3。topayofftheownerininstallmentsoveralongperiodwithoutinterest。AndwiththiswehaveexhaustedtheProudhonist\"principles\"fromthisangle。ThisisProudhon’s\"socialliquidation。\"
Incidentally，itisobviousthatthiswholereformplanistobenefitalmostexclusivelythepettybourgeoisandthesmallpeasantsinthatitconsolidatesthemintheirpositionaspettybourgeoisandsmallpeasants。Herewecanobservethat\"thepettybourgeois，Proudhon，\"whoisamythicalfigureaccordingtoMulberger，suddenlytakesonaverytangiblehistoricalexistence。
Mulbergercontinues：
\"WhenIsaywithProudhonthattheeconomiclifeofsocietyshouldbepervadedbyaconceptionofjustice，thenIamdescribingpresent-daysocietyasoneinwhich，itistrue，notallconceptionsofjusticeareabsent，butinwhichtheconceptionofjusticeoftheresolutionisabsent，afactwhichevenEngelswilladmit。\"UnfortunatelyIamnotinapositiontodoMulbergerthisfavor。Mulbergerdemandsthatsocietyshouldbepervadedwithaconceptionofjustice，andcallsthatadescription。Ifacourtsendsabailifftomewithasummonsforthepaymentofadebt，then，accordingtoMulberger，itisdoingnomorethandescribingmeasamanwhodoesnotpayhisdebts！Adescriptionisonething，andapresumptuousdemandisanother。AndpreciselythereinliestheessentialdifferencebetweenGermanscientificsocialismandProudhon。
Wedescribe——anddespiteMulbergereveryrealdescriptionisatthesametimeanexplanation——economicrelationshipsastheyareandastheyaredeveloping，andweprovidetheproof，strictlyeconomically，thattheirdevelopmentisatthesametimethedevelopmentoftheelementsofasocialrevolution，thedevelopmentontheonehandofaclasswhoseconditionsoflifenecessarilydriveittosocialrevolution，theproletariat，andontheotherhandofproductiveforceswhich，havinggrownbeyondtheframeworkofcapitalistsociety，mustnecessarilyburstthatframework，andwhichatthesametimeofferthemeansforabolishingclassdifferencesonceandforallintheinterestsofsocialprogressitself。Proudhon，onthecontrary，demandsfrompresent-daysocietythatitshalltransformitselfnotaccordingtothelawsofitsowneconomicdevelopment，butaccordingtotheprescriptionsofjustice（the\"conceptionofjustice\"doesnotbelongtohim，buttoMulberger）。Whereweprove，Proudhon，andwithhimMulberger，preachesandlaments。
Whatkindofathing\"theconceptionofjusticeoftherevolution\"
is，Iamquiteunabletoguess。Proudhon，itistrue，makesasortofgoddessoutof\"therevolution，\"thebearerandexecutorofhis\"justice\"indoingwhichhethenfallsintothepeculiarerrorofmixingupthebourgeoisrevolutionof1739-94withthecomingproletarianrevolution。Hedoesthisinalmostallhisworksandparticularlysince1848;1shallquoteonlyoneasanexample，namely，the\"Ideegeneraledelarevolution，\"pages39and40ofthe1868edition。As，however，MulbergerrejectsallandeveryresponsibilityforProudhonIamnotallowedtoexplain\"theconceptionofjusticeoftherevolution\"fromProudhonandremainthereforeinEgyptiandarkness。Mulbergersaysfurther：
\"ButneitherProudhonnorIappealtoan’eternaljustice’inordertherebytoexplaintheexistingunjustconditions，orevenexpect，asEngelsimputestome，theimprovementoftheseconditionsfromtheappealtothisjustice。\"Mulbergerapparentlyreckonsonthefactthat，\"inGermanyProudhonisasgoodasunknown。\"InallhisworksProudhonmeasuresallsocial，legal，politicalandreligiouspropositionsbythemeasureof\"justice，\"andcondemnsorrecognizesthemaccordingtowhethertheyconformordonotconformtowhathecalls\"justice。\"Inthe\"Contradictionseconomiques\"thisjusticeisstillcalled\"eternaljustice，\"\"justice’eternelle。\"Lateron，nothingmoreissaidabouteternity，buttheidearemainsinessence。Forinstance，in\"DelaJusticedanslaRevolutionetdansl’Eglise，\"1858edition，thefollowingpassageisthetextofthewholethree-volumesermon（Vol。1，page42）：
\"Whatisthebasicprinciple，theorganic，regulating，sovereignprincipleofallsocieties，theprinciplewhichsubordinatesallotherstoitself，whichrules，protects，represses，punishes，andincaseofneedevensuppressesallrebelliouselements？Isitreligion，idealismorinterest？Inmyopinionthisprincipleisjustice。Whatisjustice？Itistheessenceofhumanityitself。
Whathasitbeensincethebeginningoftheworld？Nothing。Whatshoulditbe？Everything。\"Justicewhichistheessenceofhumanityitself，whatisthatifitisnoteternaljustice？Justicewhichistheorganic，regulating，sovereignbasicprincipleofallsocieties，whichhasneverthelessbeennothinguptothepresent，butwhichoughttobeeverything——whatisthatifitisnotthestandardwithwhichtomeasureallhumanaffairs，ifitisnotthefinalarbitertobeappealedtoinallconflicts？AnddidIassertanythingelsethanthatProudhoncloakshiseconomicignoranceandhelplessnessbyjudgingalleconomicconditionsnotaccordingtoeconomiclaws，butaccordingtowhethertheyconformordonotconformtohisconceptionofthiseternaljustice？AndwhatisthedifferencebetweenMulbergerandProudhonwhenMulbergerdemandsthat\"alltheseexchangesinthelifeofmodernsociety\"shouldbe\"pervadedbyaconceptionofjustice，thatistosay，iftheytookplacealwaysaccordingtothestrictdemandsofjustice？\"
IsitthatIcan’tread，orthatMulbergercan’twrite？
Mulbergersaysfurther：
\"ProudhonknowsaswellasMarxandEngelsthattheactualdrivingspiritinhumansocietyistheeconomicandnotthejuridicalrelations;healsoknowsthatthegivenconceptionsofjusticeofapeopleareonlytheexpression，theimpression，theproductoftheeconomic——andinparticulartheproductionrelations……Inaword，forProudhonjusticeisthehistoricallyevolvedeconomicproduct。\"IfProudhonknowsallthis（IampreparedtolettheunclearexpressionsusedbyMulbergerpassandtakethegoodwillforthedeed），ifheknowsitall\"aswellasMarxandEngels，\"whatistherelefttoquarrelabout？
However，thesituationisinfactsomewhatdifferentwithregardtoProudhon’sscience。Theeconomicrelationsofagivensocietypresentthemselvesinthefirstplaceasinterests。Butinthepassagewhichhasjustbeenquotedfromhismainwork，Proudhonsaysinsomanywordsthatthe44regulating，organic，sovereignbasicprincipleofallsocieties，theprinciplewhichsubordinatesallotherstoitself\"isnotinterest，butjustice。Andherepeatsthesamethinginallthedecisivepassagesofallhisworks，althoughthisdoesnotpreventMulbergerfromcontinuing：
\"……theideaofeconomicjustice，asitwasdevelopedbyProudhonmostprofoundlyofallinLaGuerreetlaPaix，[WarandPeace-Ed。]completelycoincideswiththatbasicideaofLassallesoexcellentlyexpressedbyhiminhisforewordtotheSystemofAcquiredRights。\"LaGuerreetlaPaixisperhapsthemostschoolboyishofallthemanlyschoolboyishworksofProudhonandIwouldnothaveexpectedittobeputforwardasaproofforProudhon’sallegedunderstandingoftheGermanmaterialistconceptionofhistorywhichexplainsallhistoricaleventsandideas，allpolitics，philosophyandreligionfromthematerial，economicconditionsoflifeofthehistoricalperiodinquestion。Thebookissolittlematerialistthatitcannotevenconstructitsconceptionofwarwithoutcallinginthehelpofthecreator：\"However，thecreatorwhochosethisformoflifeforushadhisaims。\"（Vol。II，page100，1869edition。）OnwhathistoricalknowledgethebookisbasedcanbejudgedfromthefactthatitbelievesinthehistoricalexistenceoftheGoldenAge：\"Inthebeginningwhenthehumanracewasthinlyspreadovertheearth’ssurface，naturesupplieditsneedswithoutdifficulty。ItwastheGoldenAge，theageofpeaceandplenty。\"（Ibid。，page102。）ItseconomicstandpointisthatofthecrassestMalthusianism。\"Whenproductionisdoubled，thepopulationwillsoonbedoubledalso。\"（Page105。）Inwhatdoesthematerialismofthisbookconsistthen？Inthatitdeclaresthecauseofwartohavebeenalwaysandstilltobe：\"pauperism\"（forinstance，page143）。UncleBrasigwasjustsuchamaterialistwheninhis1848speechhelaunchedthegreattruthintotheworld，\"thecauseofthegreatimpoverishmentisthegreatpauvrete。\"
Lassalle’sSystemofAcquiredRightsiscaughtinthetrammelsnotonlyofthewholeillusionofthejurists，butalsointhatoftheOld-Hegelians。OnpageVII，Lassalledeclaresexpresslythatalso\"ineconomicstheconceptionofacquiredrightisthedrivingforceofallfurtherdevelopment\"
andheseekstoprovethat\"justiceisareasonableorganismdevelopingoutofitself\"（andnotthereforeoutofeconomicprerequisites）。（PageIX。）ForLassalleitisaquestionofevolvingjusticenotoutofeconomicrelations，butfrom\"theconceptofwillitselfofwhichthephilosophyoflawisonlythedevelopmentandexposition。\"（PageX。）Whatthereforeisthepointofbringinginthebookhere？TheonlydifferencebetweenProudhonandLassalleisthatthelatterwasreallyajuristandHegelian，whileinbothjurisprudenceandphilosophy，asinallothermatters，Proudhonwasmerelyadilettante。
IknowperfectlywellthatProudhon，whonotoriouslycontinuallycontradictshimself，occasionallymadeanutterancehereandtherewhichlookedasthoughheexplainedideasonthebasisoffacts，butsuchutterancesarewithoutanysignificanceasagainstthebasictendencyofhisthought，andwheretheydooccurtheyareextremelyconfusedandinherentlyillogical。
Atacertain，veryprimitivestageofthedevelopmentofsociety，theneedarisestoco-ordinateunderacommonregulationthedailyrecurringactsofproduction，distributionandexchangeofproducts，toseetoitthattheindividualsubordinateshimselftothecommonconditionsofproductionandexchange。Thisregulation，whichisatfirstcustom，soonbecomeslaw。
Withlaw，organsnecessarilyarisewhichareentrustedwithitsmaintenance——publicauthority，thestate。Withfurthersocialdevelopment，lawdevelopsintoamoreorlesscomprehensivelegalsystem。Themorecomplicatedthislegalsystembecomes，themoreitsterminologybecomesremovedfromthatinwhichtheusualeconomicconditionsofthelifeofsocietyareexpressed。
Itappearsasanindependentelementwhichderivesthejustificationforitsexistenceandthereasonforitsfurtherdevelopmentnotoutoftheexistingeconomicconditions，butoutofitsowninnerlogic，or，ifyoulike，outof\"theconceptofwill。\"Peopleforgetthederivationoftheirlegalsystemfromtheireconomicconditionsoflife，justastheyhaveforgottentheirownderivationfromtheanimalworld。Withthedevelopmentofthelegalsystemintoacomplicatedandcomprehensivewholethenecessityarisesforanewsocialdivisionoflabor;anorderofprofessionaljuristsdevelopsandwiththeselegalsciencecomesintobeing。Initsfurtherdevelopmentthissciencecomparesthelegalsystemsofvariouspeoplesandvarioustimes，notastheexpressionofthegiveneconomicrelationships，butassystemswhichfindtheirjustificationinthemselves。Thecomparisonassumessomethingcommontothemall，andthisthejuristsfindbysummingupthatwhichismoreorlesscommontoalltheselegalsystemsasnaturallaw。However，thestandardwhichistakentodeterminewhatisnaturallawandwhatisnot，ispreciselythemostabstractexpressionoflawitself，namely，justice。Fromthispointon，therefore，thedevelopmentoflawforthejurists，andforthosewhobelievethemuncritically，isnothingmorethanthestrivingtobringhumanconditions，sofarastheyareexpressedinlegalterms，intocloserandcloserconformitywiththeidealofjustice，eternaljustice。Andthisjusticeisneveranythingbuttheideologized，glorifiedexpressionoftheexistingeconomicrelations，attimesfromtheconservativeside，attimesfromtherevolutionaryside。ThejusticeoftheGreeksandRomansheldslaverytobejust。Thejusticeofthebourgeoisof1789demandedtheabolitionoffeudalismbecauseitwasunjust。ForthePrussianJunkereventhemiserableKreisordnung[legislationestablishingdistinctlocalauthorities-Ed。]isaviolationofeternaljustice。Theconceptionofeternaljusticethereforevariesnotonlyaccordingtotimeandplace，butalsoaccordingtopersons，anditbelongsamongthosethingsofwhichMulbergercorrectlysays，\"everyoneunderstandssomethingdifferent。\"
Whileineverydaylife，inviewofthesimplicityoftherelationswhichcomeintoquestion，expressionslikeright，wrong，justice，conceptionofjustice，canbeusedwithoutmisunderstandingeveninrelationtosocialmatters，theycreate，aswehaveseen，hopelessconfusioninanyscientificinvestigationofeconomicrelations，infact，muchthesameconfusionaswouldbecreateinmodernchemistryiftheterminologyofthephlogistontheoryweretoberetained。Theconfusionbecomesstillworseifone，likeProudhon，believesinthissocialphlogiston，\"justice，\"orifone，likeMulberger，declaresthatthephlogistontheorynolessthantheoxygentheoryisperfectlycorrect。
[Beforethediscoveryofoxygenthechemistsexplainedtheburningofsubstancesinatmosphericairbyassumingtheexistenceofaspecialigneoussubstance，phlogiston，whichescapedduringtheprocessofcombustion。
Sincetheyfoundthatsimplesubstancesoncombustionweighedmoreafterhavingbeenburnedthantheydidbefore，theydeclaredthatphlogistonhadanegativeweightsothatasubstancewithoutitsphlogistonweighedmorethanonewithit。Inthiswayallthemainpropertiesofoxygenweregraduallyascribedtophlogiston，butallinaninvertedform。Thediscoverythatcombustionconsistsinacombinationoftheburningsubstancewithanothersubstance，oxygen，andthepreparationofthisoxygendisposedoftheoriginalassumption。butonlyafterlongresistanceonthepartoftheolderchemists。——NotebyF。Engels。]
III
MulbergerfurthercomplainsthatIcalledhis\"emphatic\"utterance，\"thatthereisnomoreterriblemockeryofthewholecultureofourlaudedcenturythanthefactthatinthebigcities90percentandmoreofthepopulationhavenoplacethattheycancalltheirown\"——areactionaryjeremiad。Certainly，Idid。IfMulbergerhadconfinedhimself，ashepretends，todescribing\"thehorrorsofthepresenttime\"Ishouldcertainlynothavesaidoneillwordabout\"himandhismodestwords。\"Infacthowever，hedoessomethingquitedifferent;hedescribesthese\"horrors\"astheresultofthefactthattheworkers\"havenoplacethattheycancalltheirown。\"Whetheroneregrets\"thehorrorsofthepresenttime\"asaresultofthefactthattheworkersnolongerowntheirowndwellings，or，astheJunkersdo，asaresultofthefactthatfeudalismandtheguildshavebeenabolished，inbothcasesnothingmorecancomeofitthanareactionaryjeremiad，asongofsorrowatthecomingoftheinevitable，ofthehistoricallynecessary。ThereactionarycharacterofMulberger’sattitudeliespreciselyinthefactthathewishestore-establishindividualhouseownershipfortheworkers——amatterwhichhistoryhaslongagoputanendto——thathecanconceiveoftheemancipationoftheworkersinnootherwaythanbymakingeveryoneonceagaintheownerofhisownhouse。
Andfurther：
\"Ideclaremostemphatically，therealstruggleistobewagedagainstthecapitalistmodeofproduction;onlybyitstransformationisanimprovementofhousingconditionstobehopedfor。Engelsseesnothingofallthis……Ipresupposethewholesolutionofthesocialquestioninordertobeabletoproceedtotheabolitionoftherenteddwelling。\"Unfortunately，Istillseenothingofallthisevennow。Itissurelyimpossibleformetoknowwhatsomeone，whosenameIdidnotevenknow，presupposesinthesecretrecessesofhismind。AllIcandoistosticktotheprintedarticlesofMulberger。AndthereIfindeventoday（pages15and16ofthereprint）thatMulberger，inordertobeabletoproceedtotheabolitionoftherenteddwelling，presupposesnothingmorethantherenteddwellingitself。Onlyonpage17doeshetake\"theproductivityofcapitalbythehorns，\"andweshallcomebacktothislater。Eveninhisanswerheconfirmsthiswhenhesays：\"Itwasratheraquestionofshowinghowunderexistingconditionsacompletetransformationinthehousingquestioncanbeachieved。\"
Underexistingconditions，andbythetransformation（itshouldbeabolition）
ofthecapitalistmodeofproduction，aresurelythingsdiametricallyopposed。
NowonderMulbergercomplainswhenIregardthephilanthropiceffortsofDollfusandothermanufacturerstoassisttheworkerstoobtainhousesoftheirownastheonlypossiblepracticalrealizationofhisProudhonistprojects。IfheweretorealizethatProudhon’splanforsocialsalvationisafantasyrestingcompletelyonthebasisofbourgeoissociety，thenhewouldnaturallynotbelieveinit。Ihaveneveratanytimecalledhisgoodwillintoquestion。ButwhythendoeshepraiseDr。ReschauerforproposingtotheViennaTownCouncilthatitshouldimitatetheprojectsofDollfus？
Mulbergerfurtherdeclares：
\"Asfarastheantithesisbetweentownandcountryisparticularlyconcerned。itisutopiantowanttoabolishit。Thisantithesishasbecomeanatural，ormorecorrectly，ahistoricalone。Thequestionisnotoneofabolishingthisantithesis，butoffindingpoliticalandsocialformsinwhichitwouldbeharmless，indeedevenfruitful。Inthiswayitwouldbepossibletoexpectapeacefulsolution，agradualbalancingofinterests。\"Sotheabolitionoftheantithesisbetweentownandcountryisutopian，becausethisantithesishasbecomeanatural，ormorecorrectly，ahistoricalone。Letusapplythissamelogictootherantithesesinmodernsocietyandseewherewearrivethen。Forinstance：
\"Asfarastheantithesisbetweenthecapitalistsandthewageworkersisparticularlyconcerned，itisutopiantowanttoabolishit。Thisantithesishasbecomeanatural，ormorecorrectly，ahistoricalone。Thequestionisnotoneofabolishingthisantagonism，butoffindingpoliticalandsocialformsinwhichitwouldbeharmless，indeedevenfruitful。Inthiswayitwouldbepossibletoexpectapeacefulsolution，agradualbalancingofinterests。\"AndwiththiswehaveonceagainarrivedatSchulze-Delitzsch。
Theabolitionoftheantithesisbetweentownandcountryisnomoreandnolessutopianthantheabolitionoftheantithesisbetweencapitalistsandwageworkers。Fromdaytodayitisbecomingmoreandmoreapracticaldemandofbothindustrialandagriculturalproduction。NoonehasdemandedthismoreenergeticallythenLiebiginhiswritingsonthechemistryofagriculture，inwhichhisfirstdemandhasalwaysbeenthatmanshallgivebacktothelandwhathetakesfromit，andinwhichheprovesthatonlytheexistenceofthetowns，andinparticularthebigtowns，preventsthis。
WhenoneobserveshowhereinLondonaloneagreaterquantityofmanurethanisproducedbythewholekingdomofSaxonyispouredawayeverydayintotheseawithanexpenditureofenormoussums，andwhenoneobserveswhatcolossalworksarenecessaryinordertopreventthismanurefrompoisoningthewholeofLondon，thentheutopianproposaltoabolishtheantithesisbetweentownandcountryisgivenapeculiarlypracticalbasis。
AndevencomparativelyinsignificantBerlinhasbeenwallowinginitsownfilthforatleastthirtyyears。
Ontheotherhand，itiscompletelyutopiantowant，likeProudhon，totransformpresent-daybourgeoissocietywhilemaintainingthepeasantassuch。Onlyasuniformadistributionaspossibleofthepopulationoverthewholecountry，onlyanintegralconnectionbetweenindustrialandagriculturalproductiontogetherwiththetherebynecessaryextensionofthemeansofcommunication-presupposingtheabolitionofthecapitalistmodeofproduction-wouldbeabletosavetheruralpopulationfromtheisolationandstuporinwhichithasvegetatedalmostunchangedforthousandsofyears。Itisnotutopiantodeclarethattheemancipationofhumanityfromthechainswhichitshistoricpasthasforgedwillonlybecompletewhentheantithesisbetweentownandcountryhasbeenabolished;theutopiabeginswhenoneundertakes\"fromexistingconditions\"toprescribetheforminwhichthisoranyotheroftheantithesesofpresent-daysocietyistobesolved。AndthisiswhatMulbergerdoesbyadoptingtheProudhonistformulaforthesolutionofthehousingquestion。
MulbergerthencomplainsthatIhavemadehimtoacertainextentco-responsiblefor\"themonstrousviewsofProudhononcapitalandinterest\"
anddeclares：
\"Ipresupposethealterationoftheproductionrelationsasanaccomplishedfact，andthetransitionallawregulatingtherateofinterestdoesnotrefertoproductionrelations，buttothesocialturnover，totheconditionsofcirculation……Thealterationofproductionrelations，or，astheGermanschoolsaysmoreaccurately，theabolitionofthecapitalistmodeofproduction。
certainlydoesnotresult，asEngelstriestomakemesay，fromatransitionallawabolishinginterest，butfromtheactualseizureofalltheinstrumentsoflabor，armtheseizureofindustryasawholebytheworkingpeople。Whetherinthistheworkingpeoplewillpayallegiance（！）moretotheideaofgradualredemptionorimmediateexpropriationisnotforeitherEngelsormyselftodecide。\"Irubmyeyesinastonishment。IhavereadMulberger’sarticlethroughonceagainfrombeginningtoendinordertofindthepassagewherehepresupposesasanaccomplishedfact，\"theactualseizureofalltheinstrumentsoflabor……theseizureofindustryasawholebytheworkingpeople，\"
asaprerequisiteforredemptionoftherenteddwelling，butIhavebeenunabletofindit。Itdoesnotexist。Thereisnowherementionof\"actualseizure，\"etc。，butthereisthefollowing：
\"Letusnowassumethattheproductivityofcapitalisreallytakenbythehorns，asitmustbesoonerorlater，forinstancebyatransitionallawwhichfixestheinterestonallcapitalsatonepercent，butmarkyou，withthetendencytomakeeventhisrateofinterestapproximatemoreandmoretothezeropoint……Likeallotherproducts，housesanddwellingsarenaturallyalsoincludedwithintheframeworkofthislaw……Wesee，therefore，thatfromthisangletheredemptionoftherenteddwellingisanecessaryconsequenceoftheabolitionoftheproductivityofcapitalingeneral。\"Thus，itissaidhereinplainwords，quitecontrarytoMulberger’slatestabout-face，thattheproductivityofcapital，。bywhichconfusedphraseheadmittedlymeansthecapitalistmodeofproduction，isreally\"takenbythehorns\"bythelawabolishinginterest，andthatpreciselyasaresultofthislaw，\"theredemptionoftherenteddwellingisanecessaryconsequenceoftheabolitionoftheproductivityofcapitalingeneral。\"Notatall，saysMulbergernow。Thattransitionallaw\"doesnotrefertoproductionrelations，buttotheconditionsofcirculation。\"Inviewofthiscrasscontradiction，asGoethewouldsay，\"equallymysteriousforwisemenasforfools，\"allthatisleftformeistoassumethatIhavetodowithtwoseparateanddistinctMulbergers，oneofwhomcomplainswithjustificationthatIhave\"triedtomakehimsay\"whattheotheronecausedtobeprinted。
ItiscertainlytruethattheworkingpeoplewillaskneithermenorMulbergerwhetherintheactualseizureitwill\"payallegiancemoretotheideaofgradualredemptionorimmediateexpropriation。\"Inallprobabilityitwillprefernotto\"payallegiance\"atall。However，therewasneveranyquestionoftheactualseizureofalltheinstrumentsoflaborbytheworkingpeople，butonlyofMulberger’sassertion（page17）that\"thewholecontentofthesolutionofthehousingquestionisgivenintheexpression：gradualredemption。\"Andifbenowdeclaresthisgradualredemptiontobeextremelydoubtful，whatwasthereasonforgivingourselvesandourreadersalltheunnecessarytrouble？
Fortherest，itmustbepointedoutthatthe\"actualseizure\"
ofalltheinstrumentsoflabor，theseizureofindustryasawholebytheworkingpeople，istheexactcontraryoftheProudhonisttheoryof\"gradualredemption。\"Underthelattertheindividualworkerbecomestheownerofthedwelling，thepeasantfarm，theinstrumentsoflabor;undertheformerthe\"workingpeople\"remainthecollectiveownersofthehouses，factoriesandinstrumentsoflaborandwouldhardlypermittheiruse，atleastinatransitionalperiod，byindividualsorassociationswithoutcompensationforthecost。Justastheabolitionofpropertyinlandisnottheabolitionofgroundrent，butitstransfer，althoughin-amodifiedform，tosociety。Theactualseizureofalltheinstrumentsoflaborbytheworkingpeoplethereforedoesnotatallexcludetheretentionoftherentrelations。
Ingeneral，thequestionisnotwhethertheproletariatwhenitcomestopowerwillsimplyseizebyforcethetoolsofproduction，therawmaterialsandmeansofsubsistence，whetheritwillpayimmediatecompensationforthem，orwhetheritwillredeempropertythereinbyinstallmentsspreadoveralongperiod。Toattempttoanswersuchaquestioninadvanceandforallcaseswouldbeutopia-making，andIleavethattoothers。
IV
IthasbeennecessarytowriteverymuchinordertoworkourwayfinallythroughMulberger’sevasionsandtwistingstotherealpointatissue，apointwhichMulbergercarefullyavoidstouchingoninhisanswer。
WhatwereMulberger’spositivestatementsinhisarticles？
Firstly：that\"thedifferencebetweentheoriginalcostpriceofahouse，buildingsite，etc。，anditspresentvalue\"belongsbyrighttosociety。Inthelanguageofeconomics，thisdifferenceiscalledgroundrentProudhonalsowantstoappropriatethisforsociety，asonemayreadinhis\"IdeegeneraledelaRevolution，，\"page219ofthe1868edition。
Secondly：thatthesolutionofthehousingquestionconsistsineveryonebeingtheownerinsteadofthetenantofhisdwelling。
Thirdly：thatthissolutiontakesplacebythepassingofalawturningrentpaymentsintoinstallmentpaymentsonthepurchasepriceofthedwelling。Thesepoints2and3arebothtakenfromProudhonasanyonecanseeinthe\"IdeegeneraledelaRevolution，\"page199etseq。，whereonpage203aprojectofthelawinquestionistobefoundalreadydrafted。
Fourthly：thattheproductivityofcapitalistakenbythehornsbyatransitionallawreducingtherateofinteresttemporarilytoonepercent，subjecttoreducingitstillfurtherlateron。ThispointhasalsobeentakenfromProudhonandcanbereadindetailonpages182to186oftheIdeegeneraledelaRevolution。
WithregardtoeachofthesepointsIhavecitedthepassageofProudhonwheretheoriginaloftheMulbergercopyistobefound，andI
asknowwhetherIwasjustifiedincallingtheauthorofaseriesofarticlescontainingcompletelyProudhonistandnothingbutProudhonistviews，aProudhonistornot？NeverthelessMulbergercomplainsaboutnothingmorebitterlythanthatIcallhimaProudhonistbecauseI\"cameuponafewexpressionssuchasarepeculiartoProudhon！\"Quitethecontrary。TheexpressionsallbelongtoMulberger，theircontentbelongstoProudhon。
AndwhenIthensupplementtheProudhonistarticlesfromProudhonhimself，MulbergercomplainsthatIamascribingtohim\"themonstrousideas\"’ofProudhon！
WhatdidIreplytothisProudhonistplan？
Firstly：thatthetransferofgroundrenttothestateisidenticalwiththeabolitionofindividualpropertyinland。
Secondly：thatthegradualredemptionoftherenteddwellingandthetransferofpropertyinthedwellingtothetenantsdoesnotatallaffectthecapitalistmodeofproduction。
Thirdly：thatwiththepresentdevelopmentoflarge-scaleindustryandtowns，thisproposalisasabsurdasitisreactionary，andthatthereintroductionofownershipofhisdwellingbyeachindividualwouldbeastepbackward。
Fourthly：thatthecompulsoryreductionoftherateofinterestoncapitalwouldbynomeansattackthecapitalistModeofproduction，andthat，onthecontrary，astheusurylawsprove，theideaisasoldasitisimpossible。
Fifthly：thattheabolitionofinterestoncapitalbynomeansabolishesthepaymentofrentforhouses。
Mulbergerhasnowadmittedpoints2and4。Totheotherpointshemakesnoreplywhatever。Nevertheless，thesearejustthepointsaroundwhichthewholedebatecentered。Mulberger’sanswer，however，isnotarefutation;itcarefullyavoidsdealingwithalleconomicpoints，whichare，ofcourse，thedecisiveones。Itisapersonalcomplaint，nothingmore。Forinstance，hecomplainswhenIanticipatehispromisedsolutionofotherquestions，forinstance，statedebts，privatedebtsandcredit，andsaythatthesolutionwouldbethesameineachcaseashissolutionofthehousingquestion，namely，theabolitionofinterest，thetransformationofinterestpaymentsintoinstallmentsforpayingoffthecapitalsum，andfreecredit。Nevertheless，IamstillreadytobetthatifthesearticlesofMulbergereverseethelightofday，theiressentialcontentwillcoincidewithProudhon’sIdeegeneraledelaRevolution：credit，page182;statedebts，page186;privatedebts，page196;justashisarticlesonthehousingquestioncoincidedwiththepassagesIhavequotedfromthesamebook。
Mulbergertakesthisopportunityofinformingmethatquestionssuchastaxation，statedebts，privatedebtsandcredit，towhichisnowaddedthequestionofmunicipalautonomy，areofthegreatestimportancetothepeasantandforpropagandainthecountryside。ToagreatextentIagree，but，1。uptothemomenttherehasbeennomentionofthepeasant，and2。Proudhon’s61solutions\"ofallthesequestionsarejustasabsurdeconomicallyandjustasessentiallybourgeoisashissolutionofthehousingquestion。IneedhardlydefendmyselfagainstMulberger’ssuggestionthatIfailtoappreciatethenecessityofdrawingthepeasantsintothemovement。
However，IcertainlyconsideritfollytorecommendtothemforthispurposetheProudhonianquackery。Thereisstillverymuchlarge-scalelandedpropertyinGermany。AccordingtoProudhon’stheoryallthisoughttobedividedupintowallpeasantfarms，which，inthepresentstateofagricultureandaftertheexperienceofsmalllandownershipinFranceandinWesternGermany，wouldbepositivelyreactionary。Thelarge-scalelandedestateswhichstillexistwillratheraffordusawelcomeopportunityofconductingagricultureonalargescale——theonlywaywhichcanutilizemodernequipmentmachinery，etc。——byassociatedworkers，andthusdemonstratingtothesmallpeasantstheadvantagesoflarge-scaleenterprisebymeansofassociations。
TheDanishsocialists，whointhisrespectareaheadofallothers，haverealizedthislongago。
ItisequallyunnecessaryformetodefendmyselfagainstthesuggestionthatIregardtheexistinginfamoushousingconditionsas\"aninsignificantdetail。\"AsfarasIknow，IwasthefirsttodescribeinGermantheseconditionsintheirclassicalformastheyexistinEngland。
Ididnotdothat，asMulbergersuggests，becausethey\"violatedmysenseofjustice\"——whoeverinsistedonwritingbooksaboutallthefactswhichviolatedhissenseofjusticewouldhavealottodo——butascanbereadintheintroductiontomybook，bydescribingthesocialconditionscreatedbymodernlarge-scaleindustry，toprovideanactualbasisforGermansocialism，whichwasthenarisingandwasexpendingitselfinemptyphrases。However，itdoesnot-occurtometotrytosolvetheso-calledhousingquestionanymorethanIoccupymyselfwith-thedetailsofthestillmoreimportantfoodquestion。IamsatisfiedifIcanprovethattheproductionofourmodernsocietyissufficienttoprovideallitsmemberswithenoughtoeat，andthattherearehousesenoughinexistencetoprovidetheworkingmassesforthetimebeingwithroomyandhealthylivingaccommodation。
Tospeculateastohowafuturesocietywouldorganizethedistributionoffoodanddwellingsleadsdirectlytoutopia。Theutmostwecandoistonote，fromanunderstandingofthebasicconditionsofallmodesofproductionuptonow，thatwiththedownfallofthecapitalistmodeofproductioncertainformsofappropriationbysocietyhithertowillbecomeimpossible。Eventhetransitionalmeasureswilleverywherehavetobeinaccordancewiththeconditionsinexistenceatthemoment;incountriesofsmall-scalelandownershipquitedifferentfromthoseincountrieswherelarge-scalelandownershipprevails，etc。Mulbergerhimselfshowsusbetterthananyoneelsewhereonearrivesatifoneattemptstofindisolatedsolutionsforso-calledpracticalquestions，suchasthehousingquestion，whenlietakes28pagestoexplaintousthat，\"thewholecontentofthesolutionofthehousingquestionisgivenintheexpression：gradualredemption，\"
butwho，whenonepresseshimhard，beginstostammerinembarrassmentthatitisreallyverydoubtfulwhether，whenitcomestoaquestionoftheactualseizureofthehouses，\"theworkingpeoplewillpayallegiancemoretotheideaofgradualredemption\"ortosomeotherformofexpropriation。
Mulbergerdemandsthatweshouldbecomepractical，thatweshouldnot\"comeforwardmerelywithdeadandabstractformulas\"when\"facedwithrealpracticalconditions，\"thatweshould，\"proceedbeyondabstractsocialismandcomeclosetothedefiniteconcreteconditionsofsociety。\"IfMulbergerhadclonethishimselfhemightperhapshaverenderedgreatservicetothemovement。Thefirststepincomingclosetothedefiniteandconcreteconditionsofsocietyissurelythatoneshouldlearnwhattheyare，thatoneshouldexaminethemaccordingtotheirexistingeconomicinterrelations。
ButwhatdowefindinMulberger’sarticles？Twowholesentences，namely：
1。\"Asthewageworkerinrelationtothecapitalist，soisthetenantinrelationtothehouseowner。\"Ihavealready，provedonpagesixofthereprintthatthisistotallyfalse，andMulbergerhasnotawordtosayinreply。
2。\"However，thebullwhich（inanysocialreform）mustbetakenbythehornsistheproductivityofcapital，astheliberalschoolofpoliticaleconomycallsit，athingwhichinrealitydoesnotexist，butwhichinitsapparentexistenceservesasacloakforalltheinequalitywhichburdenspresent-daysociety。\"Thus，thebullwhichhastobetakenbythehorns\"inrealitydoesnotexist，\"andthereforealsohasno\"horns。\"Notthebullitselfisthe;evil，but，its\"apparentexistence。\"Despitethis，\"theso-calledproductivity\"（ofcapital）\"isabletoconjureuphousesfindtowns\"whoseexistenceisanythingbut\"apparent。\"Andamanwho，althoughMarx’sCapital\"isfamiliaralsotohim，\"jabbersinthishopelesslyconfusedfashionabouttherelationofcapitalandlabour，takesonthetaskofshowingtheGermanworkersanewandbetterpath，andpresentshimselfasthe\"masterbuilder\"whois\"clearaboutthearchitecturalstructureofthefuturesocietyatleastinitsmainoutlines\"！
Noonehascomecloser\"tothedefiniteandconcreteconditionsofsociety\"thanMarxinCapital。Hespenttwenty-fiveyearsininvestigatingthemfromallangles，andtheresultsofhiscriticismcontainthroughoutthekernelsofso-calledsolutions，inasfarastheyarepossibleatalltoday。ButthatisnotenoughforfriendMulberger。Thatisallabstractsocialism，deadandabstractformulas。Insteadofstudying\"thedefiniteandconcreteconditionsofsociety\"forhimself，friendMulbergercontentshimselfwithreadingthroughafewvolumesofProudhonwhich，althoughtheyofferhimnexttonothingconcerningthedefiniteconcreteconditionsofsociety，doofferhimverydefiniteandconcretemiraculousremediesforallsocialevils。Hethenpresentsthisready-madeplanforsocialsalvation，thisProudhoniansystem，totheGermanworkersunderthepretextthathewantstosaygood-byetothesystems，\"whileI\"choosetheoppositepath。\"InordertograspthisImustassumethatIamblindandMulbergerdeafsothatanyunderstandingbetweenusisutterlyimpossible。
Butenough。Ifthispolemicservesfornothingelseithasthevalueinanycaseofhavingprovidedproofofhowimpracticaltheseso-called\"practical\"socialistsreallyare。Thesepracticalproposalsfortheabolitionofallsocialevils，theseuniversalsocialpanaceas，havealwaysandeverywherebeentheworkofsectarianswhoappearedatatimewhentheproletarianmovementwasstillinitsinfancy。Proudhonalsobelongsamongthem。Thedevelopmentoftheproletariatsooncastsasidetheseswaddling-clothesandproducesintheworkingclassitselftheunderstandingthatnothingislesspracticalthanthese\"practicalsolutions，\"concoctedinadvanceanduniversallyapplicable，andthatpracticalsocialismconsistsratherinacorrectknowledgeofthecapitalistmodeofproductionfromallitsvarioussides。Aworkingclasswhichissecureinthisknowledgewillneverbeindoubtinanygivencaseagainstwhichsocialinstitutions，andinwhatmanner，itsmainattacksshouldbedirected。