2Imayperhapsreferheretomy_Principles_of_Psychology，vol。I，pp。459ff。Itreallyseems’weird’tohavetoargue（asIamforcednowtodo）forthenotionthatitisonesheetofpaper（withitstwosurfacesandallthatliesbetween）whichisbothundermypenandonthetablewhileIwrite——the’claim’thatitistwosheetsseemssobrazen。YetIsometimessuspecttheabsolutistsofsincerity！
106
theunity（nowtakenasabarepostulateandnolongerasathingpositivelyperceivable）totheregionoftheAbsolute’smysteries。Idonoteasilyfathomthis，Isay，forthesaidopponentsareabovemereverbalquibbling;yetallthatIcancatchintheirtalkisthesubstitutionofwhatistrueofcertainwordsforwhatistrueofwhattheysignify。Theystaywiththewords，——notreturningtothestreamoflifewhenceallthemeaningofthemcame，andwhichisalwaysreadytoreabsorbthem。
IV
Foraughtthisargumentproves，then，wemaycontinuetobelievethatonethingcanbeknownbymanyknowers。Butthedenialofonethinginmanyrelationsisbutoneapplicationofastillprofounderdialecticdifficulty。
Mancan’tbegood，saidthesophist，formanis_man_and_good_isgood;andHegel（1）andHerbartintheirday，morerecentlyA。Spir，（2）andmost——-
1[Fortheauthor’scriticismofHegel’sviewofrelations，cf。
_Will_to_Believe_，pp。278-279，ED。]
2[Cf。A。Spir：_Denken_und_Wirklichkeit_，partI，bk。III，ch。IV
（containingalsoaccountofHerbart）。ED。]
107
recentlyandelaboratelyofall，Mr。Bradley，informsusthatatermcanlogicallyonlybeapunctiformunit，andthatnotoneoftheconjunctiverelationsbetweenthings，whichexperienceseemstoyield，isrationallypossible。
Ofcourse，iftrue，thiscutsoffradicalempiricismwithoutevenashilling。Radicalempiricismtakesconjunctiverelationsattheirfacevalue，holdingthemtobeasrealasthetermsunitedbythem。（1）Theworlditrepresentsasacollection，somepartsofwhichareconjunctivelyandothersdisjunctivelyrelated。Twoparts，themselvesdisjoined，mayneverthelesshangtogetherbyintermediarieswithwhichtheyareseverallyconnected，andthewholeworldeventuallymayhangtogethersimilarly，inasmuchas_some_pathofconjunctivetransitionbywhichtopassfromoneofitspartstoanothermayalwaysbediscernible。Suchdeterminatelyvarioushanging-togethermaybecalled_concatenated_union，todistinguishitfromthe’through-and-through’typeofunion，——-
1[Seeabove，pp。42，49。]
108
’eachinallandallineach’（unionof_total_
_conflux_，asonemightcallit），whichmonisticsystemsholdtoobtainwhenthingsaretakenintheirabsolutereality。Inaconcatenatedworldapartialconfluxoftenisexperienced。
Ourconceptsandoursensationsareconfluent;
successivestatesofthesameego，andfeelingsofthesamebodyareconfluent。Wheretheexperienceisnotofconflux，itmaybeofconterminousness（thingswithbutonethingbetween）;orofcontiguousness（nothingbetween）;
oroflikeness;orofnearness;orofsimultaneousness;orofin-ness;orofon-ness;
oroffor-ness;orofsimplewith-ness;orevenofmereand-ness，whichlastrelationwouldmakeofhoweverdisjointedaworldotherwise，atanyrateforthatoccasionauniverse’ofdiscourse。’
NowMr。Bradleytellsusthatnoneoftheserelations，asweactuallyexperiencethem，canpossiblybereal。（1）Mynextduty，accordingly，——-
1Hereagainthereadermustbewareofslippingfromlogicalintophenomenalconsiderations。Itmaywellbethatwe_attribute_acertainrelationfalsely，becausethecircumstancesofthecase，beingcomplex，havedeceivedus。Atarailwaystationwemaytakeourowntrain，andnottheonethatfillsourwindow，tobemoving。Wehereputmotioninthewrongplaceintheworld，butinitsoriginalplacethemotionisapartofreality。WhatMr。Bradleymeansisnothinglikethis，butratherthatsuchthingsasmotionarenowherereal，andthat，evenintheiraboriginalandempiricallyincorrigibleseats，relationsareimpossibleofcomprehension。
109
mustbetorescueradicalempiricismfromMr。
Bradley。Fortunately，asitseemstome，hisgeneralcontention，thattheverynotionofrelationisunthinkableclearly，hasbeensuccessfullymetbymanycritics。（1）
Itisaburdentotheflesh，andaninjusticebothtoreadersandtothepreviouswriters，torepeatgoodargumentsalreadyprinted。So，innoticingMr。Bradley，Iwillconfinemyselftotheinterestsofradicalempiricismsolely。
V
Thefirstdutyofradicalempiricism，takinggivenconjunctionsattheirface-value，istoclasssomeofthemasmoreintimateandsomeasmoreexternal。Whentwotermsare_similar_，theirverynaturesenterintotherelation。
——-
1ParticularlysobyAndrewSethPringle-Pattison，inhis_Man_and_
_the_Cosmos_;byL。T。Hobhouse，inchapterXII（\"TheValidityofJudgement\"）ofhis_Theory_of_Knowledge_;andbyF。C。S。Schiller，inhis_Humanism_，essayXI。Otherfatalreviews（inmyopinion）areHodder’s，inthe_Psychological_Review_，vol。I[1894]，p。307;Stout’sinthe_Proceedings_of_the_Aristotelian_Society，1901-2，p。1;andMacLennan’sin[_The_Journal_of_Philosophy，_Psychology_and_Scientific_Methods_，vol。I，1904，p。403]。
110
Being_what_theyare，nomatterwhereorwhen，thelikenessnevercanbedenied，ifasserted。
Itcontinuespredictableaslongasthetermscontinue。Otherrelations，the_where_andthe_when_，forexample，seemsadventitious。Thesheetofpapermaybe’off’or’on’thetable，forexample;andineithercasetherelationinvolvesonlytheoutsideofitsterms。Havinganoutside，bothofthem，theycontributebyittotherelation。Itisexternal：theterm’sinnernatureisirrelevanttoit。Anybook，anytable，mayfallintotherelation，whichiscreated_pro_
_hac_vice_，notbytheirexistence，butbytheircausalsituation。Itisjustbecausesomanyoftheconjunctionsofexperienceseemsoexternalthataphilosophyofpureexperiencemusttendtopluralisminitsontology。Sofarasthingshavespace-relations，forexample，wearefreetoimaginethemwithdifferentoriginseven。Iftheycouldgetto_be_，andgetintospaceatall，thentheymayhavedonesoseparately。Oncethere，however，theyare_additives_tooneanother，and，withnoprejudicetotheirnatures，allsortsofspace-relationsmaysupervenebetween111
them。Thequestionofhowthingscouldcometobeanyhow，iswhollydifferentfromthequestionwhattheirrelations，oncethebeingaccomplished，mayconsistin。
Mr。Bradleynowaffirmsthatsuchexternalrelationsasthespace-relationswhichweheretalkofmustholdofentirelydifferentsubjectsfromthoseofwhichtheabsenceofsuchrelationsmightamomentpreviouslyhavebeenplausiblyasserted。Notonlyisthe_situation_
differentwhenthebookisonthetable，butthe_book_itself_isdifferentasabook，fromwhatitwaswhenitwasoffthetable。（1）Headmitsthat\"suchexternalrelationsseempossibleandevenexisting……Thatyoudonotalterwhatyoucompareorrearrangeinspaceseemstocommonsensequiteobvious，andthaton——-
1Oncemore，don’tslipfromlogicalintophysicalsituations。Ofcourse，ifthetablebewet，itwillmoistenthebook，orifitbeslightenoughandthebookbeheavyenough，thebookwillbreakitdown。
Butsuchcollateralphenomenaarenotthepointatissue。Thepointiswhetherthesuccessiverelations’on’and’not-on’canrationally（notphysically）holdofthesameconstantterms，abstractlytaken。
ProfessorA。E。Taylordropsfromlogicalintomaterialconsiderationswhenheinstancescolor-contrastasaproofthatA，’ascontra-
distinguishedfromB，isnotthesamethingasmereAnotinanywayaffected’（_Elements_of_Metaphysics_，p。145）。Notethesubstitution，for’related’oftheword’affected，’whichbegsthewholequestion。
112
theothersidethereareasobviousdifficultiesdoesnotoccurtocommonsenseatall。AndI
willbeginbypointingoutthesedifficulties……
Thereisarelationintheresult，andthisrelation，wehear，istomakenodifferenceinitsterms。But，ifso，towhatdoesitmakeadifference？
[_Does_n’t_it_make_a_difference_to_us_on-_
_lookers，_at_least？_]andwhatisthemeaningandsenseofqualifyingthetermsbyit？[_Surely_the_
_meaning_is_to_tell_the_truth_about_their_relative_
_position_。1]If，inshort，itisexternaltotheterms，howcanitpossiblybetrue_of_them？[_Is_it_the_
_’intimacy’_suggested_by_the_little_word_’of，’_here，_
_which_I_have_understood，_that_is_the_root_of_Mr。_
_Bradley’s_trouble？]……Ifthetermsfromtheirinnernaturedonotenterintotherelation，then，sofarastheyareconcerned，theyseemrelatedfornoreasonatall……Thingsarespatiallyrelated，firstinoneway，andthenbecomerelatedinanotherway，andyetinnowaythemselvesarealtered;fortherelations，itissaid，arebutexternal。ButIreplythat，if————
1But\"isthereanysense，\"asksMr。Bradley，peevishly，onp。579，\"andifso，whatsenseintruththatisonlyoutsideand’about’
things？\"Surelysuchaquestionmaybeleftunanswered。
113
so，Icannot_understand_theleavingbythetermsofonesetofrelationsandtheiradoptionofanotherfreshset。Theprocessanditsresulttotheterms，iftheycontributenothingtoit[_Surely_they_contribute_to_it_all_there_is_
_’of’_it！_]seemirrationalthroughout。[_If_’irrational’_
_here_means_simply_’non-rational，’_or_non-_
_deducible_from_the_essence_of_either_term_singly，_it_
_is_no_reproach;_if_it_means_’contradicting’_such_
_essence，_Mr。_Bradley_should_show_wherein_and_
_how。_]But，iftheycontributeanything，they_mustsurelybeaffectedinternally。[_Why_so，_
_if_they_contribute_only_their_surface？__In_such_
_relations_as_’on，’_’a_foot_away，’_’between，’_’next，’_
_etc。，_only_surfaces_are_in_question。_]……Ifthetermscontributeanythingwhatever，thenthetermsareaffected[_inwardly_altered？_]bythearrangement……Thatforworkingpurposeswetreat，anddowelltotreat，somerelationsasexternalmerelyIdonotdeny，andthatofcourseisnotthequestionatissuehere。Thatquestionis……whetherintheendandinprincipleamereexternalrelation-_i。e。，_a_relation_
_which_can_change_without_forcing_its_terms_
114
_to_change_their_nature_simultaneously_]ispossibleandforcedonusbythefacts。\"（1）
Mr。Bradleynextrevertstotheantinomiesofspace，which，accordingtohim，proveittobeunreal，althoughitappearsassoprolificamediumofexternalrelations;andhethenconcludesthat\"Irrationalityandexternalitycannotbethelasttruthaboutthings。Somewheretheremustbeareasonwhythisandthatappeartogether。Andthisreasonandrealitymustresideinthewholefromwhichtermsandrelationsareabstractions，awholeinwhichtheirinternalconnectionmustlie，andoutofwhichfromthebackgroundappearthosefreshresultswhichnevercouldhavecomefromthepremises。\"Andheaddsthat\"Wherethewholeisdifferent，thetermsthatqualifyandcontributetoitmustsofarbedifferent……
Theyarealteredsofaronly[_How_far？_farther_
_than_externally，_yet_not_through_and_through？_]
butstilltheyarealtered……Imustinsistthatineachcasethetermsarequalifiedbytheirwhole[_Qualified_how？——Do_their_external_
115
_relations，_situations，_dates，_etc。，_changed_as_these_
_are_in_the_new_whole，_fail_to_qualify_them_’far’_
enough？_]，andthatinthesecondcasethereisawholewhichdiffersbothlogicallyandpsychologicallyfromthefirstwhole;andIurgethatincontributingtothechangethetermssofararealtered。\"
Notmerelytherelations，then，butthetermsarealtered：_Und_zwar_’sofar。’Butjust_how_
faristhewholeproblem;and’through-and-
through’wouldseem（inspiteofMr。Bradley’ssomewhatundecidedutterances（1））tobethe——-
1Isay’undecided，’because，apartfromthe’sofar，’whatsoundsterriblyhalf-hearted，therearepassagesintheseverypagesinwhichMr。Bradleyadmitsthepluralisticthesis。Read，forexample，whathesays，onp。578，ofabilliardballkeepingits’character’unchanged，though，initschangeofplace，its’existence’getsaltered;orwhathesays，onp。579，ofthepossibilitythatanabstractqualityA，B，orC，inathing，’maythroughoutremainunchanged’althoughthethingbealtered;orhisadmissionthatred-hairedness，bothasanalyzedoutofamanandwhengivenwiththerestofhim，theremaybe’nochange’p。580）。Whydoesheimmediatelyaddthatforthepluralisttopleadthenon-mutationofsuchabstractionswouldbean_ignoratio_
_elenchi？_Itisimpossibletoadmitittobesuch。Theentire_elenchus_andinquestisjustastowhetherpartswhichyoucanabstractfromtheirinnernature。Iftheycanthusmouldvariouswholesintonew_gestalqualitaten_，thenitfollowsthatthesameelementsarelogicallyabletoexistindifferentwholes[whetherphysicallyablewoulddependonadditionalhypotheses];thatpartialchangesarethinkable，andthrough-and-throughchangenotadialecticnecessity;
thatmonismisonlyanhypothesis;andthatanadditivelyconstituteduniverseisarationallyrespectablehypothesisalso。Allthesesofradicalempiricism，inshort，follow。
116
fullBradleyananswer。The’whole’whichheheretreatsasprimaryanddeterminativeofeachpart’smannerof’contributing，’simply_must_，whenitalters，alterinitsentirety。There_must_betotalconfluxofitsparts，eachintoandthrougheachother。The’must’appearshereasa_Machtspruch_，asan_ipse_dixit_ofMr。
Bradley’sabsolutisticallytempered’understanding，’
forhecandidlyconfessesthathowtheparts_do_differastheycontributetodifferentwholes，isunknowntohim。（1）
AlthoughIhaveeverywishtocomprehendtheauthoritybywhichMr。Bradley’sunderstandingspeaks，hiswordsleavemewhollyunconverted。’Externalrelations’standwiththeirwithersallunwrung，andremain，foraughtheprovestothecontrary，notonlypracticallyworkable，butalsoperfectlyintelligiblefactorsofreality。
——-
1Op。cit。，pp。577-579。
117
VI
Mr。Bradley’sunderstandingshowsthemostextraordinarypowerofperceivingseparationsandthemostextraordinaryimpotenceincomprehendingconjunctions。Onewouldnaturallysay’neitherorboth，’butnotsoMr。
Bradley。Whenacommonmananalyzescertain_whats_fromoutthestreamofexperience，heunderstandstheirdistinctness_as_thus_isolated_。
Butthisdoesnotpreventhimfromequallywellunderstandingtheircombinationwitheachother_as_originally_experienced_in_the_concrete_，ortheirconfluencewithnewsensibleexperiencesinwhichtheyrecuras’thesame。’
Returningintothestreamofsensiblepresentation，nounsandadjectives，and_thats_andabstract_whats_，growconfluentagain，andtheword’is’namesalltheseexperiencesofconjunction。
Mr。Bradleyunderstandstheisolationoftheabstracts，buttounderstandthecombinationistohimimpossible。（1）\"Tounderstand——-
1SofarasIcatchhisstateofmind，itissomewhatlikethis：
’Book，’’table，’’on’——howdoestheexistenceofthesethreeabstractelementsresultin_this_bookbeinglivinglyon_this_table。Whyisn’tthetableonthebook？Orwhydoesn’tthe’on’connectitselfwithanotherbook，orsomethingthatisnotatable？Mustn’tsomething_in_
eachofthethreeelementsalreadydeterminethetwoothersto_it_，sothattheydonotsettleelsewhereorfloatvaguely？Mustn’tthe_whole_fact_be_prefigured_in_each_part_，andexist_de_jure_beforeitcanexist_de_fact？_But，ifso，inwhatcanthejuralexistenceconsist，ifnotinaspiritualminiatureofthewholefact’sconstitutionactuatingeverypartialfactorasitspurpose？Butisthisanythingbuttheoldmetaphysicalfallacyoflookingbehindafact_in_esse_forthegroundofthefact，andfindingitintheshapeoftheverysamefact_in_posse？_Somewherewemustleaveoffwitha_constitution_behindwhichthereisnothing。
118
acomplexAB，\"hesays，\"ImustbeginwithAorB。Andbeginning，saywithA，ifI
thenmerelyfindB，IhaveeitherlostA，orIhavegotbesideA，[_the_word_’beside’_seems_
_here_vital，_as_meaning_a_conjunction_’external’_
_and_therefore_unintelligible_]somethingelse，andinneithercasehaveIunderstood。（1）Formyintellectcannotsimplyuniteadiversity，norhasitinitselfanyformorwayoftogetherness，andyougainnothingif，besideAandB，youoffermetheirconjunctioninfact。Fortomyintellectthatisnomorethananotherexternalelement。And’facts，’onceforall，areformyintellectnottrueunlesstheysatisfyit……Theintellecthasinitsnaturenoprincipleofmeretogetherness。\"（2）
——-
1Applythistothecaseof’book-on-table’！W。J。
2Op。cit。，pp。570，572。
119
OfcourseMr。Bradleyhasarighttodefine’intellect’asthepowerbywhichweperceiveseparationsbutnotunions——providedhegiveduenoticetothereader。Butwhythenclaimthatsuchamaimedandamputatedpowermustreignsupremeinphilosophy，andaccuseonitsbehoofthewholeempiricalworldofirrationality？Itistruethatheelsewhereattributestotheintellecta_proprius_
_motus_oftransition，butsaysthatwhenhelooksfor_these_transitionsinthedetailoflivingexperience，he’isunabletoverifysuchasolution。’（1）
Yetheneverexplainswhattheintellectualtransitionswouldbelikeincasewehadthem。
Heonlydefinesthemnegatively——theyarenotspatial，temporal，predicative，orcausal;
orqualitativelyorotherwiseserial;orinanywayrelationalaswenaivelytracerelations，forrelations_separate_terms，andneedthemselvestobehookedon_ad_infinitum_。Thenearestapproachhemakestodescribingatrulyintellectualtransitioniswherehespeaksof——-
1Op。cit。，pp。568，569。
120
AandBasbeing’united，eachfromitsownnature，inawholewhichisthenatureofbothalike。’（1）Butthis（which，_pace_Mr。Bradley，seemsexquisitelyanalogousto’taking’acongeriesina’lump，’ifnotto’swamping’）suggestsnothingbutthat_conflux_whichpureexperiencesoabundantlyoffers，aswhen’space，’’white’and’sweet’areconfluentina’lumpofsugar，’orkinesthetic，dermal，andopticalsensationsconfluentin’myhand。’（2）
AllthatIcanverifyinthetransitionswhichMr。Bradley’sintellectdesideratesasits_proprius_
_motus_isareminiscenceoftheseandothersensibleconjunctions（especiallyspace-
conjunctions），butareminiscencesovaguethatitsoriginalsarenotrecognized。Bradleyinshortrepeatsthefableofthedog，thebone，anditsimageinthewater。Withaworldofparticulars，giveninloveliestunion，inconjunctiondefinitelyvarious，andvariouslydefinite，——-
1Op。cit。，p。570。
2Howmeaninglessisthecontentionthatinsuchwholes（orin’book-on-table，’’watch-in-pocket，’etc）therelationisanadditionalentity_between_theterms，needingitselftoberelatedagaintoeach！
BothBradley（op。cit。，pp。32-33）andRoyce（_The_World_and_the_
_Individual_，vol。I，p。128）lovinglyrepeatthispieceofprofundity。
121
the’how’ofwhichyou’understand’assoonasyouseethefactofthem，（1）forthereisno’how’excepttheconstitutionofthefactasgiven;withallthisgivenhim，Isay，inpureexperience，heasksforsomeineffableunionintheabstractinstead，which，ifhegainedit，wouldonlybeaduplicateofwhathehasalreadyinhisfullpossession。Surelyheabusestheprivilegewhichsocietygrantstoallusphilosophers，ofbeingpuzzle-headed。
Polemicwritinglikethisisodious;butwithabsolutisminpossessioninsomanyquarters，omissiontodefendmyradicalempiricismagainstitsbestknownchampionwouldcountaseithersuperficialityorinability。Ihavetoconcludethatitsdialectichasnotinvalidatedintheleastdegreetheusualconjunctionsbywhichtheworld，asexperienced，hangssovariouslytogether。Inparticularitleavesanempiricaltheoryofknowledge（2）intact，andletsuscontinuetobelievewithcommonsensethat122
oneobject_may_beknown，ifwehaveanygroundforthinkingthatit_is_known，tomanyknowers。
In[thenextessay]Ishallreturntothislastsupposition，whichseemstometoofferotherdifficultiesmuchharderforaphilosophyofpureexperiencetodealwiththananyofabsolutism’sdialecticobjections。
123
IV
HOWTWOMINDSCANKNOW
ONETHING（1）
IN[theessay]entitled’DoesConsciousnessExist？’Ihavetriedtoshowthatwhenwecallanexperience’conscious，’thatdoesnotmeanthatitissuffusedthroughoutwithapeculiarmodalityofbeing（’psychic’being）asstainedglassmaybesuffusedwithlight，butratherthatitstandsincertaindeterminaterelationstootherportionsofexperienceextraneoustoitself。Theseformonepeculiar’context’forit;while，takeninanothercontextofexperiences，weclassitasafactinthephysicalworld。This’pen，’forexample，is，inthefirstinstance，abald_that_，adatum，fact，phenomenon，content，orwhateverotherneutralorambiguousnameyoumayprefertoapply。I
calleditinthatarticlea’pureexperience。’Togetclassedeitherasaphysicalpenorassomeone’sperceptofapen，itmustassumea_function_，——-
1[Reprintedfrom_The_Journal_of_Philosophy，_Psychology_and_
_Scientific_Methods_，volII，No。7，March30，1905。]
124
andthatcanonlyhappeninamorecomplicatedworld。Sofarasinthatworlditisastablefeature，holdsink，markspaperandobeystheguidanceofahand，itisaphysicalpen。Thatiswhatwemeanbybeing’physical，’
inapen。Sofarasitisinstable，onthecontrary，comingandgoingwiththemovementsofmyeyes，alteringwithwhatIcallmyfancy，continuouswithsubsequentexperiencesofits’havingbeen’（inthepasttense），itistheperceptofapeninmymind。Thosepeculiaritiesarewhatwemeanbybeing’conscious，’
inapen。
InSectionVIofanother[essay]（1）Itriedtoshowthatthesame_that_，thesamenumericallyidenticalpenofpureexperience，canentersimultaneouslyintomanyconsciouscontexts，or，inotherwords，beanobjectformanydifferentminds。IadmittedthatIhadnotspacetotreatofcertainpossibleobjectionsinthatarticle;butin[thelastessay]Itooksomeoftheobjectionsup。Attheendofthat[essay]
Isaidthatastillmoreformidable-sounding——-
1\"AWorldofPureExperience，\"above，pp。39-91。
125
objectionsremained;so，toleavemypure-
experiencetheoryinasstrongastateaspossible，Iproposetoconsiderthoseobjectionsnow。
I
TheobjectionsIpreviouslytriedtodisposeofwerepurelylogicalordialectical。nooneidenticalterm，whetherphysicalorpsychical，ithadbeensaid，couldbethesubjectoftworelationsatonce。ThisthesisIsoughttoproveunfounded。Theobjectionsthatnowconfrontusarisefromthenaturesupposedtoinhereinpsychicfactsspecifically。Whatevermaybethecasewithphysicalobjects，afactofconsciousness，itisalleged（andindeedveryplausibly），cannot，withoutself-contradiction，betreatedasaportionoftwodifferentminds，andforthefollowingreasons。
Inthephysicalworldwemakewithimpunitytheassumptionthatoneandthesamematerialobjectcanfigureinanindefinitelylargenumberofdifferentprocessesatonce。
When，forinstance，asheetofrubberispulledatitsfourcorners，aunitofrubberinthemiddleofthesheetisaffectedbyallfourofthe126
pulls。It_transmits_themeach，asifitpulledinfourdifferentwaysatonceitself。So，anair-
particleoranether-particle’compounds’thedifferentdirectionsofmovementimprintedonitwithoutobliteratingtheirseveralindividualities。
Itdeliversthemdistinct，onthecontrary，atasmanyseveral’receivers’（ear，eyeorwhatnot）asmaybe’tuned’tothateffect。Theapparentparadoxofadistinctnesslikethissurvivinginthemidstofcompoundingisathingwhich，Ifancy，theanalysesmadebyphysicistshavebythistimesufficientlyclearedup。
Butif，onthestrengthoftheseanalogies，oneshouldask：\"Why，iftwoormorelinescanrunthroughoneandthesamegeometricalpoint，oriftwoormoredistinctprocessesofactivitycanrunthroughoneandthesamephysicalthingsothatitsimultaneouslyplaysaroleineachandeveryprocess，mightnottwoormorestreamsofpersonalconsciousnessincludeoneandthesameunitofexperiencesothatitwouldsimultaneouslybeapartoftheexperienceofallthedifferentminds？\"onewouldbecheckedbythinkingofacertainpeculiarityby127
whichphenomenaofconsciousnessdifferfromphysicalthings。
Whilephysicalthings，namely，aresupposedtobepermanentandtohavetheir’states，’afactofconsciousnessexistsbutonceand_is_astate。Its_esse_is_sentiri_;itisonlysofarasitisfelt;anditisunambiguouslyandunequivocallyexactly_what_isfeltThehypothesisunderconsiderationwould，however，obligeittobefeltequivocally，feltnowaspartofmymindandagainatthesametime_not_asapartofmymind，butofyours（formymindis_not）yours），andthiswouldseemimpossiblewithoutdoublingitintotwodistinctthings，or，inotherwords，withoutrevertingtotheordinarydualisticphilosophyofinsulatedmindseachknowingitsobjectrepresentativelyasathirdthing，——andthatwouldbetogiveupthepure-
experienceschemealtogether。
Canwesee，then，anywayinwhichaunitofpureexperiencemightenterintoandfigureintwodiversestreamsofconsciousnesswithoutturningitselfintothetwounitswhich，onourhypothesis，itmustnotbe？
128
II
Thereisaway;andthefirststeptowardsitistoseemorepreciselyhowtheunitentersintoeitheroneofthestreamsofconsciousnessalone。Justwhat，frombeing’pure，’doesitsbecoming’conscious’_once_mean？
Itmeans，first，thatnewexperienceshavesupervened;and，second，thattheyhaveborneacertainassignablerelationtotheunitsupposed。Continue，ifyouplease，tospeakofthepureunitas’thepen。’Sofarasthepen’ssuccessorsdobutrepeatthepenor，beingdifferentfromit，are’energetically’（1）relatedtoit，andtheywillformagroupofstablyexistingphysicalthings。Sofar，however，asitssuccessorsdifferfromitinanotherwell-
determinedway，thepenwillfigureintheircontext，notasaphysical，butasamentalfact。
Itwillbecomeapassing’percept，’_my_perceptofthatpen。Whatnowisthatdecisivewell-
determinedway？
Inthechapteron’TheSelf，’inmy_Principles_
——-
1[Foranexplanationofthisexpression，seeabove，p。32。]
129
_of_Psychology_，Iexplainedthecontinuousidentityofeachpersonalconsciousnessasanameforthepracticalfactthatnewexperiences（1）
comewhichlookbackontheoldones，findthem’warm，’andgreetandappropriatethemas’mine。’Theseoperationsmean，whenanalyzedempirically，severaltolerablydefinitethings，viz。：
1。Thatthenewexperiencehaspasttimeforits’content，’andinthattimeapenthat’was’;
2。That’warmth’wasalsoaboutthepen，inthesenseofagroupoffeelings（’interest’
aroused，’attention’turned，’eyes’employed，etc。）thatwerecloselyconnectedwithitandthatnowrecurandevermorerecurwithunbrokenvividness，thoughfromthepenofnow，whichmaybeonlyanimage，allsuchvividnessmayhavegone;
3。Thatthesefeelingsarethenucleusof’me’;
4。Thatwhateveroncewasassociatedwiththemwas，atleastforthatonemoment，’mine’——myimplementifassociatedwith——-
1Icallthem’passingthoughts’inthebook——thepassageinpointgoesfrompages330to342ofvol。I。
130
hand-feelings，my’percept’only，ifonlyeye-
feelingsandattention-feelingswereinvolved。
Thepen，realizedinthisretrospectivewayasmypercept，thusfiguresasafactof’conscious’
life。Butitdoessoonlysofaras’appropriation’
hasoccurred;andappropriationis_part_of_the_content_of_a_later_experience_whollyadditionaltotheoriginally’pure’pen。_That_
pen，virtuallybothobjectiveandsubjective，isatitsownmomentactuallyandintrinsicallyneither。Ithastobelookedbackuponand_used_，inordertobeclassedineitherdistinctiveway。Butitsuse，socalled，isinthehandsoftheotherexperience，while_it_stands，throughouttheoperation，passiveandunchanged。
Ifthispassmusterasanintelligibleaccountofhowanexperienceoriginallypurecanenterintooneconsciousness，thenextquestionisastohowitmightconceivablyenterintotwo。
III
Obviouslynonewkindofconditionwouldhavetobesupplied。Allthatweshouldhavetopostulatewouldbeasecondsubsequent131
experience，collateralandcontemporarywiththefirstsubsequentone，inwhichasimilaractofappropriationshouldoccur。Thetwoactswouldinterfereneitherwithoneanothernorwiththeoriginallypurepen。Itwouldsleepundisturbedinitsownpast，nomatterhowmanysuchsuccessorswentthroughtheirseveralappropriativeacts。Eachwouldknowitas’my’percept，eachwouldclassitasa’conscious’
fact。
Norneedtheirsoclassingitinterfereintheleastwiththeirclassingitatthesametimeasaphysicalpen。Sincetheclassinginbothcasesdependsuponthetakingofitinonegrouporanotherofassociates，ifthesupersedingexperiencewereofwideenough’span’itcouldthinkthepeninbothgroupssimultaneously，andyetdistinguishthetwogroups。Itwouldthenseethewholesituationconformablytowhat，wecall’therepresentativetheoryofcognition，’
andthatiswhatweallspontaneouslydo。Asamanphilosophizing’popularly，’IbelievethatwhatIseemyselfwritingwithisdouble——I
thinkitinitsrelationstophysicalnature，and132
alsoinitsrelationstomypersonallife;Iseethatitisinmymind，butthatitalsoisaphysicalpen。
Theparadoxofthesameexperiencefiguringintwoconsciousnessesseemsthusnoparadoxatall。Tobe’conscious’meansnotsimplytobe，buttobereported，known，tohaveawarenessofone’sbeingaddedtothatbeing;andthisisjustwhathappenswhentheappropriativeexperiencesupervenes。Thepen-experienceinitsoriginalimmediacyisnotawareofitself，itsimply_is_，andthesecondexperienceisrequiredforwhatwecallawarenessofittooccur。（1）Thedifficultyofunderstandingwhathappenshereis，therefore，notalogicaldifficulty：
thereisnocontradictioninvolved。Itisanontologicaldifficultyrather。Experiencescomeonanenormousscale，andifwetake——-
1ShadworthHodgsonhaslaidgreatstressonthefactthattheminimumofconsciousnessdemandstwosubfeelingsofwhichthesecondretrospectsthefirst。（Cf。thesection’AnalysisofMinima’inhis_Philosophy_of_Reflection_，vol。I，p。248;alsothechapterentitled’TheMomentofExperience’inhis_Metaphysic_of_Experience_，vol。I，p。34。）’Weliveforward，butweunderstandbackward’isaphraseofKierkegaard’swhichHoffdingquotes。[H。Hoffding：\"A
PhilosophicalConfession，\"
_Journal_of_Philosophy，_Psychology_and_Scientific_Methods_，vol。II，1905，p。86。
133
themalltogether，theycomeinachaosofincommensurablerelationsthatwecannotstraightenout。Wehavetoabstractdifferentgroupsofthem，andhandletheseseparatelyifwearetotalkofthematall。Buthowtheexperiencesever_get_themselves_made_，or_why_
theircharactersandrelationsarejustsuchasappear，wecannotbegintounderstand……
Granting，however，that，byhookorcrook，they_can_getthemselvesmade，andcanappearinthesuccessionsthatIhavesoschematicallydescribed，thenwehavetoconfessthatevenalthough（asIbeganbyquotingfromtheadversary）
’afeelingonlyisasitisfelt，’thereisstillnothingabsurdinthenotionofitsbeingfeltintwodifferentwaysatonce，asyours，namely，andasmine。Itis，indeed，’mine’onlyasitisfeltasmine，and’yours’onlyasitisfeltasyours。Butitisfeltasneither_by_itself_，butonlywhen’owned’byourtwoseveralrememberingexperiences，justasoneundividedestateisownedbyseveralheirs。
134
IV
Oneword，now，beforeIclose，aboutthecorollariesoftheviewsetforth。Sincetheacquisitionofconsciousqualityonthepartofanexperiencedependsuponacontextcomingtoit，itfollowsthatthesumtotalofallexperiences，havingnocontext，cannotstrictlybecalledconsciousatall。Itisa_that_，anAbsolute，a’pure’experienceonanenormousscale，undifferentiatedandundifferentiableintothoughtandthing。Thisthepost-Kantianidealistshavealwayspracticallyacknowledgedbycallingtheirdoctrinean_Identitats-_
_philosophie_。Thequestionofthe_Beseelung_oftheAllofthingsoughtnot，then，eventobeasked。Nomoreoughtthequestionofits_truth_
tobeasked，fortruthisarelationinsideofthesumtotal，obtainingbetweenthoughtsandsomethingelse，andthoughts，aswehaveseen，canonlybecontextualthings。Intheserespectsthepureexperiencesofourphilosophyare，inthemselvesconsidered，somanylittleabsolutes，thephilosophyofpureexperience135
beingonlyamorecomminuted_Identitatsphilosphie_。（1）
Meanwhile，apureexperiencecanbepostulatedwithanyamountwhateverofspanorfield。Ifitexerttheretrospectiveandappropriativefunctiononanyotherpieceofexperience，thelattertherebyentersintoitsownconsciousstream。Andinthisoperationtimeintervalsmakenoessentialdifference。Aftersleeping，myretrospectionisasperfectasitisbetweentwosuccessivewakingmomentsofmytime。Accordinglyif，millionsofyearslater，asimilarlyretrospectiveexperienceshouldanyhowcometobirth，mypresentthoughtwouldformagenuineportionofitslong-spanconsciouslife。’Formaportion，’Isay，butnotinthesensethatthetwothingscouldbeentitativelyorsubstantivelyone——theycannot，fortheyarenumericallydiscretefacts——butonlyinthesensethatthe_functions_ofmypresentthought，itsknowledge，itspurpose，itscontentand’consciousness，’inshort，beinginherited，wouldbecontinuedpractically——-
1[Cf。below，pp。197，202。]
136
unchanged。SpeculationslikeFechner’s，ofanEarth-soul，ofwiderspansofconsciousnessenvelopingnarroweronesthroughoutthecosmos，are，therefore，philosophicallyquiteinorder，providedtheydistinguishthefunctionalfromtheentitativepointofview，anddonottreattheminorconsciousnessunderdiscussionasakindofstandingmaterialofwhichthewiderones_consist_。（1）
——-
1[Cf。_A_Pluralistic_Universe_，Lect。IV，’ConcerningFechner，’andLect。V，’TheCompoundingofConsciousness。’]
137
V
THEPLACEOFAFFECTIONAL
FACTSINAWORLDOFPURE
EXPERIENCE（1）
COMMONsenseandpopularphilosophyareasdualisticasitispossibletobe。Thoughts，weallnaturallythink，aremadeofonekindofsubstance，andthingsofanother。Consciousness，flowinginsideusintheformsofconceptionorjudgement，orconcentratingitselfintheshapeofpassionoremotion，canbedirectlyfeltasthespiritualactivitywhichitis，andknownincontrastwiththespace-filling，objective’content’whichitenvelopsandaccompanies。
Inoppositiontothisdualisticphilosophy，Itried，in[thefirstessay]toshowthatthoughtsandthingsareabsolutelyhomogeneousastotheirmaterial，andthattheiroppositionisonlyoneofrelationandoffunction。
Thereisnothought-stuffdifferentfromthing-stuff，Isaid;butthesameidenticalpiece——-
1[Reprintedfrom_The_Journal_of_Philosophy，_Psychology_and_
_Scientific_Methods_，volII，，No。11，May25，1905。]
138
of’pureexperience’（whichwasthenameI
gavetothe_materia_prima_ofeverything）canstandalternatelyfora’factofconsciousness’
orforaphysicalreality，accordingasitistakeninonecontextorinanother。Fortherightunderstandingofwhatfollows，Ishallhavetopresupposethatthereaderwillhavereadthat-essay]。（1）
Thecommonestobjectionwhichthedoctrinetherelaiddownrunsupagainstisdrawnfromtheexistenceofour’affections。’Inourpleasuresandpains，ourlovesandfearsandangers，inthebeauty，comicality，importanceorpreciousnessofcertainobjectsandsituations，wehave，Iamtoldbymanycritics，agreatrealmofexperienceintuitivelyrecognizedasspiritual，made，andfelttobemade，ofconsciousnessexclusively，anddifferentinnaturefromthespace-fillingkindofbeingwhichisenjoyedbyphysicalobjects。InSectionVII，of[thefirstessay]，Itreatedofthisclassofexperiencesinadequately，——-
1Itwillbestillbetterifheshallhavealsoreadthe[essay]
entitled’AWorldofPureExperience，’whichfollows[thefirst]anddevelopsitsideasstillfarther。
139
becauseIhadtobebrief。Inowreturntothesubject，becauseIbelievethat，sofarfrominvalidatingmygeneralthesis，thesephenomena，whenproperlyanalyzed，afforditpowerfulsupport。
Thecentralpointofthepure-experiencetheoryisthat’outer’and’inner’arenamesfortwogroupsintowhichwesortexperiencesaccordingtothewayinwhichtheyactupontheirneighbors。Anyone’content，’suchas_hard_，letussay，canbeassignedtoeithergroup。Intheoutergroupitis’strong，’itacts’energetically’andaggressively。Herewhateverishardinterfereswiththespaceitsneighborsoccupy。Itdentsthem;isimpenetrablebythem;andwecallthehardnessthenaphysicalhardness。Inthemind，onthecontrary，thehardthingisnowhereinparticular，itdentsnothing，itsuffusesthroughitsmentalneighbors，asitwere，andinterpenetratesthem。Takeninthisgroupwecallbothitandthem’ideas’or’sensations’;andthebasisofthetwogroupsrespectivelyisthedifferenttypeofinterrelation，themutualimpenetrability，140
ontheonehand，andthelackofphysicalinterferenceandinteraction，ontheother。
Thatwhatinitselfisoneandthesameentityshouldbeabletofunctionthusdifferentlyindifferentcontextsisanaturalconsequenceoftheextremelycomplexreticulationsinwhichourexperiencescome。Toheroffspringatigressistender，butcrueltoeveryotherlivingthing——bothcruelandtender，therefore，atonce。Amassinmovementresistseveryforcethatoperatescontrariwisetoitsowndirection，buttoforcesthatpursuethesamedirection，orcomeinatrightangles，itisabsolutelyinert。Itisthusbothenergeticandinert;andthesameistrue（ifyouvarytheassociatesproperly）ofeveryotherpieceofexperience。Itisonlytowardscertainspecificgroupsofassociatesthatthephysicalenergiesaswecallthem，ofacontentareputforth。Inanothergroupitmaybequiteinert。
Itispossibletoimagineauniverseofexperiencesinwhichtheonlyalternativebetweenneighborswouldbeeitherphysicalinteractionorcompleteinertness。Insuchaworldthe141
mentalorthephysical_status）ofanypieceofexperiencewouldbeunequivocal。Whenactive，itwouldfigureinthephysical，andwheninactive，inthementalgroup。
Buttheuniverseweliveinismorechaoticthanthis，andthereisroominitforthehybridorambiguousgroupofouraffectionalexperiences，ofouremotionsandappreciativeperceptions。
IntheparagraphsthatfollowIshalltrytoshow：
（1）Thatthepopularnotionthattheseexperiencesareintuitivelygivenaspurelyinnerfactsishastyanderroneous;and（2）Thattheirambiguityillustratesbeautifullymycentralthesisthatsubjectivityandobjectivityareaffairsnotofwhatanexperienceisaboriginallymadeof，butofitsclassification。
Classificationsdependonourtemporarypurposes。Forcertainpurposesitisconvenienttotakethingsinonesetofrelations，forotherpurposesinanotherset。Inthetwocasestheircontextsareapttobedifferent。
Inthecaseofouraffectionalexperienceswehavenopermanentandsteadfastpurposethat142
obligesustobeconsistent，sowefinditeasytoletthemfloatambiguously，sometimesclassingthemwithourfeelings，sometimeswithmorephysicalrealities，accordingtocapriceortotheconvenienceofthemoment。Thuswouldtheseexperiences，sofarfrombeinganobstacletothepureexperiencephilosophy，serveasanexcellentcorroborationofitstruth。
Firstofall，then，itisamistaketosay，withtheobjectorswhomIbeganbyciting，thatanger，loveandfearareaffectionspurelyofthemind。That，toagreatextentatanyrate，theyaresimultaneouslyaffectionsofthebodyisprovedbythewholeliteratureoftheJames-
Langetheoryofemotion。（1）Allourpains，moreover，arelocal，andwearealwaysfreetospeakoftheminobjectiveaswellasinsubjectiveterms。Wecansaythatweareawareofapainfulplace，fillingacertainbignessinourorganism，orwecansaythatweareinwardlyina’state’ofpain。Allouradjectivesof——-
1[Cf。_The_Principles_of_Psychology_，vol。II，ch。XXV;and\"ThePhysicalBasisofEmotion，\"_The_Psychological_Review_，vol。I，1894，p。516。]
wortharesimilarlyambiguous——Iinstancedsomeoftheambiguities[inthefirstessay]。（1）
Isthepreciousnessofadiamondaqualityofthegem？orisitafeelinginourmind？Practicallywetreatitasbothoraseither，accordingtothetemporarydirectionofourthought。
’Beauty，’saysProfessorSantayana，’ispleasureobjectified’;andinSections10and11ofhiswork，_The_Sense_of_Beauty_，hetreatsinamasterlywayofthisequivocalrealm。Thevariouspleasureswereceivefromanobjectmaycountas’feelings’whenwetakethemsingly，butwhentheycombineinatotalrichness，wecalltheresultthe’beauty’oftheobject，andtreatitasanouterattributewhichourmindperceives。Wediscoverbeautyjustaswediscoverthephysicalpropertiesofthings。
Trainingisneededtomakeusexpertineitherline。Singlesensationsalsomaybeambiguous。
Shallwesayan’agreeabledegreeofheat，’oran’agreeablefeeling’occasionedbythedegreeofheat？Eitherwilldo;andlanguagewouldlosemostofitsestheticandrhetoricalvalue——-
1[Seeabove，pp。34，35。]
144
wereweforbiddentoprojectwordsprimarilyconnotingouraffectionsupontheobjectsbywhichtheaffectionsarearoused。Themanisreallyhateful;theactionreallymean;thesituationreallytragic——allinthemselvesandquiteapartfromouropinion。Weevengosofarastotalkofawearyroad，agiddyheight，ajocundmorningorasullensky;andtheterm’indefinite’whileusuallyappliedonlytoourapprehensions，functionsasafundamentalphysicalqualificationofthingsinSpencer’s’lawofevolution，’anddoubtlesspasseswithmostreadersforallright。
Psychologists，studyingourperceptionsofmovement，haveunearthedexperiencesinwhichmovementisfeltingeneralbutnotascribedcorrectlytothebodythatreallymoves。Thusinopticalvertigo，causedbyunconsciousmovementsofoureyes，bothweandtheexternaluniverseappeartobeinawhirl。Whencloudsfloatbythemoon，itisasifbothcloudsandmoonandweourselvessharedinthemotion。IntheextraordinarycaseofamnesiaoftheRev。Mr。Hanna，published145
bySidisandGoodhartintheirimportantworkon_Multiple_Personality_，wereadthatwhenthepatientfirstrecoveredconsciousnessand\"noticedanattendantwalkacrosstheroom，heidentifiedthemovementwiththatofhisown。Hedidnotyetdiscriminatebetweenhisownmovementsandthoseoutsidehimself。\"（1）
Suchexperiencespointtoaprimitivestageofperceptioninwhichdiscriminationsafterwardsneedfulhavenotyetbeenmade。
Apieceofexperienceofadeterminatesortisthere，butthereatfirstasa’pure’fact。
Motionoriginallysimply_is_;onlylaterisitconfinedtothisthingortothat。Somethinglikethisistrueofeveryexperience，howevercomplex，atthemomentofitsactualpresence。
Letthereaderarresthimselfintheactofreadingthisarticlenow。_Now_thisisapureexperience，aphenomenon，ordatum，amere_that_orcontentoffact。_’Reading’_simply_is，_is_there_;
andwhetherthereforsomeone’sconsciousness，orthereforphysicalnature，isaquestionnotyetput。Atthemoment，itistherefor——-
1Page102。
146
neither;laterweshallprobablyjudgeittohavebeenthereforboth。
Withtheaffectionalexperienceswhichweareconsidering，therelatively’pure’conditionlasts。Inpracticallifenourgentneedhasyetarisenfordecidingwhethertotreatthemasrigorouslymentalorasrigorouslyphysicalfacts。Sotheyremainequivocal;and，astheworldgoes，theirequivocalityisoneoftheirgreatconveniences。
Theshiftingplaceof’secondaryqualities’inthehistoryofphilosophy（1）isanotherexcellentproofofthefactthat’inner’and’outer’arenotcoefficientswithwhichexperiencescometousaboriginallystamped，butareratherresultsofalaterclassificationperformedbyusforparticularneeds。Thecommon-sensestageofthoughtisaperfectlydefinitepracticalhalting-
place，theplacewhereweourselvescanproceedtoactunhesitatingly。Onthisstageofthoughtthingsactoneachotheraswellasonusbymeansoftheirsecondaryqualities。
——-
1[Cf。JanetandSeailles：_History_of_the_Problems_of_Philosophy_，trans。byMonahan，partI，ch。III。]
Sound，assuch，goesthroughtheairandcanbeintercepted。Theheatofthefirepassesover，assuch，intothewaterwhichitsetsa-boiling。Itistheverylightofthearc-
lampwhichdisplacesthedarknessofthemidnightstreet，etc。Byengenderingandtranslocatingjustthesequalities，activelyefficaciousastheyseemtobe，weourselvessucceedinalteringnaturesoastosuitus;anduntilmorepurelyintellectual，asdistinguishedfrompractical，needshadarisen，nooneeverthoughtofcallingthesequalitiessubjective。When，however，Galileo，Descartes，andothersfounditbestforphilosophicpurposestoclasssound，heat，andlightalongwithpainandpleasureaspurelymentalphenomena，theycoulddosowithimpunity。（1）
Eventheprimaryqualitiesareundergoingthesamefate。Hardnessandsoftnessareeffectsonusofatomicinteractions，andtheatomsthemselvesareneitherhardnorsoft，norsolidnorliquid。Sizeandshapearedeemed——-
1[Cf。Descartes：_Meditation_II;_Principles_of_Philosophy_，partI，XLVIII。]
148
subjectivebyKantians;timeitselfissubjectiveaccordingtomanyphilosophers;（1）andeventheactivityandcausalefficacywhichlingeredinphysicslongaftersecondaryqualitieswerebanishedarenowtreatedasillusoryprojectionsoutwardsofphenomenaofourownconsciousness。Therearenoactivitiesoreffectsinnature，forthemostintellectualcontemporaryschoolofphysicalspeculation。
Natureexhibitsonly_changes_，whichhabituallycoincidewithoneanothersothattheirhabitsaredescribableinsimple’laws。’（2）
Thereisnooriginalspiritualityormaterialityofbeing，intuitivelydiscerned，then;butonlyatranslocationofexperiencesfromoneworldtoanother;agroupingofthemwithonesetoranotherofassociatesfordefinitelypracticalorintellectualends。
Iwillsaynothinghereofthepersistentambiguityof_relations_。Theyareundeniablepartsofpureexperience;yet，whilecommonsenseandwhatIcallradicalempiricismstand——-
1[Cf。A。E。Taylor：_Elements_of_Metaphysics_，bk。III，ch。IV。]
2[Cf。K。Pearson：_Grammar_of_Science_，ch。III。]
149
fortheirbeingobjective，bothrationalismandtheusualempiricismclaimthattheyareexclusivelythe’workofthemind’——thefinitemindortheabsolutemind，asthecasemaybe。
Turnnowtothoseaffectivephenomenawhichmoredirectlyconcernus。
Wesoonlearntoseparatethewaysinwhichthingsappealtoourinterestsandemotionsfromthewaysinwhichtheyactupononeanother。Itdoesnot_work_toassumethatphysicalobjectsaregoingtoactoutwardlybytheirsympatheticorantipatheticqualities。
Thebeautyofathingoritsvalueisnoforcethatcanbeplottedinapolygonofcompositions，nordoesits’use’or’significance’affectintheminutestdegreeitsvicissitudesordestinyatthehandsofphysicalnature。Chemical’affinities’areapurelyverbalmetaphor;and，asIjustsaid，evensuchthingsasforces，tensions，andactivitiescanatapinchberegardedasanthropomorphicprojections。Sofar，then，asthephysicalworldmeansthecollectionofcontentsthatdetermineineachothercertain150
regularchanges，thewholecollectionofourappreciativeattributeshastobetreatedasfallingoutsideofit。Ifwemeanbyphysicalnaturewhateverliesbeyondthesurfaceofourbodies，theseattributesareinertthroughoutthewholeextentofphysicalnature。
Whythendomenleavethemasambiguousastheydo，andnotclassthemdecisivelyaspurelyspiritual？
Thereasonwouldseemtobethat，althoughtheyareinertasregardstherestofphysicalnature，theyarenotinertasregardsthatpartofphysicalnaturewhichourownskincovers。
Itisthoseveryappreciativeattributesofthings，theirdangerousness，beauty，rarity，utility，etc。，thatprimarilyappealtoourattention。Inourcommercewithnaturetheseattributesarewhatgive_emphasis_toobjects;
andforanobjecttobeemphatic，whateverspiritualfactitmaymean，meansalsothatitproducesimmediatebodilyeffectsuponus，alterationsoftoneandtension，ofheart-beatandbreathing，ofvascularandvisceralaction。
The’interesting’aspectsofthinsarethus151
notwhollyinertphysically，thoughtheybeactiveonlyinthesesmallcornersofphysicalnaturewhichourbodiesoccupy。That，however，isenoughtosavethemfrombeingclassedasabsolutelynon-objective。