Adler’smostseriousdeviationsfromtherealityofobservationandhisdeepestconfusionofideashaveariseninhisattempttocorrelatethebasicprincipleofhistheorywiththepsychiclifeofthechild，anattemptwhichhasbecomeinevitableinpsychoanalysis。Thebiological，social，andphysiologicalmeaningof\"masculine\"and\"feminine\"haveherebecomemixedintoahopelesscomposition。Itisquiteimpossible，anditcaneasilybedisprovedbyobservation，thatthemasculineorfemininechildbuildsitsplanoflifeonanyoriginalundervaluationofthefemininesex；norisitconceivablethatachildcantakeastheguidinglinethewish：\"Iwillbearealman。\"Inthebeginningnochildhasevenaninklingofthesignificanceofthedifferenceinsex，morelikelyitstartswiththeassumptionthatbothsexespossessthesame（male）genital。Itdoesnotbeginitssexualinvestigationwiththeproblemofsexdifferentiationandisfarfromentertainingthesocialundervaluation[p。47]ofthewoman。
Therearewomeninwhoseneurosisthewishtobeamanneverplayedanypart。Sofarasthe\"masculineprotest\"isconcerned，itcaneasilybetracedbacktoadisturbanceoftheoriginalnarcissismcausedbythethreatofcastration；thatis，tothefirsthindranceofsexualactivity。Alldisputeastothepsychogenesisoftheneurosesmustultimatelybedecidedinthesphereofthechildhoodneuroses。Thecarefulanalysisofaneurosisoftheearlyyearsofchildhoodputsanendtoallmistakesinregardtotheetiologyoftheneuroses，andalldoubtsastothepartplayedbythesexualimpulses。ThatiswhyAdlerinhiscriticismofJung’s\"ConflictsoftheChild’sMind\"wasobligedtoresorttotheimputationthatthematerialofthecasesurelymusthavefollowedauniformnewtendency\"fromthefather。\"[17]
IwillnotlingeranylongeroverthebiologicalsideofAdler’stheory，andwillnotexaminewhetherthepalpableinferiorityoforgansorthesubjectivefeelingofthesame（oneoftencannottellwhich）canpossiblybethebasisofAdler’ssystem。Onlypermitmetoremarkthatthiswouldmaketheneurosisaby—productofthegeneralstunting，whileobservationteachesthatanexcessivelylargenumberofhideous，misshapen，crippled，andwretchedcreatureshavefailedtoreacttotheirdeficienciesbydevelopinganeurosis。NorwillIconsidertheinterestinginformationthatthesenseofinferioritygoesbacktoinfantilefeelings。Itshowsusinwhatdisguisethedoctrineofinfantilism，somuchemphasizedinpsychoanalysis，returnsinAdler’sIndividualPsychology。Ontheotherhand，IamobligedtoemphasizehowallpsychologicalacquisitionsofpsychoanalysishavebeendisregardedbyAdler。Inhisbook\"TheNervousCharacter，\"theunconsciousstillappearsasapsychologicalpeculiarity，butwithoutanyrelationtohissystem。
Later，hedeclared，quitelogically，thatitwasamatterofindifferencetohimwhetheranyconceptionbeconsciousorunconscious。Fortheprincipleofrepressions，Adlerneverevincedanyunderstanding。WhilereviewingalecturebeforetheViennaSocietyin1911，he[p。48]said：\"OnthestrengthofacaseIwishtopointoutthatthepatienthadneverrepressedhislibido，againstwhichhecontinuallytriedtosecurehimself。\"[18]SoonthereafteratadiscussioninViennaAdlersaid：\"Ifyouaskwhencecomestherepression，youaretold：fromculture。Butifyouaskwhencecomesculture，thereplyis：fromtherepression。Soyouseeitisonlyaquestionofaplayonwords。\"AsmallfragmentofthesagacityusedbyAdlertodefendhis\"nervouscharacter\"mighthavesufficedtoshowhimthewayoutofthispettifoggingargument。Thereisnothingmysteriousaboutit，exceptthatculturedependsupontheactsofrepressionofformergenerations，andthateachnewgenerationisrequiredtoretainthisculturebycarryingoutthesamerepressions。Ihaveheardofachildthatconsidereditselffooledandbegantocry，becausetothequestion：\"Wheredoeggscomefrom？\"
itreceivedtheanswer，\"Eggscomefromhens，\"andtothefurtherquestion：
\"Wheredothehenscomefrom？\"theinformationwas\"Fromtheeggs，\"andyetthiswasnotaplayuponwords。Thechildhadbeentoldwhatwastrue。
JustasdeplorableanddevoidofsubstanceisallthatAdlerhassaidaboutthedream——thatshibbolethofpsychoanalysis。Atfirstheconsideredthedreamasaturningfromthemasculinetothefeminineline，whichsimplymeanstranslatingthetheoryofwish—fulfillmentindreamsintothelanguageofthe\"masculineprotest。\"Laterhefoundthattheessenceofthedreamliesinthefactthatitenablesmantorealizeunconsciouslywhatisdeniedhimconsciously。Adlershouldalsobecreditedwiththepriorityofconfoundingthedreamwiththelatentdream—thoughts，onthecognitionofwhichrestshisideaof\"prospectivetendency。\"Maederfollowedhiminthis，lateron。Indoingsohereadilyoverlooksthefactthateveryinterpretationofthedreamwhichreallytellsnothingcomprehensibleinitsmanifestappearancerestsuponthesamedream—interpretation，whoseassumptionsandconclusionsheisdisputing。ConcerningresistanceAdlerassertsthatitservestostrengthenthepatientagainstthephysician。Thisiscertainlycorrect。Itmeansasmuch[p。49]assayingthatitservestheresistance。
Butwhencethisresistanceoriginates，andhowithappensthatitsphenomenaservethepatient’sinterest，thesequestions，asifofnointerestfortheego，arenotfurtherdiscussedbyAdler。Thedetailedmechanismsofsymptomsandphenomena，themotivationofthevarietyofdiseasesandmorbidmanifestations，findnoconsiderationatallwithAdler，sinceeverythingisequallysubservienttothe\"masculineprotest，\"totheself—assertion，andtotheexaltationofthepersonality。Thesystemisfinished，attheexpenseofanextraordinarylaborofnewinterpretation，yetithasnotcontributedasinglenewobservation。IbelievethatIhavesucceededinshowingthathissystemhasnothingwhateverincommonwithpsychoanalysis。
ThepicturewhichonederivesfromAdler’ssystemisfoundedentirelyupontheimpulseofaggression。Ithasnoplaceatallforlove。Onemightwonderthatsuchacheerlessaspectoflifeshouldhavereceivedanynoticewhatever；butwemustnotforgetthathumanity，oppressedbyitssexualneeds，ispreparedtoacceptanything，ifonlythe\"overcomingofsexuality\"
isheldoutasbait。
ThesecessionofAdler’sfactionwasfinishedbeforetheCongressatWeimarwhichtookplacein1911，whiletheoneoftheSwissSchoolbeganafterthisdate。Strangelyenough，thefirstindicationsofitwerefoundinsomeremarksbyRiklininpopulararticlesprintedinSwissliterature，fromwhichthegeneralpubliclearned，evenbeforeRiklin’sclosestcolleagues，thatpsychoanalysishadsucceededinovercomingsomeregretablemistakeswhichdiscreditedit。In1912Jungboasted，inalettertomefromAmerica，thathismodificationsofpsychoanalysishadovercometheresistancestoitinmanypersons，whohithertowantedtoknownothingaboutit。Irepliedthatthiswasnothingtoboastabout，thatthemorehesacrificedofthehard—wontruthsofpsychoanalysis，thelessresistanceshewouldencounter。
ThismodificationfortheintroductionofwhichtheSwissaresoproud，againwasnothingmoreorlessthanthetheoreticalsuppressionofthesexualfactor。IadmitthatfromtheverybeginningIhaveregardedthis\"progress\"asatoo—far—reachingadaptationtothedemandsofactuality。
[p。50]
Thesetworetrogressivemovements，tendingawayfrompsychoanalysis，whichIwillnowcompare，alsoresembleeachotherinthefactthattheyareseekingtoobtainafavorableopinionbymeansofcertainloftypointsofview，assubspecieæ；ternitatis。InthecaseofAdler，thisrô；leisplayedbytherelativityofallknowledge，andbytherightsofthepersonalitytoconstrueartificiallyanypieceofknowledgetosuittheindividual；whileJunginsistsontheculturalhistoricalrightsofyouthtothrowoffanyfettersthattyrannicaloldagewithossifiedviewswouldforgeforit。Theseargumentsrequiresomerepudiation。Therelativityofallourknowledgeisaconsiderationwhichmaybeusedasanargumentagainstanyothersciencebesidespsychoanalysis。Thisideaoriginatesfromwell—knownreactionarystreamsofthepresentdayinimicaltoscience，andwishestogivetheappearanceofasuperioritytowhichwearenotentitled。Notoneofuscanguesswhatmaybetheultimatejudgmentofmankindaboutourtheoreticalefforts。Thereareexamplestoshowthatwhatwasrejectedbythenextthreegenerationswascorrectedbythefourthanditsrecognitionthusbroughtabout。Thereisnothingelsefortheindividualtodothantodefend，withallhisstrength，hisconvictionbasedonexperienceafterhehascarefullylistenedtohisowncriticismsandhasgivensomeattentiontothecriticismsofhisopponents。Lethimbecontenttoconducthisaffairhonestlyandnotassumetheofficeofjudge，whichisreservedforaremotefuture。Toaccentuatepersonalarbitrarinessinscientificmattersisbad；itevidentlywishestodenytopsychoanalysisthevalueofascience，which，tobesure，Adlerhasalreadydepreciatedbytheaforementionedremark。Anyonewhohighlyregardsscientificthinkingwillratherseekformeansandmethodsbywhichtorestrict，ifpossible，thefactorofpersonalandartificialarbitrarinesswhereveritstillplaystoolargeapart。Besidesonemustrememberthatallagitationindefendingisoutofplace。Adlerdoesnottaketheseargumentsseriously。Theyareonlyforuseagainsthisopponents，buttheyrespecthisowntheories。TheyhavenotpreventedAdler’sadherentsfromcelebratinghimastheMessiah，forwhoseappearancewaitinghumanityhadbeenprepared[p。51]bysomanyforerunners。TheMessiahissurelynolongeranythingrelative。
Jung’sargumentadcaptandambenevolentiamrestsontheall—too—optimisticassumptionthattheprogressofhumanity，ofcivilization，andofknowledgehasalwayscontinuedinanunbrokenline，asiftherehadneverbeenanyepigones，reactions，andrestorationsaftereveryrevolution，asiftherehadneverbeenraceswho，becauseofaretrogression，hadtorenouncethegainofformergenerations。Theapproachtothestandpointofthemasses，thegivingupofaninnovationthathasprovedunpopular，allthesemakeitaltogetherunlikelythatJung’scorrectionofpsychoanalysiscouldlayclaimtobeingaliberatingactofyouth。Finallyitisno：theyearsofthedoerthatdecideit，butthecharacterofthedeed。
Ofthetwomovementswehavehereconsidered，thatheadedbyAdlerisundoubtedlythemoreimportant。Thoughradicallyfalse，itis，nevertheless，characterizedbyconsistencyandcoherenceanditisstillfoundedonthetheoryoftheimpulse。Ontheotherhand，Jung’smodificationhaslessenedtheconnectionbetweenthephenomenaandtheimpulses：besides，asitscritics（Abraham，Ferenczi，Jones）havealreadypointedout，itissounintelligible，muddled，andconfused，thatitisnoteasytotakeanyattitudetowardsit。Whereveronetouchesit，onemustbepreparedtobetoldthatonehasmisunderstoodit，anditisimpossibletoknowhowonecanarriveatacorrectunderstandingofit。Itrepresentsitselfinapeculiarlyvacillatingmanner，sinceatonetimeitcallsitself\"aquitetamedeviation，notworthyoftherowwhichhasarisenaboutit\"（Jung），yet，atanothertime，itcallsitselfanewsalvationwithwhichanewepochshallbeginforpsychoanalysis，infact，anewaspectoftheuniverseforeverythingelse。
WhenonethinksofthedisagreementsbetweentheindividualprivateandpublicexpressionsofJung’sutterancesoneisobligedtoasktowhatextentthisisduetohisownlackofclearnessandlackofsincerity。
Yet，itmustbeadmittedthattherepresentativesofthenewtheoryfindthemselvesinadifficultposition。Theyarenowdisputingthingswhichtheythemselvesformerlydefendedandwhat[p。52]ismore，thisdisputeisnotbasedonnewobservationswhichmighthavetaughtthemsomethingfresh，butratheronadifferentinterpretationwhichcausesthemtoseethingsinadifferentlightfromthatinwhichtheysawthembefore。Itisforthisreasonthattheywillnotgiveuptheirconnectionwithpsychoanalysisastherepresentativesofwhichtheyfirstbecameknownintheworld。Theyprefertoproclaimthatpsychoanalysishaschanged。AttheCongressofMü；nichIwasobligedtoclearupthisconfusionanddidsobydeclaringthatIcouldnotrecognizetheinnovationoftheSwissSchoolasalegitimatecontinuationandfurtherdevelopmentofthePsychoanalysiswhichhadoriginatedwithme。Outsidecritics（likeFurtmü；ller）hadalreadyrecognizedthisstateofaffairsandAbrahamsays，quiterightly，thatJungisinfullretreatawayfrompsychoanalysis。Iamnaturallyentirelywillingtoadmitthatanyonehastherighttothinkandtowritewhathewishes，buthehasnottherighttomakeitouttobesomethingdifferentfromwhatitreallyis。
JustasAdler’sresearchesbroughtsomethingnewintopsychoanalysis，apieceoftheego—psychology，andpaidonlytoodearlyforthisgiftbyrepudiatingallthefundamentalanalyticprinciples，inthesamewayJungandhisadherentshavebasedtheirfightagainstpsychoanalysisuponanewcontributiontothesame。Theyhavetracedindetail（whatPfisterdidbeforethem）howthematerialofthesexualideasoriginatinginthefamilycomplexandintheincestuousobjectselectioncanbeusedtorepresentthehighestethicalandreligiousinterestsofmankind，thatis，theyhaveexplainedaremarkablecaseofsublimationoftheeroticimpellingforcesandthetransformationofthesameintostrivingsthatcannolongerbecallederotic。Allthisharmonizedverywellwiththeassumptionsofpsychoanalysis，andwouldhaveagreedverywellwiththeconceptionthatinthedreamandintheneurosisoneseestheregressiveelucidationsoftheseandallothersublimations。Buttheworldwouldhaveexclaimedthatethicsandreligionhadbeensexualized。Icannothelpassuming\"finally\"thattheinvestigatorsfoundthemselvesquiteunequaltothestormtheyhadtoface。[p。53]Perhapsthestormbegantorageintheirownbosoms。TheprevioustheologicalhistoryofsomanyoftheSwissworkersisasimportantintheirattitudetopsychoanalysisasisthesocialisticrecordofAdlerforthedevelopmentofhis\"psychology。\"
OneisremindedofMarkTwain’sfamousstoryaboutthefateofhiswatchandtothespeculativeremarkwithwhichheclosedit：\"Andheusedtowonderwhatbecameofalltheunsuccessfultinkers，andgunsmiths，andshoemakers，andblacksmiths；butnobodycouldevertellhim。\"
Iwillencroachupontherealmofparablesandwillassumethatinacertainsocietytherelivedaparvenuwhoboastedofdescentfromaverynoblefamilynotlocallyknown。Butitsohappenedthatitwasprovedtohimthathisparentswerelivingsomewhereintheneighborhoodandwereverysimplepeople，indeed。Onlyonewayoutremainedtohimandheseizeduponit。Hecouldnolongerdenyhisparents，butheassertedthattheywereveryaristocraticbyoriginbutmuchcomedownintheworld，andsecuredforthematsomeobligingofficeadocumentshowingtheirdescent。ItseemstomethattheSwissworkershadbeenobligedtoactinasimilarmanner。
Ifethicsandreligioncouldnotbesexualized，butmustberegardedassomething\"higher\"fromtheverybeginning，andastheiroriginfromthefamilyandOedipuscomplexesseemedundeniable，thentherewasonlyonewayout；namely，thatthesecomplexesthemselves，fromthebeginning，couldnothavethesignificancewhichtheyappearedtoexpress，butmusthavethathigher\"anagogic\"sense（touseSilberer’snomenclature）withwhichtheyadaptthemselvesforproperuseintheabstractstreamsofthoughtofethicsandreligiousmysticism。
IamquitepreparedtobetoldoncemorethatIhavemisunderstoodthecontentsandobjectofthetheoryoftheNew—Zü；richSchool，butherewishtoprotestagainstbeingheldresponsibleforthosecontradictionstomytheoriesthathavearisenasaresultofthepublicationsofthisschoolTheburdenofresponsibilityrestsonthem，notonme。InnootherwaycanImakecomprehensibletomyselftheensembleofJung’sinnovationsorgraspthemintheirassociations。AllthechangeswhichJunghasperpetratedupon[p。54]psychoanalysisoriginatedintheintentionofsettingasideallthatisobjectionableinthefamilycomplexes，inorderthattheseobjectionablefeaturesmaynotbefoundagaininreligionandethics。Thesexuallibidowasreplacedbyanabstractidea，ofwhichitmaybesaidthatitremainedequallymysteriousandincomprehensiblealiketofoolsandtothewise。TheOedipus—complex，wearetold，hasonlya\"symbolical\"
sense，themotherthereinrepresentingtheunattainablewhichmustberenouncedintheinterestsofculturaldevelopment。ThefatherwhoiskilledintheOedipusmythrepresentsthe\"inner\"fatherfromwhoseinfluencewemustfreeourselvesinordertobecomeindependent。Nodoubtotherportionsofthematerialofsexualconceptionswill，intime，receivesimilarlynewinterpretations。Inplaceoftheconflictbetweeneroticstrivingsadversetotheegoandtheself—assertion，wearegiventheconflictbetweenthe\"life—task\"andthe\"psychic—laziness。’’Theneuroticguiltyconsciencecorrespondswiththereproachofnothavingputtogoodaccountone’slife—task。
Thusanewreligio—ethicalsystemwasfoundedwhich，exactlylikeAdler’s，wasobligedtogivenewinterpretations，todistortorsetasidetheactualresultsofanalysis。Asamatteroffacttheyhavecaughtafewculturalhighernotesfromthesymphonyoftheworld’sby—gones，butonceagainhavefailedtohearthepowerfulmelodyoftheimpulses。
Inordertoholdthissystemtogetheritwasnecessarytodrawawayentirelyfromtheobservationsandtechniqueofpsychoanalysis。Nowandthentheenthusiasmforthehighercauseevenpermitsatotaldisregardforscientificlogic，asforinstance，whenJungmaintainsthattheOedipuscomplexisnot\"specific\"enoughfortheetiologyoftheneuroses，andascribedthisspecificitytolaziness，thatis，tothemostuniversalqualityofanimateandinanimatebodies!Moreover，itistoberemarkedthatthe\"Oedipuscomplex\"onlyrepresentsacapacityonwhichthepsychicforcesoftheindividualmeasurethemselves，andisnotinitselfaforce，likethe\"psychiclaziness。\"Thestudyoftheindividualmanhasshownandalwayswillshowthatthesexualcomplexesarealiveinhimintheiroriginalsense。Thatiswhythestudyoftheindividualwas[p。55]pushedbackbyJungandreplacedbythejudgmentoftheessentialfactsfromthestudyoftheraces。Asthestudyoftheearlychildhoodofeverymanexposedonetothedangerofstrikingagainsttheoriginalandundisguisedmeaningofthesemisinterpretedcomplexes，itwas，therefore，thoughtbesttomakeitaruletotarryaslittleaspossibleatthispastandtoplacethegreatestemphasisonthereturntotheconflict。Here，moreover，theessentialthingsarenotatalltheincidentalandpersonal，butratherthegeneral，thatistosay，the\"non—fulfilmentofthelife—task。\"Nevertheless，weknowthattheactualconflictoftheneuroticbecomescomprehensibleandsolvableonlyifitcanbetracedbackintothepatient’spasthistory，onlybyfollowingalongthewaythathislibidotookwhenhismaladybegan。
HowtheNewZü；richtherapyhasshapeditselfundersuchtendenciesIcanconveybymeansofreportsofapatientwhowashimselfobligedtoexperienceit。
\"Nottheslightesteffortwasmadetoconsiderthepastorthetransferences。
WheneverIthoughtthatthelatterweretouched，theywereexplainedasameresymbolofthelibido。ThemoralinstructionswereverybeautifulandIfollowedthemfaithfully，butIdidnotadvanceonestep。Thiswasmoredistressingtomethantothephysician，buthowcouldIhelpit？
——Insteadoffreeingmeanalytically，eachsessionmadenewandtremendousdemandsonme，onthefulfilmentofwhichtheovercomingoftheneurosiswassupposedtodepend。Someofthesedemandswere：innerconcentrationbymeansofintroversion，religiousmeditation，livingtogetherwithmywifeinlovingdevotion，etc。Itwasalmostbeyondmypower，sinceitreallyamountedtoaradicaltransformationofthewholespiritualman。Ilefttheanalysisasapoorsinnerwiththestrongestfeelingsofcontritionandtheverybestresolutions，butatthesametimewiththedeepestdiscouragement。
Allthatthisphysicianrecommendedanypastorwouldhaveadvised，butwherewasItogetthestrength？\"
Itistruethatthepatienthadalsoheardthatananalysisofthepastandofthetransferenceshouldprecedetheprocess。He，however，wastoldthathehadenoughofit。Butasithadnothelped[p。56]him，itseemstomethatitisjusttoconcludethatthepatienthadnothadenoughofthisfirstsortofanalysis。Notinanycasehasthesuperimposedtreatmentwhichnolongerhastheslightestclaimtocallitselfpsychoanalysis，helped。ItisamatterofwonderthatthemenofZü；richhadneedtomakethelongdetourviaViennatoreachBern，soclosetothem，whereDuboiscuresneurosesbyethicalencouragementinthemostindulgentfashion。[19]
Theutterdisagreementofthisnewmovementwithpsychoanalysisnaturallyshowsitselfalsoinitsattitudetowardsrepression，whichishardlymentionedanymoreinthewritingsofJung；intheuttermisconstructionofthedreamwhichAdler，ignoringthedream—psychology，confuseswiththelatentdream—thoughts，andalsointhelackofunderstandingoftheunconscious。Infactthisdisagreementcanbeseeninalltheessentialpointsofpsychoanalysis。
WhenJungtellsusthattheincest—complexisonly\"symbolic，\"thatithas\"norealexistence，\"thatthesavagefeelsnodesiretowardstheoldhagbutprefersayoungandprettywoman，thenoneistemptedtoassumeinordertodisposeofapparentcontradictionthat\"symbolic\"and\"norealexistence\"onlysignifywhatisdesignatedas\"existingunconsciously。\"
Ifonemaintainsthatthedreamissomethingdifferentfromthelatentdream—thoughts，whichitelaborates，onewillnotwonderthatthepatientsdreamofthosethingswithwhichtheirmindhasbeenfilledduringthetreatment，whetheritbethe\"life—task\"orbeing\"above\"or\"below。\"Certainlythedreamsofthoseanalyzedareguidableinasimilarmannerasdreamscanbeinfluencedbytheapplicationofexperimentalstimuli。Onemaydetermineapartofthematerialthatoccursinthedream，butthischangesnothinginthenatureandmechanismofthedream。NordoIbelievethattheso—called\"biographical\"dreamoccursoutsideoftheanalysis。On[p。57]theotherhand，ifweanalyzedreamsthatoccurredbeforethetreatmentbegan，orifattentionispaidtowhatthedreameraddstothestimulisuppliedtohimduringthetreatment，orifweavoidgivinghimanysuchtask，thenwecanconvinceourselveshowfarthedreamisfromofferingtentativesolutionsofthelife—task。Forthedreamisonlyanotherformofthinking；
theunderstandingofthisformcanneverbegainedfromthecontentofitsthoughts，onlytheconsiderationofthedream—workwillleadtoit。
TheeffectiverefutationofJung’smisconceptionsofpsychoanalysisandhisdeviationsfromitisnotdifficult。Anyanalysiscarriedoutinaccordancewiththerules，especiallyanyanalysisofachild，strengthenstheconvictionsonwhichthetheoryofpsychoanalysisrests，andrepudiatesthenewinterpretationsofAdler’sandJung’ssystems。Junghimself，beforehebecameenlightened，carriedoutsuchananalysisofachildandpublishedit。[20]Itremainstobeseenifhewillundertakeanewinterpretationofthiscasewiththehelpofanother\"uniformnewtendencyofthefacts，\"togiveAdler’sexpressionusedinthisconnection。
Theopinionthatthesexualrepresentationof\"higher\"ideasinthedreamandintheneurosisisnothingbutanarchaicmannerofexpression，isnaturallyirreconcilablewiththefactthatthesesexualcomplexesprovetobeintheneurosisthecarriersofthosequantitiesoflibidowhichhavebeenwithdrawnfromthereallife。Ifitwereonlyaquestionofsexualjargon，nothingcouldtherebybealteredintheeconomyofthelibidoitself。
Junghimselfadmitsthisinhis\"DarstellungderpsychoanalytischenTheorie，\"
andformulates，asatherapeutictask，thatthelibidoinvestingthecomplexesshouldbewithdrawnfromthem。Butthiscanneverbeaccomplishedbyrejectingthecomplexesandforcingthemtowardssublimation，butonlybythemostexhaustiveoccupationwiththem，andbymakingthemfullyconscious。Thefirstbitofrealitywithwhichthepatienthastodealishismaladyitself。
Anyefforttosparehimthistaskpointstoanincapacityofthephysiciantohelp[p。58]himinovercominghisresistances，ortoafearonthepartofthephysicianastotheresultsofthiswork。
IwouldliketosayinconclusionthatJung，byhis\"modifications\"
hasfurnishedpsychoanalysiswithacounterparttothefamousknifeofLichtenbergHehaschangedthehilt，hasinsertedintoitanewblade，andbecausethesametrademarkisengravedonitherequiresofusthatweregardtheinstrumentastheformerone。
Onthecontrary，IbelieveIhaveshownthatthenewtheorywhichdesirestosubstitutepsychoanalysissignifiesanabandonmentofanalysisandasecessionfromit。Somemaybeinclinedtofearthatthisdefectionmaybemoreunfortunateforthefateofpsychoanalysisthananyotherbecauseitemanatesfrompersonswhoonceplayedsogreatapartinthepsychoanalyticmovementanddidsomuchtofurtherit。Idonotsharethisapprehension。
Menarestrongsolongastheyrepresentastrongidea。Theybecomepowerlesswhentheyopposeit。Psychoanalysiswillbeabletobearthislossandwillgainnewadherentsforthoselost。
Icanonlyconcludewiththewishthatthefatesmayprepareeasyascensionforthosewhofoundtheirsojournintheunderworldofpsychoanalysisuncomfortable。
Mayitbevouchsafedtotheotherstobringtoahappyconclusiontheirworksinthedeep。Footnotes[1]\"OnPsychoanalysis。\"FivelecturesgivenontheoccasionofthetwentiethanniversaryofClarkUniversity，Worcester，Mass。，dedicatedtoStanleyHall。Secondedition，1912。PublishedsimultaneouslyinEnglishintheAmericanJournalofPsychology，March，1910；translatedintoDutch，Hungarian，PolishandRussian。
[2]BreuerandFreud，\"Studienü；berHysterie，\"
p。15，Deuticke，1895。
[3]Zentralblattfü；rPsychoanalyse，1911，Vol。
I，p。69。
[4]TheClinicofPsychiatry，Zü；rich。
[5]HavelockEllis，\"TheDoctrinesoftheFreudianSchool。\"
[6]G。Greve，\"SobrePsicologiayPsicoterapiadeciertosEstadosangustiosos。\"SeeZentralblattfü；rPsychoanalyse，Vol。I，p。594·；
[7]Thecollectedpublicationsofthesetwoauthorshaveappearedinbookform：Brill，\"Psychoanalysis，itsTheoriesandPracticalApplications，\"1912，2dedition，1914，Saunders，Philadelphia，andE。Jones’s\"PapersonPsychoanalysis，\"1913，WoodandCompany，NewYork。
[8]ThefirstofficialrecognitionthatpsychoanalysisanddreaminterpretationreceivedwasextendedtothembythePsychiatristJelgersma，rectoroftheUniversityofLeyden，inhisrectorshipaddressFebruary1，1914。
[9]AnEnglishtranslationhasjustappearedintheNervousandMentalDiseaseMonographSeries，No。23。
[10]Cf。\"DerWahnunddieTrä；ume\"inW。Jensen’s\"Gradiva。\"
[11]Rank，\"DerKü；nstler，\"analysesofpoetsbySadger，Reik，andothers，mylittlemonographonaKindheitserinnerungdesLeonardodaVinci；alsoAbraham’s\"AnalysesvonSegantini。\"
[12]Atranslationisinpreparation。
[13]WitandItsRelationtotheUnconscious，translatedbyA。A。Brill，Moffat，Yard&；Co。，NewYork。
[14]\"DiePsychoanalytischeMethode，\"1913，Vol。I
ofthePedagogium，MeumannandMessner。EnglishTranslationbyDr。C。R。
Payne。Moffat，Yard&；Co。，N。Y。
[15]Cf。mytwoessaysinScientia，Vol。XIV，1913，\"DasInteresseanderPsychoanalyse。\"
[15a]DreamsandMyths，Wish—fulfillmentandFairyTales，MythoftheBirthoftheHero，inthisseriesaretranslatedintheMonographSeries。
[15b]Adler’sInferiorityofOrgans，translatedbyJelliffe，appearsasMonograph24。His，\"NervousCharacter，\"translatedbyGlueckandLind，publishedbyMoffat，Yard&；Co。，N。Y。
[16]Cf。TheInterpretationofDreams，p。389，translatedbyA。A。Brill，TheMacmillanCo。，NewYork，andAlien，London。
[17]Zentalbl。，Vol。I，p。122。See\"AnalyticalPsychology，\"
Moffat，Yard&；Co。，N。Y。
[18]Korrespondenzbl。，No。5，Zurich，April，1911。
[19]Iknowtheobjectionswhichstandinthewayofusingapatient’sstatements，andI，therefore，expresslystatethatmyinformantisasworthyofcredenceasheiscapableofjudgingthismatter。Hegavemethisinformationwithoutmyrequest，andImakeuseofhiscommunicationwithoutaskinghisconsent，becauseIcannotadmitthatanypsychoanalyticaltechniqueshouldlayclaimtotheprotectionofdiscretion。
[20]ExperiencesConcerningthePsychicLifeoftheChild，translatedbyA。A。Brill，AmericanJournalofPsychology，April，1910。