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　　I

　　IfinwhatfollowsIbringanycontributiontothehistoryofthepsychoanalyticmovementnobodymustbesurprisedatthesubjectivenatureofthispaper，noratther&ocirc；lewhichfallstometherein。Forpsychoanalysisismycreation；fortenyearsIwastheonlyoneoccupiedwithit，andalltheannoyancewhichthisnewsubjectcausedamongmycontemporarieshasbeenhurleduponmyheadintheformofcriticism。Eventoday，whenIamnolongertheonlypsychoanalyst，Ifeelmyselfjustifiedinassumingthatnonecanknowbetterthanmyselfwhatpsychoanalysisis，whereinitdiffersfromothermethodsofinvestigatingthepsychiclife，whatitsnameshouldcover，orwhatmightbetterbedesignatedassomethingelse。

　　Intheyear1909，whenIwasfirstprivilegedtospeakpubliclyonpsychoanalysisinanAmericanUniversity，firedbythismomentousoccasionformyendeavors，Ideclaredthatitwasnotmyselfwhobroughtpsychoanalysisintoexistence。

　　IsaidthatitwasJosefBreuer，whohadmeritedthishonoratatimewhenIwasastudentandbusyworkingformyexaminations（1880—1882）。[1]

　　Sincethen，well—intentionedfriendshavefrequentlyrepeatedthatIthenexpressedmygratitudeoutofalldueproportion。Theyconsideredthat，asonpreviousoccasions，IshouldhavedignifiedBreuer’s\"catharticprocedure\"

　　asmerelypreliminarytopsychoanalysis，andshouldhaveclaimedthatpsychoanalysisitselfonlybeganwithmyrejectionofthehypnotictechniqueandmyintroductionoffreeassociation。Nowitisreallyamatterofindifferencewhetherthehistoryofpsychoanalysisbeconsideredtohavestartedwiththecatharticmethodoronlywithmymodificationof[p。2]thesame。Ionlyenterintothisuninterestingquestionbecausesomeopponentsofpsychoanalysisarewonttorecall，nowandthen，thattheartofpsychoanalysisdidnotoriginatewithmeatall，butwithBreuer。Naturally，thisonlyhappenstobethecasewhentheirattitudepermitsthemtofindinpsychoanalysissomethingthatisnoteworthy；iontheotherhandwhentheirrepudiationofpsychoanalysisisunlimited，thenpsychoanalysisisalwaysindisputablymycreation。I

　　haveneveryetheardthatBreuer’sgreatpartinpsychoanalysishasbroughthimanequalmeasureofinsultandreproach。AsIhaverecognizedlongsincethatitistheinevitablefateofpsychoanalysistoarouseoppositionandtoembitterpeople，IhavecometotheconclusionthatImustsurelybetheoriginatorofallthatcharacterizespsychoanalysis。Iadd，withsatisfaction，thatnoneoftheattemptstobelittlemyshareinthismuchdisdainedpsychoanalysishasevercomefromBreuerhimself，orcouldboastofhissupport。

　　ThecontentofBreuer’sdiscoveryhasbeensooftenpresentedthatadetaileddiscussionofitheremaybeomitted。Itsfundamentalfactisthatthesymptomsofhystericalpatientsdependuponimpressivebutforgottenscenesintheirlives（traumata）。Thetherapyfoundedthereonwastocausethepatientstorecallandreproducetheseexperiencesunderhypnosis（catharsis），andthefragmentarytheory，deducedfromitwasthatthesesymptomscorrespondedtoanabnormaluseofundischargedsumsofexcitement（conversion）。Inhistheoreticalcontributiontothe\"StudiesofHysteria\"Breuer，whereverobligedtomentionconversion，hasalwaysaddedmynameinparenthesis，asthoughthisfirstattemptatatheoreticalformulationwasmymentalproperty。Ithinkthisallotmentrefersonlytothenomenclature，whilsttheconceptionitselfoccurredtousbothatthesametime。

　　ItisalsowellknownthatBreuer，afterhisfirstexperiencewithit，allowedthecathartictreatmenttorestforanumberofyearsandonlyresumeditafterIcausedhimtodoso，onmyreturnfromCharcot。Hewasthenaninternistandtakenupwitharatherbusymedicalpractice。Ihadbecomeaphysicianquitereluctantly[p。3]buthad，atthattime，receivedastrongmotivefordesiringtohelpnervouspatientsor，atleast，tolearntounderstandsomethingoftheirconditions。IhadplacedrelianceonphysicaltherapyandfoundmyselfhelplessinthefaceofdisappointmentsthatcametomewithW。Erb’s\"Electrotherapy，\"sorichinadviceandindications。

　　IfIdidnot，atthattime，pilotmyselfindependentlytotheopinionlaterannouncedbyMoebius，thatthesuccessesofelectrotherapyinnervousdisordersaretheresultsofsuggestion，itwassurelyonlytheabsenceofthesesuccessesthatwastoblame。Thetreatmentbysuggestionindeephypnosisseemedtooffermeatthattimesufficientcompensationforthelostelectricaltherapy。IlearnedthistreatmentthroughtheextremelyimpressivedemonstrationsofLi&eacute；baultandBernheim。ButtheinvestigationunderhypnosiswithwhichIbecameacquaintedthroughBreuer，Ifound，owingtoitsautomaticmannerofworkingandthesimultaneousgratificationofone’seagernessforknowledge，muchmoreattractivethanthemonotonousandviolentsuggestivecommandwhichwasdevoidofeverypossibilityofinquiry。

　　Asoneofthelatestachievementsofpsychoanalysis，wehavelatelybeenadmonishedtoputtheactualconflictandthecauseoftheillnessintotheforegroundofanalysis。ThisisexactlywhatBreuerandIdidinthebeginningofourworkwiththecatharticmethod。Weguidedthepatient’sattentiondirectlytothetraumaticsceneduringwhichthesymptomhadarisen，triedtofindthereinthepsychicconflictandtofreetherepressedaffect。WethusdiscoveredtheprocedurecharacteristicofthepsychicprocessesoftheneuroseswhichIlaternamedregression。Theassociationsofthepatientswentbackfromthescenetobeexplained，toearlierexperiences，andthisforcedtheanalysiswhichwastocorrectthepresenttooccupyitselfwiththepast。Thisregressionledevenfurtherbackwards：Atfirstitwentquiteregularlytothetimeofpuberty。Later，however，suchfailuresasgapsintheunderstandingtemptedtheanalyticworkfurtherbackintotheyearsofchildhoodwhich；had，hitherto，beeninaccessibletoeverysortofinvestigation。Thisregressivedirectionbecameanimportantcharacteristicofthe[p。4]analysis。Itwasprovedthatpsychoanalysiscouldnotclearupanythingactual，exceptbygoingbacktosomethinginthepast。Itevenprovedthateverypathologicalexperiencepresupposesanearlieronewhich，thoughnotinitselfpathological，lentapathologicalqualitytothelateroccurrence。ButthetemptationtostopshortattheknownactualcausewassogreatthateveninlateranalysesIyieldedtoit。Inthecaseofthepatientcalled\"Dora，\"carriedoutin1899，thescenewhichcausedtheoutbreakoftheactualillnesswasknowntome。Itrieduncountedtimestoanalysethisexperience，butallthatIcouldreceivetomydirectdemandswasthesamescantyandbrokendescription。Onlyafteralongdetour，whichledthroughtheearliestchildhoodofthepatient，adreamappearedintheanalysisofwhichthehithertoforgottendetailsofthescenewereremembered，andthismadepossibletheunderstandingandsolutionoftheactualconflict。Fromthisoneexampleitmaybeseenhowmisleadingistheabovementionedadmonitionandhowmuchofascientificregressionitistofollowtheadviceofneglectingtheregressionintheanalytictechnique。

　　ThefirstdifferenceofopinionbetweenBreuerandmyselfcametolightonaquestionofthemoreintimatepsychicmechanismofhysteria。Hestillfavoredaphysiologicaltheory，sotospeak，andwishedtoexplainthepsychicsplittingofconsciousnessofhystericalsubjectsbymeansofthenon—communicationofvariouspsychicstates（orstatesofconsciousness，aswethencalledthem）。Hethuscreatedthetheoryofthe\"hypnoidstates，\"

　　theresultsofwhichweresupposedtobringtheunassimilatedforeignbodyintothe\"wakingconsciousness。\"Ihadformulatedthistomyselflessscientifically。

　　Isuspectedeverywheretendenciesandstrivingsanalogoustothoseofeverydaylifeandconceivedthepsychicsplittingitselfasaresultofarepellingprocess，whichIthencalled\"defense\"andlater\"regression。\"Imadeashort—livedattempttoreconcilebothmechanisms，butasexperienceshowedmealwaysthesameandonlyonething，mydefensetheory，IsoonbecameopposedtoBreuer’stheoryofhypnoidstates。[p。5]

　　Iam，however，quitecertainthatthisdifferenceofopinionhadnothingtodowiththepartingofthewayswhichoccurredsoonafterwardbetweenus。Thelatterhadadeeperreason，butithappenedinsuchamannerthatatfirstIdidnotunderstandit，andonlylaterdidIlearntointerpretit，followingmanygoodindexes。ItwillberecalledthatBreuerhadstated，concerninghisfirstfamouspatient，thatthesexualelementhadbeenastonishinglyundevelopedinherandhadnevercontributedanythingtoherverymarkedmorbidpicture。[2]IhavealwayswonderedwhythecriticsofmytheoryofthesexualetiologyoftheneuroseshavenotoftenopposeditwiththisassertionofBreuer，anduptothisdayIdonotknowwhetherinthisreticenceIamtoseeaproofoftheirdiscretion，oroftheirlackofobservation。WhoeverwillrereadthehistoryofBreuer’spatientinthelightoftheexperiencegainedinthelasttwentyyears，willhavenodifficultyinunderstandingthesymbolismofthesnakesandofthearm。

　　Bytakingintoaccountalsothesituationatthesick—bedofthefather，hewilleasilyguesstheactualmeaningofthatsymptom—formation，Hisopinionastothepartsexualityplayedinthepsychiclifeofthatgirlwillthendiffergreatlyfromthatofherphysician。TocurethepatientBreuerutilizedthemostintensivesuggestiverapportwhichmayserveusasprototypeofthatwhichwecall\"transference。\"NowIhavestronggroundstosupposethatBreuer，afterthedisposalofthesymptoms，musthavediscoveredthesexualmotivityofthistransferencebynewsigns，butthatthegeneralnatureofthisunexpectedphenomenonescapedhim，sothathere，asthoughhitby\"anuntowardevent，\"hebrokeofftheinvestigation。Ididnotobtainfromhimanydirectinformationofthis，butatdifferenttimeshehasgivenmesufficientconnectinglinkstojustifymeinmakingthiscombination。

　　Andthen，asIstoodmoreandmoredecidedlyforthesignificanceofsexualityinthecausationoftheneuroses，Breuerwasthefirsttoshowmethosereactionsofunwillingrejection，withwhichitwasmylottobecomesofamiliarlateron，butwhichIhadthennotyetrecognizedasmyunavoidabledestiny。[p。6]

　　Thefactthatagrosslysexual，tenderorinimical，transferenceoccursineverytreatmentofaneurosis，althoughthiswasneitherdesirednorinducedbyeitherparty，has，forme，alwaysseemedtobethemostunshakableproofthattheforcesoftheneurosesoriginateinthesexuallife。Thisargumenthassurelynotbeenseriouslyenoughconsidered，forifitwere，therewouldbenoquestionastowheretheinvestigationwouldtend。Formyownconviction，ithasremaineddecisiveoverandabovethespecialresultsoftheworkoftheanalysis。

　　Somecomfortforthebadreceptionwhichmytheoryofthesexualetiologyoftheneurosesmetwith，evenintheclosercircleofmyfriends——anegativespacewassoonformedaboutmyperson——IfoundinthethoughtthatI

　　hadtakenupthefightforanewandoriginalidea。Oneday，however，mymemoriesgroupedthemselvesinsuchawaythatthissatisfactionwasdisturbed，butinreturnIobtainedanexcellentinsightintotheoriginofouractivitiesandintothenatureofourknowledge。TheideaforwhichIwasheldresponsiblehadnotatalloriginatedwithme。Ithadcometomefromthreepersons，whoseopinionscouldcountuponmydeepestrespect；fromBreuerhimself，fromCharcot，andfromChrobak，thegynecologistofouruniversity，probablythemostprominentofourViennaphysicians。Allthreemenhadimpartedtomeaninsightwhich，strictlyspeaking，theyhadnotthemselvespossessed。

　　TwoofthemdeniedtheircommunicationtomewhenlaterIremindedthemofthis：thethird（MasterCharcot）mightalsohavedoneso，haditbeengrantedmetoseehimagain。Buttheseidenticalcommunications，receivedwithoutmygraspingthem，hadlaindormantwithinme，untilonedaytheyawokeasanapparentlyoriginaldiscovery。

　　Oneday，whileIwasayounghospitaldoctor，IwasaccompanyingBreueronawalkthroughthetownwhenamancameuptohimurgentlydesiringtospeakwithhim。Ifellbackand，whenBreuerwasfreeagain，hetoldme，inhiskindly，teacher—likemanner，thatthiswasthehusbandofapatient，whohadbroughthimsomenewsabouther。Thewife，headded，behavedinsoconspicuousamanner[p。7]whenincompany，thatshehadbeenturnedovertohimfortreatmentasanervouscase。Heendedwiththeremark——

　　\"thosearealwayssecretsofthealcove。\"Astonished，Iaskedhismeaningandheexplainedtheexpressiontome（\"secretsoftheconjugalbed\"），withoutrealizinghowpreposterousthematterappearedtome。

　　Afewyearslater，atoneofCharcot’seveningreceptions，IfoundmyselfneartheveneratedteacherwhowasjustrelatingtoBrouardelaveryinterestinghistoryfromtheday’spractice。Ididnothearthebeginningclearlybutgraduallythestoryobtainedmyattention。ItwasthecaseofayoungmarriedcouplefromthefarEast。Thewifewasagreatsuffererandthehusbandwasimpotent，orexceedinglyawkward。IheardCharcotrepeat：\"T&acirc；chezdonc，jevousassurevousyarriverez。\"Brouardel，whospokelessdistinctly，musthaveexpressedhisastonishmentthatsymptomsasthoseoftheyoungwifeshouldhaveappearedasaresultofsuchcircumstances，forCharcotsaidsuddenlyandwithgreatvivacity：\"Mais，dansdescaspareilsc’esttoujourslachoseg&eacute；nital，toujours——toujours——toujours。\"Andwhilesayingthathecrossedhishandsinhislapandjumpedupanddownseveraltimes，withthevivacitypeculiartohim。IknowthatforamomentIwasalmostparalyzedwithastonishment，andIsaidtomyself：\"Yes，butifheknowsthiswhydoesheneversayso\"Buttheimpressionwassoonforgotten；brain—anatomyandtheexperimentalproductionofhystericalparalysisabsorbedallmyinterests。

　　AyearlaterwhenIhadbegunmymedicalactivitiesinViennaasaprivatedozentinnervousdiseasesIwasasinnocentandignorantinallthatconcernedtheetiologyoftheneurosesasanypromisingacademiciancouldbeexpectedtobe。OnedayIreceivedafriendlycallfromChrobak，whoaskedmetotakeapatienttowhomhecouldnotgivesufficienttimeinhisnewcapacityaslecturerattheuniversity。Ireachedthepatientbeforehedidandlearnedthatshesufferedfromsenselessattacksofanxiety，whichcouldonlybealleviatedbythemostexactinformationastothewhereaboutsofherphysicianatanytimeintheday。WhenChrobak[p。8]

　　appeared，hetookmeasideanddisclosedtomethatthepatient’sanxietywasduetothefactthatthoughshehadbeenmarriedeighteenyears，shewasstillavirgointacta，thatherhusbandwasutterlyimpotent。

　　Insuchcasesthephysiciancanonlycoverthedomesticmishapwithhisreputationandmustbearitifpeopleshrugtheirshouldersandsayofhim：\"Heisnotagooddoctorifinalltheseyears，hehasnotbeenabletocureher。\"Headded：\"Theonlyprescriptionforsuchtroublesistheonewell—knowntous，butwhichwecannotprescribe。Itis：PenisnormalisdosimRepetatur!Ihadneverheardofsuchaprescriptionandwouldliketohaveshakenmyheadatmyinformant’scynicism。

　　IcertainlyhavenotuncoveredtheillustriousoriginsofthisviciousideabecauseIwouldliketoshovetheresponsibilityforitonothers。

　　Iknowwellthatitisonethingtoexpressanideaonceorseveraltimesintheformofarapidaper&ccedil；u，andquiteanothertotakeitseriouslyandliterallytoleaditthroughallopposingdetailsandconquerforitaplaceamongacceptedtruths。Itisthedifferencebetweenalightflirtationandarighteousmarriagewithallitsdutiesanddifficulties。

　　Epouserlesid&eacute；esde——（tomarrysoandso’sideas，）is，atleastinFrench，aquiteusualformofspeech。

　　Otherdoctrineswhichwerecontributedtothecatharticmethodthroughmyeffortsthustransformingitintopsychoanalysis，arethefollowing：

　　Thetheoriesofrepressionandresistance，theadditionoftheinfantilesexuality，andtheusageandinterpretationofdreamsfortheunderstandingoftheunconscious。

　　Concerningthetheoryofrepression，IwascertainthatIworkedindependently。

　　Iknewofnoinfluencethatdirectedmeinanywaytoit，andIlongconsideredthisideatobeoriginal，tillO。RankshowedustheplaceinSchopenhauer’s\"TheWorldasWillandIdea，\"wherethephilosopherisstrugglingforanexplanationforinsanity。[3][p。9]Whatistheresaidconcerningthestrivingagainsttheacceptanceofapainfulpieceofrealityagreessocompletelywiththecontentofmytheoryofrepressionthat，onceagain，Imustbeindebtedtomynotbeingwell—readforthepossibilityofmakingadiscovery。Tobesure，othershavereadthispassageandoverlookedit，withoutmakingthisdiscoveryandperhapsthesamewouldhavehappenedtome，if，informeryears，Ihadtakenmorepleasureinreadingphilosophicalauthors。InlateryearsIdeniedmyselfthegreatpleasureofNietzsche’sworks，withtheconsciousmotiveofnotwishingtobehinderedintheworkingoutofmypsychoanalyticimpressionsbyanypreconceivedideas。Therefore，Ihadtoheprepared——andamsogladly——torenounceallclaimtopriorityinthosemanycasesinwhichthelaboriouspsychoanalyticinvestigationcanonlyconfirmtheinsightsintuitivelywonbythephilosophers。

　　Thetheoryofrepressionisthemainpillaruponwhichreststheedificeofpsychoanalysis。Itisreallythemostessentialpartofit，andisitselfnothingotherthanthetheoreticalexpressionofanexperiencewhichcanberepeatedatpleasurewheneveroneanalyzesaneuroticpatientwithouttheaidofhypnosis。Oneisthenconfrontedwitharesistancewhichopposestheanalyticworkbycausingafailureofmemoryinordertoblockit。

　　Thisresistancehadtobecoveredbytheuseofhypnosis；hencethehistoryofpsychoanalysisproperonlystartstechnicallywiththerejectionofhypnosis。Thetheoreticalvalueofthefactthatthisresistanceisconnectedwithanamnesialeadsunavoidablytothatconceptionoftheunconsciouspsychicactivitieswhichispeculiartopsychoanalysis，anddistinguishesitmarkedlyfromthephilosophicalspeculationsabouttheunconscious。

　　Itmay，therefore，besaidthatthepsychoanalytictheoryendeavorstoexplaintwoexperiences，whichresultinastrikingandunexpectedmannerduringtheattempttotracebackthemorbidsymptomsofaneurotictotheirsourceinhislife—history；viz。，thefactsoftransferenceandofresistance。

　　Everyinvestigationwhichrecognizesthesetwofactsandmakesthemthestartingpointsofitsworkmaycallitselfpsychoanalysis，evenifitleadto[p。10]otherresultsthanmyown。Butwhoevertakesupothersidesoftheproblemanddeviatesfromthesetwoassumptionswillhardlyescapethechargeofinterferingwiththerightsofownershipthroughattemptedimitation，ifheinsistuponcallinghimselfapsychoanalyst。

　　Iwouldveryenergeticallyopposeanyattempttocounttheprinciplesofrepressionandresistanceasmereassumptionsinsteadofresultsofpsychoanalysis。Suchassumptionsofageneralpsychologicalandbiologicalnatureexist，anditwouldbequitetothepointtodealwiththeminanotherplace。Theprincipleofrepression，however，isanacquisitionofthepsychoanalyticwork，wonbylegitimatemeans，asatheoreticalextractfromverynumerousexperiences。Justsuchanacquisition，butofmuchlaterdays，isthetheoryoftheinfantilesexuality，ofwhichnocountwastakenduringthefirstyearsoftentativeanalyticinvestigation。Atfirstitwasonlynoticedthattheeffectofactualimpressionshadtobetracedbacktothepast。

　　However，\"theseekeroftenfoundmorethanhebargainedfor。\"Hewastemptedalwaysfurtherbackintothispastandfinallyhopedtobepermittedtotarryintheperiodofpuberty，theepochofthetraditionalawakeningofthesexualimpulses。Hishopeswereinvain。Thetracksledstillfurtherbackintochildhoodandintoitsearliestyears。Intheprocessofthisworkitbecamealmostfatalforthisyoungscience。Undertheinfluenceofthetraumatictheoryofhysteria，followingCharcot，onewaseasilyinclinedtoregardasrealandasofetiologicalimportancetheaccountsofpatientswhotracedbacktheirsymptomstopassivesexualoccurrencesinthefirstyearsofchildhood，thatistosay，speakingplainly，toseductions。

　　Whenthisetiologybrokedownthroughitsownunlikelihood，andthroughthecontradictionofwell—establishedcircumstances，therefollowedaperiodofabsolutehelplessness。Theanalysishadledbythecorrectpathtosuchinfantilesexualtraumas，andyetthesewerenottrue。Thusthebasisofrealityhadbeenlost。AtthattimeIwouldgladlyhaveletthewholethingslide，asdidmyrespectedforerunnerBreuer，whenhemadehisunwished—fordiscovery。PerhapsIperseveredonlybecauseIhadnolongeranychoiceofbeginningsomethingelse。FinallyIreflectedthat，after[p。11]all，noonehasarighttodespairifhehasbeendisappointedonlyinhisexpectations。

　　Hemerelyneedstoreviewthem。Ifhystericsrefertheirsymptomstoimaginarytraumas，thenthisnewfactsignifiesthattheycreatesuchscenesintheirphantasies，andhencepsychicrealitydeservestobegivenaplacenexttoactualreality。Thiswassoonfollowedbytheconvictionthatthesephantasiesservetohidetheautoeroticactivitiesoftheearlyyearsofchildhood，toidealizethemandplacethemonahigherlevel，andnowthewholesexuallifeofthechildmadeitsappearancebehindthesephantasies。

　　Inthissexualactivityofthefirstyearsofchildhood，theconcomitantconstitutioncouldfinallyattainitsrights。Dispositionandexperienceherebecameassociatedintoaninseparableetiologicalunity，inthatthedispositionraisedcertainimpressionstoincitingandfixedtraumas，whichotherwisewouldhaveremainedaltogetherbanalandineffectual，whilsttheexperiencesevokedfactorsfromthedispositionwhich，withoutthem，wouldhavecontinuedtoremaindormant，and，perhaps，undeveloped。ThelastwordinthequestionoftraumaticetiologywaslateronsaidbyAbraham，whenhedrewattentiontothefactthatjustthepeculiarnatureofthechild’ssexualconstitutionenablesittoprovokesexualexperiencesofapeculiarkind，thatistosay，traumas。

　　Myformulationsconcerningthesexualityofthechildwerefoundedatfirstalmostexclusivelyontheresultsoftheanalysesofadults，whichledbackintothepast。Iwaslackinginopportunityfordirectobservationofthechild。Itwas，therefore，anextraordinarytriumphwhen，yearslater，mydiscoveriesweresuccessfullyconfirmedforthegreaterpartbydirectobservationandanalysesofchildrenofveryearlyyears，atriumphthatappearedlessandlessonreflectingthatthediscoverywasofsuchanaturethatonereallyoughttobeashamedofhavingmadeit。Thedeeperonepenetratedintotheobservationofthechild，themoreself—evidentthisfactseemed，andthemorestrange，too，becamethecircumstancesthatsuchpainshadbeentakentooverlookit。

　　Tobesure，socertainaconvictionoftheexistenceandsignificance[p。12]oftheinfantilesexualitycanbeobtainedonly，ifonefollowsthepathofanalysis，ifonegoesbackfromthesymptomsandpeculiaritiesofneuroticstotheiruttermostsources，thediscoveryofwhichexplainswhatisexplainableinthem，andpermitsofmodifyingwhatcanbechanged。

　　Iunderstandthatonecanarriveatdifferentconclusionsif，aswasrecentlydonebyC。G。Jung，onefirstformsforone’sselfatheoreticalconceptionofthenatureofthesexualimpulseandtherebytriestounderstandthelifeofthechild。Suchaconceptioncanonlybechosenarbitrarilyorwithregardtosecondaryconsiderations，andisindangerofbecominginadequatetothesphereinwhichitwastobeutilized。Doubtless，theanalyticwayalsoleadstocertainfinaldifficultiesandobscuritiesinregardtosexualityanditsrelationtothewholelifeoftheindividual；butthesecannotbesetasidebyspeculations，andmustwaittillsolutionswillbefoundbymeansofotherobservationsorofobservationsinotherspheres。

　　Ishallbrieflydiscussthehistoryofdream—interpretation。Thiscametomeasthefirst—fruitsofthetechnicalinnovation，after，followingadimpresentiment，Ihaddecidedtoreplacehypnosiswithfreeassociations。

　　Itwasnottheunderstandingofdreamstowardswhichmycuriositywasoriginallydirected。Idonotknowofanyinfluenceswhichhadguidedmyinteresttothisorinspiredmewithanyhelpfulexpectations。BeforethecessationofmyintercoursewithBreuerIhardlyhadtimetotellhim，insomanywords，thatInowknewhowtotranslatedreams。Duringthedevelopmentofthesediscoveriesthesymbolismofthelanguageofdreamswasaboutthelastthingwhichbecameknowntome，since，fortheunderstandingofsymbols，theassociationsofthedreamerofferbutlittlehelp。AsIhaveheldfasttothehabitoffirststudyingthingsthemselves，beforelookingthemupinbooks，IwasabletoascertainformyselfthesymbolismofdreamsbeforeIwasdirectedtoitbytheworkofSherner。OnlylaterIcametovaluefullythismeansofexpressionofdreams。ThiswaspartlyduetotheinfluenceoftheworksofSteckel，whowasatfirstverymeritoriousbutwholaterbecamemostperfunctory。Thecloseconnectionbetweenthepsychoanalytic[p。13]interpretationofdreamsandtheoncesohighlyesteemedartofdreaminterpretationoftheancientsonlybecamecleartomemanyyearsafterwards。Themostcharacteristicandsignificantportionofmydreamtheory，namely，thereductionofthedreamdistortiontoaninnerconflict，toasortofinnerdishonesty，Ifoundlaterinanauthortowhommedicinebutnotphilosophyisunknown。IrefertotheengineerJ。Popper，whohadpublished\"PhantasiesofaRealist\"underthenameofLynkeus。

　　Theinterpretationofdreamsbecameformeasolaceandsupportinthosedifficultfirstyearsofanalysis，whenIhadtomasteratthesametimethetechnique，theclinicandthetherapyoftheneuroses，whenIstoodentirelyalone，andintheconfusionofproblemsandtheaccumulationofdifficultiesIoftenfearedtolosemyorientationandmyconfidence。Itoftentookalongtimebeforetheproofofmyassumption，thataneurosismustbecomecomprehensiblethroughanalysis，wasseenbytheperplexedpatient，butthedreams，whichmightberegardedasanalogoustothesymptoms，almostregularlyconfirmedthisassumption。

　　OnlybecauseofthesesuccesseswasIinconditiontopersevere。Ihave，therefore，acquiredthehabitofmeasuringthegraspofapsychologicalworkerbyhisattitudetotheproblemofdreaminterpretation，andIhavenoticed，withsatisfaction，thatmostoftheopponentsofpsychoanalysisavoidedthisfieldaltogether，oriftheyventuredintoit，theybehavedmostawkwardly。Theanalysisofmyself，theneedofwhichsoonbecameapparenttome，Icarriedoutbytheaidofaseriesofmyowndreamswhichledmethroughallthehappeningsofmychildhoodyears。EventodayIamoftheopinionthatinthecaseofaprolificdreamerandapersonnottooabnormal，thissortofanalysismaybesufficient。

　　Byunfurlingthisdevelopmentalhistory，IbelieveIhaveshownwhatpsychoanalysisis，betterthanIcouldhavedonebyasystematicpresentationofthesubject。ThespecialnatureofmyfindingsIdidnotthenrecognize。

　　Isacrificed，unhesitatingly，mybuddingpopularityasaphysicianandanextensivepracticeamongnervouspatients，becauseIsearcheddirectlyforthesexualoriginoftheir[p。14]neuroses。InthiswayIgainedanumberofexperienceswhichdefinitelyconfirmedmyconvictionofthepracticalsignificanceofthesexualfactor。Withoutanyapprehension，IappearedasspeakerattheViennaNeurologicalSociety，thenunderthepresidencyofKrafft—Ebing，expectingtobecompensated，bytheinterestandrecognitionofmycolleagues，formyownvoluntarysacrifices。Itreatedmydiscoveriesasindifferentcontributionstoscienceandhopedthatotherswouldtreattheminthesameway。Onlythesilencethatfollowedmylectures，thespacethatformedaboutmyperson，andtheinsinuationsdirectedtowardsmecausedmetorealize，gradually，thatstatementsaboutthepartplayedbysexualityintheetiologyoftheneurosescannothopetobetreatedlikeothercommunications。

　　IrealizedthatfromthenonIwouldbelongtothosewho，accordingtoHebbel’sexpression，\"havedisturbedtheworld’ssleep，\"andthatIcouldnotcountuponbeingtreatedobjectivelyandwithtoleration。Butasmyconvictionoftheaveragecorrectnessofmyobservationsandtheconclusionsgrewgreaterandgreater，andasmyfaithinmyownjudgmentwasnotsmall，anymorethanwasmymoralcourage，therecouldbenodoubtastotheissueofthissituation。Idecidedtobelievethatitfelltomylottodiscoverparticularlysignificantassociations，andfeltpreparedtobearthefatewhichsometimesaccompaniessuchdiscoveries。

　　ThisfateIpicturedtomyselfinthefollowingmanner。Iwouldprobablysucceedinsustainingmyselfthroughthetherapeuticsuccessesofthenewtreatment，butsciencewouldtakenonoticeofmeinmylifetime。Somedecadeslater，anotherwouldsurelystumbleuponthesame，nowuntimelythings，compeltheirrecognitionandthusbringmetohonorasanecessarilyunfortunateforerunner。MeantimeIarrayedmyselfascomfortablyaspossible&agrave；laRobinsonCrusoeuponmylonelyisland。WhenIlookbacktothoselonelyyears，fromtheperplexitiesandvexatiousnessofthepresent，itseemstomeitwasabeautifulandheroictime。The\"splendidisolation\"

　　didnotlackitsprivilegesandcharms。Ididnotneedtoreadanyliteraturenortolistentobadlyinformedopponents。Iwassubjecttonoinfluences，andnopressurewasbroughttobear[p。15]onme。Ilearnedtorestrainspeculativetendenciesand，followingtheunforgottenadviceofmymaster，Charcot，Ilookedatthesamethingsagainandoftenuntiltheybeganofthemselvestotellmesomething。Mypublications，forwhichIfoundshelterdespitesomedifficulty，couldsafelyremainfarbehindmystateofknowledge。

　　TheycouldbedelayedaslongasIpleased，astherewasnodoubtful\"priority\"

　　tobedefended。\"TheInterpretationofDreams，\"forexample，wascompletedinallessentialsinthebeginningof1896，butwaswrittendownonlyin1899。Thetreatmentof\"Dora\"wasfinishedattheendof1899。Thehistoryofherillnesswascompletedinthenexttwoweeks，butwasonlypublishedin1905。Meantimemywritingswerenotinthereviewedprofessionalliteratureoftheday。Ifanexceptionwasmadetheywerealwaystreatedwithscornfulorpityingcondescension。Sometimesacolleaguewouldrefertomeinoneofhispublicationsinveryshortandunflatteringterms，suchas\"unbalanced，\"

　　\"extreme，\"or\"veryodd。\"IthappenedoncethatanassistantattheclinicinViennaaskedmeforpermissiontoattendoneofmylecturecourses。

　　Helisteneddevoutlyandsaidnothing，butafterthelastlectureheofferedtoaccompanyme。Duringthiswalkhedisclosedtomethat，withtheknowledgeofhischief，hehadwrittenabookagainstmyteachings，butheexpressedmuchregretthathehadonlycometoknowtheseteachingsbetterthroughmylectures。Hadheknownthesebefore，hewouldhavewrittenverydifferently。

　　Indeed，hehadinquiredattheclinicifhehadnotbetterfirstread\"TheInterpretationofDreams，\"buthadbeenadvisedagainstdoingso，asitwasnotworththetrouble。Ashenowunderstoodit，hecomparedmysystemofinstructionwiththeCatholicChurch。Intheinterestsofhissoul’ssalvationIwillassumethatthisremarkcontainedabitofsincererecognition。

　　Butheendedbysayingthatitwastoolatetoalteranythinginhisbookasitwasalreadyprinted。Thisparticularcolleaguedidnotconsideritnecessarylaterontotelltheworldsomethingofthechangeinhisopinionsconcerningmypsychoanalysis。Onthecontrary，aspermanentreviewerofamedicaljournal，heshowedapreferencetofollowitsdevelopmentwithhishardlyseriouscomments。[p。16]

　　WhateverIpossessedofpersonalsensitivenesswasbluntedthoseyears，tomyadvantage。ButIwassavedfrombecomingembitteredbyacircumstancethatdoesnotcometotheassistanceofalllonelydiscoverers。Suchaoneusuallyfretshimselftofindoutthecauseofthelackofsympathyoroftherejectionhereceivesfromhiscontemporaries，andperceivesthemasapainfulcontradictionagainstthecertaintyofhisownconviction。

　　Thatdidnottroubleme，forthepsychoanalyticfundamentalprinciplesenabledmetounderstandthisattitudeofmyenvironmentasanecessarysequence。Ifitwastruethattheassociationsdiscoveredbymewerekeptfromtheknowledgeofthepatientbyinneraffectiveresistances，thenthisresistancemustmanifestitselfalsoinnormalpersonsassoonastherepressedmaterialisconveyedtothemfromtheoutside。Itwasnotstrangethattheselatterknewhowtogiveintellectualreasonsfortheiraffectiverejectionsofmyideas。Thishappenedjustasoftenwiththepatients，andtheargumentsadvanced——argumentsareascommonasblackberries，toborrowfromFalstaff’sspeech——werethesameandnotexactlybrilliant。

　　Theonlydifferencewasthatinthecaseofpatientsonehadthemeansofbringingpressuretobear，inordertohelpthemrecognizeandovercometheirresistances，butinthecaseofthoseseeminglynormal，suchhelphadtobeomitted。Toforcethesenormalpeopletoacoolandscientificallyobjectiveexaminationofthesubjectwasanunsolvedproblem，thesolutionofwhichwasbestlefttotime。Inthehistoryofscienceithasoftenbeenpossibletoverifythattheveryassertionwhich，atfirst，calledforthonlyopposition，receivedrecognitionalittlelaterwithoutnecessityofbringingforwardanynewproofs。

　　ThatIhavenotdevelopedanyparticularrespectfortheopinionoftheworldoranydesireforintellectualdeferenceduringthoseyears，whenIalonerepresentedpsychoanalysis，willsurprisenoone。[p。17]II

　　Beginningwiththeyear1902anumberofyoungdoctorscrowdedaboutmewiththeexpressedintentiontolearnpsychoanalysis，topracticeitandtospreadit。Theimpetusforthiscamefromacolleaguewhohadhimselfexperiencedthebeneficialeffectsoftheanalytictherapy。Wemetoncertaineveningsatmyresidence，anddiscussedsubjectsaccordingtocertainrules。

　　Thevisitorsendeavoredtoorientthemselvesinthisstrangeandnewrealmofinvestigation，andtointerestothersinthematter。OnedayayounggraduateIofthetechnicalschoolfoundadmissiontoourcirclebymeansofamanuscriptwhichshowedextraordinarysense。Weinducedhimtogothroughcollegeandentertheuniversity，andthendevotehimselftothenon—medicalapplicationofpsychoanalysis。Thusthelittlesocietygainedazealousandreliablesecretary，andIacquiredinOttoRankamostfaithfulhelperandcollaborator。

　　Soonthelittlecircleexpanded，andinthecourseofthenextfewyearschangedagooddealinitscomposition。Onthewhole，Icouldflattermyselfthatinthewealthandvarietyoftalentourcirclewashardlyinferiortothestaffofanyclinicalteacher。Fromtheverybeginningitincludedthosemenwholaterweretoplayaconsiderable，ifnotalwaysadelectable，partinthehistoryofthepsychoanalyticmovement。Butthesedevelopmentscouldnothavebeenguessedatthattime。Iwassatisfied，andIbelieveIdidallIcould，toconveytotheotherswhatIknewandhadexperienced。

　　Therewereonlytwoinauspiciouscircumstanceswhichatleastmentallyestrangedmefromthiscircle。Icouldnotsucceedinestablishingamongthemembersthatfriendlyrelationwhichshouldobtainamongmendoingthesamedifficultwork，norcouldIcrushoutthequarrelsaboutthepriorityofdiscoveries，forwhichtherewereampleopportunitiesinthoseconditionsofworkingtogether。Thedifficultiesofteachingthepractiseofpsychoanalysis，whichareparticularlygreat，andareoftentoblameforthepresentrejectionofpsychoanalysis，[p。18]alreadymadethemselvesfeltinthisVienneseprivatepsychoanalyticsociety。Imyselfdidnotdaretopresentanasyetincompletetechnique，andatheorystillinthemaking，withthatauthoritywhichmighthavesparedtheothersmanyablindalleyandmanyafinaltrippingup。Theself—dependenceofmentalworkers，theirearlyindependenceoftheteacher，isalwaysgratifyingpsychologically，butitcanonlyresultinascientificgainwhenduringtheselaborscertain，nottoofre9uentlyoccurring，personalrelationsarealsofulfilled。Psychoanalysisparticularlyshouldhaverequiredalongandseveredisciplineandtrainingofself—control。

　　Onaccountofthecouragedisplayedindevotiontosoridiculedandfruitlessasubject，IwasinclinedtotolerateamongthemembersmuchtowhichotherwiseIwouldhaveobjected。Besides，thecircleincludednotonlyphysicians，butotherculturedmenwhohadrecognizedsomethingsignificantinpsychoanalysis。

　　Therewereauthors，artists，andsoforth。The\"InterpretationOfDreams，\"

　　thebookon\"Wit，\"andotherwritings，hadalreadyshownthattheprinciplesofpsychoanalysiscannotremainlimitedtothemedicalfield，butarecapableofapplicationtovariousothermentalsciences。

　　In1907thesituationsuddenlyalteredandquitecontrarytoallexpectations；

　　itbecameevidentthatpsychoanalysishadunobtrusivelyawakenedsomeinterestandgainedsomefriends，thattherewereevensomescientificworkerswhowerepreparedtoadmittheirallegiance。AcommunicationfromBleulerhadalreadyacquaintedmewiththefactthatmyworkswerestudiedandappliedinBurgh&ouml；lzli。[4]InJanuary，1907，thefirstmanattachedtotheZ&uuml；richClinic，Dr。Eitingon，visitedmeatVienna。

　　Othervisitorssoonfollowed，thuscausingalivelyexchangeofideas。

　　Finally，byinvitationofC。G。Jung，thenstillanassistantphysicianatBurgh&ouml；lzli，thefirstmeetingtookplaceatSalzburg，inthespringof1908，wherethefriendsofpsychoanalysisfromVienna，Z&uuml；rich，andotherplacesmettogether。Theresultofthisfirstpsychoanalyticcongress，wasthefoundingofaperiodical，whichbegantoappearin1909，underthenameof\"Jahrbuchf&uuml；rPsychoanalytischeundPsychopathologische[p。19]Forschungen，\"publishedbyBleulerandFreud，andeditedbyJung。

　　AnintimatecomradeshipintheworkdoneatViennaandZ&uuml；richfounditsexpressioninthispublication。

　　IhaverepeatedlyandgratefullyacknowledgedtheeffortsoftheZ&uuml；richPsychiatricSchoolinthespreadingofpsychoanalysis，especiallythoseofBleulerandJung，andIdonothesitatetodothesametoday，evenundersuchchangedcircumstances。ItwascertainlynotthepartisanshipoftheZ&uuml；richSchoolwhichatthattimefirstdirectedtheattentionofthescientificworldtothesubjectofpsychoanalysis。Thislatencyperiodhadjustcometoanend，andpsychoanalysiseverywherebecametheobjectofconstantlyincreasinginterest。Butwhilstinalltheotherplacesthismanifestationofinterestresultedfirstinnothingbutaviolentandemphaticrepudiationofthesubject，inZ&uuml；rich，onthecontrary，themainfeelingofthesituationwasthatofagreement。Innootherplacewassocompactalittlegatheringofadherentstobefound，nowherealsowasitpossibletoplaceapublicclinicattheserviceofpsychoanalyticinvestigation，ortofindaclinicalteacherwhoregardedtheprinciplesofpsychoanalysisasanintegralpartoftheteachingofpsychiatry。TheZ&uuml；richdoctorsbecame，asitwere，thenucleusofthelittlebandwhichwasfightingfortherecognitionofpsychoanalysis。OnlyinZ&uuml；richwasthereapossibleopportunitytolearnthenewartandtoapplyitinpractice。Mostofmypresent—dayfollowersandco—workerscametomeviaZ&uuml；rich，eventhosewhomighthavefound，geographicallyspeaking，ashorterroadtoViennathantoSwitzerland。ViennaliesinaneccentricpositionfromwesternEurope，whichhousesthegreatcentersofourculture。Formanyyearsithasbeenmuchaffectedbyweightyprejudices。TherepresentativesofthemostprominentnationsstreamintoSwitzerland，whichissomentallyactive，andaninfectivelesioninthisplacewassuretobecomeveryimportantforthedisseminationofthe\"psychicepidemic，\"asHocheofFreiburgcalledit。

　　AccordingtothetestimonyofacolleaguewhowasaneyewitnessofthedevelopmentsatBurgh&ouml；lzli，itmaybeassertedthatpsychoanalysisawakenedaninterestthereveryearly。AlreadyinJung’s[p。20]workonoccultphenomena，publishedin1902，therewasanallusiontodream—interpretation。

　　Eversince1903or1904accordingtomyinformer，psychoanalysiscameintoprominence。AftertheestablishmentofpersonalrelationsbetweenViennaandZ&uuml；rich，asocietywasalsofoundedinBurgh&ouml；lzliin1907

　　whichdiscussedtheproblemsofpsychoanalysisatregularmeetings。InthebondthatunitedtheViennaandZ&uuml；richschools，theSwisswerebynomeansthemerelyrecipientpart。Theyhadthemselvesalreadyperformedrespectablescientificwork，theresultsofwhichwereofmuchusetopsychoanalysis。

　　Theassociation—experiment，startedbytheWundtSchool，hadbeeninterpretedbytheminthepsychoanalyticsenseandhadproveditselfofunexpectedusefulness。Thusithadbecomepossibletogetrapidexperimentalconfirmationofpsychoanalyticfacts，andtodemonstrateexperimentallytobeginnerscertainrelationshipswhichtheanalystcouldonlyhavetalkedaboutotherwise。

　　Thefirstbridgeleadingfromexperimentalpsychologytopsychoanalysishadthusbeenconstructed。