第36章
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  16。Works,xix,64。

  17。Works,xix,226。

  18。Ibid。,xix,235。

  19。NationalResources,p。158。

  20。Ibid。,p。160。

  21。Works,xix,262。

  22,Works,xix,75。

  23。Ibid。,xix,118-47。

  24。Ibid。,343。

  25。SeeIbid。,xix,171。

  J。S。MillspeaksofChalmer’sspeculationswitharespectwhichitisdifficulttounderstand。

  26。ChalmersholdsthattheRicardiandoctrineofrentinvertsthetrueorder。Fertilelandsdonotpayrentbecausepoorlandsarebroughtintocultivation,butpoorlandsaecultivatedbecausefertilelandspayrent。Heapparentlywishes,likeMalthus,toregardrentasablessing,notacurse。Thepointisnotwortharguing。SeeWorks,xix,320。

  27。Works,xix,304-5。

  28。Ibid。,xix,370。

  29。Ibid。,xix,366。

  30。Ibid。,xix,322。

  31。Works,xx,247,296。

  32。Ibid。,xx,290。

  33。Works,xix,380。

  34。ThecopyofMalthus’ssecondeditionwithColeridge’snotesusedbySoutheyisintheBritishMuseum。

  35。SeeSouthey’sPolitical。

  36。ThoughtsoccasionedbyDrParr’sSpitalSermon。AcopyannotatedbyColeridgeisintheBritishMuseum。

  37。Thoughts,etc。,pp。56,61,62。

  38。Ibid。,p。71。

  39。LinesaddedtoGoldsmith’sTraveller。

  40。ReplytotheEssayonPopulation,etc。,1807。Thebookwasanonymous。ThefirstthreelettershadappearedinCobbet’sRegister。Twootherswithanappendixareadded。

  41。Bentham’sWorks,x,603;andDictionaryofNationalBiography。

  42。SeeDictionaryofNationalBiography。

  43。Hazlitt’sReply,p。19。

  44。Ibid。,pp。139-41。

  45。Ibid。,p。117。

  46。Reply,p。263。

  47。Ibid。,p。344。

  48。Ibid。,p。284。

  49。Ibid。,p。287。

  50。Reply,p。351。

  51。Ibid。,pp。362-64。

  52。Ibid。,p。352。

  53。Ensor’sEnquiry,p。294。

  54。Ibid。,p。441。

  55。Godwin,OnPopulation,p。506。

  56。Ibid。,p。353。

  57。Ibid。,p。558。

  58。Godwin,p。219。

  59。SeeaccountofhimreprintedfromMackenzie’sHistoryofNewcastleandDictionaryofNationalBiography。

  60。ReprintedbyHyndmanin1822,withapreface。

  61。SeeDictionaryofNationalBiography。Hall’sbookwasreprintedbyJ。M。Morganinthe’PhoenixLibrary,’1850。SeeAntonMenger’sDasRechtaufdenvollenArbeitsertragsecondedition,1891,fornoticesofHall,Thompsonandothers。

  62。EffectsofCivilization1850,p。86。

  63。Ibid。,p。71。

  64。Ibid。,p。115。

  65。Autobiography,p。125。SeeHolyoake’sHistoryofCo-operation,i,16,109,278-83,348,forsomeinterestingnoticesofThompson。MengerRechtaufdenvollenArbeitsertrag,p。100n。holdsthatThompsonnotonlyanticipatedbyinspiredMarx:Rodbertus,hesays,drewchieflyuponSt。SimonandProudhon。

  66。AnInquiryintothePrinciplesoftheDistributionofWealthmostconductivetoHumanHappiness;

  appliedtotheNewlyProposedSystemofVoluntaryEqualityofWealth,-1824。

  67。DistributionofWealth,p。327。

  68。DistributionofWealth,p。167,etc。

  69。Ibid。,p。310。

  70。Hewrote,asJ。S。Millobserves,anAppeal1825againstJamesMill’sviewsonthismatter-afactwhichnodoubtcommendedhimtotheson。

  71。DistributionofWealth,pp。425,535,etc。

  72。LabourDefended,p。16。

  Chapter7:PsychologyI。ThomasBrownThepoliticiansandeconomists,ofwhomIhavespoken,tookfirstprinciplesforgranted,theintellectualtemperament,whichmadecertainmethodscongenialtothem,wouldnodoubthaveledthemtoananalogouspositioninphilosophy,Benthamhadtoucheduponphilosophicalpointsinasummaryway,andJamesMill,asweshallsee,gaveamoreexplicitstatement,ButsuchmenasRicardoandMalthushadnosystematicphilosophy,thoughacertainphilosophywascongenialtotheirmethods,Desiretoreachasolidgroundworkoffact,heartyaversiontomereword-juggling,andtoeffeminatesentimentalism,respectforscienceandindifferenceto,ifnotcontemptfor,poetry,resolutiontoapprovenolawsorinstitutionswhichcouldnotbesupportedonplaingroundsofutility,andtoacceptnotheorywhichcouldnotbefirmlybasedonverifiableexperience,implymoralandintellectualtendencies,inwhichwemayperhapssaythattheUtilitariansrepresentsomeofthestrongestandmostvaluablequalitiesofthenationalcharacter,takingthesequalitiesforgranted,letusconsiderhowtheultimateproblemspresentedthemselvestotheschoolthusdistinguished。

  IhavealreadyobservedthattheScottishphilosophy,taughtbyReidandDugaldStewart,representedtheonlyapproachtoalivingphilosophicalsystemintheseislandsatthebeginningofthecentury,itheldthispositionforalongperiod。

  Mill,whohadheardDugaldStewart’slectures,knewnothingofGermanthought。

  HewaswellreadinFrenchphilosophers,andinharmonywithoneleadingsect。Theso-calledidéologues,1whoregardedCondillacasrepresentingthetruelineofintellectualprogress,wereinFrancetheanaloguesoftheEnglishUtilitarians。DestuttdeTracyandCabanisweretheirmostconspicuousleadersinthisgeneration。ThephilosophyofReidandStewartcrossedthechannel,andsuppliedthefirstassailantsoftheidéologueswiththeircontroversialweapons。Thus,untiltheGermaninfluencecametomodifythewholecontroversy,thevitalissueseemedtoliebetweenthedoctrineofReidor’intuitionism’ontheonehand,andthepurely’experiential’schoolontheother,whether,asinFrance,itfollowedCondillac,or,asinEngland,lookedbackchieflytoHartley。BothsectionstracedtheirintellectualancestrytoLockeandHobbes,withsomereferencetoBacon,and,bytheFrenchwriters,toDescartes。

  Stewart,again,asIhavesaid,wastheacceptedWhigphilosopher。ItistruethattheWhigsathabituallyintheseatofGallio。Jeffrey,whetherhefullyrealisedthefactornot,wasatbottomascepticinphilosophyasinpolitics。JohnAllen,theprophetofHollandHouse,wasathoroughsceptic,andsays2thatHorner,oneofStewart’spersonaladmirers,wasreallyafollowerofHume。TheWhigswereinclinedtoShaftesbury’sdoctrinethatsensiblemenhadallonereligion,andthatsensiblemenneversaidwhatitwas。ThosewhohadamoredefiniteandavowablecreedwerecontenttofollowStewart’samiablephilosophising。Broughamprofessed,letushope,sincerely,tobeanorthodoxtheist,andexplainedtheargumentfromdesigninacommentaryuponPaley。SydneySmithexpoundedReidandStewartinlectureswhichshowedatleastthathewasstillawitwhentalking’philosophy’attheRoyalinstitution;and,thoughhehated’enthusiasm’

  indissenters,evangelicals,andtractarians,andkeptreligionstrictlyinitsplace——aplacewelloutsideofpracticalpolitics——managedtopreachawholesome,commonplacemoralityintermsofChristiantheology。

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