eachofwhichmaybedesirableintherightplace——butthewayinwhichtheyarecombinedintheconcreteBarnwell。Noquality，therefore，canbetakenassimplyself-regarding，foritispreciselythewholecharacterwhichistheobjectofmymoraljudgmentoftheindividual。IhavespokenoftheinadequaterecognitionofthistruthbyBenthamandJamesMill。ItmakesJ。
S。Mill’scriterioninapplicabletothequestionofmoralinterference。lf，asheargues，wearetoimpressourmoralstandarduponothers，wecannotmakethedistinction；forourstandardimpliesessentiallyanestimateofthebalanceofalltheman’squalities，thosewhichprimarilyaffecthimselfasmuchasthosewhichprimarilyaffectothers。Hereisthevitaldistinctionbetweenthelegalandthemoralquestion，andthecharacteristicdefectoftheexternalviewofmorality。Keeping，however，tothepurelylegalquestion，wherethecriterioniscomparativelyplain，wehaveotherdifficulties。WeareonlytopunishBarnwellasanactual，notasapotential，murderer。Weshouldletamantryany’experimentinliving’solongasitsfailurewillaffecthimselfonly，or，rather，himselfprimarily，fornoactionisreally’isolated。’Weare，saysMill，toputupwith’contingent’or’constructive’injuryforthesakeof’thegreatergoodofhumanfreedom。’57*’Society，’heurges，cannotcomplainoferrorsforwhichitisresponsible。Ithas’absolutepower’overallitsmembersintheirinfancy，andcouldalwaysmakethenextgenerationalittlebetterthanthelast。Why，then，interferebythecoarsemethodsofpunishmenttosuppresswhatisnotdirectlyinjurioustoitself？Thestrongest，however，ofallreasonsagainstinterference，accordingtohim，isthatitgenerallyinterfereswronglyandinthewrongplace。Inproofofthishereferstovariouscasesofreligiouspersecution：toPuritanicallawsagainstharmlessrecreation：toSocialistlawsagainstthefreedomtolabour：tolawsagainstintemperanceandonbehalfofSundayobservance：and，generally，tolawsembodyingthe’tyrannyofthemajority。’Wemayadmitthebadnessofsuchlegislation；butwhatisthecriterionbywhichwearetodecideitsbadnessorgoodness？Isitthatinsuchcasesthelegislatorisusurpingtheprovinceofthemoralist？thatheistryingtosuppresssymptomswhenthecausesarebeyondhispower，andenforcingnotvirtuebuthypocrisy？Orisitthathereallyoughttobeindifferentinregardtothemoralruleswhichareprimarilyself-regarding——toleaveprudence，forexample，totakecareofitselfortobeimpressedbypurelynaturalpenalties；andtobeindifferenttovice，drunkenness，orsexualirregularities，exceptbysuppressingthecrimeswhichincidentallyresult？Millendeavourstoadheretohiscriterion，buthassomedifficultyinreconcilingittohispracticalconclusions。
Millholds’society’tobeomnipotentovertheyoung。Ithasnorighttocomplainofthecharacterswhichithasitselfconcurredinproducing。lfthisbeso，canitbeindifferenttomorality？Indeed，Milldistinguisheshimselffromothersofhisschoolpreciselybyemphasisingtheeducationalefficiencyofthestate。Institutions，accordingtohim，arethetoolsbywhichthehumanwill——thewillofthesovereign——mouldsthecharacteroftherace。Mill’swholeaimineconomicquestionsistoencourageprudence，self-reliance，andenergy。Hewishesthestatetointerferetostrengthenandenlighten；andtopromoteanequalityofpropertywhichwillraisethestandardoflifeanddiscouragewastefulluxury。Whatisthisbuttostimulatecertainmoralcreedsandtodiscouragecertain’experimentsinliving’？
Howcansopowerfulanagencyaffectcharacterwithoutaffectingmorals——self-regardingorextra-regarding？Thedifficultycomesoutcuriouslyinhislastchapter。Hehasrecoursetoadexterouscasuistrytojustifymeasureswhichhaveanobviousmoralsignificance。Arewetolegislatewithaviewtodiminishingdrunkenness？No：butwemayputdrunkardsunderspecialrestrictionswhentheyhaveoncebeenledtoviolence。Weshouldnottaxstimulantssimplyinordertosuppressdrunkenness；but，aswehavetotaxinanycase，wemaysoarrangetaxationastodiscouragetheconsumptionofinjuriouscommodities。Maywesuppressgamblingorfornication？No：butwemayperhapsseeourwaytosuppressingpublicgambling-housesorbrothels，becausewemayforbidsolicitationstothatwhichwethinkevil，thoughwearenotsoclearoftheevilastosuppresstheconductitself。
Wemayenforceuniversaleducation，thoughhemakestheconditionthatthestateisonlytopayforthechildrenofthepoor，nottoprovidetheschools。And，oncemore，wearenotforbiddenbyhisprincipletolegislateagainstimprudentmarriages；forthemarriageclearlyaffectstheoffspring，and，moreover，affectsalllabourersinanover-populatedcountry。Yet，whatinterferencewithprivateconductcouldbemorestringentormoredirectlyaffectmorality？
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