第34章
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  6。SeeMorley’sLifeofCobden1881,ii。249。

  7。Prentice’sAnti-CornLawLeague,i。77,378。

  8。Cobden’sfamousdebatewithFeargusO’Connor,theChartistleader,tookplaceon5thAugust1844。Cobden’svictoryisadmittedevenbytheChartisthistorian,whoregardsitasaproofofO’Connor’sincapacity——R。C。Gammage’sChartistMovement1894,p。254。PrenticehasmuchtosayoftheperversenessoftheChartistleaders。

  9。Hodder’sShaftesbury,p。341。Thiswasin1841。Shaftesburyafterwardsacceptedfreetrade。

  10。See,e。g。,Cobden’sPoliticalSpeeches,i。,119,197。

  11。Reprintedin1884。

  12。Reportof1834,p。73。

  13。Reportof1834,p。169。

  14。Report,p。167。

  15。Autobiography,p。193。

  16。Gammage’sChartistMovement,p。54。

  17。Alfred’sFactoryMovement,pp。70-78。AlfredisapseudonymforSamuelKydd。

  18。ArchbishopWhatelyissaidtohavethankedGodthathehadnevergiveapennytoabeggar。TheviewsuggestssomeconfusionbetweenthePoliticalEconomyClubandtheChristianChurch。InNewman’sIdeaofaUniversity1875,p。88,etc。thereisaninterestingpassageuponthecontrastbetweenChristianityandthedoctrineofthefirstprofessorofPoliticalEconomyatOxfordSenior,thattheaccumulationofwealthwas’thegreatestsourceofmoralimprovement。’Thecontrastwasundeniable。

  19。MissMartineauattributestheapostasyoftheTimestothedesireoftheproprietorstopleasethecountryjustices。SeeHistoryofthePeace1877,ii。508。

  20。Alfred’sFactoryMovement,i,138,141。

  21。SeehislifeinDictionaryofNationalBiography。

  22。Hodde’sShaftesbury,i。161,339。

  23。Alfred’sFactoryMovement,i。258。

  24。Alfred’sFactoryMovement,i。229。

  25。Ibid。ii。251。

  26。SeeWestminsterReviewforAprilandOctober1833;EdinburghReviewforJuly1835andJanuary1844;Blackwood’sMagazineforApril1833;Fraser’sMagazineforApril1833;andtheQuarterlyReviewforDecember1836。

  27。Hanzard,lxxiv。911。

  28。ThepassagewasquotedinfullbyMilner-Gibson,15thMarch1844。

  29。Macaulay’sspeech,22ndMay1846inMiscellaneousWorks,1870,pp。207-17,arguingthatthemoralquestioncannotbeansweredbypureeconomists,anddefendingtheTenHours’Bill,isworthnotice。

  30。SeeAlfred’sFactoryMovement,i,2。

  31。SeeCobden’sletterattheendofthefirstvolumeofMrMorley’sLife。

  32。Holder’sShaftesbury,i,300,325。

  33。HistoryofTrades-Unionism1894。Seeespeciallychaps。iiiandivfrom1829to1860。

  34。Fortheviewoftheeconomists,especiallyNassauSenior,andofaWhiggovernment’pledgedtothedoctrinesofphilosophicalRadicalism’,seeMrandMrsSidneyWebb’sTrades-Unionism,pp。

  123,etc。,andthesamewriters’IndustrialDemocracy,p。249。

  35。Sadler’sLawofPopulation,2vols。8vo,appearedin1830,andwasreviewedintheEdinburghforJulybyMacaulay,whointhenumberforJanuary1831publisheda’refutation’ofSadler’s’refutation。’ThearticleswerefirstcollectedinMacaulay’sMiscellaneousWorks。

  36。PrinciplesofPopulationandtheirConnectionwithHumanHappiness,2。vols。8vo,1840。

  37。TheTrueLawofPopulationshowntobeconnectedwiththeGoodofthePeople,1vol。8vo,1841secondedition,1847。G。

  PouletteScrope1797-1876,betterknownasageologistthananeconomist,declaresinhisPoliticalEconomy1833thatifeverynationweretobefreedfromallchecksand’tostartoffbreedingatthefastestpossiblerate,’verymanygenerationswouldpass’beforeanynecessarypressurecouldbefelt。’p。

  276Thedoctrinethatthereisan’ironnecessity’forresortingtoinferiorsoilsisincontradictionto’everyknownfact。’p。

  266Scropewasasentimentalistwhostartsfromthe’naturalrights’ofmantofreedom,the’bountiesofcreation,’

  ’property,’and’goodgovernment。’Giventhese’simpleandobviousprinciples,’everythingwillgoright。

  38。MiscellaneousWorks,p。193。

  39。Sadler’sPopulation,ii,p。387。

  40。PoliticalEconomy,bk。i,ch。x,section3n。W。T。Thornton,inhisOverPopulationp。121,thoughaprofesseddiscipleofMalthus,agreeswithDoubleday。MrHerbertSpencercriticisesDoubledayinhisBiology,chap。xii,section366n。incourseofanelaboratediscussionofthegeneralquestionoffertility。

  41。Bk。i,ch。x。

  42。PoliticalEconomy,p。212bk。ii,ch。xi,section3。

  43。OneofMill’srarequotations。SeeShakespeare’sJuliusCaesar,activ,sc。iii。

  44。PoliticalEconomy,p。452,bk。iv,ch。vi,section1。

  45。Ibid。p。118bk,i,ch。xiii,section2。

  46。PoliticalEconomy,p。99bk。i,ch。x,section3。

  47。SeeMill’sreferencetoWordsworth,PoliticalEconomy,p。155

  bk。ii,ch。vi,section1n。

  48。See,e。g。,hisnotetotheWealthofNations,p。565seq。

  49。AsquotedbyW。T。Thornton,PleaforPeasantProprietors1874,p。133。

  50。Jones’sEssayontheDistributionofWealthandontheSourcesofTaxation:Book1,Rent,appearedin1831。Thoughconstantlypressedbyhisintimatefriend,Whewell,tocompletethebook,Jonesneverfoundthetimeforthepurpose。In1859,WhewellpublishedJones’sLiteraryRemains——chieflynotesforlectures——withalife。

  51。Rent,pp。68,146。WhewellinhisprefacetoJones’sRemainsp。xviiseemstochargeMillwithappropratingJones’sclassificationwithoutduerecognitionofthemerits。Millusedthebookfreely,andcallsita’copiousrepertoryofvaluablefacts’PoliticalEconomy,bk。ii,ch。v,section4。IfhedidnotspeakmorestronglyofthemeritsofJones’sclassificationinto’labour’,’m閠ayer,’’ryot,’and’cottier’rentsitwasprobablybecausehethoughtJonesresponsibleforafatalconfusionbetween’cottiers’and’peasant-proprietors’。IntheRentthisdistinctionisignored。IntheRemains,whichMillhadnotseen,Jonesspeakspp。208,217,438,522,537ofthe’peasant-proprietors’asaninterestingclass,butpronouncesnodefinitejudgmentuponthesystem。

  52。PoliticalEconomy,p。230bk。ii。ch。xiii,section3。

  53。BainspeaksofThorntonasoneofthefriendswho,likeSterling,maintainedacloseintimacywithMillinspiteofdifferencesofopinion。ThesedifferencescertainlydidnotpreventThorntonfromspeakingandwritingofMillinthetoneofanardentandreverentialadmirer。AslittlehasbeentoldofThornton’sprivatelife,Iwillventuretosaythat,asayoungman,Iusedoftentoseehim,whenhevisitedFawcettandFawcett’sgreatfriend,MrC。B。Clarke,atCambridge。Thornton’sextremeamiability,hisplacidandcandid,ifslightlylong-winded,discussionofhisfavouritetopics,wontheaffectionofhisyounghearers,andhasleftacharmingimpressionuponthesurvivors。

  54。OverPopulation,p。268。

  55。Ibid。p。121。

  56。PoliticalEconomybl。ii。ch。xii。section4。

  57。PleaforPeasantProprietors1874p。261n。

  58。PoliticalEconomy,p。223bk。ii。ch。vi。section6。

  59。PoliticalEconomy,pp。168,171,182bk。ii。ch。vi。section67;vii。sections1,5。

  60。PeasantProprietors1874,p。159,referringtoLavergne’sEconomicRurale1860。

  61。PoliticalEconomy,p。177bk。ii。ch。vii。section4。

  62。PoliticalEconomy,p。182bk。ii。ch。vii。section5。

  63。Ibid。p。460bk。iv。ch。vii。section4。

  64。PoliticalEconomy,p。217bk。ii。ch。xi。section6。

  65。Ibid。p。225bk。ii。ch。xii。section4。

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