neverpresumedtojudgehimwithanydefinitenessuntilhewasinterpretedtomebyonegreatlysuperiortousboth，whowasmoreapoetthanheandmoreathinkerthanI’whoseownmindandnatureincludedhisandinfinitelymore’；42*inshort，byMrsTaylor，ofwhomIshallspeakdirectly。Carlyle’saversiontoscepticisminsomesense，toUtilitarianism，tologic，andtopoliticaleconomy——the’dismalscience，——wasindeedtooinveteratetoallowofanyrealalliance；andthoughMilldidhisbesttoappreciateCarlyle，helearnedfromhimonlywhatonelearnsfromanantagonist，thatis，tobemoreconfidentinone’sownopinions。
IV。PHILOSOPHICLEADERSHIP
AsphilosophicalRadicalismsankintoimpotence，Mill’soccupationasitsadvocatewasgone。Henowagainbecamearecluse。FormanyyearshewithdrewaltogetherfromLondonsociety。Thiswasobviouslydueinparttotheconnectiontowhichheascribedthegreatestpossibleimportance。The’mostvaluablefriendshipofhislife，’ashecallsit，hadbeenformedin1830withMrsTaylor，whowastwoyearshisjunior。Herhusbandwasamaninbusiness，43*a’mostupright，brave，andhonourableman，’accordingtoMill，andregardedbyherwiththe，strongestaffection，throughlife。44*Taylorwas，however，withoutthetasteswhichwouldhavequalifiedhimtobeaworthyintellectualcompanionforhiswife。InthisrespectMillwasgreatlyhissuperior；andhisintimacywithMrsTaylorrapidlydeveloped。Hedinedwithhertwiceaweek，herhusbanddiningelsewhere。Shewasaninvalidformanyyears，andhadtoliveincountrylodgingsapartfromherhusband。HetravelledwithherontheContinentduringhisillnessof1836。AlthoughTaylorhimselfbehavedwithsingulargenerosity，andMillhimselfstatesthathisownrelationtoMrsTaylorwasoneof’strongaffectionandconfidentialintimacyonly，’theconnectionnaturallyprovokedcensure。Hisfatherbluntlycondemnedhimforbeinginlovewithanotherman’swife。Hismotherandsistersdisapproved，andwerefinallyestrangedbyhismarriageinlateryears。45*MrsGrotegavehimup，apparentlyuponthisground，althoughhecontinuedhisintercoursewithGrote。RoebuckstatesthataremonstrancewhichheimprudentlymadetoMillledtothecessationoftheirfriendship，whichMillattributeswithlessprobabilitytodifferencesofopinionastoByronandWordsworth。46*Mill，whoworshippedMrsTaylorasanembodimentofallthatwasexcellentinhumannature，resentedsuchdisapprovalbitterly；anyreferencetoMrsTaylorproducedexcitement，andheavoidedcollisionswithpossiblecensorsbyretiringfromtheworldaltogether。OngivinguptheWestminsterReview，hecould，asheputit，47*indulgetheinclination，’naturaltothinkingpersonswhentheageofboyishvanityisoncepast，forlimitinghisownsocietytoveryfewpersons。’Englishmen，ashesaysinhiscustomarytoneofdisapproval，considerseriousdiscussionas’ill-bred，’andhavenottheFrenchartoftalkingagreeablyontrifles。Menofmentalsuperiorityare，almostwithoutexceptiongreatlydeteriorated，iftheycondescendtojoininsuchsociety。
The’toneofthefeelingsislowered，’andtheyadoptthelowmodesofjudgmentwhichalonecanmeetwithsympathy。Whenthecharacter，moreover，isonceformed，agreementoncardinalpointsisfelttobeanecessaryconditionof’anythingworthythenameoffriendship。’Millaccordinglyshuthimselfupinhisoffice，andexceptoccasionalintercoursewithGrote，ProfessorBain。andafewothers，livedasasolitaryorsatatthefeetofhisEgeria。Hisadmirers，whoweresoontobearapidlyincreasingclass，heardgenerallythatasightofhimwasarareprivilege，scarcelytobeenjoyedexceptatmeetingsofthePoliticalEconomyClub。Theretheconversationturneduponsufficientlysolidtopics。Whetheralifeofseclusionbereallywiseisatopicforanessay。Mill’sunequivocalcondemnationofthesocietyofwhichhehadsolittleexperiencemayappeartobecensorious。AphilosophermaybeasaustereasareligiousPuritan；andMillmighthavebeenawisermanhadhebeenabletodrophisdignity，indulgeinafewamusements，andinterpretalittlemoregenerouslytheBritishcontemptforhigh-flownsentiment。Hisincapacityforplay，asheadmittedtoComte，wasaweaksideofhischaracter。SydneySmithwasforashorttime1841-43amemberofthePoliticalEconomyClub，andtheremetMillontwoorthreeoccasions。Onewouldliketoknowwhatimpressiontheymadeuponeachother，andespeciallywhatMillthoughtofthejovial，life-enjoying，andsociableparson。
Probably，onefears，hewouldhavetakenthesuperabundantfunofthecanonasonemoreproofofthefrivolityofBritishsociety，andsethiscolleaguedownasameresycophantandbuffoon。I
willnotcomparethemeritsofsuchoppositetypes。IfMill’sretirementisindicativeofsomeweakness，itmustalsobeadmittedthatitwasalsodictatedbyadevotiontogreattasksrequiringanddisplayingremarkablestrength。Henowsettoworkvigorously，andinthecourseofthenextfewyearsproducedhismostelaborateandimportantworks。
Bothofthemweretheoutcomeofhisearlytraining。ThediscussionsatGrote’shousehadsuggestedtohimtheplanofabookuponlogic。Theend，speakingroughly，wastosetfortharticulatelythetheoryofknowledgeimplicitlyassumedinthewritingsofhisschool。FullyacceptingthemainprinciplesofBenthamandJamesMill，andregardingthemassatisfactory，aftercloseinvestigation，hehadyetbecomeawareofcertaindifficultieswhichmightbesolvedbyamorethoroughinquiry。HewasafterwardsstimulatedbythecontroversybetweenhisfatherandMacaulay；andthisledhim，ashethought，toperceivingthetruelogicalmethodofpoliticalphilosophy。About1832hetookupthesubjectagain，andtriedtosolvethe’greatparadoxofthediscoveryofnewtruthsbygeneralreasoning。’Thisledtohistheoryofthesyllogism，giveninthesecondbookofhisLogic。Henowfeltthathecouldproduceavaluablework，andwrotethefirstbook。Hewasstoppedbyfreshdifficulties，andmadeahaltwhichlastedforfiveyears。He，couldmakenothingsatisfactoryofinduction。’In1837，whileweightedbytheReview，hereceivedafreshimpulse。Whewell’sHistoryoftheInductiveSciencesandHerschel’sDiscourseontheStudyofNaturalPhilosophyprovidedhimwithmaterialswhichhadbeforebeenlacking。Intwomonths，duringintervalssnatchedfromotherworks，hehadwrittenathird，’themostdifficultthird，’ofthebook。Thisincludedtheremainder，ofthedoctrineofreasoning，andthegreaterpartofthebookuponinduction。Hehadnow’untiedallthereallyhardknots，’andcompletionwasonlyaquestionoftime。Comte’sPhilosophiePositivenowbecameknowntohimandgreatlystimulatedhim，thoughheowedlittleofdefiniteresulttoit。InJulyandAugust1838hemanagedtofinishhisthirdbook；andhisdoctrineof，realkinds，enabledhimtoturnthedifficultywhichhadcausedthefiveyears’halt。
Otherchapterson，languageandclassification，anduponfallacieswereaddedinthesameautumn，andtheremainderoftheworkinthesummerandautumnof1840。Finally，thewholebookwasrewrittenbetweenApril1841andtheendoftheyear，muchmatterbeingintroducedintheprocesswhichhadbeensuggestedbyWhewell’sPhilosophyoftheInductiveSciencesandbyComte’streatise。48*HeofferedthefinishedbooktoMurray，whodeclinedit；anditwasfinallyacceptedbyParker，whopublisheditinthespringof1843。
Thesignificanceofthesedateswillappearhereafter。Itishereenoughtosaythatthebookwastheproductofstrenuous，long-continuedthought，andofinfluencesfromvariousquarters。
Thesuccessgreatlyexceededhisanticipations。NoonesinceLockehadapproachedhiminthepowerofmakingtheproblemsofphilosophyinterestingtothelaity。Oneremarkwhichhemakesisimportant。Heheldthatthephilosophywhichheassailedwasthegreatsupportofalldeep-seatedandantiquatedprejudice。Hewasthereforeattackingfalsephilosophyinitsstronghold；andsofarashesucceeded，notmerelyexposingphilosophicfallacies，butessentiallycontributingtothetriumphofreason。Thoughretiringfromactivepolitics，hewaselucidatingtheprincipleswhichunderlieallpoliticaltheory。
TheLogic，inshort，wasintendednotmerelyasadiscussionofabstruseproblems，butasindirectlybearinguponthepurposestowhichhislifewasdevoted。Hewasledbythecourseofhisspeculationtoproposetheformationofanewsciencetobecalled’ethology。’ThisethologyofwhichIshallhavetospeakinitsplaceisdescribedbyMillastheSciencewhichcorrespondstotheArtofEducation。49*Educationistobetakeninthewidestsenseoftheword：asthetraininggivenbythewholesystemofinstitutionswhichmouldthecharacterandthethoughtofmankind。Millhadrecognisedtheimmensedifficultiesinthewayofallhisschemesofreformwhichresultedfromtheignoranceandstupidityoftheclassestowhompowerwasinevitablypassing。Whetherthattransitionwouldbebeneficialorthereversedependedessentiallyuponthedegreeinwhichmencouldbepreparedfortheirnewduties。Believingthatsuchapreparationwaspossible，hedesiredtodeterminethegeneralprinciplesapplicable；togive，ashesays，thesciencecorrespondingtotheart。
ThisschemeisnoticedintheremarkablecorrespondencewithComte，whichbeganin1841duringthefinalstageofthecompositionoftheLogic，andlasteduntil1846。SomeknowledgeofComte’sdoctrineswasspreadinginEngland。50*MillhadreadanearlyworkofComte’stheTrait？dePolitiquePositive，1822，andcriticiseditsharplyinhisletterstod’Eichthalin1828，thoughpreferringittootherworksoftheSt。Simonians。
Ontakingupin1837thetwofirstvolumesofComte’sPhilosophiePositiveallthenpublished，hehadbeendeeplyimpressed；hereadtheirsuccessors，andinNovember1841hewrotetoComteasanunknownadmirer，andindeedinthetoneofanardentdisciple。
Hehas，ashesays，definitivelyleftthe’Benthamistsectionoftherevolutionaryschool，’thoughheregardsitasthebestpreparationfortruepositivistdoctrine。HeacceptsComte’smainpositions，thoughonsome，secondary，questionshehasdoubtswhichmaydisappear。51*HehadeventhoughtofpostponingthepublicationofhisLogicuntilhehadseenthecompletionofComte’streatise；and，hadhebeenabletoseethewholeintime，wouldperhapshavetranslateditinsteadofwritinganewbook。52*Two-thirds，however，oftheLogicwassubstantiallyfinishedbeforehehadreadComte，anditisadaptedtothebackwardstateofEnglishopinion。Millholds，asheheldwhenwritingtod’Eichthal，thataconstructiveshouldsucceedtoacriticalphilosophy，andseestherealisationofhishopesinthenewdoctrine。HeholdswithComtethata’spiritualpower’shouldbeconstituted，whichcannotbereachedthroughsimplelibertyofdiscussion；53*andbelievesinareligionofhumanity，destinedtoreplacetheology。54*ItisnotsurprisingthatComtetookMillforathoroughconvert。Adiscordpresentlyshoweditself。
’Youfrightenme，’MillsaidtoComte，’bytheunityandcompletenessofyourconvictions，’whichseemtoneednoconfirmationfromanyotherintelligence。Comte，infact，hadaroundedanddefinitivescheme。Hehadceasedtoreadotherspeculationsasamathematicianmightdeclinetoreadthevagariesofcircle-squarers。Hiswholesystemwasdemonstrated，onceforall。In1843Millbegananargumentastotheequalityofthesexes，whichlastedforsomemonths，andendedcharacteristically。Comtesaid55*thatfurtherargumentwouldbeuseless，asMillwasnotyetpreparedtoaccept’fundamentaltruths。’Millagreedtodropthediscussion，andaddedthathisownopinionshadonlybeenconfirmed。Thesupposedconvertannouncedhimselfasanindependent，thoughrespectful，juniorcolleague，witharighttodiffer。Mill，accordingtoBain，became’dissatisfiedwiththeconcessionswhichhehadmade。’Intruth，thedivergencewashopeless，andimpliedadifferenceoffirstprinciples。Meanwhile，themisunderstandinghadfurtherconsequences。WhenComtewasexpectingtobedismissedfromhispost，MillgenerouslydeclaredJune1843that，solongashelived，hewouldsharehislastsouwithhisfriend。56*MillwasatthistimeinanxietycausedbytherepudiationofAmericanbonds，inwhichhehadinvestedsomeofhisownmoneyandsomeofhisfather’s，forwhichhewasresponsible。Comtedeclinedtotakemoneyfromafellow-thinker，butafterwards，whenheactuallylosthispostinJuly1844，acceptedhelpfromMill’sricherfriends，Grote，Molesworth，andRaikesCurrie。Comtetooktheirgifttobeatributefromdisciples，andwasoffendedwhen，afterthefirstyear，theydeclinedtocontinuethesubsidy。