ThefactthatCardinalFeschmaintainedthatthereligiousritehadbeendulyperformed，thirteenoftheCardinals（not，howeverincludingFesch）weresoconvincedofthelegalityofthemarriagethattheyrefusedtoappearattheceremonyofmarriagewithMarieLouise，thusdrawingdownthewrathoftheEmperor，andbecomingthe\"CardinalsNoirs，\"frombeingforbidden;toweartheirownrobes，seemstoleavenodoubtthatthereligiousritehadbeenperformed.
Themarriagewasonlypronouncedtobeinvalidin1809bythelocalcanonicalbodies，notbytheauthorityofthepope.]——
ItcannotbeexpectedthatIshouldenterintoadetailoftheceremonywhichtookplaceonthe2dofDecember.Theglitterofgold，thewavingplumes，andrichly—caparisonedhorsesoftheImperialprocession;themulewhichprecededthePope’scortege，andoccasionedsomuchmerriment.
totheParisians，havealreadybeendescribedoverandoveragain.
Imay，however，relateananecdoteconnectedwiththeCoronation，toldmebyJosephine，andwhichisexceedinglycharacteristicofNapoleon.
WhenBonapartewaspayinghisaddressestoMadamedeBEAUHARNAIS，neithertheonenortheotherkeptacarriage;andthereforeBonapartefrequentlyaccompaniedherwhenshewalkedout.OnedaytheywenttogethertothenotaryRaguideau，oneoftheshortestmenIthinkIeversawinmylife，MadamedeBeauharnaisplacedgreatconfidence，inhim，andwentthereonpurposetoacquainthimofherintentiontomarrytheyounggeneralofartillery，——theprotegeofBarras.Josephinewentaloneinto，thenotary’scabinet，whileBonapartewaitedforherinanadjoiningroom.
ThedoorofRaguideau’scabinetdidnotshutclose，andBonaparteplainlyheardhimdissuadingMadamedeBeauharnaisfromherprojectedmarriage.
\"Youaregoingtotakeaverywrongstep，\"saidhe，\"andyouwillbesorryforit，Canyoubesomadastomarryayoungmanwhohasnothingbuthiscloakandhissword？\"Bonaparte，Josephinetoldme，hadnevermentionedthistoher，andsheneversupposedthathehadheardwhatfellfromRaguideau.\"Onlythink，Bourrienne，\"continuedshe，\"whatwasmyastonishmentwhen，dressedintheImperialrobesontheCoronationday，hedesiredthatRaguideaumightbesentfor，sayingthathewishedtoseehimimmediately;andwhenRaguidesuappeared;hesaidtohim，\"Well，sir！
haveInothingbutmycloakandmyswordnow？’\"
ThoughBonapartehadrelatedtomealmostallthecircumstancesofhislife，astheyoccurredtohismemory，heneveroncementionedthisaffairofRaguideau，whichheonlyseemedtohavesuddenlyrecollectedonhisCoronationday.
ThedayaftertheCoronationallthetroopsinPariswereassembledintheChampdeMarstheImperialeaglesmightbedistributedtoeachregiment，inlieuofthenationalflags.IhasstayedawayfromtheCoronationinthechurchofNotreDame，butIwishedtoseethemilitaryfeteintheChampdeMarsbecauseItookrealpleasureinseeingBonaparteamongsthissoldiers.AthronewaserectedinfrontoftheMilitarySchool，which，thoughnowtransformedintoabarrack，musthaverecalled，toBonaparte’smindsomesingularrecollectionsofhisboyhood.
Atagivensignalallthecolumnsclosedandapproachedthethrone.ThenBonaparte，rising，gaveordersforthedistributionoftheeagles，anddeliveredthefollowingaddresstothedeputationsofthedifferentcorpsofthearmy：
Soldiers，Soldiers！beholdyourcolours.Theseeagleswillalwaysbeyourrallying—point！TheywillalwaysbewhereyourEmperormaythankthemnecessaryforthedefenceofhisthroneandofhispeople.Sweartosacrificeyourlivestodefendthem，andbyyourcouragetokeepthemconstantlyinthepathofvictory.——Swear！\"
Itwouldbeimpossibletodescribetheacclamationswhichfollowedthisaddress;thereissomethingsoseductiveinpopularenthusiasmthatevenindifferentpersonscannothelpyieldingtoitsinfluence.AndyettheleastreflectionwouldhaveshownhowshamefullyNapoleonforsworethedeclarationhemadetotheSenate，whentheorganic’Senatus—consulte’
forthefoundationoftheEmpirewaspresentedtohimatSt：Cloud：Onthatoccasionhesaid;\"TheFrenchpeopleshallneverbeMYpeople！\"
AndyetthedayafterhisCoronationhiseagleswereto，becarriedwherevertheymightbenecessaryforthedefenceofhispeople.
Byasingularcoincidence，whileonthe2dofDecember1804BonapartewasreceivingfromtheheadoftheChurchtheImperialcrownofFrance，LouisXVIII.，whowasthenatColmar，promptedasitwerebyaninexplicablepresentiment，drewupandsignedadeclarationtotheFrenchpeople，inwhichhedeclaredthathethen，sworenevertobreakthesacredbondwhichunitedhisdestinytotheirs，nevertorenouncetheinheritanceofhisancestors，ortorelinquishhisrights.
CHAPTERXXX.
1805
MyappointmentasMinisterPlenipotentiaryatHamburg——MyinterviewwithBonaparteatMalmaison——Bonaparte’sdesignsrespectingItaly——
HiswishtorevisitBrienne——InstructionsformyresidenceinHamburg——RegenerationofEuropeansociety——Bonaparte’splanofmakinghimselftheoldestsovereigninEurope——AmedeeJaubert’smission——CommissionfromtheEmperortotheEmpress——MyconversationwithMadameBonaparte.
Imustnowmentionaneventwhichconcernsmyselfpersonally，namely，myappointmentasMinisterPlenipotentiary，totheDukesofBrunswickandMecklenburg—Schwerin，andtotheHansetowns.
Thisappointmenttookplaceonthe22dofMarch1806.Josephine，whohadkindlypromisedtoapprisemeofwhattheEmperorintendedtodoforme，assoonassheherselfshouldknowhisintentions，sentamessengertoacquaintmewithmyappointment，andtotellmethattheEmperorwishedtoseeme.IhadnotvisitedJosephinesinceherdepartureforBelgium.
ThepompaandceremoniesoftheCoronationhad，Imaysay，dazzledme，anddeterredmefrompresentingmyselfattheImperialPalace，whereI
shouldhavebeenannoyedbytheetiquettewhichhadbeenobservedsincetheCoronation.Icannotdescribewhatadisagreeableimpressionthisparadealwaysproducedonme.IcouldnotallatonceforgetthetimewhenIusedwithoutceremonytogointoBonaparte’schamberandwakehimattheappointedhour.AstoBonaparteIhadnotseenhimsincehesentformeafterthecondemnationofGeorges，whenIsawthatmycandourrelativetoMoreauwasnotdispleasingtohim.MoreauhadsincequittedFrancewithoutNapoleon’ssubjectinghimtotheapplicationoftheodiouslawwhichhasonlybeenrepealedsincethereturnoftheBourbons，andbyvirtueofwhichhewascondemnedtotheconfiscationofhisproperty.
MoreausoldhisestateofGrosBoistoBertliier，andproceededtoCadiz，whenceheembarkedforAmerica.IshallnotagainhaveoccasiontospeakofhimuntiltheperiodoftheintriguesintowhichhewasdrawnbythesameinfluencewhichruinedhiminFrance.
OntheeveningofthedaywhenIreceivedthekindmessagefromJosephineIhadanofficialinvitationtoproceedthenextdaytoMalmaison，wheretheEmperorthenwas.IwasmuchpleasedattheideaofseeinghimthereratherthanattheTuileries，orevenatSt.Cloud.OurformerintimacyatMalmaisonmademefeelmoreatmyeaserespectinganinterviewofwhichmyknowledgeofBonaparte’scharacterledmetoentertainsomeapprehension.WasItobereceivedbymyoldcomradeofBrienne，orbyHisImperialMajesty？Iwasreceivedbymyoldcollegecompanion.
OnmyarrivalatMalmaisonIwasusheredintothetentroomleadingtothelibrary.HowIwasastonishedatthegood—naturedfamiliaritywithwhichhereceivedme！Thisextraordinarymandisplayed，ifImayemploytheterm，acoquetrytowardsmewhichsurprisedme，notwithstandingmypastknowledgeofhischaracter.Hecameuptomewithasmileonhislips，tookmyhand（whichhehadneverdonesincehewasConsul），presseditaffectionately，anditwasimpossiblethatIcouldlookuponhimastheEmperorofFranceandthefutureKingofItaly.YetIwastoowellawareofhisfitsofpridetoallowhisfamiliaritytoleadmebeyondtheboundsofaffectionaterespect.\"MydearBourrienne，\"saidhe，\"canyousupposethattheelevatedrankIhaveattainedhasalteredmyfeelingstowardsyou？No.IdonotattachimportancetotheglitterofImperialpomp;allthatismeantforthepeople;butImuststillbevaluedaccordingtomydeserts.Ihavebeenverywellsatisfiedwithyourservices，andIhaveappointedyoutoasituationwhereIshallhaveoccasionforthem.IknowthatIcanrelyuponyou.\"HethenaskedwithgreatwarmthoffriendshipwhatIwasabout，andinquiredaftermyfamily，etc.Inshort，Ineversawhimdisplaylessreserveormorefamiliarityandunaffectedsimplicity;whichhedidthemorereadily，perhaps，becausehisgreatnesswasnowincontestable.
\"Youknow，\"addedNapoleon，\"thatIsetoutinaweekforItaly.IshallmakemyselfKing;butthatisonlyastepping—stone.IhavegreaterdesignsrespectingItaly.
ItmustbeakingdomcomprisingalltheTransalpineStates，fromVenicetotheMaritimeAlps.TheunionofItalywithFrancecanonlybetemporary;butitisnecessary，inordertoaccustomthenationsofItalytoliveundercommonlaws.TheGenoese，thePiedmontese，theVenetians，theMilanese，theinhabitantsofTuscany，theRomans，andtheNeapolitans，hateeachother.Noneofthemwillacknowledgethesuperiorityoftheother，andyetRomeis，fromtherecollectionsconnectedwithit，thenaturalcapitalofItaly.Tomakeitso，however，itisnecessarythatthepowerofthePopeshouldbeconfinedwithinlimitspurelyspiritual.Icannotnowthinkofthis;butIwillreflectuponithereafter.AtpresentIhaveonlyvagueideasonthesubject，buttheywillbematuredintime，andthenalldependsoncircumstances.
Whatwasittoldme，whenwewerewalkingliketwoidlefellows，aswewere，inthestreetsofParis，thatIshouldonedaybemasterofFrance——mywish——merelyavaguewish.Circumstanceshavedonetherest.Itisthereforewisetolookintothefuture，andthatIdo.WithrespecttoItaly，asitwillbeimpossiblewithoneefforttounitehersoastoformasinglepower，subjecttouniformlaws，IwillbeginbymakingherFrench.AlltheselittleStateswillinsensiblybecomeaccustomedtothesamelaws，andwhenmannersshallbeassimilatedandenmitiesextinguished，thentherewillbeanItaly，andIwillgiveherindependence.ButforthatImusthavetwentyyears，andwhocancountonthefuture？Bourrienne，Ifeelpleasureintellingyouallthis.Itwaslockedupinmymind.WithyouIthinkaloud.\"
IdonotbelievethatIhavealteredtwowordsofwhatBonapartesaidtomerespectingItaly，soperfect，Imaynowsaywithoutvaniy，wasmymemorythen，andsoconfirmedwasmyhabitoffixinginitallthathesaidtome.AfterhavinginformedmeofhisvagueprojectsBonaparte，withoneofthosetransitionssocommontohim，said，\"Bytheby，Bourrienne，Ihavesomethingtotellyou.MadamedeBriennehasbeggedthatIwillpassthroughBrienne，andIpromisedthatIwill.IwillnotconcealfromyouthatIshallfeelgreatpleasureinagainbeholdingthespotwhichforsixyearswasthesceneofourboyshsportsandstudies.\"
TakingadvantageoftheEmperor’sgoodhumourIventuredtotellhimwhathappinessitwouldgivemeifitwerepossiblethatIcouldsharewithhimtherevivalofallrecollectionswhichweremutuallydeartous.ButNapoleon，afteramoment’spause，saidwithextremekindness，\"Harkye，Bourrienne，inyoursituationandminethiscannotbe.Itismorethantwoyearssinceweparted.Whatwouldbesaidofsosuddenareconciliation？ItellyoufranklythatIhaveregrettedyou，andthecircumstancesinwhichIhavefrequentlybeenplacedhaveoftenmademewishtorecallyou.AtBoulogneIwasquiteresolveduponit.Rapp，perhaps，hasinformedyouofit.Helikedyou，andheassuredmethathewouldbedelightedatyourreturn.ButifuponreflectionIchangedmyminditwasbecause，asIhaveoftentoldyou，IwillnothaveitsaidthatIstandinneedofanyone.No.GotoHamburg.IhaveformedsomeprojectsrespectingGermanyinwhichyoucanbeusefultome.ItisthereIwillgiveamortalblowtoEngland.IwilldepriveheroftheContinent，——besides，Ihavesomeideasnotyetmaturedwhichextendmuchfarther.ThereisnotsufficientunanimityamongstthenationsofEurope.Europeansocietymustberegenerated——asuperiorpowermustcontroltheotherpowers，andcompelthemtoliveinpeacewitheachother;andFranceiswellsituatedforthatpurpose.FordetailsyouwillreceiveinstructionsfromTalleyrand;butIrecommendyou，aboveallthings，tokeepastrictwatchontheemigrants.Woetothemiftheybecometoodangerous！Iknowthattherearestillagitators，——amongthemallthe’MarquisdeVersailles’，thecourtiersoftheoldschool.Buttheyaremothswhowillburnthemselvesinthecandle.Youhavebeenanemigrantyourself，Bourrienne;youfeelapartialityforthem，andyouknowthatIhaveallowedupwardsoftwohundredofthemtoreturnuponyourrecommendation.Butthecaseisaltered.Thosewhoareabroadarehardened.Theydonotwishtoreturnhome.Watchthemclosely.ThatistheonlyparticulardirectionIgiveyou.YouaretobeMinisterfromFrancetoHamburg;butyourplacewillbeanindependentone;besidesyourcorrespondencewiththeMinisterforForeignAffairs，Iauthoriseyoutowritetomepersonally，wheneveryouhaveanythingparticulartocommunicate.YouwilllikewisecorrespondwithFouche.\"
HeretheEmperorremainedsilentforamoment，andIwaspreparingtoretire，buthedetainedme，sayinginthekindestmanner，\"What，areyougoingalready，Bourrienne？Areyouinahurry？Let，uschatalittlelonger.Godknows，whenwemayseeeachotheragain！\"Thenaftertwoorthreemoments’silencehesaid，\"ThemoreIreflectonoursituation，onourformerintimacy，andoursubsequentseparation，themoreIseethenecessityofyourgoingtoHamburg.Go，then，mydearfellow，Iadviseyou.Trustme.Whendoyouthinkofsettingout？\"\"InMay.\"——\"InMay？
Ah，IshallbeinMilanthen，forIwishtostopatTurin.I
likethePiedmontese;theyarethebestsoldiersinItaly.\"——\"Sire，theKingofItalywillbethejunioroftheEmperorofFrance！\"
——[IalludedtoaconversationwhichIhadwithNapoleonwhenwefirstwenttotheTuileries.Hespoketomeabouthisprojectsofroyalty，andIstatedthedifficultieswhichIthoughthewouldexperienceingettinghimselfacknowledgedbytheoldreigningfamiliesofEurope.\"Ifitcomestothat，\"bereplied.\"Iwilldethronethemall，andthenIshallbetheoldestsovereignamongthem.\"——Bourrienne.]——
——\"Ah！soyourecollectwhatIsaidonedayattheTuileries;but，mydearfellow，IhaveyetadevilishlongwaytogobeforeIgainmypoint.\"——\"Attherate，Sire，atwhichyouaregoingyouwillnotbelonginreachingit.\"——\"Longerthanyouimagine.Iseealltheobstaclesinmyway;buttheydonotalarmme.Englandiseverywhere，andthestruggleisbetweenherandme.Iseehowitwillbe.ThewholeofEuropewillbeourinstruments;sometimesservingone，sometimestheother，butatbottomthedisputeiswhollybetweenEnglandandFrance.
\"Apropos，\"saidtheEmperor，changingthesubject，forallwhoknewhimareawarethatthis’apropos’washisfavourite，and，indeed，hisonlymodeoftransition;apropos，Bourrienne，yousurelymusthaveheardofthedepartureofJaubert，——[AmedeeJaubarthadbeenwithNapoleoninEgypt，andwasappointedtothecabinetoftheConsulassecretaryinterpreterofOrientallanguages.HewassentonseveralmissionstotheEast，andbroughtback，is1818，goatsfromThibet，naturalisinginFrancethemanufactureofcashmeres.HebecameapeerofFranceundertheMonarchyofJuly.]——
andhismission.Whatissaidonthesubject？\"——\"Sire，Ihaveonlyhearditslightlyalludedto.Hisfather，however，towhomhesaidnothingrespectingtheobjectofhisjourney，knowingIwasintimatewithJaubert，cametometoascertainwhetherIcouldallayhisanxietyrespectingajourneyofthedurationofwhichhecouldformnoidea.TheprecipitatedepartureofhissonhadfilledhimwithapprehensionItoldhimthetruth，viz.，thatJauberthadsaidnomoretomeonthesubjectthantohim.\"——\"Thenyoudonotknowwhereheisgone？\"——\"Ibegyourpardon，Sire;Iknowverywell.\"——\"How，thedevil！\"saidBonaparte，suddenlyturningonmealookofastonishment.\"Noone，I，declare，hasevertoldme;butIguessedit.HavingreceivedaletterfromJaubertdatedLeipsic，IrecollectedwhatyourMajestyhadoftentoldmeofyourviewsrespectingPersiaandIndia.IhavenotforgottenourconversationinEgypt，northegreatprojectswhichyouenfoldedtometorelievethesolitudeandsometimesthewearinessofthecabinetofCairo.Besides，I
longsinceknewyouropinionofAmedee，ofhisfidelity，hisability，andhiscourage.Ifeltconvinced，therefore，thathehadamissiontotheShahofPersia.\"——\"Youguessedright;butIbegofyou，Bourrienne，saynothingofthistoanypersonwhatever.Secrecyonthispointisofgrewimportance.TheEnglishwoulddohimanillturn，fortheyarewellawarethatmyviewsaredirectedagainsttheirpossessionsandtheirinfluenceintheEast.\"——\"Ithink，Sire，thatmyanswertoAnedee’sworthyfatherisasufficientguaranteeformydiscretion.Besides，itwasameresuppositiononmypart，andIcouldhavestatednothingwithcertaintybeforeyourMajestyhadthekindnesstoinformmeofthefact.
InsteadofgoingtoHamburg，ifyourMajestypleases，IwilljoinJaubert，accompanyhimtoPersia，andundertakehalfhismission.\"——
\"How！wouldyougowithhim？\"——\"Yes，Sire;Iammuchattachedtohim.Heisanexcellentman，andIamsurethathewouldnotbesorrytohavemewithhim.\"——\"ButStop，Bourrienne，this，perhaps，wouldnotbeabadidea.YouknowalittleoftheEast.Youareaccustomedtotheclimate.YoucouldassistJaubertBut
No.daubertmustbealreadyfaroff——I，fearyoucouldnotovertakehim.Andbesidesyouhaveanumerousfamily.YouwillbemoreusefultomeinGermany.Allthingsconsidered，gotoHamburg——youknowthecountry，and，whatisbetteryouspeakthelanguage.\"
IcouldseethatBonapartestillhadsomethingtosaytome.Aswewerewalkingupanddowntheroomhestopped;andlookingatmewithanexpressionofsadness，hesaid，\"Bourrienne，youmust，beforeIproceedtoItaly，domeaservice.Yousometimesvisitmywife，anditisright;
itisfityoushould.Youhavebeentoolongoneofthefamilynottocontinueyourfriendshipwithher.Gotoher.
——[ThisemploymentofBourriennetoremonstratewithJosephineisacompleteanswertothechargesometimesmadethatNapoleon，whilescolding，reallyencouragedthefoolishexpensesofhiswife，askeepingherunderhiscontrol.Josephinewasincorrigible.\"Ontheverydayofherdeath，\"saysMadamedeRemusat\"shewishedtoputonaveryprettydressing—gownbecauseshethoughttheEmperorofRussiawouldperhapscometoseeher.Shediedallcoveredwithribbonsandrose—coloredsatin.\"\"Onewouldnot，sure，befrightfulwhenone’sdead！\"AsforJosephine’sgreatfault——herfailuretogiveNapoleonanheir——hedidnotalwayswishforone.In1802，onhisbrotherJeromejokinglyadvisingJosephinetogivetheConsulalittleCaesar.Napoleonbrokeout，\"Yea，thathemayendinthesamemannerasthatofAlexander？Believeme，Messieurs，thatatthepresenttimeitisbetternottohavechildren：Imeanwhenoneiscondemnedtorolenations.\"ThefateoftheKingofRomeshowsthattheexclamationwasonlytootrue！]——
Endeavouroncemoretomakehersensibleofhermadextravagance.EverydayIdiscovernewinstancesofit，anditdistressesme.WhenIspeaktoher——onthesubjectIamvexed;Igetangry——sheweeps.Iforgiveher，Ipayherbills——shemakesfairpromises;butthesamethingoccursoverandoveragain.Ifshehadonlybornemeachild！Itisthetormentofmylifenottohaveachild.IplainlyperceivethatmypowerwillneverbefirmlyestablisheduntilIhaveone.IfIdiewithoutanheir，notoneofmybrothersiscapableofsupplyingmyplace.Allisbegun，butnothingisended.Godknowswhatwillhappen！GoandseeJosephine，anddonotforgetmyinjunctions\"
Thenheresumedthegaietywhichhehadexhibitedatintervalsduringourconversation，farcloudsdrivenbythewinddonottraversethehorizonwithsuchrapidityasdifferentideasandsensationssucceededeachothermNapoleon’smind.Hedismissedmewithhisusualnodofthehead，andseeinghiminsuchgoodhumourIsaidondeparting，\"well，Sire，youaregoingtoheartheoldbellofBrienne.IhavenodoubtitwillpleaseyoubetterthanthebellsofRuel.\"Hereplied，\"That’stree——youareright.Adieu！\"
Sucharemyrecollectionsofthisconversation，whichlastedformorethananhourandahalf.Wewalkedaboutallthetime，forBonapartewasindefatigableinaudiencesofthissort，andwould，Ibelieve，havewalkedandtalkedforawholedaywithoutbeingawareofit.Ilefthim，and，accordingtohisdesire，wenttoseeMadameBonaparte，whichindeedIhadintendedtodobeforeherequestedit.
IfoundJosephinewithMadamedelaRochefoucauld，whohadlongbeeninhersuite，andwhoashorttimebeforehadobtainedthetitleofladyofhonourtotheEmpress.MadamedelaRochefoucauldwasaveryamiablewoman，ofmilddisposition，andwasafavouritewithJosephine.WhenI
toldtheEmpressthatIhadjustlefttheEmperor，she，thinkingthatI
wouldnotspeakfreelybeforeathirdperson，madeasigntoMadamedelaRochefoucauldtoretire.IhadnotroubleinintroducingtheconversationonthesubjectconcerningwhichNapoleonhaddirectedmetospeaktoJosephine，for;aftertheinterchangeofafewindifferentremarks，sheherselftoldmeofaviolentscene，whichhadoccurredbetweenherandtheEmperortwodaysbefore.\"WhenIwrotetoyouyesterday，\"saidshe，\"toannounceyourappointment，andtotellyouthatBonapartewouldrecallyou，Ihopedthatyouwouldcometoseemeonquittinghim，butIdidnotthinkthathewouldhavesentforyousosoon.Ah！howIwishthatyouwerestillwithhim，Bourrienne;youcouldmakehimhearreason.Iknownotwhotakespleasureinbearingtalestohim;butreallyIthinktherearepersonsbusyeverywhereinfindingoutmydebts，andtellinghimofthem.\"
Thesecomplaints，sogentlyutteredbyJosephinerenderedlessdifficultthepreparatorymissionwithwhichIcommencedtheexerciseofmydiplomaticfunctions.IacquaintedMadameBonapartewithallthattheEmperorhadsaidtome.Iremindedheroftheaffairofthe1，200，000
francswhichwehadsettledwithhalfthatsum.Ievendroppedsomeallusionstothepromisesshehadmade.
\"HowcanIhelpit？\"Saidshe.\"Isitmyfault？\"Josephineutteredthesewordsinatoneofsinceritywhichwasatonceaffectingandludicrous.\"Allsortsofbeautifulthingsarebroughttome，\"shecontinued;\"theyarepraisedup;Ibuythem——Iamnotaskedforthemoney，andallofasudden，whenIhavegotnone，theycomeuponmewithdemandsforpayment.ThisreachesNapoleon’sears，andhegetsangry.
WhenIhavemoney，BourrienneyouknowhowIemployit.Igiveitprincipallytotheunfortunatewhosolicitmyassistance，andtopooremigants.ButIwilltrytobemoreeconomicalinfuture.Tellhimsoifyouseehimagain，ButisitnotmydutytobestowasmuchincharityasIcan？\"——\"Yes，Madame;butpermitmetosaythatnothingrequiresgreaterdiscernmentthanthedistributionofchaxity.Ifyouhadalwayssatuponathroneyoumighthavealwayssupposedthatyourbountyalwaysfallintothehandsofthedeserving;butyoucannotbeignorantthatitoftenerfallstothelotofintriguethantothemeritoriousneedy.
IcannotdisguisefromyouthattheEmperorwasveryearnestwhenhespokeonthissubject;andhedesiredmetotellyouso.\"——\"Didhereproachmewithnothingelse？\"——\"NoMadame.Youknowtheinfluenceyouhaveoverhimwithrespecttoeverythingbutwhatrelatestopolitics.
Allowafaithfulandsincerefriendtoprevailuponyouseriouslynottovexhimonthispoint.\"——\"Bourrienne，Igiveyoumyword.Adieu！myfriend.\"
IncommunicatingtoJosephinewhattheEmperorhadsaidtomeItookcarenottotouchachordwhichwouldhaveawakenedfeelingsfarmorepainfultoherthaneventheEmperor’sharshreproofonaccountofherextravagance.PoorJosephine！howIshouldhaveafflictedherhadI
utteredawordofBonaparte’sregretatnothavingachild.Shealwayshadapresentimentofthefatethatonedayawaitedher.Besides，Josephinetoldthetruthinassuringmethatitwasnotherfaultthat，shespentasshedid;atleastallthetimeIwaswithbothofthem，orderandeconomywerenomorecompatiblewithherthanmoderationand——
patiencewithNapoleon.Thesightoftheleastwasteputhimbesidehimself，andthatwasasensationhiswifehardlyeversparedhim.Hesawwithirritationtheeagernessofhisfamilytogainriches;themorehegave，themoreinsatiabletheyappeared，withtheexceptionofLouis，whoseinclinationswerealwaysupright，andhistastesmoderate.Asfortheothermembersofhisfamily，theyannoyedhimsomuchbytheirimportunitythatonedayhesaid，\"ReallytolistentothemitwouldbethoughtthatIhadwastedtheheritageofourfather.\"
CHAPTERXXXI.
1805
NapoleonandVoltaire——DemandsoftheHolySee——CoolnessbetweenthepopeandtheEmperor——Napoleon’sdepartureforItaly——LastinterviewbetweenthePopeandtheEmperoratTurin——Alessandria——ThefieldofMarengo——ThelastDogeofGenoa——Bonaparte’sarrivalatMilan——UnionofGenoatotheFrenchEmpire——ErrorintheMemorialofSt.Helen——
BonaparteandMadamGrassini——SymptomsofdissatisfactiononthepartofAustriaandRussia——Napoleon’sdeparturefromMilan——
MonumenttocommemoratethebattleofMarengo——Napoleon’sarrivalinParisanddepartureforBoulogne——Unfortunateresultofanavalengagement——MyvisittoFouche’scountryseat——Sieyes，Barras，theBourbons，andBonaparte——ObservationsrespectingJosephine.
VoltairesaysthatitisverywelltokissthefeetofPopesprovidedtheirhandsaretied.NotwithstandingtheslightestimationinwhichBonaparteheld\"Voltaire，heprobably，withoutbeingawareofthisirreverentsatire，putitintopractice.TheCourtofRomegavehimtheopportunityofdoingsoshortlyafterhisCoronation.ThePope，orrathertheCardinals，hisadvisers’conceivingthatsogreataninstanceofcomplaisanceasthejourneyofHisHolinesstoParisoughtnottogofornothing;demandedacompensation，which，hadtheybeenbetteracquaintedwithBonaparte’scharacterandpolicy，theywouldneverhavedreamedofsoliciting.TheHolyseedemandedtherestitutionofAvignon，Bologna，andsomepartsoftheItalianterritorywhichhadformerlybeensubjecttothePope’sdominion.ItmaybeimaginedhowsuchdemandswerereceivedbyNapoleon，particularlyafterhehadobtainedallhewantedfromthePope.Itwas，itmustbeconfessed，agreatmistakeoftheCourtofRome，whosepolicyisusuallysoartfulandadroit，nottomakethisdemandtillaftertheCoronation.HaditbeenmadetheconditionofthePope’sjourneytoFranceperhapsBonapartewouldhaveconsentedtogiveup，notAvignon，certainly，buttheItalianterritories，withtheintentionoftakingthembackagain.Bethisasitmay，thesetardyclaims，whichwereperemptorilyrejected，createdanextremecoolnessbetweenNapoleonandPiusVII.Thepublicdidnotimmediatelyperceiveit，butthereisinthepublicaninstinctofreasonwhichthemostablepoliticiansnevercanimposeupon;andalleyeswereopenedwhenitwasknownthatthePope，afterhavingcrownedNapoleonasEmperorofFrance，refusedtocrownhimassovereignoftheregeneratedkingdomofItaly.
NapoleonleftParisonthe1stofApriltotakepossessionoftheIronCrownatMilan.ThePoperemainedsometimelongerintheFrenchcapital.TheprolongedpresenceofHisHolinesswasnotwithoutitsinfluenceonthereligiousfeelingsofthepeople，sogreatwastherespectinspiredbythebenigncountenanceandmildmannersofthePope.
WhentheperiodofhispersecutionsarriveditwouldhavebeenwellforBonapartehadPiusVII.neverbeenseeninParis，foritwasimpossibletoviewinanyotherlightthanasavictimthemanwhosetrulyevangelicmeeknesshadbeendulyappreciated.
BonapartedidnotevincegreatimpatiencetoseizetheCrownofItaly，whichhewellknewcouldnotescapehim.HestayedaconsiderabletimeatTurin，whereheresidedintheStupinisPalace，whichmaybecalledtheSt.CloudoftheKingsofSardinia.TheEmperorcajoledthePiedmontese.GeneralMenou，whowasmadeGovernorofPiedmont，remainedtheretillNapoleonfoundedthegeneralgovernmentoftheTransalpinedepartmentsinfavourofhisbrother—in—law，thePrinceBorghese，ofwhomhewouldhave，founditdifficulttomakeanythingelsethanaRomanPrince.NapoleonwasstillatTurinwhenthePopepassedthroughthatcityonhisreturntoRome.NapoleonhadafinalinterviewwithHisHolinesstowhomhenowaffectedtoshowthegreatestpersonaldeference.
FromTurinBonaparteproceededtoAlessandria，wherehecommencedthoseimmenseworksonwhichsuchvastsumswereexpended.HehadmanytimesspokentomeofhisprojectsrespectingAlessandria，asIhavealreadyobserved，allhisgreatmeasuresasEmperorweremerelytheexecutionofprojectsconceivedatatimewhenhisfutureelevationcouldhavebeenonlyadreamoftheimagination.HeonedaysaidtoBerthier，inmypresence，duringoursojurnatMilanafterthebattleofMarengo，\"WithAlessandriainmypossessionIshouldalwaysbemasterofItaly.Itmightbemadethestrongestfortressintheworld;itiscapableofcontainingagarrisonof40，000men，withprovisionsforsixmonths.
Shouldinsurrectiontakeplace，shouldAustriasendaformidableforcehere，theFrenchtroopsmightretiretoAlessandria，andstandasixmonths’siege.Sixmonthswouldbemorethansufficient，whereverI
mightbe，toenablemetofalluponItaly，routtheAustrians，andraisethesiegeofAlessandria！\"
AshewassonearthefieldofMarengotheEmperordidnotfailtovisitit，andtoaddtothissolemnityhereviewedonthefieldallthecorpsofFrenchtroopswhichwereinItaly.RapptoldmeafterwardsthattheEmperorhadtakenwithhimfromParisthedressandthehatwhichheworeonthedayofthatmemorablebattle，withtheintentionofwearingthemonthefieldwhereitwasfought.HeafterwardsproceededbythewayofCasaltoMilan.
Therethemostbrilliantreceptionhehadyetexperiencedawaitedhim.
HissojournatMilanwasnotdistinguishedbyoutwarddemonstrationsofenthusiasmalone.M.Durszzo，thelastDogeofGenoa，addedanothergemtotheCrownofItalybysupplicatingtheEmperorinthenameoftheRepublic，ofwhichhewastherepresentative，topermitGenoatoexchangeherindependenceforthehonourofbecomingadepartmentofFrance.Thisoffer，asmaybeguessed，wasmerelyaplancontrivedbeforehand.Itwasacceptedwithanairofprotectingkindness，andatthesamemomentthatthecountryofAndreaDoriawaseffacedfromthelistofnationsitslastDogewasincludedamongthenumberofFrenchSenators.Genoa，whichformerlypridedherselfinhersurname，theSuperb，becamethechiefstationofthetwenty—seventhmilitarydivision.TheEmperorwenttotakepossessionofthecityinperson，andsleptintheDoriaPalace，inthebedwhereCharlesV.hadlain.HeleftM.leBrunatGenoaasGovernor—General.
AtMilantheEmperoroccupiedthePalaceofMonza.TheoldIronCrownoftheKingsofLombardywasbroughtfromthedustinwhichithadbeenburied，andthenewCoronationtookplaceinthecathedralatMilan，thelargestinItaly，withtheexceptionofSt.Peter’satRome.NapoleonreceivedthecrownfromthehandsoftheArchbishopofMilan，andplaceditonhishead，exclaiming，\"Dieumel’adonnee，gareaquilatouche.\"
ThisbecamethemottooftheOrderoftheIronCrown，whichtheEmperorfoundedincommemorationofhisbeingcrownedKingofItaly.
NapoleonwascrownedinthemonthofMay1805：andhereIcannotavoidcorrectingsomegrossandinconceivableerrorsintowhichNapoleonmusthavevoluntarilyfallenatSt.Helena.TheMemorialstates\"thatthecelebratedsingerMadameGrasainiattractedhisattentionatthetimeoftheCoronation.\"NapoleonallegesthatMadameGrassinionthatoccasionsaidtohim，\"WhenIwasintheprimeofmybeautyandtalentallI
wishedwasthatyouwouldbestowasinglelookuponme.Thatwishwasnotfulfilled，andnowyounoticemewhenIamnolongerworthyyourattention.\"
IconfessIamatalosstoconceivewhatcouldinduceNapoleontoinventsuchastory.HemighthaverecollectedhisacquaintancewithMadameGrassiniatMilanbeforethebattleofMarengo.Itwasin1800，andnotin1805，thatIwasfirstintroducedtoher，andIknowthatIseveraltimestookteawithherandBonaparteintheGeneral’sapartmentsI
rememberalsoanothercircumstance，whichis，thatonthenightwhenI
awokeBonapartetoannouncetohimthecapitulationofGenoa，MadameGrassinialsoawoke.NapoleonwascharmedwithMadameGrasaini’sdeliciousvoice，andifhisimperiousdutieshadpermittedithewouldhavelistenedwithecstasytohersingingforhourstogether.WhilstNapoleonwasatMilan，pridinghimselfonhisdoublesovereignty，someschemesweresetonfootatViennaandSt.PetersburgwhichIshallhereafterhaveoccasiontonotice.TheEmperor，indeed，gavecauseforjustcomplaintbythefactofannexingGenoatotheEmpirewithinfourmonthsafterhissolemndeclarationtotheLegislativeBody，inwhichhepledgedhimselfinthefaceofFranceandEuropenottoseekanyaggrandisementofterritory.ThepretextofavoluntaryofferonthepartofGenoawastooabsurdtodeceiveanyone.TherapidprogressofNapoleon’sambitioncouldnotescapetheobservationoftheCabinetofVienna，whichbegantoallowincreasedsymptomsofhostility.ThechangewhichwaseffectedintheformoftheGovernmentoftheCisalpineRepublicwaslikewiseanactcalculatedtoexciteremonstranceonthepartofallthepowerswhowerenotentirelysubjecttotheyokeofFrance.HedisguisedthetakingofGenoaunderthenameofagift，andthepossessionofItalyundertheappearanceofamerechangeofdenomination.NotwithstandingtheseflagrantoutragestheexclusiveapologistsofNapoleonhavealwaysassertedthathedidnotwishforwar，andhehimselfmaintainedthatassertionatSt.Helena.Itissaidthathewasalwaysattacked，andhenceaconclusionisdrawninfavourofhisloveofpeace.IacknowledgeBonapartewouldneverhavefiredasinglemusket—shotifallthepowersofEuropehadsubmittedtobepillagedbyhimoneaftertheotherwithoutopposition.Itwasinfactdeclaringwaragainstthemtoplacethemunderthenecessityofbreakingapeace，duringthecontinuanceofwhichhewasaugmentinghispower，andgratifyinghisambition，asifindefianceofEurope.InthiswayNapoleoncommencedallthewarsinwhichhewasengaged，withtheexceptionofthatwhichfollowedthepeaceofMarengo，andwhichterminatedinMoreau’striumphatHohenlinden.AstherewasnolibertyofthepressinFrancehefounditeasytodeceivethenation.Hewasinfactattacked，andthusheenjoyedthepleasureofundertakinghisgreatmilitaryexpeditionswithoutbeingresponsibleintheeventoffailure.
DuringtheEmperor’sstayinthecapitalofthenewkingdomofItalyhereceivedthefirstintelligenceofthedissatisfactionofAustriaandRussia.Thatdissatisfactionwasnotofrecentdate.WhenIenteredonmyfunctionsatHamburgIlearnedsomecuriousdetails（whichIwillrelateintheirproperplace）respectingthesecretnegotiationswhichhadbeencarriedonforaconsiderabletimepreviouslytothecommencementofhostilities.EvenPrussiawasnostrangertothedissatisfactionofAustriaandRussia;IdonotmeantheKing，buttheCabinetofBerlin，whichwasthenunderthecontrolofChancellorHardenberg;fortheKingofPrussiahadalwayspersonallydeclaredhimselfinfavouroftheexactobservanceoftreaties，evenwhentheirconditionswerenothonourable.Bethatasitmay，theCabinetofBerlin，althoughdissatisfiedin1806withtherapidprogressofNapoleon’sambition，wasneverthelessconstrainedtoconcealitsdiscontent，owingtothepresenceoftheFrenchtroopsinHanover.
OnreturningfromMilantheEmperororderedtheerection，ofamonumentontheGreatSt.BernardincommemorationofthevictoryofMarengo.
M.DenonwhoaccompaniedNapoleon，toldmethathemadeauselesssearchtodiscoverthebodyofDesaix，whichBonapartewishedtobeburiedbeneaththemonumentandthatitwasatlengthfoundbyGeneralSavary.
ItisthereforecertainthattheashesofthebraveDesaixreposeonthesummitoftheAlps.
TheEmperorarrivedinParisabouttheendofJuneandinstantlysetoffforthecampatBoulogne.ItwasnowoncemorebelievedthattheprojectofinvadingEnglandwouldbeaccomplished.ThisideaobtainedthegreatercreditbecauseBonapartecausedsomeexperimentsforembarkationtobemade，inhispresence.Theseexperiments，however，ledtonoresult.Aboutthisperiodafataleventbuttooeffectuallycontributedtostrengthentheopinionoftheinferiorityofournavy.AFrenchsquadronconsistingoffifteenships，fellinwiththeEnglishfleetcommandedbyAdmiralCalder，whohadonlyninevesselsunderhiscommand，andinanengagement，whichtherewaseveryreasontoexpectwouldterminateinourfavour，wehadthemisfortunetolosetwoships.TheinvasionofEnglandwasaslittletheobjectofthisasofthepreviousjourneytoBoulogne;allNapoleonhadinviewwastostimulatetheenthusiasmofthetroops，andtoholdoutthosethreatsagainstEnglandwhenconceivednecessaryfordivertingattentionfromtherealmotiveofhishostilepreparations，whichwastoinvadeGermanyandrepulsetheRussiantroops，whohadbeguntheirmarchtowardsAustria.SuchwasthetrueobjectofNapoleonslastjourneytoBoulogne.
IhadbeensometimeatHamburgwhentheseeventstookplace，anditwascurioustoobservetheeffecttheyproduced.ButImustnotforgetonecircumstanceinwhichIampersonallyconcerned，andwhichbringsmebacktothetimewhenIwasinParis.MynewtitleofMinisterPlenipotentiaryobligedmetoseealittlemoreofsocietythanduringtheperiodwhenprudencerequiredmetoliveasitwereinretirement.
IhadreceivedsincerecongratulationsfromDuroc，Rape，andLauriston，thethreefriendswhohadshownthegreatestreadinesstoservemyinterestswiththeEmperor;andIhadfrequentoccasiontoseeM.
Talleyrand，asmyfunctionsbelongedtohisdepartment.TheEmperor，onmyfarewellaudience，havinginformedmethatIwastocorresponddirectlywiththeMinisteroftheGeneralPolice，IcalledonFouche，whoinvitedmetospendsomedaysathisestateofPont—Carre.IacceptedtheinvitationbecauseIwantedtoconferwithhim，andIspentSundayandMonday，the28thand29thofApril，atPont—Carre.
Fouche，liketheEmperor，frequentlyrevealedwhatheintendedtoconceal;buthehadsuchareputationforcunningthatthissortofindiscretionwasattendedbynoinconveniencetohim.Hewassupposedtobesuchaconstantdissemblerthatthosewhodidnotknowhimwelllookeduponthetruthwhenhespokeitmerelyasanartfulsnarelaidtoentrapthem.I，however，knewthatcelebratedpersontoowelltoconfoundhiscunningwithhisindiscretion.Thebestwaytogetoutofhimmorethanhewasawareofwastolethimtalkonwithoutinterruption.TherewereveryfewvisitorsatPont—Carre，andduringthetwodaysIspentthereI
hadseveralconversationswithFouche.Hetoldmeagreatdealabouttheeventsof1804，andhecongratulatedhimselfonhavingadvisedNapoleontodeclarehimselfEmperor——\"Ihavenopreference，\"saysFouche，\"foroneformofgovernmentmorethananother.Formssignifynothing.ThefirstobjectoftheRevolutionwasnottheoverthrowoftheBourbons，butmerelythereformofabusesandthedestructionofprejudices.However，whenitwasdiscoveredthatLouisXVI.hadneitherfirmnesstorefusewhathedidnotwishtogrant，norgoodfaithtograntwhathisweaknesshadledhimtopromise，itwasevidentthattheBourbonscouldnolongerreignoverFranceandthingswerecarriedtosuchalengththatwewereunderthenecessityofcondemningLouisXVI.andresortingtoenergeticmeasures.Youknowallthatpasseduptothe18thBrumaire，andafter.
WeallperceivedthataRepubliccouldnotexistinFrance;thequestion，therefore，wastoensuretheperpetualremovaloftheBourbons;andI
behavedtheonlymeansforsodoingwastotransfertheinheritanceoftheirthronetoanotherfamily.Sometimebeforethe18thBrumaireIhadaconversationwithSieyesandBarras，inwhichitwasproposed，incaseoftheDirectorybeingthreatened，torecalltheDukeofOrleans;andI
couldseeverywellthatBarrasfavouredthatsuggestion，althoughhealludedtoitmerelyasareportthatwascirculatedabout，andrecommendedmetopayattentiontoit.Sieyessaidnothing，andI
settledthequestionbyobserving，thatifanysuchthinghadbeenagitatedImusthavebeeninformedofitthroughthereportsofmyagents.Iadded，thattherestorationofthethronetoacollateralbranchoftheBourbonswouldbeanimpoliticact，andwouldbuttemporarilychangethepositionofthosewhohadbroughtabouttheRevolution.IrenderedanaccountofthisinterviewwithBarrastoGeneralBonapartethefirsttimeIhadanopportunityofconversingwithhimafteryourreturnfromEgypt.Isoundedhim;andIwasperfectlyconvincedthatinthestateofdecrepitudeintowhichtheDirectoryhadfallenhewasjustthemanwewanted.IthereforeadoptedsuchmeasureswiththepoliceastendedtopromotehiselevationtotheFirstMagistracy.Hesoonshowedhimselfungrateful，andinsteadofgivingmeallhisconfidencehetriedtooutwitme.Heputintothehandsofanumberofpersonsvariousmattersofpolicewhichwereworsethanuseless.Mostoftheiragents，whoweremycreatures，obeyedmyinstructionsintheirreports;anditoftenhappenedthattheFirstConsulthoughthehaddiscovered，throughthemediumofothers，informationthatcamefromme，andofthefalsehoodofwhichIeasilyconvincedhim.IconfessIwasatfaultonthe3dNivoise;butarethereanyhumanmeansofpreventingtwomen，whohavenoaccomplices，frombringingaplottoexecution？YousawtheFirstConsulonhisreturnfromtheopera;youheardallhisdeclamations.IfeltassuredthattheinfernalmachinewastheworkoftheRoyalists.ItoldtheEmperorthis，andhewas，Iamsure，convincedofit;buthe，nevertheless，proscribesanumberofmenonthemerepretenceoftheiroldopinions.DoyousupposeIamignorantofwhathesaidofmeandofmyvoteattheNationalConvention？MostassuredlyitillbecomeshimtoreproachtheConventionists.Itwasthatvotewhichplacedthecrownuponhishead.
Butforthesituationinwhichwewereplacedbythatevent，whichcircumstanceshadrenderedinevitable，whatshouldwehavecaredforthechanceofseeingtheBourbonsreturn？YoumusthaveremarkedthattheRepublicans，whowerenotConventionists，wereingeneralmoreaversethanwetotheproceedingsofthe18thBrumaire，as，forexample，BernadotteandMoreau.IknowpositivelythatMoreauwasaversetotheConsulate;andthatitwasonlyfromirresolutionthatheacceptedthecustodyoftheDirectory.Iknowalsothatheexcusedhimselftohisprisonersforthedutywhichhaddevolveduponhim.Theythemselvestoldmethis.
Foucheenteredfurtherintomanydetailsrespectinghisconduct，andthemotiveswhichhadurgedhimtodowhathedidinfavouroftheFirstConsul.Mymemorydoesnotenablemetoreportallhetoldme，butI
distinctlyrecollectthattheimpressionmadeonmymindbywhatfellfromhimwas，thathehadactedmerelywithaviewtohisowninterests.
HedidnotconcealhissatisfactionathavingoutwittedRegnier，andobligedBonapartetorecallhim，thathesetinmotioneveryspringcalculatedtounitetheconspirators，orrathertoconvertthediscontentedintoconspirators，isevidentfromthefollowingremarkswhichfellfromhim：\"WiththeinformationIpossessed，hadIremainedinofficeitisprobablethatImighthavepreventedtheconspiracy，butBonapartewouldstillhavehadtofeartherivalryofMoreau.HewouldnothavebeenEmperor;andweshouldstillhavehadtodreadthereturnoftheBourbons，ofwhich，thankGod，thereisnownofear.\"
DuringmystayatPont—CarryIsaidbutlittletoFoucheaboutmylongaudiencewiththeEmperor.However，IthoughtImightinformhimthatI
wasauthorisedtocorresponddirectlywithhisMajesty.Ithoughtituselesstoconcealthisfact，sincehewouldsoonlearnitthroughhisagents.IalsosaidafewwordsaboutBonaparte’sregretatnothavingchildren.MyobjectwastolearnFouche’sopiniononthissubject，anditwasnotwithoutafeelingofindignationthatIheardhimsay，\"ItistobehopedtheEmpresswillsoondie.Herdeathwillremovemanydifficulties.Soonerorlaterhemusttakeawifewhowillbearhimachild;foraslongashehasnodirectheirthereiseverychancethathisdeathwillbethesignalforaRevolution.Hisbrothersareperfectlyincapableoffillinghisplace，andanewpartywouldriseupinfavouroftheBourbons;whichmustbepreventedaboveallthings.Atpresenttheyarenotdangerous，thoughtheystillhaveactiveanddevotedagents.Altonaisfullofthem，andyouwillbesurroundedbythem.
Ibegofyoutokeepawatchfuleyeuponthem，andrendermeastrictaccountofalltheirmovements，andevenoftheirmosttrivialactions.
Astheyhaverecoursetoallsortsofdisguises，youcannotbetoovigilant;thereforeitwillbeadvisable，inthefirstplace，toestablishagoodsystemofespionage;buthaveacareofthespieswhoservebothsides，fortheyswarminGermany.\"
ThisisallIrecollectofmy，conversationswithFoucheatPont—Carre.
IreturnedtoParistomakepreparationsformyjourneytoHamburg.
CHAPTERXXXII.
1805.
CapitulationofSublingen——Preparationsforwar——Utilityofcommercialinformation——Myinstructions——Inspectionoftheemigrantsandthejournals——ApamphletbyKotzebue——OffersfromtheEmperorofRussiatoMoreau——PortraitofGustavusAdolphusbyoneofhisministers——Fouche’sdenunciations——DuelsatHamburg——M.deGimel——TheHamburgCorrespondent——LetterfromBernadotte.
IleftParisonthe20thofMay1805.Onthe5thofJunefollowingI
deliveredmycredentialstotheSenateofHamburg，whichwasrepresentedbytheSyndicDoormannandtheSenatorSchutte.M.Reinhart，mypredecessor，leftHamburgonthe12thofJune.
ThereigningDukesofMecklenburg—SchwerinandBrunswick，towhomIhadannouncedmyarrivalasaccreditedMinistertothem，wrotemelettersrecognisingmeinthatcharacter.GeneralWalmodenhadjustsignedthecapitulationofSublingenwithMarshalMortier，whohadthecommandinHanover.TheEnglishGovernmentrefusedtoratifythis，becauseitstipulatedthatthetroopsshouldbeprisonersofwar.Bonapartehadtwomotivesforrelaxingthishardcondition.HewishedtokeepHanoverasacompensationforMalta，andtoassurethemeansofembarrassingandattackingPrussia，whichhenowbegantodistrust.ByadvancinguponPrussiahewouldsecurehisleft，sothatwhenconvenienthemightmarchnorthward.Mortier，therefore，receivedorderstoreducetheconditionsofthecapitulationtothesurrenderofthearms，baggage，artillery，andhorses.England，whichwasmakinggreateffortstoresisttheinvasionwithwhichshethoughtherselfthreatened，expendedconsiderablesumsforthetransportofthetroopsfromHanovertoEngland.Herprecipitationwasindescribable，andshepaidthemostexorbitantchargesforthehireofships.SeveralhousesinHamburgmadefortunesonthisoccasion.
Experiencehaslongsinceprovedthatitisnotattheirsourcethatsecrettransactionsaremostreadilyknown.Theintelligenceofaneventfrequentlyresoundsatadistance，whiletheeventitselfisalmostentirelyunknownintheplaceofitsoccurrence.Thedirectinfluenceofpoliticaleventsoncommercialspeculationsrendersmerchantsexceedinglyattentivetowhatisgoingon.Allwhoareengagedincommercialpursuitsformacorporationunitedbythestrongestofallbonds，commoninterest;andcommercialcorrespondencefrequentlypresentsafertilefieldforobservation，andaffordsmuchvaluableinformation，whichoftenescapestheinquiriesofGovernmentagents.
IresolvedtoformaconnectionwithsomeofthemercantilehouseswhichmaintainedextensiveandfrequentcommunicationswiththeNorthernStates.IknewthatbyobtainingtheirconfidenceImightgainaknowledgeofallthatwasgoingoninRussia，Sweden，England，andAustria.AmongthesubjectsuponwhichitwasdesirabletoobtaininformationIincludednegotations，treaties，militarymeasures——suchasrecruitingtroopsbeyondtheamountsettledforthepeaceestablishment，movementsoftroops，theformationofcampsandmagazines，financialoperations，thefitting—outofships，andmanyotherthings，which，thoughnotimportantinthemselves，frequentlyleadtotheknowledgeofwhatisimportant.
IwasnotinclinedtoplacerelianceonallpublicreportsandgossipingstoriescirculatedontheExchangewithoutcloseinvestigation;forI
wishedtoavoidtransmittinghomeastruthswhatmightfrequentlybemerestock—jobbinginventions.Iwasinstructedtokeepwatchontheemigrants，whowereexceedinglynumerousinHamburganditsneighbourhood，Mecklenburg，Hanover，Brunswick，andHolstein;butImustobservethatmyinspectionwastoextendonlytothosewhowereknowntobeactuallyengagedinintriguesandplots.
Iwasalsotokeepwatchonthestateofthepublicmind，andonthejournalswhichfrequentlygiveitawrongdirection，andtopointoutthosearticlesinthejournalswhichIthoughtcensurable.AtfirstI
merelymadeverbalrepresentationsandcomplaints，butIcouldnotalwaysconfinemyselftothiscourse.Ireceivedsuchdistinctandpositiveordersthat，inspiteofmyself，inspectionwasspeedilyconvertedintooppression.Complaintsagainstthejournalsfilledone—fourthofmydespatches.
AstheEmperorwishedtobemadeacquaintedwithallthatwasprintedagainsthim，IsenttoParis，inMay1805，andconsequentlyaveryfewdaysaftermyarrivalinHamburg，apamphletbythecelebratedKotzebue，entitled’RecollectionsofmyJourneytoNaplesandRome’.Thispublication，whichwasprintedatBerlin，wasfullofindecorousattacksandodiousallusionsontheEmperor.
Iwasinformedatthattime，throughacertainchannel，thattheEmperorAlexanderhadsolicitedGeneralMoreautoenterhisservice，andtakethecommandoftheRussianinfantry.Heofferedhim12，000roublestodefrayhistravellingexpenses.AtasubsequentperiodMoreauunfortunatelyacceptedtheseoffers，anddiedintheenemy’sranks.
Onthe27thofJuneM.BoulignyarrivedatHamburg.HewasappointedtosupersedeM.d’OcarizatStockholm.ThelatterministerhadleftHamburgonthe11thofJuneforConstantinople，wherehedidnotexpecttostaythreemonths.Ihadseverallongconversationswithhimbeforehisdeparture，andhedidnotappeartobesatisfiedwithhisdestination.
WefrequentlyspokeoftheKingofSweden，whoseconductM.d’Ocarizblamed.Hewas，hesaid，ayoungmadman，who，withoutreflectingonthechangeoftimeandcircumstances，wishedtoplaythepartofGustavusAdolphus，towhomheborenoresemblencebutinname.M.d’OcarizspokeoftheKingofSweden’scampinatoneofderision.ThatPrincehadreturnedtotheKingofPrussiathecordonoftheBlackEaglebecausetheorderhadbeengiventotheFirstConsul.IunderstoodthatFrederickWilliamwasverymuchoffendedatthisproceeding，whichwasasindecorousandabsurdasthereturnoftheGoldenFleecebyLouisXVII.
totheKingofSpainwasdignifiedandproper.GustavusAdolphuswasbrave，enterprising，andchivalrous，butinconsiderateandirascible.HecalledBonaparteMonsieurNapoleon.HisfolliesandreversesinHanoverwerewithoutdoubtthecauseofhisabdication.Onthe31stofOctober1805hepublishedadeclarationofwaragainstFranceinlanguagehighlyinsultingtotheEmperor.
Foucheoverwhelmedmewithletters.IfIhadattendedtoallhisinstructionsIshouldhaveleftnobodyunmolested.HeaskedmeforinformationrespectingamannamedLazoret，ofthedepartmentofGard，agirl，namedRosineZimbenni，havinginformedthepolicethathehadbeenkilledinaduelatHamburg.IrepliedthatIknewbutoffourFrenchmenwhohadbeenkilledinthatway;one，namedClement，waskilledbyTarasson;asecond，namedDuparc，killedbyLezardi;athird，namedSadremont，killedbyRevel;andafourth，whosenameIdidnotknow，killedbyLafond.ThislatterhadjustarrivedatHamburgwhenhewaskilled，buthewasnotthemansoughtfor.
LafondwasanativeofBrabant，andhadservedintheBritisharmy.HeinsultedtheFrenchmanbecauseheworethenationalcockade——Aduelwastheconsequence，andtheoffendedpartyfell.M.Reinhart，mypredecessorwishedtopunishLafond，buttheAustrianMinisterhavingclaimedhimasthesubjectofhissovereign，hewasnotmolested.LafondtookrefugeinAntwerp，wherehebecameaplayer.
DuringthefirstmonthswhichsucceededmyarrivalinHamburgIreceivedordersforthearrestofmanypersons，almostallofwhomweredesignatedasdangerousandilldisposedmen.WhenIwasconvincedthattheaccusationwasgroundlessIpostponedthearrest.Thematterwasthenforgotten，andnobodycomplained.
Atitle，orarankinforeignservice，wasasafeguardagainsttheParisinquisition.Ofthisthefollowingisaninstance.CountGimel，ofwhomIshallhereafterhaveoccasiontospeakmoreatlength，setoutaboutthistimeforCarlsbad.CountGrotethePrussianMinister，frequentlyspoketomeofhim.OnmyexpressingapprehensionthatM.deGimelmightbearrested，astherewasastrongprejudiceagainsthim，M.Grotereplied，\"Oh！thereisnofearofthat.HewillreturntoHamburgwiththeraukofanEnglishcolonel.\"
Onthe17thofJulythereappearedintheCorrespondentanarticleexceedinglyinsultingtoFrance.IthadbeeninsertedbyorderofBaronNovozilzow，whowasatBerlin，andwhohadbecomeveryhostiletoFrance，thoughitwassaidhehadbeensentfromSt.PetersburgonaspecificmissiontoNapoleon.ThearticleinquestionwastransmittedfromBerlinbyanextraordinarycourier，andNovozilzowinhisnotetotheSenatesaiditmightbestatedthatthearticlewasinsertedattherequestofHisBritannicMajesty.TheRussianMinisteratBerlin，M.Alopaeus，despatchedalsoan’estafette’totheRussiancharged’affairesatHamburg，withorderstoapplyfortheinsertionofthearticle，whichaccordinglyappeared.InobediencetotheEmperor’sinstructions，I
complainedofit，andtheSenaterepliedthatitneveropposedtheinsertionofanofficialnotesentbyanyGovernment;thatinsultswouldredoundagainstthosefromwhomtheycame;thatthereplyoftheFrenchGovernmentwouldbepublished;andthattheSenatehadneverdeviatedfromthismodeofproceeding.
IobservedtotheSenatethatIdidnotunderstandwhytheCorrespondentshouldmakeitselfthetrumpetofM.Novozilzow;towhichtheSyndicreplied，thattwogreatpowers，whichmightdothemmuchharm，hadrequiredtheinsertionofthearticle，andthatitcouldnotberefused.
ThehatredfeltbytheforeignPrinces，whichthedeathoftheDucd’Enghienhadconsiderablyincreased;gaveencouragementtothepublicationofeverythinghostiletoNapoleon.ThiswascandidlyavowedtomebytheMinistersandforeignersofrankwhomIsawinHamburg.TheKingofSwedenwasmostviolentinmanifestingtheindignationwhichwasgenerallyexcitedbythedeathoftheDued’Enghien.M.Wetterstadt，whohadsucceededM.LaGerbielskeintheCabinetofStockholm，senttotheSwedishMinisteratHamburgalongletterexceedinglyinsultingtoNapoleon.Itwasinreplytoanarticleinsertedinthe’Moniteur’
respectingthereturnoftheBlackEagletotheKingofPrussia.
M.Peyron，theSwedishMinisteratHamburg，whowasveryfarfromapprovingallthathismasterdid，transmittedtoStockholmsomeveryenergeticremarksontheilleffectwhichwouldbeproducedbytheinsertionofthearticleinthe’Correspondent’.Thearticlewasthenalittlemodified，andM.Peyronreceivedformalorderstogetitinserted.
However;onmyrepresentationstheSenateagreedtosuppressit，anditdidnotappear.
MarshalBernadotte，whohadthecommandoftheFrenchtroopsinHanover，keptupafriendlycorrespondencewithmeunconnectedwiththedutiesofourrespectivefunctions.
OntheoccupationofHanoverMr.Taylor，theEnglishMinisteratCassel，wasobligedtoleavethatplace;buthesoonreturnedinspiteoftheoppositionofFrance.Onthissubjectthemarshalfurnishedmewiththefollowingparticulars：
Ihavejustreceived，mydearBourrienne，informationwhichleavesnodoubtofwhathastakenplaceatCasselwithrespecttoMr.
Taylor.ThatMinisterhasbeenreceivedinspiteoftherepresentationsofM.Bignon，which，however，hadpreviouslybeenmerelyverbal.IknowthattheElectorwrotetoLondontorequestthatMr.Taylorshouldnotreturn.InanswertothistheEnglishGovernmentsenthimback.OurMinisterhasdoneeverythinghecouldtoobtainhisdismissal;butthepecuniaryinterestsoftheElectorhavetriumphedovereveryotherconsideration.HewouldnotriskquarrellingwiththeCourtfromwhichheexpectstoreceivemorethan12，000，000francs.TheBritishGovernmenthasbeenwrittentoasecondtime，butwithouteffect.TheElectorhimself，inaprivateletter，hasrequestedtheKingofEnglandtorecallMr.
Taylor，butitisveryprobablethattheCabinetofLondonwillevadethisrequest.
UnderthesecircumstancesourtroopshaveapproachednearertoCassel.HithertothewholedistrictofGottingenhadbeenexemptfromquarteringtroops.Newarrangements，tenderednecessarybythescarcityofforage，haveobligedmetosendasquadronof’chasseursdecheval’toMunden，alittletownfourleaguesfromCassel.ThismovementexcitedsomealarmintheElector，whoexpressedawishtoseethingsrestoredtothesamefootingasbefore.HehasrequestedM.Bignontowritetome，andtoassuremeagainthathewillbedelightedtobecomeacquaintedwithmeatthewatersofNemidorff，whereheintendstospendsometime.ButonthissubjectIshallnotalterthedeterminationIhavealreadymentionedtoyou.
——Yours，etc.，（Signed）BERNADOTTE.
STADE，10thThermidor（29thJuly，1805）.
CHAPTERXXXIII.
1805.
TreatyofalliancebetweenEnglandandRussia——Certaintyofanapproachingwar——M.Forshmann，theRussianMinister——Duroc’smissiontoBerlin——NewprojectoftheKingofSweden——SecretmissiontotheBaltic——AnimosityagainstFrance——FalloftheexchangebetweenHamburgandParis——DestructionofthefirstAustrianarmy——TakingofUlm——TheEmperor’sdispleasureattheremarkofasoldier——BattleofTrafalgar——Duroc’spositionattheCourtofPrussia——ArmamentsinRussia——LibeluponNapoleonintheHamburg’Corespondent’——
EmbarrassmentoftheSyndicandBurgomasterofHamburg——TheconductoftheRussianMinistercensuredbytheSwedishandEnglishMinisters.
AtthebeginningofAugust1805atreatyofalliancebetweenRussiaandEnglandwasspokenof.Somepersonsofconsequence，whohadthemeansofknowingallthatwasgoingoninthepoliticalworld，hadreadthistreaty，theprincipalpointsofwhichwerecommunicatedtome.
Article1ststatedthattheobjectofthealliancewastorestorethebalanceofEurope.Byart.2dtheEmperorofRussiawastoplace36，000
menatthedisposalofEngland.Art.3dstipulatedthatneitherofthetwopowerswouldconsenttotreatwithFrance，nortolaydownarmsuntiltheKingofSardiniashouldeitherberestoredtohisdominionsorreceiveanequivalentindemnityinthenortheastofItaly.Byart.4thMaltawastobeevacuatedbytheEnglish，andoccupiedbytheRussians.
Byart.5ththetwopowersweretoguaranteetheindependenceoftheRepublicoftheIonianIsles，andEnglandwastopledgeherselftoassistRussiainherwaragainstPersia.Ifthisplanofatreaty，oftheexistenceofwhichIwasinformedonunquestionableauthority，hadbeenbroughttoanyresultitisimpossibletocalculatewhatmighthavebeenitsconsequences.
AtthattimeanimmediateContinentalwarwasconfidentlyexpectedbyeverypersoninthenorthofEurope;anditisverycertainthat，hadnotNapoleontakenthehintintimeandrenouncedhisabsurdschemesatBoulogne，Francewouldhavestoodinadangeroussituation.
M.Forshmann，theRussiancharged’affaires，wasintriguingtoexcitethenorthofEuropeagainstFrance.Herepeatedlyreceivedorderstoobtaintheinsertionofirritatingarticlesinthe’Correspondent’.Hewasanactive，intriguing，andspitefullittleman，andadeclaredenemyofFrance;butfortunatelyhisstupidityandvanityrenderedhimlessdangerousthanhewishedtobe.Hewasuniversallydetested，andhewouldhavelostallcreditbutthattheextensivetradecarriedonbetweenRussiaandHamburgforcedtheinhabitantsandmagistratesofthatcitytobearwithamanwhomighthavedonethem，individually，considerableinjury.
TherecollectionofDuroc’ssuccessfulmissiontoBerlinduringtheConsulateinducedNapoleontobelievethatthatgeneralmightappeasetheKingofPrussia，whocomplainedseriouslyoftheviolationoftheterritoryofAnspach，whichBernadotte，inconsequenceoftheordershereceived，hadnotbeenabletorespect.DurocremainedaboutsixweeksinBerlin.
ThefollowingletterfromDurocwillshowthatthefacilityofpassingthroughHesseseemedtoexcusethesecondviolationofthePrussianterritory;buttherewasagreatdifferencebetweenapettyPrinceofHesseandtheKingofPrussia.
Isendyou，mydearBourrienne，twodespatches，whichIhavereceivedforyou.M.deTalleyrand，whosendsthem，desiresmetorequestthatyouwilltransmitGeneralVictor’sbyasureconveyance.
IdonotyetknowwhetherIshallstaylonginBerlin.BythelastaccountsIreceivedtheEmperorisstillinParis，andnumerousforcesareassemblingontheRhine.Thehopesofpeacearevanishingeveryday，andAustriadoeseverythingtopromotewar.
IhavereceivedaccountsfromMarshalBernadotte.HehaseffectedhispassagethroughHesse.MarshalBernadottewasmuchpleasedwiththecourtesyheexperiencedfromtheElector.
ThejunctionofthecorpscommandedbyBernadottewiththearmyoftheEmperorwasveryimportant，andNapoleonthereforedirectedtheMarshaltocomeupwithhimasspeedilyaspossible，andbytheshortestroad.
ItwasnecessaryheshouldarriveintimeforthebattleofAusterlitz.
Gustavus，KingofSweden，whowasalwaysengagedinsomeenterprise，wishedtoraiseanarmycomposedofSwedes，Prussians，andEnglish;andcertainlyavigorousattackinthenorthwouldhavepreventedBernadottefromquittingthebanksoftheElbeandtheWeser，andreinforcingtheGrandArmywhichwasmarchingonVienna.ButtheKingofSweden’scoalitionproducednootherresultthanthesiegeofthelittlefortressofHameln.
PrussiawouldnotcometoarupturewithFrance，theKingofSwedenwasabandoned，andBonaparte’sresentmentagainsthimincreased.ThisabortiveprojectofGustavuscontributednotalittletoalienatetheaffectionsofhissubjects，whofearedthattheymightbethevictimsoftherevengeexcitedbytheextravagantplansoftheirKing，andtheinsultshehadheapeduponNapoleon，particularlysincethedeathoftheDued’Enghien.
Onthe13thofSeptember1805IreceivedaletterfromtheMinisterofPolicesolicitinginformationaboutSwedishPomerania.
AstonishedatnotobtainingfromthecommercialConsulsatLubeckandStettinanyaccountsofthemovementsoftheRussians，Ihadsenttothoseports，fourdaysbeforethereceiptofthePoliceMinister’sletter，aconfidentialagent，toobservetheBaltic：thoughwewereonly64leaguesfromStralsundthemostuncertainandcontradictoryaccountscametohand.Itwas，however，certainthatalandingoftheRussianswasexpectedatStralsund，oratTravemtinde，theportofLubeck，atthemouthofthelittleriverTrave.IwaspositivelyinformedthatRussiahadfreightedaconsiderablenumberofvesselsforthoseports.
ThehatredoftheFrenchcontinuedtoincreaseinthenorthofEurope.
AbouttheendofSeptemberthereappearedatKiel，inDenmark，alibellouspamphlet，whichwasboughtandreadwithinconceivableavidity.
Thispamphlet，whichwasveryablywritten，wastheproductionofsomefanaticwhoopenlypreachedacrusadeagainstFrance.TheauthorregardedthebloodofmillionsofmenasatriflingsacrificeforthegreatobjectofhumiliatingFranceandbringingherbacktothelimitsoftheoldmonarchy.ThispamphletwascirculatedextensivelyintheGermandepartmentsunitedtoFrance，inHolland，andinSwitzerland.ThenumberofincendiarypublicationswhicheverywhereaboundedindicatedbuttooplainlythatifthenationsofthenorthshouldbedrivenbacktowardstheArcticregionstheywouldintheirturnrepulsetheirconquerorstowardsthesouth;andnomanofcommonsensecoulddoubtthatiftheFrencheagleswereplantedinforeigncapitals，foreignstandardswouldonedaywaveoverParis.
Onthe30thofSeptember1805Ireceived，byan’estafette’，intelligenceofthelandingatStralsundof6000Swedes，whohadarrivedfromStockholmintwoshipsofwar.
AbouttheendofSeptembertheHamburgexchangeonParisfellalarmingly.
Thelosswastwentypercent.Thefallstoppedatseventeenbelowpar.
ThespeculationforthisfalloftheexchangehadbeenmadewithequalimprudenceandanimositybythehouseofOsyandCompanyTheheadofthathouse，aDutchemigrant，whohadbeensettledatHamburgaboutsixyears，seizedeveryopportunityofmanifestinghishatredofFrance.AnagentofthatrichhouseatRotterdamwasalsoveryhostiletous，acircumstancewhichshowsthatifmanypersonssacrificetheirpoliticalopinionstotheirintereststhereareotherswhoendangertheirinterestsforthetriumphoftheiropinions.
Onthe23dofOctober1805IreceivedofficialintelligenceofthetotaldestructionofthefirstAustrianarmy：GeneralBarbou，whowasinHanover，alsoinformedmeofthateventinthefollowingterms：\"ThefirstAustrianarmyhasceasedtoexist.\"HealludedtothebrilliantaffairofUlm.Iimmediatelydespatchedtwelveestafettestodifferentparts;amongotherplacestoStralsundandHusum.Ithoughtthattheseprodigies，whichmusthavebeenalmostincredibletothosewhowereunacquaintedwithNapoleon’smilitarygenius，mightarresttheprogressoftheRussiantroops，andproducessomechangeinthemovementsoftheenemy’sforces.Asecondeditionofthe’Correspondent’waspublishedwiththisintelligence，and6000copiesweresoldatfourtimestheusualprice.
IneednotdetainthereaderwiththedetailsofthecapitulationofUlm，whichhavealreadybeenpublished，butImayrelatethefollowinganecdote，whichisnotgenerallyknown.AFrenchgeneralpassingbeforetheranksofhismensaidtothem，\"Well，comrades，wehaveprisonersenoughhere.\"——\"yesindeed，\"repliedoneofthesoldiers，\"weneversawsomanycollectedtogetherbefore.\"Itwasstatedatthetime，andIbelieveit，thattheEmperorwasmuchdispleasedwhenheheardofthis，andremarkedthatitwas\"atrocioustoinsultbravementowhomthefateofarmshadprovedunfavourable.\"