ThewillofBonapartebeingthusexpressedinhismessagetothe——Senate，thatbody，whichwascreatedtopreservetheinstitutionsconsecratedbytheConstitutionoftheyearVIII.，hadnoalternativebuttosubmittotheintentionsmanifestedbytheFirstConsul.Thereplytothemessagewas，therefore，merelyacounterpartofthemessageitself.Itpositivelydeclaredthathereditarygovernmentwasessentialtothehappiness，theglory，andtheprosperityofFrance，andthatthatgovernmentcouldbeconfidedonlytoBonaparteandhisfamily.WhiletheSenatesocomplaisantlyplayeditspartinthiswell—get—uppiece，yet，thebettertoimposeonthecredulityofthemultitude，itsreply，likeBonaparte’smessage，resoundedwiththewordslibertyandequality.
Indeed，itwasimpudentlyassertedinthatreplythatBonaparte’saccessiontohereditarypowerwouldbeacertainguaranteeforthelibertyofthepress，alibertywhichBonaparteheldinthegreatesthorror，andwithoutwhichallotherlibertyisbutavainillusion.
BythisreplyoftheSenatethemostimportantstepwasperformed.Therenowremainedmerelyceremoniestoregulateandformulastofillup.
Thesevariousarrangementsoccasionedadelayofafortnight.Onthe18thofMaytheFirstConsulwasgreetedforthefirsttimebytheappellationofSirebyhisformercolleague，Cambaceres，whoattheheadoftheSenatewenttopresenttoBonapartetheorganic’Senatus—consulte’
containingthefoundationoftheEmpire.NapoleonwasatSt.Cloud，whithertheSenateproceededinstate.AfterthespeechofCambaceres，inwhichtheolddesignationofMajestywasforthefirsttimerevived，theEMPERORreplied：——
Allthatcancontributetothewelfareofthecountryisessentiallyconnectedwithmyhappiness.Iacceptthetitlewhichyoubelievetobeconducivetothegloryofthenation.Isubmittothesanctionofthepeoplethelawofhereditarysuccession.IhopethatFrancewillneverrepentthehonoursshemayconferonmyfamily.Atallevents，myspiritwillnotbewithmyposteritywhentheyceasetomerittheconfidenceandloveofthegreatnation.
CambaceresnextwenttocongratulatetheEmpress，andthenwasrealisedtoJosephinethepredictionwhichIhadmadetoherthreeyearsbeforeatMalmaison.
——[IntheoriginalmotionaspreparedbyCuree，theImperialdignitywastobedeclaredhereditaryinthefamilyofNapoleon.PrevioustobeingformerlyreadbeforetheTribunate，theFirstConsulsentforthedocument，andwhenitwasreturneditwasfoundthatthewordfamilywasalteredtodescendants.Fabre，thePresidentoftheTribunate，whoreceivedthealtereddocumentfromMaret，seeingtheeffectthealterationwouldhaveonthebrothersofNapoleon，andfindingthatMaretaffectedtocrestthechangeasimmaterial，tookonhimselftorestoretheoriginalform，andinthatshapeitwasreadbytheunconsciousCureetotheTribunals.Onthiscurious，passageseeMiotdeMelito，tomeii，p.179.AsfinallysettledthedescentofthecrownindefaultofNapoleon’schildrenwaslimitedtoJosephandLouisandtheirdescendants，butthepowerofadoptionwasgiventoNapoleon.Thedraftofthe’Senates—consulte’washeardbytheCouncilofStateinsilence，andNapoleontriedinvaintogeteventhemosttalkativeofthemembersnowtospeak.TheSenatewerenotunanimousinrenderingthe’Senatus—consulte’.ThethreevotesgivenagainstitweresaidtohavebeenGregoire，theformerconstitutionalBishopofBlois，Carat，whoasMinisterofJusticehadreadtoLouisXVI.thesentenceofdeath，andLanjuinais，oneoftheveryfewsurvivorsoftheGirondists，Thierssaystherewasonlyonedissentientvoice.ForthefuryofthebrothersofNapoleon，whosawthedestructionofalltheirambitionshopesinanymeasureforthedescentofthecrownexceptinthefamily，seeMiot，tomeii.p172，whereJosephisdescribedascursingtheambitionofhisbrother，anddesiringhisdeathasabenefitforFranceandhisfamily.]——
Bonaparte’sfirstactasEmperor，ontheverydayofhiselevationtotheImperialthrone，wasthenominationofJosephtothedignityofGrandElector，withthetitleofImperialHighness.LouiswasraisedtothedignityofConstable，withthesametitle，andCambaceresandLebrunwerecreatedArch—ChancellorandArch—TreasureroftheEmpire.OnthesamedayBonapartewrotethefollowinglettertoCambaceres，thefirstwhichhesignedasEmperor，andmerelywiththenameofNapoleon：——
CITIZENCONSULCAMBACERES——Yourtitlehaschanged;butyourfunctionsandmyconfidenceremainthesame.Inthehighdignitywithwhichyouarenowinvestedyouwillcontinuetomanifest，asyouhavehithertodoneinthatofConsul，thatwisdomandthatdistinguishedtalentwhichentitleyoutosoimportantashareinallthegoodwhichImayhaveeffected.Ihave，therefore，onlytodesirethecontinuanceofthesentimentsyoucherishtowardstheStateandme.
GivenatthePalaceofSt.Cloud，28thFloreal，anXII.
（18thMay1804）.
（Signed）NAPOLEON.
BytheEmperor.
H.B.MARET.
IhavequotedthisfirstletteroftheEmperorbecauseitischaracteristicofBonaparte’sartinmanagingtransitions.ItwastotheCitizenConsulthattheEmperoraddressedhimself，anditwasdatedaccordingtotheRepublicancalendar.Thatcalendar，togetherwiththedelusiveinscriptiononthecoin，wereallthatnowremainedoftheRepublic.NextdaytheEmperorcametoParistoholdagrandleveeattheTuileries，forhewasnotthemantopostponethegratificationthatvanityderivedfromhisnewdignityandtitle.Theassemblywasmorenumerousandbrilliantthanonanyformeroccasion.BessiereshavingaddressedtheEmperoronthepartoftheGuards，theEmperorrepliedinthefollowingterms：\"IknowthesentimentstheGuardscherishtowardsme.Ireposeperfectconfidenceintheircourageandfidelity.I
constantlysee，withrenewedpleasure，companionsinarmswhohaveescapedsomanydangers，andarecoveredwithsomanyhonourablewounds.
IexperienceasentimentofsatisfactionwhenIlookattheGuards，andthinkthattherehasnot，forthelastfifteenyears，inanyofthefourquartersoftheworld，beenabattleinwhichsomeofthemhavenottakenpart.\"
OnthesamedayallthegeneralsandcolonelsinPariswerepresentedtotheEmperorbyLouisBonaparte，whohadalreadybeguntoexercisehisfunctionsofConstable.Inafewdayseverythingassumedanewaspect;
butinspiteoftheadmirationwhichwasopenlyexpressedtheParisianssecretlyridiculedthenewcourtiers.ThisgreatlydispleasedBonaparte，whowasverycharitablyinformedofitinordertocheckhisprepossessioninfavourofthemenoftheoldCourt，suchastheComtedeSegur，andatalaterperiodComteLouisdeNarbonne.
TogiveallpossiblesolemnitytohisaccessionNapoleonorderedthattheSenateitselfshouldproclaiminParistheorganic’Senates—consulte’，whichentirelychangedtheConstitutionoftheState.ByoneofthoseanomalieswhichIhavefrequentlyhadoccasiontoremark，theEmperorfixedforthisceremonySunday，the30thFloral.ThatdaywasafestivalinallParis，whiletheunfortunateprisonerswerelanguishinginthedungeonsoftheTemple.
OnthedayafterBonaparte’saccessiontheoldformulaewererestored.
TheEmperordeterminedthattheFrenchPrincesandPrincessesshouldreceivethetitleofImperialHighness;thathissistersshouldtakethesametitle;thatthegranddignitariesoftheEmpireshouldbecalledSereneHighnesses;thatthePrincesandtitulariesofthegranddignitariesshouldbeaddressedbythetitleofMonseigneur;thatM.
Maret，theSecretaryofState，shouldhavetherankofMinister;thattheministersshouldretainthetitleofExcellency，towhichshouldbeaddedthatofMonseigneurinthepetitionsaddressedtothem;andthatthetitleofExcellencyshouldbegiventothePresidentoftheSenate.
AtthesametimeNapoleonappointedthefirstMarshalsoftheEmpire，anddeterminedthattheyshouldbecalledMonsieurleMarechalwhenaddressedverbally，andMonseigneurinwriting.ThefollowingarethenamesofthesesonsoftheRepublictransformedintopropsoftheEmpire：
Berthier，Murat，Moncey，Jourdan，Massena，Augereau，Bernadotte，Soult，Brune，Lannes，Mortier，Ney，Davoust，andBesaieres.ThetitleofMarshaloftheEmpirewasalsograntedtothegeneralsKellerman，Lefebvre，Perignon，andSerrurier，ashavingservedascommander—in—
chief.
ThereadercannothavefailedtoobservethatthenameofLucienhasnotbeenmentionedamongtheindividualsofBonaparte’sfamilyonwhomdignitieswereconferred.Thefactis，thetwobrotherswerenolongerongoodtermswitheachother.Not，asithasbeenalleged，becauseLucienwishedtoplaythepartofaRepublican，butbecausehewouldnotsubmittotheimperiouswillofNapoleoninacircumstanceinwhichthelattercountedonhisbrother’sdocilitytoservetheinterestsofhispolicy.IntheconferenceswhichprecededthegreatchangeintheformofgovernmentitwasnotLucienbutJosephwho，probablyforthesakeofsoundingopinion，affectedanopposition，whichwasbysomemistakenforRepublicanism.WithregardtoLucien，ashehadreallyrenderedgreatservicestoNapoleononthe19thBrumaireatSt.Cloud，andashehimselfexaggeratedthevalueofthoseservices，hesawnorewardworthyofhisambitionbutathroneindependentofhisbrother.ItiscertainthatwhenatMadridhehadaspiredtowinthegoodgracesofaSpanishInfanta，andonthatsubjectreportswerecirculatedwithwhichIhavenothingtodo，becauseIneverhadanyopportunityofascertainingtheirtruth.AllIknowisthat，Lucien’sfirstwifebeingdead，Bonaparte，wishedhimtomarryaGermanPrincess，bywayofformingthefirstgreatallianceinthefamily.Lucien，however，refusedtocomplywithNapoleon’swishes，andhesecretlymarriedthewifeofanagent，named，Ibelieve，Joubertou，whoforthesakeofconveniencewassenttotheWestIndies，wherehe：diedshortlyafter.WhenBonaparteheardofthismarriagefromthepriestbywhomithadbeenclandestinelyperformed，hefellintoafuriouspassion，andresolvednottoconferonLucienthetitleofFrenchPrince，onaccountofwhathetermedhisunequalmatch.
Lucien，therefore，obtainednootherdignitythanthatofSenator.
——[AccordingtoLucienhimself，NapoleonwishedhimtomarrytheQueenofEtruriaMaria—Louise，daughterofCharlesIV.ofSpain，whohadmarried，1795LouiedeBourbon，PrinceofParma，sonoftheDukeofParma，towhomNapoleonhadgivenTuscanyin1801astheKingdomof，Etruria.HerhusbandhaddiedinMay1808，andshegovernedinthenameofherson.Lucien，whosefirstwife，AnneChristineBoyer，haddiedin1801，hadmarriedhissecondwife，AlexandrineLaurencedeBleschamps，whohadmarried，butwhohaddivorced，aM.
Jonberthon.WhenLucienhadbeenambassadorinSpainin1801，chargedamongotherthingswithobtainingElba，theQueen，hesays，wishedNapoleonshouldmarryanInfanta，——DonnaIsabella，heryoungestdaughter，afterwardsQueenofNaples，anoverturetowhichNapoleonseemsnottohavemadeanyanswer.AsforLucien，heobjectedtohisbrotherthattheQueenwasugly，andlaughedatNapoleon’srepresentationsastoherbeing\"propre\"：butatlastheacknowledgedhismarriagewithMadameJouberthon.Thismadeacompletebreakbetweenthebrothers，andonhearingoftheexecutionoftheDued’Enghien，Luciensaidtohiswife，\"Alexandrine，letusgo;hehastastedblood.\"HewenttoItaly，andin1810triedtogototheUnitedStates.TakenprisonerbytheEnglish，hewasdetainedfirstatMalta，andtheninEngland，atLudlowCastleandatThorngrove，till1814，whenhewenttoRome.ThePope，whoevershowedakindlyfeelingtowardstheBonapartes，madetheex—
\"Brutus\"BonapartePrincedeCaninoandDuedeMusignano.In1815
hejoinedNapoleonandonthefinalfalloftheEmpirehewasinternedatRometillthedeathofhisbrother.]——
Jerome，whopursuedanoppositelineofconduct，wasafterwardsmadeaKing.AstoLucien’sRepublicanism，itdidnotsurvivethe18thBrumaire，andhewasalwaysawarmpartisanofhereditarysuccession.
ButIpassontorelatewhatIknowrespectingthealmostincredibleinfluencewhich，onthefoundationoftheEmpire，Bonaparteexercisedoverthepowerswhichdidnotyetdaretodeclarewaragainsthim.
IstudiedBonaparte’spolicyclosely，andIcametothisconclusiononthesubject，thathewasgovernedbyambition，bythepassionofdominion，andthatnorelations，onafootingofequality，betweenhimselfandanyotherpower，couldbeoflongduration.TheotherStatesofEuropehadonlytochooseoneoftwothings——submissionorwar.AstosecondaryStates，theymightthenceforthbeconsideredasfiefsoftheFrenchGovernment;andastheycouldnotresist，Bonaparteeasilyaccustomedthemtobendtohisyoke.CantherebeastrongerproofofthisarbitraryinfluencethanwhatoccurredatCarlsruhe，aftertheviolationoftheterritoryofBaden，bythearrestoftheDued’Enghien？
Farfromventuringtomakeanyobservationonthatviolation，socontrarytotherightsofnations，theGrandDukeofBadenwasobligedtopublish，inhisownState，adecreeevidentlydictatedbyBonaparte.Thedecreestated，thatmanyindividualsformerlybelongingtothearmyofCondehavingcometotheneighbourhoodofCarlsruhe，hisElectoralHighnesshadfeltithisdutytodirectthatnoindividualcomingfromConde’sarmy，norindeedanyFrenchemigrant，should，unlesshehadpermissionpreviouslytotheplace，makealongersojournthanwasallowedtoforeigntravellers.SuchwasalreadytheinfluencewhichBonaparteexercisedoverGermany，whosePrinces，touseanexpressionwhichheemployedinalaterdecree，werecrushedbythegrandmeasuresoftheEmpire.
Buttobejust，withouthoweverjustifyingBonaparte，ImustacknowledgethattheintrigueswhichEnglandfomentedinallpartsoftheContinentwerecalculatedtoexcitehisnaturalirritabilitytotheutmostdegree.
TheagentsofEnglandwerespreadoverthewholeofEurope，andtheyvariedtherumourswhichtheywerecommissionedtocirculate，accordingtothechancesofcreditwhichthedifferentplacesafforded.Theirreportsweregenerallyfalse;butcredulitygaveeartothem，andspeculatorsendeavoured，eachaccordingtohisinterest，togivethemsupport.TheheadquartersofallthisplottingwasMunich，whereDrake，whowassentfromEngland，hadthesupremedirection.Hiscorrespondence，whichwasseizedbytheFrenchGovernment，wasatfirstplacedamongstthedocumentstobeproducedonthetrialofGeorges，Moreau，andtheotherprisoners;butinthecourseofthepreliminaryproceedingstheGrandJudgereceiveddirectionstodetachthem，andmakethemthesubjectofaspecialreporttotheFirstConsul，inorderthattheirpublicationbeforehandmightinfluencepublicopinion，andrenderitunfavourabletothosewhoweredoomedtobesacrificed.TheinstructionsgivenbyDraketohisagentsrenderitimpossibletodoubtthatEnglandwishedtooverthrowtheGovernmentofBonaparte.DrakewroteasfollowstoamanwhowasappointedtotravelthroughFrance：——
TheprincipalobjectofyourjourneybeingtheoverthrowoftheexistingGovernment，oneofthemeansofeffectingitistoacquireaknowledgeoftheenemy’splans.Forthispurposeitisofthehighestimportancetobegin，inthefirstplace，byestablishingcommunicationswithpersonswhomaybedependeduponinthedifferentGovernmentofficesinordertoobtainexactinformationofallplanswithrespecttoforeignorinternalaffairs.Theknowledgeoftheseplanswillsupplythebestmeansofdefeatingthem;andfailureisthewaytobringtheGovernmentintocompletediscredit——thefirstandmostimportantsteptowardstheendproposed.TrytogainovertrustworthyagentsinthedifferentGovernmentdepartments.Endeavour，also，tolearnwhatpassesinthesecretcommittee，whichissupposedtobeestablishedatStCloud，andcomposedofthefriendsoftheFirstConsul.BecarefultofurnishinformationofthevariousprojectswhichBonapartemayentertainrelativetoTurkeyandIreland.Likewisesendintelligencerespectingthemovementsoftroops，respectingvesselsandship—building，andallmilitarypreparations.
Drake，inhisinstructions，alsorecommendedthatthesubversionofBonaparte’sGovernmentshould，forthetime，betheonlyobjectinview，andthatnothingshouldbesaidabouttheKing’sintentionsuntilcertaininformationcouldbeobtainedrespectinghisviews;butmostofhislettersandinstructionswereanteriorto1804.ThewholebearingoftheseizeddocumentsprovedwhatBonapartecouldnotbeignorantof，namely，thatEnglandwashisconstantenemy;butafter，examiningthem，IwasofopinionthattheycontainednothingwhichcouldjustifythebeliefthattheGovernmentofGreatBritainauthorisedanyattemptatassassination.
WhentheFirstConsulreceivedthereportoftheGrandJudgerelativetoDrake’splots’againsthisGovernmenthetransmittedacopyofittotheSenate，anditwasinreplytothiscommunicationthattheSenatemadethosefirstovertureswhichBonapartethoughtvague，butwhich，nevertheless，ledtotheformationoftheEmpire.Notwithstandingthisimportantcircumstance，IhavenothithertomentionedDrake，becausehisintriguesforBonaparte’soverthrowappearedtometobemoreimmediatelyconnectedwiththepreliminariesofthetrialofGeorgesandMoreau，whichIshallnoticeinmynextchapter.
——[Thesewerenotplotsforassassination.Bonaparte，inthesameway，hadhissecretagentsineverycountryofEurope，withoutexceptingEngland.Alison（chap.xxxvii.par.89）saysonthismatterofDrakethat，thoughtheEnglishagentswerecertainlyattemptingacounter—revolution，theyhadnoideaofencouragingtheassassinationofNapoleon，while\"EnglandwasnomatchfortheFrenchpoliceagentsinatransactionofthisdescription，forthepublicationofRegularrevealedthemortifyingfactthatthewholecorrespondencebothofDrakeandSpencerSmithhadbeenregularlytransmitted，asfastasittookplace，tothepoliceofParis，andthattheirprincipalcorrespondedinthatcity，M.MehudelaTonche，washimselfanagentofthepolice，employedtotempttheBritishenvoysintothisperilousenterprise.\"]——
AtthesametimethatBonapartecommunicatedtotheSenatethereportoftheGrandJudge，theMinisterforForeignAffairsaddressedthefollowingcircularlettertothemembersoftheDiplomaticBody：
TheFirstConsulhascommandedmetoforwardtoyourExcellencyacopyofareportwhichhasbeenpresentedtohim，respectingaconspiracyformedinFrancebyMr.Drake，hisBritannicMajesty’sMinisterattheCourtofMunich，which，byitsobjectaswellasitsdate，isevidentlyconnectedwiththeinfamousplotnowinthecourseofinvestigation.
TheprintedcopyofMr.Drake’slettersandauthenticdocumentsisannexedtothereport.Theoriginalswillbeimmediatelysent，byorderoftheFirstConsul，totheElectorofBavaria.
Suchaprostitutionofthemosthonourablefunctionwhichcanbeintrustedtoamanisunexampledinthehistoryofcivilisednations.ItwillastonishandafflictEuropeasanunheardofcrime，whichhithertothemostperverseGovernmentshavenotdaredtomeditate.TheFirstConsulistoowellacquaintedwithsentimentsoftheDiplomaticBodyaccreditedtohimnottobefullyconvincedthateveryoneofitsmemberswillbehold，withprofoundregret，theprofanationofthesacredcharacterofAmbassador，baselytransformedintoaministerofplots，snares，andcorruption.
Alltheambassadors，ministers，plenipotentiaries，envoys，ordinaryorextraordinary，whatevermightbetheirdenomination，addressedanswerstotheMinisterforForeignAffairs，inwhichtheyexpressedhorrorandindignationattheconductofEnglandandDrake’smachinations.TheseanswerswerereturnedonlyfivedaysaftertheDucd’Enghien’sdeath;
andhereonecannothelpadmiringtheadroitnessofBonaparte，whothuscompelledalltherepresentativesoftheEuropeanGovernmentstogiveofficialtestimoniesofregardforhispersonandGovernment.
CHAPTERXXYI.
1804.
TrialofMoreau，Georges，andothers——PublicinterestexcitedbyMoreau——Arraignmentoftheprisoners——Moreau’slettertoBonaparte——
ViolenceofthePresidentoftheCourttowardstheprisoners——
LajolaisandRolland——ExaminationsintendedtocriminateMoreau——
Remarkableobservations——SpeechwrittenbyM.Garat——Bonaparte’sopinionofGarat’seloquence——GeneralLecourbeandMoreau’sson——
RespectshowntoMoreaubythemilitary——DifferentsentimentsexcitedbyGeorgesandMoreau——Thoriotand’Tui—roi’——Georges’
answerstotheinterrogatories——Herefusesanofferofpardon——
CosterSt.Victor——Napoleonandanactress——CaptainWright——
M.deRiviereandthemedaloftheComted’Artois——GenerousstrugglebetweenMM.dePolignac——Sentenceontheprisoners——Bonaparte’sremark——Pardonsandexecutions.
Onthe28thofMay，abouttendaysafterNapoleonhadbeendeclaredEmperor，thetrialsofMoreauandotherscommenced.NosimilareventthathassinceoccurredcanconveyanideaofthefermentationwhichthenprevailedinParis.TheindignationexcitedbyMoreau’sarrestwasopenlymanifested，andbravedtheobservationofthepolice.EndeavourshadbeensuccessfullymadetomisleadpublicopinionwithrespecttoGeorgesandsomeothersamongtheaccused，whowerelookeduponasassassinsinthepayofEngland，atleastbythatnumerousportionofthepublicwholentimplicitfaithtodeclarationspresentedtothemasofficial.Butthecasewasdifferentwithregardtothoseindividualswhowereparticularlytheobjectsofpublicinterest，—viz.MM.dePolignac，deRiviere，Charlesd’Hozier，and，aboveall，Moreau.ThenameofMoreautoweredabovealltherest，andwithrespecttohimtheGovernmentfounditselfnotalittleperplexed.Itwasnecessaryontheonehandtosurroundhimwithaguardsufficientlyimposing，torepresstheeagernessofthepeopleandofhisfriends，andyetontheotherhandcarewasrequiredthatthisguardshouldnotbesostrongastoadmitofthepossibilityofmakingitarallying—point，shouldthevoiceofachiefsohonouredbythearmyappealtoitfordefence.ArisingofthepopulaceinfavourofMoreauwasconsideredasaverypossibleevent，——
somehopedforit，othersdreadedit.WhenIreflectonthestateoffeelingwhichthenprevailed，IamcertainthatamovementinhisfavourwouldinfalliblyhavetakenplacehadjudgesmorecomplyingthaneventhosewhopresidedatthetrialcondemnedMoreautocapitalpunishment.
ItisimpossibletoformanideaofthecrowdthatchokeduptheavenuesofthePalaceofJusticeonthedaythetrialscommenced.Thiscrowdcontinuedduringthetwelvedaystheproceedingslasted，andwasexceedinglygreatonthedaythesentencewaspronounced.Personsofthehighestclasswereanxioustobepresent.
IwasoneofthefirstintheHall，beingdeterminedtowatchthecourseofthesesolemnproceedings.TheCourtbeingassembled，thePresidentorderedtheprisonerstobebroughtin.Theyenteredinafile，andrangedthemselvesonthebencheseachbetweentwogendarmes.Theyappearedcomposedandcollected，andresignationwasdepictedonthecountenancesofallexceptBouvetdeLozier，whodidnotdaretoraisehiseyestohiscompanionsinmisfortune，whomhisweakness，ratherthanhiswill，hadbetrayed.IdidnotrecognisehimuntilthePresidentproceededtocallovertheprisoners，andtoputtheusualquestionsrespectingtheirnames，professions，andplacesofabode.Oftheforty—
nineprisoners，amongwhomwereseveralfemales，onlytwowerepersonallyknowntome;namely，Moreau，whosepresenceontheprisoner’sbenchseemedtowringeveryheart，andGeorges，whomIhadseenattheTuileriesintheFirstConsul’scabinet.
ThefirstsittingoftheCourtwasoccupiedwiththereadingoftheactofaccusationorindictment，andthevoicesoftheushers，commandingsilence，couldscarcesuppressthebuzzwhichpervadedtheCourtatthementionofMoreau’sname.AlleyeswereturnedtowardstheconquerorofHohenlinden，andwhiletheProcureurImperialreadoverthelongindictmentandinvokedthevengeanceofthelawonanattemptagainsttheheadoftheRepublic，itwaseasytoperceivehowhetorturedhisingenuitytofastenapparentguiltonthelaurelsofMoreau.Thegoodsenseofthepublicdiscernedproofsofhisinnocenceintheverycircumstancesbroughtforwardagainsthim.Ishallneverforgettheeffectproduced——socontrarytowhatwasanticipatedbytheprosecutors——
bythereadingofaletteraddressedbyMoreaufromhisprisonintheTempletotheFirstConsul，whenthejudgesappointedtointerrogatehimsoughttomakehispastconductthesubjectofaccusation，onaccountofM.deKlinglin’spapershavingfallenintohishands.HewasreproachedwithhavingtoolongdelayedtransmittingthesedocumentstotheDirectory;anditwascurioustoseetheEmperorNapoleonbecometheavengerofpretendedoffencescommittedagainsttheDirectorywhichhehadoverthrown.
IntheletterherealludedtoMoreausaidtoBonaparte，thenFirstConsul——
\"IntheshortcampaignoftheyearV.（fromthe20thtothe23dofMarch1797）wetookthepapersbelongingtothestaffoftheenemy’sarmy，andanumberofdocumentswerebroughttomewhichGeneralDesaix，thenwounded，amusedhimselfbyperusing.ItappearedfromthiscorrespondencethatGeneralPichegruhadmaintainedcommunicationswiththeFrenchPrinces.Thisdiscoverywasverypainful，andparticularlytome，andweagreedtosaynothingofthematter.Pichegru，asamemberoftheLegislativeBody，coulddobutlittletoinjurethepubliccause，sincepeacewasestablished.I
neverthelesstookeveryprecautionforprotectingthearmyagainsttheilleffectsofasystemofespionageTheeventsofthe18thFructidoroccasionedsomuchanxietythattwoofficers，whoknewoftheexistenceofthecorrespondence，prevailedonmetocommunicateittotheGovernmentIfeltthat，asapublicfunctionary，Icouldnolongerremainsilent
DuringthetwolastcampaignsinGermany，andsincethepeace，distantovertureshavebeenmadetome，withtheviewofdrawingmeintoconnectionwiththeFrenchPrinces.ThisappearedsoabsurdthatItooknonoticeoftheseovertures.Astothepresentconspiracy，IcanassureyouIhavebeenfarfromtakinganyshareinit.Irepeattoyou，General，thatwhateverpropositiontothateffectwasmademe，Irejectedit，andregardeditastheheightofmadness.WhenitwasrepresentedtomethattheinvasionofEnglandwouldofferafavourableopportunityforeffectingachangeintheFrenchGovernment，IinvariablyansweredthattheSenatewastheauthoritytowhichthewholeofFrancewouldnaturallyclinginthetimeoftrouble，andthatIwouldbethefirsttoplacemyselfunderitsorders.Tosuchoverturesmadetoaprivateindividual，whowishedtopreservenoconnectioneitherwiththearmy，ofwhomnine—
tenthshaveservedunderme，oranyconstitutedauthority，theonlypossibleanswerwasarefusal.BetrayalofconfidenceIdisdained.
Suchastep，whichisalwaysbase，becomesdoublyodiouswhenthetreacheryiscommittedagainstthosetowhomweowegratitude，orhavebeenboundbyoldfriendship.
\"This，General，isallIhavetotellyourespectingmyrelationswithPichegru，anditmustconvinceyouthatveryfalseandhastyinferenceshavebeendrawnfromconductwhich，thoughperhapsimprudent，wasfarfrombeingcriminal.\"
MoreaufulfilledhisdutyasapublicfunctionarybycommunicatingtotheDirectorythepaperswhichunfoldedaplotagainsttheGovernment，andwhichthechancesofwarhadthrownintohishands.Hefulfilledhisdutyasamanofhonourbynotvoluntarilyincurringtheinfamywhichcanneverbewipedfromthecharacterofaninformer.BonaparteinMoreau’ssituationwouldhaveactedthesamepart，forIneverknewamanexpressstrongerindignationthanhimselfagainstinformers，untilbebegantoconsidereverythingavirtuewhichservedhisambition，andeverythingacrimewhichopposedit.
ThetwofactswhichmostforciblyobtrudedthemselvesonmyattentionduringthetrialweretheinveterateviolenceofthePresidentoftheCourttowardstheprisonersandtheinnocenceofMoreau.
——[ItisstrangethatBourriennedoesnotacknowledgethatbewaschargedbyNapoleonwiththedutyofattendingthistrialofMoreau，andofsendinginadailyreportoftheproceedings.]——
But，inspiteofthemostinsidiousexaminationswhichcanbeconceived，Moreauneveroncefellintotheleastcontradiction.Ifmymemoryfailmenot，itwasonthefourthdaythathewasexaminedbyThuriot，oneofthejudges.Theresult，clearasdaytoallpresent，was，thatMoreauwasatotalstrangertoalltheplots，alltheintrigueswhichhadbeensetonfootinLondon.Infact，duringthewholecourseofthetrial，towhichIlistenedwithasmuchattentionasinterest，Ididnotdiscovertheshadowofacircumstancewhichcouldintheleastcommithim，orwhichhadtheleastreferencetohim.Scarcelyoneofthehundredandthirty—ninewitnesseswhowereheardfortheprosecutionknewhim，andhehimselfdeclaredonthefourthsitting，whichtookplaceonthe31stofMay，thattherewasnotanindividualamongtheaccusedwhomheknew，——
notonewhomhehadeverseen.Inthecourseofthelongproceedings，notwithstandingthemanifesteffortsofThuriottoextortfalseadmissionsandforcecontradictions，nofactofanyconsequencewaselicitedtotheprejudiceofMoreau.Hisappearancewasascalmashisconscience;andashesatonthebenchhehadtheappearanceofoneledbycuriositytobepresentatthisinterestingtrial，ratherthanofanaccusedperson，towhomtheproceedingsmightendincondemnationanddeath.ButforthefallofMoreauintheranksoftheenemy，——butfortheforeigncockadewhichdisgracedthecapoftheconquerorofHohenlinden，hiscompleteinnocencewouldlongsincehavebeenputbeyonddoubt，anditwouldhavebeenacknowledgedthatthemostinfamousmachinationswereemployedforhisdestruction.ItisevidentthatLajolais，whohadpassedfromLondontoParis，andfromParistoLondon，hadbeenactingthepartofanintriguerratherthanofaconspirator;
andthattheobjectofhismissionswasnotsomuchtoreconcileMoreauandPichegruastomakePichegrutheinstrumentofimplicatingMoreau.
ThosewhosupposedLajolaistobeinthepayoftheBritishGovernmentwereegregiouslyimposedon.Lajolaiswasonlyinthepayofthesecretpolice;hewascondemnedtodeath，aswasexpected，buthereceivedhispardon，aswasagreedupon.HerewasoneofthedisclosureswhichPichegrumighthavemade;hencethenecessityofgettinghimoutofthewaybeforethetrial.AstotheevidenceofthemannamedRolland，itwascleartoeverybodythatMoreauwasrightwhenhesaidtothePresident，\"Inmyopinion，Rollandiseitheracreatureofthepolice，orhehasgivenhisevidenceundertheinfluenceoffear.\"Rollandmadetwodeclarationsthefirstcontainednothingatall;thesecondwasinanswertothefollowingobservations：\"Youseeyoustandinaterriblesituation;youmusteitherbeheldtobeanaccompliceintheconspiracy，oryoumustbetakenasevidence.Ifyousaynothing，youwillbeconsideredinthelightofanaccomplice;ifyouconfess，youwillbesaved.\"ThissinglecircumstancemayservetogiveanideaofthewaythetrialswereconductedsoastocriminateMoreau.Onhispartthegeneralrepelledtheattacks，ofwhichhewastheobject，withcalmcomposureandmodestconfidence，thoughflashesofjustindignationwouldoccasionallyburstfromhim.IrecollecttheeffectheproducedupontheCourtandtheauditorsatoneofthesittings，whenthePresidenthadaccusedhimofthedesignofmakinghimselfDictator.Heexclaimed，\"IDictator！What，makemyselfDictatorattheheadofthepartisansoftheBourbons！Pointoutmypartisans！MypartisanswouldnaturallybethesoldiersofFrance，ofwhomIhavecommandednine—tenths，andsavedmorethanfiftythousand.ThesearethepartisansIshouldlookto！Allmyaidesdecamp，alltheofficersofmyacquaintance，havebeenarrested;nottheshadowofasuspicioncouldbefoundagainstanyofthem，andtheyhavebeensetatliberty.Why，then，attributetomethemadnessofaimingtogetmyselfmadeDictatorbytheaidoftheadherentsoftheoldFrenchPrinces，ofpersonswhohavefoughtintheircausesince1792？Youallegethatthesemen，inthespaceoffour—and—twentyhours，formedtheprojectofraisingmetotheDictatorship！Itismadnesstothinkofit！Myfortuneandmypayhavebeenalludedto;I
begantheworldwithnothing;Imighthavehadbythistimefiftymillions;Ihavemerelyahouseandabitofground;astomypay，itisfortythousandfrancs.Surelythatsumwillnotbecomparedwithmyservices.\"
DuringthetrialMoreaudeliveredadefence，whichIknewhadbeenwrittenbyhisfriendGarat，whoseeloquenceIwellrememberwasalwaysdislikedbyBonaparte.OfthisIhadaproofontheoccasionofagrandceremonywhichtookplaceinthePlacedesVictoires，onlayingthefirststoneofamonumentwhichwastohavebeenerectedtothememoryofDesaix，butwhichwasneverexecuted.TheFirstConsulreturnedhomeinveryill—humour，andsaidtome，\"Bourrienne，whatabrutethatGaratis！
Whatastringerofwords！Ihavebeenobligedtolistentohimforthree—quartersofanhour.Therearepeoplewhoneverknowwhentoholdtheirtongues！\"
WhatevermightbethecharacterofGarat’seloquenceorBonaparte’sopinionofit，hisconductwasnobleontheoccasionofMoreau’strial;
forhemightbesureBonapartewouldbearhimagrudgeforlendingtheaidofhispentotheonlymanwhosemilitaryglory，thoughnotequaltothatoftheFirstConsul，mightentitlehimtobelookeduponashisrivalinfame.Atoneofthesittingsacircumstanceoccurredwhichproducedanalmostelectricaleffect.IthinkIstillseeGeneralLecourbe，theworthyfriendofMoreau，enteringunexpectedlyintotheCourt，leadingalittleboy.Raisingthechildinhisarms，heexclaimedaloud，andwithconsiderableemotion，\"Soldiers，beholdthesonofyourgeneral！
——[ThisactionofLecourbe，togetherwiththepartplayedinthistrialbyhisbrother，oneofthejudges，wasmostunfortunate，notonlyforLecourbebutforFrance，whichconsequentlylosttheservicesofitsbestgeneralofmountainwarfare.HiscampaignsofSwitzerlandin1799ontheSt.GothardagainstSuwarrowarewellknown.NaturallydisgracedfortheparthetookwithMoreau，hewasnotagainemployedtilltheCentJours，whenhedidgoodservice，althoughhehaddisapprovedofthedefectionofNeyfromtheRoyalistcause.Hediedin1816;hisbrother，thejudge，hadamostfuriousreceptionfromNapoleon，whocalledhimaprevaricatingjudge，anddismissedhimfromhisoffice（Remusat，tomeii.p.
8）.]——
\"Atthisunexpectedmovementallthemilitarypresentspontaneouslyroseandpresentedarms;whileamurmurofapprobationfromthespectatorsapplaudedtheact.ItiscertainthathadMoreauatthatmomentsaidbutoneword，suchwastheenthusiasminhisfavour，thetribunalwouldhavebeenbrokenupandtheprisonersliberated.Moreau，however，wassilent，andindeedappearedtheonlyunconcernedpersoninCourt.ThroughoutthewholecourseofthetrialMoreauinspiredsomuchrespectthatwhenhewasaskedaquestionandrosetoreplythegendarmesappointedtoguardhimroseatthesametimeandstooduncoveredwhilehespoke.
GeorgeswasfarfromexcitingtheinterestinspiredbyMoreau.Hewasanobjectofcuriosityratherthanofinterest.ThedifferenceoftheirpreviousconductwasinitselfsufficienttooccasionagreatcontrastintheirsituationbeforetheCourt.MoreauwasfullofconfidenceandGeorgesfullofresignation.Thelatterregardedhisfatewithafiercekindofresolution.HeoccasionallyresumedthecaustictonewhichheseemedtohaverenouncedwhenheharanguedhisassociatesbeforetheirdeparturefromtheTemple.WiththemostsarcasticbitternesshealludedtothenameandvoteofThuriot，oneofthemostviolentofthejudges，oftenterminghim’Tue—roi’;
——[ThuriotandthePresidentHemartbothvotedforthedeathoftheKing.Merlin，theimperialProcureur—General，wasoneoftheregicides.——Bourrienne.]——
andafterpronouncinghisname，orbeingforcedtoreplytohisinterrogatories，hewouldaskforaglassofbrandytowashhismouth.
Georgeshadthemannersandbearingofarudesoldier;butunderhiscoarseexteriorheconcealedthesoulofahero.WhenthewitnessesofhisarresthadansweredthequestionsofthePresidentHemart，thisjudgeturnedtowardstheaccused，andinquiredwhetherhehadanythingtosayinreply.——\"No.\"——\"Doyouadmitthefacts？\"——\"Yes.\"HereGeorgesbusiedhimselfinlookingoverthepaperswhichlaybeforehim，whenHemartwarnedhimtodesist，andattendtothequestions.Thefollowingdialoguethencommenced.\"Doyouconfesshavingbeenarrestedintheplacedesignatedbythewitness？\"——\"Idonotknowthenameoftheplace.\"——\"Doyouconfesshavingbeenarrested？\"——\"Yes.\"——\"Didyoutwicefireapistol？\"——\"Yes.\"——\"Didyoukillaman？\"——\"IndeedIdonotknow.\"——
\"Hadyouaponiard？\"——\"Yes.\"——\"Andtwopistols？\"——\"Yes.\"——\"Whowasincompanywithyou？\"——\"Idonotknowtheperson.\"——\"WheredidyoulodgeinParis？\"——\"Nowhere.\"——\"AtthetimeofyourarrestdidyounotresideinthehouseofafruitererintheRuedelaMontagneSt.Genevieve？\"——
\"AtthetimeofmyarrestIwasinacabriolet.Ilodgednowhere.\"——
\"Wheredidyousleepontheeveningofyourarrest？\"——\"Nowhere.\"——\"WhatwereyoudoinginParis？\"——\"Iwaswalkingabout.\"——\"WhomhaveyouseeninParis？\"——\"Ishallnamenoone;Iknownoone.\"
FromthisshortspecimenofthemannerinwhichGeorgesrepliedtothequestionsofthePresidentwemayjudgeofhisunshakenfirmnessduringtheproceedings.Inallthatconcernedhimselfhewasperfectlyopen;
butinregardtowhatevertendedtoendangerhisassociateshemaintainedthemoatobstinatesilence，notwithstandingeveryattempttoovercomehisfirmness.
ThatIwasnottheonlyonewhojustlyappreciatedthenoblecharacterofGeorgesisrenderedevidentbythefollowingcircumstance.HavingaccompaniedM.Carbonnettothepolice，wherehewenttodemandhispapers，onthedayofhisremovaltoSt.Pelagic，wewereobligedtoawaitthereturnofM.Real，whowasabsent.M.Desmaretsandseveralotherpersonswerealsoinattendance.M.RealhadbeenattheConciergerie，wherehehadseenGeorgesCadoudal，andonhisentranceobservedtoM.Desmaretsandtheothers，sufficientlyloudtobedistinctlyheardbyM.Carbonnetandmyself，\"IhavehadaninterviewwithGeorgeswhoisanextraordinaryman.ItoldhimthatIwasdisposedtoofferhimapardonifhewouldpromisetorenouncetheconspiracyandacceptofemploymentunderGovernment.Buttomyargumentsandpersuasionsheonlyreplied，’MycomradesfollowedmetoFrance，andI
shallfellowthem，todeath.’\"Inthishekepthisword.
WerewetojudgethesememorableproceedingsfromtheofficialdocumentspublishedintheMoniteurandotherjournalsofthatperiod，weshouldformaveryerroneousopinion.ThosefalsitieswereeventheobjectofaveryseriouscomplaintonthepartofCosierSt.Victor，oneoftheaccused.
AfterthespeechofM.Gauthier，theadvocateofCosterSt.Victor，thePresidentinquiredoftheaccusedwhetherhehadanythingfurthertosayinhisdefence，towhichhereplied，\"Ihaveonlytoaddthatthewitnessesnecessarytomyexculpationhavenotyetappeared.Imustbesidesexpressmysurpriseatthemeanswhichhavebeenemployedtoleadastraypublicopinion，andtoloadwithinfamynotonlytheaccusedbutalsotheirintrepiddefenders.Ihavereadwithpaininthejournalsofto—daythattheproceedings——\"HerethePresidentinterrupting，observedthat\"thesewerecircumstancesforeigntothecase.\"——\"Notintheleast，\"repliedCosierSt.Victor;\"onthecontrary，theybearverymateriallyonthecause，sincemanglingandmisrepresentingourdefenceisapracticeassuredlycalculatedtoruinusintheestimationofthepublic.Inthejournalsofto—daythespeechofM.Gauthierisshamefullygarbled，andIshouldbedeficientingratitudewereInotheretobeartestimonytothezealandcouragewhichhehasdisplayedinmydefence.Iprotestagainstthepuerilitiesandabsurditieswhichhavebeenputintohismouth，andIentreathimnottorelaxinhisgenerousefforts.ItisnotonhisaccountthatImakethisobservation;hedoesnotrequireitatmyhands;itisfor’myself，itisfortheaccused，whomsuchartstendtoinjureintheestimationofthepublic.\"
CosterSt.Victorhadsomethingchivalrousinhislanguageandmannerswhichspokegreatlyinhisfavour;heconveyednobadideaofoneoftheFiescoconspirators，orofthoseleadersoftheFrondswhointermingledgallantrywiththeirpolitics.
Ananecdotetothiseffectwascurrentabouttheperiodofthetrial.
CosterSt.Victor，itisrelated，beingunableanylongertofindasecureasyluminParis，soughtrefugeforasinglenightinthehouseofabeautifulactress，formerlyinthegoodgracesoftheFirstConsul;anditisaddedthatBonaparte，onthesamenight，havingsecretlyarrivedonavisittothelady，foundhimselfunexpectedlyinthepresenceofCosterSt.Victor，whomighthavetakenhislife;butthatonlyaninterchangeofcourtesytookplacebetwixttherivalgallants.
ThisridiculousstorywasdoubtlessintendedtothrowadditionalodiumontheFirstConsul，ifCosierSt.Victorshouldbecondemnedandnotobtainapardon，inwhichcasemalignitywouldnotfailtoattributehisexecutiontothevengeanceofajealouslover.
Ishouldblushtorelatesuchstories，equallydestituteofprobabilityandtruth，hadtheynotobtainedsomecreditatthetime.WhilstIwaswithBonaparteheneverwentabroadduringthenight;anditwasnotsurelyatamomentwhenthesayingofFouche，\"Theairisfullofponiards，\"wasfullyexplainedthathewouldhaveriskedsuchnocturnaladventures.
Wrightwasheardinthesixthsitting，onthe2dofJune，asthehundredandthirty—fourthwitnessinsupportoftheprosecution.He，however，refusedtoansweranyinterrogatoriesputtohim，declaringthat，asaprisonerofwar，heconsideredhimselfonlyamenabletohisownGovernment.
TheProcureur—GeneralrequestedthePresidenttoordertheexaminationsofCaptainWrightonthe21stofMay’andatalaterperiodtobereadovertohim;whichbeingdone，thewitnessreplied，thatitwasomittedtobestatedthatontheseoccasionsthequestionshadbeenaccompaniedwiththethreatoftransferringhimtoamilitarytribunal，inordertobeshot，ifhedidnotbetraythesecretsofhiscountry.
InthecourseofthetrialthemostlivelyinterestwasfeltforMM.dePolignac——
——[TheeldestofthePolignacs，Armand（1771—1847），condemnedtodeath，hadthatpenaltyremitted，butwasimprisonedinHamtillpermittedtoescapem1813.HebecameDucdeRichelieuin1817.
Hisyoungerbrother，Jules（1780—1847）wasalsoimprisonedandescaped.In1814hewasoneofthefirsttodisplaythewhiteflaginParis.In1829hebecameMinisterofCharlesX.andwasresponsiblefortheordinanceswhichousthismasterhisthronein1830.Imprisoned，nominallyforlife，hewasreleasedin1836，andafterpassingsometimeinEnglandreturnedtoFrance.TheremissionofthesentenceofdeathonPrinceArmandwasobtainedbytheEmpressJosephine.Timeaftertime，urgedonbyMadamedeRemusat，sheimploredmercyfromNapoleon，whoatlastconsentedtoseethewifeofthePrince.UnliketheBourbonLouisXVIII.，whocouldseeMadamedeLavaletteonlytorefusethewretchedwoman’sprayerforherhusband，forNapoleontogranttheinterviewwastoconcedethepardon.ThePrinceescapeddeath，andhiswifewhohadobtainedtheinterviewbyapplyingtoMadamedeRemusat，whenshemetherbenefactressinthetimesoftheRestoration，displayedareallygrandforgetfulnessofwhathadpassed（seeRemusat，tomeii.
chap.i.）.]——
Charlesd’Hozier，anddeRiviere.Soshortaperiodhadelapsedsincetheproscriptionofthenobilitythat，independentlyofeveryfeelingofhumanity，itwascertainlyimpolitictoexhibitbeforethepublictheheirsofanillustriousname，endowedwiththatdevotedheroismwhichcouldnotfailtoextortadmirationevenfromthosewhocondemnedtheiropinionsandprinciples.
Theprisonerswereallyoung，andtheirsituationcreateuniversalsympathy.Thegreatestnumberofthemdisdainedtohaverecoursetoadenial，andseemedlessanxiousforthepreservationoftheirownlivesthanforthehonourofthecauseinwhichtheyhadembarked，notwiththeviewofassassination，ashadbeendemonstrated，butforthepurposeofascertainingthetruestateofthepublicfeeling，whichhadbeenrepresentedbysomefactiousintriguersasfavourabletotheBourbons.
EvenwhentheswordofthelawwassuspendedovertheirheadsthefaithfuladherentsoftheBourbonsdisplayedoneveryoccasiontheirattachmentandfidelitytotheroyalcause.IrecollectthattheCourtwasdissolvedintearswhenthePresidentadducedasaproofoftheguiltofM.deRivierehishavingwornamedaloftheComted’Artois，whichtheprisonerrequestedtoexamine;and，onitsbeinghandedtohimbyanofficer，M.deRivierepressedittohislipsandhisheart，thenreturningit，hesaidthatheonlywishedtorenderhomagetothePrincewhomheloved.
TheCourtwasstillmoredeeplyaffectedonwitnessingthegenerousfraternalstrugglewhichtookplaceduringthelastsittingbetweenthetwoDePolignacs.Theemotionwasgeneralwhentheeldestofthebrothers，afterhavingobservedthathisalwaysgoingoutaloneandduringthedaydidnotlooklikeaconspiratoranxiousforconcealment，addedtheseremarkablewordswhichwillremainindeliblyengravenonmymemory：\"Ihavenowonlyonewish，whichisthat，astheswordissuspendedoverourheads，andthreatenstocutshorttheexistenceofseveraloftheaccused，youwould，inconsiderationofhisyouthifnotofhisinnocence，sparemybrother，andshowerdownuponmethewholeweightofyourvengeance.\"Itwasduringthelastsittingbutone，onFridaythe8thofJune，thatM.ArmanddePolignacmadetheaboveaffectingappealinfavourofhisbrother.Thefollowingday，beforethefatalsentencewaspronounced，M.JulesdePolignacaddressedthejudges，saying，\"Iwassodeeplyaffectedyesterday，whilemybrotherwasspeaking，asnotfullytohaveattendedtowhatIreadinmyowndefence：
butbeingnowperfectlytranquil，Ientreat，gentlemen，thatyouwillnotregardwhatheurgedinmybehalf.Irepeat，onthecontrary，andwithmostjustice，ifoneofusmustfallasacrifice，iftherebeyettime，savehim，restorehimtothetearsofhiswife;Ihavenotielikehim，I
canmeetdeathunappalled;——tooyoungtohavetastedthepleasuresoftheworld，Icannotregrettheirloss.\"——\"No，no，\"exclaimedhisbrother，\"youarestillintheoutsetofyourcareer;itisIwhooughttofall.\"
AteightinthemorningthemembersoftheTribunalwithdrewtothecouncil—chamber.Sincethecommencementoftheproceedingsthecrowd，farfromdiminishing，seemedeachdaytoincrease;thismorningitwasimmense，and，thoughthesentencewasnotexpectedtobepronouncedtillalatehour，noonequittedtheCourtforfearofnotbeingabletofindaplacewhentheTribunalshouldresumeitssitting.
SentenceofdeathwaspasseduponGeorgesCaudoudal，BouvetdeLozier，Rusillon，Rochelle，ArmanddePolignac，Charlesd’Hozier，DeRiviere，LouisDucorps，Picot，Lajolais，Roger，CosterSt.Victor，Deville，Gaillard，Joyaub，Burban;Lemercier，JeanCadudol，Lelan，andMerille;
whileLiesdePolignac，Leridant，GeneralMoreau，——[GeneralMoreau’ssentencewasremitted，andhewasallowedtogotoAmerica.]——Rolland，andHisaywereonlycondemnedtotwoyears’imprisonment.
Thisdecreewasheardwithconsternationbytheassembly，andsoonspreadthroughoutParis.Imaywellaffirmittohavebeenadayofpublicmourning;eventhoughitwasSundayeveryplaceofamusementwasnearlydeserted.Tothehorrorinspiredbyasentenceofdeathpassedsowantonly，andofwhichthegreaternumberofthevictimsbelongedtothemostdistinguishedclassofsociety，wasjoinedtheridiculeinspiredbythecondemnationofMoreau;oftheabsurdityofwhichnooneseemedmoresensiblethanBonapartehimself，andrespectingwhichheexpressedhimselfinthemostpointedterms.IampersuadedthateveryonewhonarrowlywatchedtheproceedingsofthiscelebratedtrialmusthavebeenconvincedthatallmeanswereresortedtoinorderthatMoreau，onceaccused，shouldnotappearentirelyfreefromguilt.
Bonaparteisreportedtohavesaid，\"Gentlemen，Ihavenocontroloveryourproceedings;itisyourdutystrictlytoexaminetheevidencebeforepresentingareporttome.Butwhenithasoncethesanctionofyoursignatures，woetoyouifaninnocentmanbecondemned.\"Thisremarkisinstrictconformitywithhisusuallanguage，andbearsastrikingsimilaritytotheconversationIheldwithhimonthefollowingThursday;
butthoughthislanguagemightbeappropriatefromthelipsofasovereignwhoseministersareresponsible，itappearsbutalameexcuseinthemouthofBonaparte，thepossessorofabsolutepower.
Thecondemnedbusiedthemselvesinendeavouringtoprocurearepealoftheirsentence，thegreatestnumberofthemyieldedinthisrespecttotheentreatiesoftheirfriends，wholostnotimeintakingthestepsrequisitetoobtainthepardonofthoseinwhomtheyweremostinterested.Moreauatfirstalsodeterminedtoappeal;butherelinquishedhispurposebeforetheCourtofCessationcommenceditssittings.
AssoonasthedecreeofthespecialTribunalwasdelivered，Murat，GovernorofParis，andbrother—in—lawtotheEmperor，soughthispresenceandconjuredhiminthemosturgentmannertopardonallthecriminals，observingthatsuchanactofclemencywouldredoundgreatlytohishonourintheopinionofFranceandallEurope，thatitwouldbesaidtheEmperorpardonedtheattemptagainstthelifeoftheFirstConsul，thatthisactofmercywouldshedmoregloryoverthecommencementofhisreignthananysecuritywhichcouldaccruefromtheexecutionoftheprisoners.SuchwastheconductofMurat;buthedidnotsolicit，ashasbeenreported，thepardonofanyoneinparticular.
ThosewhoobtainedtheimperialpardonwereBouvetdeLozier，whoexpecteditfromthedisclosureshehadmade;Rusillon，deRiviere，Rochelle，ArmanddePolignac，d’Hozier，Lajolais，whohadbeforehandreceivedapromisetothateffect，andArmandGaillard.
Theotherill—fatedvictimsofasanguinarypoliceunderwenttheirsentenceonthe25thofJune，twodaysafterthepromulgationofthepardonoftheirassociates.
Theircourageandresignationneverforsookthemevenforamoment，andGeorges，knowingthatitwasrumouredhehadobtainedapardon，entreatedthathemightdiethefirst，inorderthathiscompanionsintheirlastmomentsmightbeassuredhehadnotsurvivedthem.
EndofTheMemoirsofNapoleon，V7，1804
byLouisAntoineFauveletdeBourrienneMemoirsofNapoleonBonaparte，V8
byLouisAntoineFauveletdeBourrienneHisPrivateSecretaryEditedbyR.W.PhippsColonel，LateRoyalArtillery1891
CONTENTS：
CHAPTERXXVII.toCHAPTERXXXIV.1804—1805
CHAPTERXXVII.
1804.
ClavierandHemart——SingularProposalofCorvisart—M.Desmaisons——
Projectofinfluencingthejudges——VisittotheTuileries——Rappinattendance——LongconversationwiththeEmperor——HisopiniononthetrialofMoreau——EnglishassassinsandMr.Fox——ComplaintsagainsttheEnglishGovernment——BonaparteandLacuee——Affectionatebehaviour——ArrestofPichegru——MethodemployedbytheFirstConsultodiscoverhispresenceinParis——CharacterofMoreau——MeasuresofBonaparteregardinghim——LauristonsenttotheTemple——SilencerespectingtheDucd’Enghien——Napoleon’sopinionofMoreauandGeorges——AdmirationofGeorges——Offersofemploymentanddismissal——
Recitalofformervexations——AudienceoftheEmpress——Me1ancbolyforebodings——WhatBonapartesaidconcerninghimself——Marksofkindness.
ThejudgescomposingtheTribunalwhichcondemnedMoreauwerenotalllikeThuriotandHemart.HistoryhasrecordedanhonourablecontrasttothegeneralmeannessoftheperiodinthereplygivenbyM.Clavier，whenurgedbyHemarttovoteforthecondemnationofMoreau.\"Ah，Monsieur，ifwecondemnhim，howshallwebeabletoacquitourselves？\"Ihave，besides，thebestreasonforassertingthatthejudgesweretamperedwith，from，acircumstancewhichoccurredtomyself.
BonaparteknewthatIwasintimatelyconnectedwithM.Desmaisons，oneofthemembersoftheTribunal，andbrotherin—lawtoCorvisart;healsoknewthatDesmaisonswasinclinedtobelieveinMoreau’sinnocence，andfavourabletohisacquittal.DuringtheprogressofthetrialCorvisartarrivedatmyhouseonemorningataveryearlyhour，inastateofsuchevidentembarrassmentthat，beforehehadtimetoutteraword，Isaidtohim，\"Whatisthematter？Haveyouheardanybadnews？\"
\"No，\"repliedCorvisart，\"butIcamebytheEmperor’sorder.Hewishesyoutoseemybrother—in—law.’Heis，’saidhetome，’theseniorjudge，andamanofconsiderableeminence;hisopinionwillcarrywithitgreatweight，andIknowthatheisfavourabletoMoreau;heisinthewrong.
VisitBourrienne，saidtheEmperor，andconcertwithhimrespectingthebestmethodofconvincingDesmaisonsofhiserror，forIrepeatheiswrong，heisdeceived.’ThisisthemissionwithwhichIamentrusted.\"
\"How，\"saidI，withthoroughastonishment，\"howcameyoutobeemployedinthisaffair？CouldyoubelieveforonemomentthatIwouldtamperwithamagistrateinordertoinducehimtoexerciseanunjustrigour？\"
\"No，restassured，\"repliedCorvisart，\"ImerelyvisitedyouthismorninginobediencetotheorderoftheEmperor;butIknewbeforehandinwhatmanneryouwouldregardthepropositionwithwhichIwascharged.Iknewyouropinionsandyourcharactertoowelltoentertainthesmallestdoubtinthisrespect，andIwasconvincedthatIrannoriskinbecomingthebearerofacommissionwhichwouldbeattendedwithnoeffect.Besides，hadIrefusedtoobeytheEmperor，itwouldhaveprovedprejudicialtoyourinterest，andconfirmedhimintheopinionthatyouwerefavourabletotheacquittalofMoreau.Formyself，\"addedCorvisart，\"itisneedlesstoaffirmthatIhavenointentionofattemptingtoinfluencetheopinionofmybrother—in—law;andifIhad，youknowhimsufficientlywelltobeconvincedinwhatlighthewouldregardsuchaproceeding.\"
SuchweretheobjectandresultofCorvisart’svisit，andIamthenceledtobelievethatsimilarattemptsmusthavebeenmadetoinfluenceothermembersoftheTribunal.
——[ThejudgeshadbeenpressedandactedoninathousandwaysbythehangersonofthePalaceandespeciallybyReal，thenaturalintermediarybetweenjusticeandtheGovernment.Ambition，servility，fear，everymotivecapableofinfluencingthem，hadbeenused：eventheirhumanescrupleswereemployed\"（Lanfreytomeiii.
p.193，whogoesontosaythatthejudgeswereurgedtosentenceMoreautodeathinorderthattheEmperormightfollypardonhim）.]
Buthoweverthismaybe，prudenceledmetodiscontinuevisitingM.
Desmaisons，withwhomIwasinhabitsofthestrictestfriendship.
AboutthisperiodIpaidavisitwhichoccupiesanimportantplaceinmyrecollections.Onthe14thofJune1804，fourdaysafterthecondemnationofGeorgesandhisaccomplices，IreceivedasummonstoattendtheEmperoratSt.Cloud.ItwasThursday，andasIthoughtonthegreateventsandtragicscenesabouttobeacted，Iwasratheruneasyrespectinghisintentions.
ButIwasfortunateenoughtofindmyfriendRappinwaiting，whosaidtomeasIentered，\"Benotalarmed;heisinthebestofhumoursatpresent，andwishestohavesomeconversation.withyou.\"
RappthenannouncedmetotheEmperor，andIwasimmediatelyadmittedtohispresence.Afterpinchingmyearandaskinghisusualquestions，suchas，\"Whatdoestheworldsay？Howareyourchildren？Whatareyouabout？etc.，\"hesaidtome，\"Bytheby，haveyouattendedtheproceedingsagainstMoreau？\"——\"Yes，Sire，Ihavenotbeenabsentduringoneofthesittings.\"——\"Well，Bourrienne，areyouoftheopinionthatMoreauisinnocent？\"——\"Yes，Sire;atleastIamcertainthatnothinghascomeoutinthecourseofthetrialtendingtocriminatehim;Iamevensurprisedhowhecametobeimplicatedinthisconspiracy，sincenothinghasappearedagainsthimwhichhasthemostremoteconnexionwiththeaffair.\"——\"Iknowyouropiniononthissubject;DurocrelatedtometheconversationyouheldwithhimattheTuileries;experiencehasshownthatyouwerecorrect;buthowcouldIactotherwise？YouknowthatBouvetdeLozierhangedhimselfinprison，andwasonlysavedbyaccident.RealhurriedtotheTempleinordertointerrogatehim，andinhisfirstconfessionshecriminatedMoreau，affirmingthathehadheldrepeatedconferenceswithPichegru.Realimmediatelyreportedtomethisfact，andproposedthatMoreaushouldbearrested，sincetherumoursagainsthimseemedtobewellfounded;hehadpreviouslymadethesameproposition.Iatfirstrefusedmysanctiontothismeasure;butafterthechargemadeagainsthimbyBouvetdeLozier，howcouldIactotherwisethanIdid？CouldIsuffersuchopenconspiraciesagainsttheGovernment？CouldIdoubtthetruthofBouvetdeLozier’sdeclaration，underthecircumstancesinwhichitwasmade？CouldIforeseethathewoulddenyhisfirstdeclarationwhenbroughtbeforetheCourt？Therewasachainofcircumstanceswhichhumansagacitycouldnotpenetrate，andIconsentedtothearrestofMoreauwhenitwasprovedthathewasinleaguewithPichegru.HasnotEnglandsentassassins？\"——\"Sire，\"saidI，\"permitmetocalltoyourrecollectiontheconversationyouhadinmypresencewithMr.Fox，afterwhichyousaidtome，’Bourrienne，IamveryhappyathavingheardfromthemouthofamanofhonourthattheBritishGovernmentisincapableofseekingmylife;Ialwayswishtoesteemmyenemies.\"——\"Bah！youareafool！Parbleu！IdidnotsaythattheEnglishMinistersentoveranassassin，andthathesaidtohim，’Hereisgoldandaponiard;goandkilltheFirstConsul.’No，Ididnotbelievethat;butitcannotbedeniedthatallthoseforeignconspiratorsagainstmyGovernmentwereservingEngland，andreceivingpayfromthatpower.
HaveIagentsinLondontodisturbtheGovernmentofGreatBritain？
Ihavewagedwithithonourablewarfare;IhavenotattemptedtoawakenaremembranceoftheStuartsamongsttheiroldpartisans.IsnotWright，wholandedGeorgesandhisaccomplicesatDieppe，acaptainintheBritishnavy？Butrestassuredthat，withtheexceptionofafewbabblers，whomIcaneasilysilence，theheartsoftheFrenchpeoplearewithme;everywherepublicopinionhasbeendeclaredinmyfavour，sothatIhavenothingtoapprehendfromgivingthegreatestpublicitytotheseplots，andbringingtheaccusedtoasolemntrial.Thegreaternumberofthosegentlemenwishedmetobringtheprisonersbeforeamilitarycommission，thatsummaryjudgmentmightbeobtained;butI
refusedmyconsenttothismeasure.ItmighthavebeensaidthatI
dreadedpublicopinion;andIfearitnot.Peoplemaytalkasmuchastheyplease，wellandgood，Iamnotobligedtohearthem;butIdonotlikethosewhoareattachedtomypersontoblamewhatIhavedone.\"
AsIcouldnotwhollyconcealaninvoluntaryemotion，inwhichtheEmperorsawsomethingmorethanmeresurprise，hepaused，tookmebytheear，and，smilinginthemostaffectionatemanner，said，\"IhadnoreferencetoyouinwhatIsaid，butIhavetocomplainofLacuee.CouldyoubelievethatduringthetrialhewentaboutclamouringinbehalfofMoreau？He，myaidedecamp——amanwhooweseverythingtome！Asforyou，Ihavesaidthatyouactedverywellinthisaffair.\"——\"Iknownot，Sire，whathaseitherbeendoneorsaidbyLacuee，——whomIhavenotseenforalongtime;whatIsaidtoDurociswhathistoryteachesineverypage.\"——\"Bytheby，\"resumedtheEmperor，afterashortsilence，\"doyouknowthatitwasImyselfwhodiscoveredthatPichegruwasinParis.
Everyonesaidtome，PichegruisinParis;Fouche，Real，harpedonthesamestring，butcouldgivemenoproofoftheirassertion.’Whatafoolyouare，’saidItoReal，wheninaninstantyoumayascertainthefact.
Pichegruhasabrother，anagedecclesiastic，whoresidesinParis;lethisdwellingbesearched，andshouldhebeabsent，itwillwarrantasuspicionthatPichegruishere;if，onthecontrary，hisbrothershouldbeathome，lethimbearrested：heisasimple—mindedman，andinthefirstmomentsofagitationwillbetraythetruth.EverythinghappenedasIhadforeseen，fornosoonerwashearrestedthan，withoutwaitingtobequestioned，heinquiredifitwasacrimetohavereceivedhisbrotherintohishouse.Thuseverydoubtwasremoved，andamiscreantinthehouseinwhichPichegrulodgedbetrayedhimtothepolice.Whathorriddegradationtobetrayafriendforthesakeofgold.\"
ThenrevertingtoMoreau，theEmperortalkedagreatdealrespectingthatgeneral.\"Moreau，\"hesaid，\"possessesmanygoodqualities;hisbraveryisundoubted;buthehasmorecouragethanenergy;heisindolentandeffeminate.Whenwiththearmyhelivedlikeapasha;hesmoked，wasalmostconstantlyinbed，andgavehimselfuptothepleasuresofthetable.Hisdispositionsarenaturallygood;butheistooindolentforstudy;hedoesnotread，andsincehehasbeentiedtohiswife’sapronstringsisfitfornothing.Heseesonlywiththeeyesofhiswifeandhermother，whohavehadahandinalltheselateplots;andthen，Bourrienne，isitnotverystrangethatitwasbymyadvicethatheenteredintothisunion？IwastoldthatMademoiselleHulotwasacreole，andIbelievedthathewouldfindinherasecondJosephine;howgreatlywasImistaken！Itisthesewomenwhohaveestrangedusfromeachother，andIregretthatheshouldhaveactedsounworthily.YoumustremembermyobservingtoyoumorethantwoyearsagothatMoreauwouldonedayrunhisheadagainstthegateoftheTuileries;thathehasdonesowasnofaultofmine，foryouknowhowmuchIdidtosecurehisattachment.YoucannothaveforgottenthereceptionIgavehimatMalmaison.Onthe18thBrumaireIconferredonhimthechargeoftheLuxembourg，andinthatsituationhefullyjustifiedmy，choice.Butsincethatperiodhehasbehavedtowardsmewiththeutmostingratitude—
—enteredintoallthesillycabalaagainstme，blamedallmymeasures，andturnedintoridiculetheLegionofHonour.HavenotsomeoftheintriguersputitintohisheadthatIregardhimwithjealousy？Youmustbeawareofthat.YoumustalsoknowaswellasIhowanxiousthemembersoftheDirectoryweretoexaltthereputationofMoreau.AlarmedatmysuccessinItaly，theywishedtohaveinthearmiesageneraltoserveasacounterpoisetomyrenown.Ihaveascendedthethroneandheistheinmateofaprison！Youareawareoftheincessantclamouringraisedagainstmebythewholefamily，atwhichIconfessIwasverymuchdispleased;comingfromthosewhomIhadtreatedsowell！Hadheattachedhimselftome，IwoulddoubtlesshaveconferredonhimthetitleofFirstMarshaloftheEmpire;butwhatcouldIdo？Heconstantlydepreciatedmycampaignsandmygovernment.Fromdiscontenttorevoltthereisfrequentlyonlyonestep，especiallywhenamanofaweakcharacterbecomesthetoolofpopularclubs;andthereforewhenIwasfirstinformedthatMoreauwasimplicatedintheconspiracyofGeorgesI
believedhimtobeguilty，buthesitatedtoissueanorderforhisarresttillIhadtakentheopinionofmyCouncil.Themembershavingassembled，Iorderedthedifferentdocumentstobelaidbeforethem，withaninjunctiontoexaminethemwiththeutmostcare，sincetheyrelatedtoanaffairofimportance，andIurgedthemcandidlytoinformmewhether，intheiropinion，anyofthechargesagainstMoreauweresufficientlystrongtoendangerhislife.Thefools！theirreplywasintheaffirmative;Ibelievetheywereevenunanimous！ThenIhadnoalternativebuttosuffertheproceedingstotaketheircourse.Itisunnecessarytoaffirmtoyou，Bourrienne，thatMoreaunevershouldhaveperishedonascaffold！MostassuredlyIwouldhavepardonedhim;butwiththesentenceofdeathhangingoverhisheadhecouldnolongerhaveproveddangerous;andhisnamewouldhaveceasedtobearallying—pointfordisaffectedRepublicansorimbecileRoyalists.HadtheCouncilexpressedanydoubtsrespectinghisguiltIwouldhaveintimatedtohimthatthesuspicionsagainsthimweresostrongastorenderanyfurtherconnectionbetweenusimpossible;andthatthebestcoursehecouldpursuewouldbetoleaveFranceforthreeyears，underthepretextofvisitingsomeoftheplacesrenderedcelebratedduringthelatewars;butthatifhepreferredadiplomaticmissionIwouldmakeasuitableprovisionforhisexpenses;andthegreatinnovator，Time，mighteffectgreatchangesduringtheperiodofhisabsence.ButmyfoolishCouncilaffirmedtomethathisguilt，asaprincipal，beingevident，itwasabsolutelynecessarytobringhimtotrial;andnowhissentenceisonlythatofapickpocket.WhatthinkyouIoughttodo？Detainhim？Hemightstillprovearallying—point.No.Lethimsellhispropertyandquit？CanIconfinehimintheTemple？Itisfullenoughwithouthim.
Still，ifthishadbeentheonlygreaterrortheyhadledmetocommit——\"
\"Sire，howgreatlyyouhavebeendeceived.\"
\"Ohyes，Ihavebeenso;butIcannotseeeverythingwithmyowneyes.\"
Atthispartofourconversation，ofwhichIhavesuppressedmyownshareasmuchaspossible，IconceivedthatthelastwordsofBonapartealludedtothedeathoftheDucd’Enghien;andIfanciedhewasabouttomentionthateventbutheagainspokeofMoreau.