ThecarryingaboutofimagesinprocessionisanotherrelicofthereligionoftheGreeksandRomans，fortheyalsocarriedtheiridolsfromplacetoplace，inakindofchariot，whichwaspeculiarlydedicatedtothatuse，whichtheLatinscalledthensa，andvehiculumDeorum；andtheimagewasplacedinaframe，orshrine，whichtheycalledferculum。Andthatwhichtheycalledpompaisthesamethatnowisnamedprocession；accordingwhereunto，amongstthedivinehonourswhichweregiventoJuliusCaesarbytheSenate，thiswasone，thatinthepomp，orprocession，attheCircaeangames，heshouldhavethensametferculum，asacredchariotandashrine；whichwasasmuchastobecarriedupanddownasagod，justasatthisdaythepopesarecarriedbySwitzersunderacanopy。
Totheseprocessionsalsobelongedthebearingofburningtorchesandcandlesbeforetheimagesofthegods，bothamongsttheGreeksandRomans。ForafterwardstheemperorsofRomereceivedthesamehonor；
aswereadofCaligula，thatathisreceptiontotheEmpirehewascarriedfromMisenumtoRomeinthemidstofathrongofpeople，thewaysbesetwithaltars，andbeastsforsacrifice，andburningtorches；
andofCaracalla，thatwasreceivedintoAlexandriawithincense，andwithcastingofflowers，anddadouchiais，thatis，withtorches；
fordadochoiweretheythatamongsttheGreekscarriedtorcheslightedintheprocessionsoftheirgods。Andinprocessoftimethedevoutbutignorantpeopledidmanytimeshonourtheirbishopswiththelikepompofwaxcandles，andtheimagesofourSaviourandthesaints，constantly，inthechurchitself。Andthuscameintheuseofwaxcandlesandwasalsoestablishedbysomeoftheancientcouncils。
Theheathenshadalsotheiraqualustralis，thatistosay，holywater。TheChurchofRomeimitatesthemalsointheirholydays。
Theyhadtheirbacchanalia，andwehaveourwakes，answeringtothem；theytheirsaturnalia，andweourcarnivalsandShroveTuesday’slibertyofservants；theytheirprocessionofPriapus，weourfetchingin，erection，anddancingaboutMaypoles；anddancingisonekindofworship。TheyhadtheirprocessioncalledAmbarvalia，andweourprocessionaboutthefieldsintheRogationweek。NordoIthinkthatthesearealltheceremoniesthathavebeenleftintheChurch，fromthefirstconversionoftheGentiles，buttheyareallthatIcanforthepresentcalltomind。Andifamanwouldwellobservethatwhichisdeliveredinthehistories，concerningthereligiousritesoftheGreeksandRomans，IdoubtnotbuthemightfindmanymoreoftheseoldemptybottlesofGentilismwhichthedoctorsoftheRomanChurch，eitherbynegligenceorambition，havefilledupagainwiththenewwineofChristianity，thatwillnotfailintimetobreakthem。
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BYphilosophyisunderstoodtheknowledgeacquiredbyreasoning，fromthemannerofthegenerationofanything，totheproperties；orfromtheproperties，tosomepossiblewayofgenerationofthesame；
totheendtobeabletoproduce，asfarasmatterandhumanforcepermit，sucheffectsashumanliferequireth。Sothegeometrician，fromtheconstructionoffigures，findethoutmanypropertiesthereof；
andfromtheproperties，newwaysoftheirconstruction，byreasoning；
totheendtobeabletomeasurelandandwater；andforinfiniteotheruses。Sotheastronomer，fromtherising，setting，andmovingofthesunandstarsindiversepartsoftheheavens，findethoutthecausesofdayandnight，andofthedifferentseasonsoftheyear，wherebyhekeepethanaccountoftime；andthelikeofothersciences。
Bywhichdefinitionitisevidentthatwearenottoaccountasanypartthereofthatoriginalknowledgecalledexperience，inwhichconsistethprudence，becauseitisnotattainedbyreasoning，butfoundaswellinbrutebeastsasinman；andisbutamemoryofsuccessionsofeventsintimespast，whereintheomissionofeverylittlecircumstance，alteringtheeffectfrustrateththeexpectationofthemostprudent：whereasnothingisproducedbyreasoningaright，butgeneral，eternal，andimmutabletruth。
Norarewethereforetogivethatnametoanyfalseconclusions；forhethatreasonetharightinwordsheunderstandethcanneverconcludeanerror：
Nortothatwhichanymanknowsbysupernaturalrevelation；
becauseitisnotacquiredbyreasoning：
Northatwhichisgottenbyreasoningfromtheauthorityofbooks；
becauseitisnotbyreasoningfromthecausetotheeffect，norfromtheeffecttothecause；andisnotknowledge，butfaith。
Thefacultyofreasoningbeingconsequenttotheuseofspeech，itwasnotpossiblebutthatthereshouldhavebeensomegeneraltruthsfoundoutbyreasoning，asancientalmostaslanguageitself。ThesavagesofAmericaarenotwithoutsomegoodmoralsentences；alsotheyhavealittlearithmetic，toaddanddivideinnumbersnottoogreat；buttheyarenotthereforephilosophers。Forastherewereplantsofcornandwineinsmallquantitydispersedinthefieldsandwoods，beforemenknewtheirvirtue，ormadeuseofthemfortheirnourishment，orplantedthemapartinfieldsandvineyards；inwhichtimetheyfedonacornsanddrankwater：soalsotherehavebeendiversetrue，general，andprofitablespeculationsfromthebeginning，asbeingthenaturalplantsofhumanreason。Buttheywereatfirstbutfewinnumber；menlivedupongrossexperience；therewasnomethod；thatistosay，nosowingnorplantingofknowledgebyitself，apartfromtheweedsandcommonplantsoferrorandconjecture。Andthecauseofitbeingthewantofleisurefromprocuringthenecessitiesoflife，anddefendingthemselvesagainsttheirneighbours，itwasimpossible，tilltheerectingofgreatCommonwealths，itshouldbeotherwise。Leisureisthemotherofphilosophy；andCommonwealth，themotherofpeaceandleisure。Wherefirstweregreatandflourishingcities，therewasfirstthestudyofphilosophy。TheGymnosophistsofIndia，theMagiofPersia，andthePriestsofChaldaeaandEgyptarecountedthemostancientphilosophers；andthosecountrieswerethemostancientofkingdoms。
PhilosophywasnotrisentotheGreciansandotherpeopleoftheWest，whoseCommonwealths，nogreaterperhapsthanLuccaorGeneva，hadneverpeacebutwhentheirfearsofoneanotherwereequal；northeleisuretoobserveanythingbutoneanother。Atlength，whenwarhadunitedmanyoftheseGrecianlessercitiesintofewerandgreater，thenbegansevenmen，ofseveralpartsofGreece，togetthereputationofbeingwise；someofthemformoralandpoliticsentences，andothersforthelearningoftheChaldaeansandEgyptians，whichwasastronomyandgeometry。Butwehearnotyetofanyschoolsofphilosophy。
AftertheAthenians，bytheoverthrowofthePersianarmies，hadgottenthedominionofthesea；andthereby，ofalltheislandsandmaritimecitiesofthearchipelago，aswellofAsiaasEurope；andweregrownwealthy；theythathadnoemployment，neitherathomenorabroad，hadlittleelsetoemploythemselvesinbuteither，asSt。
Lukesays，“intellingandhearingnews，“*orindiscoursingofphilosophypubliclytotheyouthofthecity。Everymastertooksomeplaceforthatpurpose：Plato，incertainpublicwalkscalledAcademia，fromoneAcademus；AristotleinthewalkofthetempleofPan，calledLycaeum；othersintheStoa，orcoveredwalk，whereinthemerchants’goodswerebroughttoland；othersinotherplaces，wheretheyspentthetimeoftheirleisureinteachingorindisputingoftheiropinions；andsomeinanyplacewheretheycouldgettheyouthofthecitytogethertohearthemtalk。AndthiswasitwhichCarneadesalsodidatRome，whenhewasambassador，whichcausedCatotoadvisetheSenatetodispatchhimquickly，forfearofcorruptingthemannersoftheyoungmenthatdelightedtohearhimspeak，astheythought，finethings。
Fromthisitwasthattheplacewhereanyofthemtaughtanddisputedwascalledschola，whichintheirtonguesignifiethleisure；andtheirdisputations，diatribae，thatistosay，passingofthetime。Alsothephilosophersthemselveshadthenameoftheirsects，someofthem，fromthesetheirschools：fortheythatfollowedPlato’sdoctrinewerecalledAcademics；thefollowersofAristotle，Peripatetics，fromthewalkhetaughtin；andthosethatZenotaught，Stoics，fromtheStoa：asifweshoulddenominatemenfromMore-fields，fromPaul’sChurch，andfromtheExchange，becausetheymeetthereoftentoprateandloiter。
Nevertheless，menweresomuchtakenwiththiscustom，thatintimeitspreaditselfoverallEurope，andthebestpartofAfrica；soastherewereschools，publiclyerectedandmaintained，forlecturesanddisputations，almostineveryCommonwealth。
Therewerealsoschools，anciently，bothbeforeandafterthetimeofourSaviour，amongsttheJews：buttheywereschoolsoftheirlaw。Forthoughtheywerecalledsynagogues，thatistosay，congregationsofthepeople；yet，inasmuchasthelawwaseverySabbathdayread，expounded，anddisputedinthem，theydifferednotinnature，butinnameonly，frompublicschools；andwerenotonlyinJerusalem，butineverycityoftheGentileswheretheJewsinhabited。
TherewassuchaschoolatDamascus，whereintoPaulentered，topersecute。TherewereothersatAntioch，IconiumandThessalonica，whereintoheentered，todispute。AndsuchwasthesynagogueoftheLibertines，Cyrenians，Alexandrians，Cilicians，andthoseofAsia；
thatistosay，theschoolofLibertines，andofJews，thatwerestrangersinJerusalem：andofthisschooltheywerethatdisputedwithSt。Stephen。*