andthereforethatplaceproveththatbishopsineveryChristianCommonwealthhavetheirauthorityfromthecivilsovereign；andfromthePopeinhisownterritoriesonly，andnotintheterritoriesofanyotherstate。
Thesecondargumentisfromthenatureofmonarchy，whereinallauthorityisinoneman，andinothersbyderivationfromhim。ButthegovernmentoftheChurch，hesays，ismonarchical。ThisalsomakesforChristianmonarchs。Fortheyarereallymonarchsoftheirownpeople；thatis，oftheirownChurchfortheChurchisthesamethingwithaChristianpeople；whereasthepowerofthePope，thoughhewereSt。Peter，isneithermonarchy，norhathanythingofarchicalnorcratical，butonlyofdidactical；forGodacceptethnotaforced，butawillingobedience。
ThethirdisfromthattheSeeofSt。PeteriscalledbySt。
Cyprian，thehead，thesource，theroot，thesun，fromwhencetheauthorityofbishopsisderived。Butbythelawofnature，whichisabetterprincipleofrightandwrongthanthewordofanydoctorthatisbutaman，thecivilsovereignineveryCommonwealthisthehead，thesource，theroot，andthesun，fromwhichalljurisdictionisderived。Andthereforethejurisdictionofbishopsisderivedfromthecivilsovereign。
Thefourthistakenfromtheinequalityoftheirjurisdictions：
forifGod，saithhe，hadgivenitthemimmediately，Hehadgivenaswellequalityofjurisdiction，asoforder：butweseesomearebishopsbutofonetown，someofahundredtowns，andsomeofmanywholeprovinces；whichdifferenceswerenotdeterminedbythecommandofGod：theirjurisdictionthereforeisnotofGod，butofman：andonehasagreater，anotheraless，asitpleaseththePrinceoftheChurch。Whichargument，ifhehadprovedbeforethatthePopehadhadauniversaljurisdictionoverallChristians，hadbeenforhispurpose。Butseeingthathathnotbeenproved，andthatitisnotoriouslyknownthelargejurisdictionofthePopewasgivenhimbythosethathadit，thatis，bytheemperorsofRomeforthePatriarchofConstantinople，uponthesametitle，namely，ofbeingbishopofthecapitalcityoftheEmpire，andseatoftheemperor，claimedtobeequaltohim，itfolloweththatallotherbishopshavetheirjurisdictionfromthesovereignsoftheplacewhereintheyexercisethesame：andasforthatcausetheyhavenottheirauthoritydejuredivino；soneitherhaththePopehisdejuredivino，exceptonlywhereheisalsothecivilsovereign。
Hisfifthargumentisthis：“IfbishopshavetheirjurisdictionimmediatelyfromGod，thePopecouldnottakeitfromthem，forhecandonothingcontrarytoGod’sordination“；andthisconsequenceisgoodandwellproved。“But，“saithhe，“thePopecandothis，andhasdoneit。“Thisalsoisgranted，sohedoitinhisowndominions，orinthedominionsofanyotherprincethathathgivenhimthatpower；
butnotuniversally，inrightofthepopedom：forthatpowerbelongethtoeveryChristiansovereign，withintheboundsofhisownempire，andisinseparablefromthesovereignty。BeforethepeopleofIsraelhad，bythecommandmentofGodtoSamuel，setoverthemselvesaking，afterthemannerofothernations，thehighpriesthadthecivilgovernment；andnonebuthecouldmakenordeposeaninferiorpriest。Butthatpowerwasafterwardsintheking，asmaybeprovedbythissameargumentofBellarmine；forifthepriest，behethehighpriestoranyother，hadhisjurisdictionimmediatelyfromGod，thenthekingcouldnottakeitfromhim；forhecoulddonothingcontrarytoGod’sordinance。ButitiscertainthatKingSolomondeprivedAbiatharthehighpriestofhisoffice，*andplacedZadokinhisroom。*2Kingsthereforemayinthelikemannerordainanddeprivebishops，astheyshallthinkfit，forthewellgoverningoftheirsubjects。
5
Hissixthargumentisthis：ifbishopshavetheirjurisdictiondejuredivino，thatis，immediatelyfromGod，theythatmaintainitshouldbringsomewordofGodtoproveit：buttheycanbringnone。
Theargumentisgood；Ihavethereforenothingtosayagainstit。
ButitisanargumentnolessgoodtoprovethePopehimselftohavenojurisdictioninthedominionofanyotherprince。
Lastly，hebringethforargumentthetestimonyoftwoPopes，InnocentandLeo；andIdoubtnotbuthemighthavealleged，withasgoodreason，thetestimoniesofallthePopesalmostsinceSt。
Peter：for，consideringtheloveofpowernaturallyimplantedinmankind，whosoeverweremadePope，hewouldbetemptedtoupholdthesameopinion。Nevertheless，theyshouldthereinbutdoasInnocentandLeodid，bearwitnessofthemselves，andthereforetheirwitnessshouldnotbegood。
Inthefifthbookhehathfourconclusions。ThefirstisthatthePopeisnotlordofalltheworld；thesecond，thatthePopeisnotlordofalltheChristianworld；thethird，thatthePope，withouthisownterritory，hasnotanytemporaljurisdictiondirectly。Thesethreeconclusionsareeasilygranted。ThefourthisthatthePopehas，inthedominionsofotherprinces，thesupremetemporalpowerindirectly：
whichisdenied；unlesshemeanbyindirectlythathehasgottenitbyindirectmeans，thenisthatalsogranted。ButIunderstandthatwhenhesaithhehathitindirectly，hemeansthatsuchtemporaljurisdictionbelongethtohimofright，butthatthisrightisbutaconsequenceofhispastoralauthority，thewhichhecouldnotexercise，unlesshehavetheotherwithit：andthereforetothepastoralpower，whichhecallsspiritual，thesupremepowercivilisnecessarilyannexed；andthattherebyhehatharighttochangekingdoms，givingthemtoone，andtakingthemfromanother，whenheshallthinkitconducestothesalvationofsouls。
BeforeIcometoconsidertheargumentsbywhichhewouldprovethisdoctrine，itwillnotbeamisstolayopentheconsequencesofit，thatprincesandstatesthathavethecivilsovereigntyintheirseveralCommonwealthsmaybethinkthemselveswhetheritbeconvenientforthem，andconducingtothegoodoftheirsubjectsofwhomtheyaretogiveanaccountatthedayofjudgement，toadmitthesame。
WhenitissaidthePopehathnot，intheterritoriesofotherstates，thesupremecivilpowerdirectly，wearetounderstandhedothnotchallengeit，asothercivilsovereignsdo，fromtheoriginalsubmissiontheretoofthosethataretobegoverned。Foritisevident，andhasalreadybeensufficientlyinthistreatisedemonstrated，thattherightofallsovereignsisderivedoriginallyfromtheconsentofeveryoneofthosethataretobegoverned；
whethertheythatchoosehimdoitforitfortheircommondefenceagainstanenemy，aswhentheyagreeamongstthemselvestoappointamanoranassemblyofmentoprotectthem，orwhethertheydoittosavetheirlives，bysubmissiontoaconqueringenemy。ThePopetherefore，whenhedisclaimeththesupremecivilpoweroverotherstatesdirectly，deniethnomorebutthathisrightcomethtohimbythatway；heceasethnotforallthattoclaimitanotherway；andthatis，withouttheconsentofthemthataretobegoverned，byarightgivenhimbyGod，whichhecallethindirectly，inhisassumptiontothepapacy。Butbywhatwaysoeverhepretend，thepoweristhesame；andhemay，ifitbegrantedtobehisright，deposeprincesandstates，asoftenasitisforthesalvationofsouls，thatis，asoftenashewill：forheclaimethalsothesolepowertojudgewhetheritbetothesalvationofmen’ssouls，ornot。Andthisisthedoctrine，notonlythatBellarminehere，andmanyotherdoctorsteachintheirsermonsandbooks，butalsothatsomecouncilshavedecreed，andthePopeshaveaccordingly，whentheoccasionhathservedthem，putinpractice。ForthefourthcouncilofLateran，heldunderPopeInnocenttheThirdinthethirdChapter，DeHaereticis，haththiscanon：“Ifaking，atthePope’sadmonition，donotpurgehiskingdomofheretics，andbeingexcommunicateforthesame，makenotsatisfactionwithinayear，hissubjectsareabsolvedoftheirobedience。“Andthepracticehereofhathbeenseenondiverseoccasions：asinthedeposingofChilderic，KingofFrance；inthetranslationoftheRomanEmpiretoCharlemagne；intheoppressionofJohn，KingofEngland；intransferringthekingdomofNavarre；andoflateyears，intheleagueagainstHenrytheThirdofFrance，andinmanymoreoccurrences。Ithinktherebefewprincesthatconsidernotthisasunjustandinconvenient；butIwishtheywouldallresolvetobekingsorsubjects。Mencannotservetwomasters。Theyoughtthereforetoeasethem，eitherbyholdingthereinsofgovernmentwhollyintheirownhands，orbywhollydeliveringthemintothehandsofthePope，thatsuchmenasarewillingtobeobedientmaybeprotectedintheirobedience。Forthisdistinctionoftemporalandspiritualpowerisbutwords。Powerisasreallydivided，andasdangerouslytoallpurposes，bysharingwithanotherindirectpower，aswithadirectone。Buttocomenowtohisarguments。
Thefirstisthis，“Thecivilpowerissubjecttothespiritual：
thereforehethathaththesupremepowerspiritualhathrighttocommandtemporalprinces，anddisposeoftheirtemporalsinordertothespiritual。“Asforthedistinctionoftemporalandspiritual，letusconsiderinwhatsenseitmaybesaidintelligiblythatthetemporalorcivilpowerissubjecttothespiritual。Therebebuttwowaysthatthosewordscanbemadesense。Forwhenwesayonepowerissubjecttoanotherpower，themeaningeitheristhathewhichhaththeoneissubjecttohimthathaththeother；orthattheonepoweristotheotherasthemeanstotheend。Forwecannotunderstandthatonepowerhathpoweroveranotherpower；orthatonepowercanhaverightorcommandoveranother：forsubjection，command，right，andpowerareaccidents，notofpowers，butofpersons。Onepowermaybesubordinatetoanother，astheartofasaddlertotheartofarider。Ifthenitbegrantedthatthecivilgovernmentbeordainedasameanstobringustoaspiritualfelicity，yetitdoesnotfollowthatifakinghavethecivilpower，andthePopethespiritual，thatthereforethekingisboundtoobeythePope，morethaneverysaddlerisboundtoobeyeveryrider。Thereforeasfromsubordinationofanartcannotbeinferredthesubjectionoftheprofessor；sofromthesubordinationofagovernmentcannotbeinferredthesubjectionofthegovernor。Whenthereforehesaiththecivilpowerissubjecttothespiritual，hismeaningisthatthecivilsovereignissubjecttothespiritualsovereign。Andtheargumentstandsthus：thecivilsovereignissubjecttothespiritual；
thereforethespiritualprincemaycommandtemporalprinces，wheretheconclusionisthesamewiththeantecedentheshouldhaveproved。
Buttoproveit，heallegethfirst，thisreason，“Kingsandpopes，clergyandlaity，makebutoneCommonwealth；thatistosay，butoneChurch：andinallbodiesthemembersdependoneuponanother：butthingsspiritualdependnotofthingstemporal：thereforetemporaldependonspiritual，andthereforearesubjecttothem。“Inwhichargumentationtherebetwogrosserrors：oneisthatallChristiankings，popes，clergy，andallotherChristianmenmakebutoneCommonwealth：foritisevidentthatFranceisoneCommonwealth，Spainanother，andVeniceathird，etc。AndtheseconsistofChristians，andthereforealsoareseveralbodiesofChristians；thatistosay，severalchurches：andtheirseveralsovereignsrepresentthem，wherebytheyarecapableofcommandingandobeying，ofdoingandsuffering，asanaturalman；whichnogeneraloruniversalChurchis，tillithavearepresentant，whichithathnotonearth：forifithad，thereisnodoubtbutthatallChristendomwereoneCommonwealth，whosesovereignwerethatrepresentant，bothinthingsspiritualandtemporal：andthePope，tomakehimselfthisrepresentant，wanteththreethingsthatourSaviourhathnotgivenhim，tocommand，andtojudge，andtopunish，otherwisethan，byexcommunication，torunfromthosethatwillnotlearnofhim：forthoughthePopewereChrist’sonlyvicar，yethecannotexercisehisgovernmenttillourSaviour’ssecondcoming：andthenalsoitisnotthePope，butSt。