Sixthly，whereastocertainactionstherebeannexedbynaturediversehurtfulconsequences；aswhenamaninassaultinganotherishimselfslainorwounded；orwhenhefallethintosicknessbythedoingofsomeunlawfulact；suchhurt，thoughinrespectofGod，whoistheauthorofnature，itmaybesaidtobeinflicted，andthereforeapunishmentdivine；yetitisnotcontainedinthenameofpunishmentinrespectofmen，becauseitisnotinflictedbytheauthorityofman。
Seventhly，iftheharminflictedbelessthanthebenefitofcontentmentthatnaturallyfolloweththecrimecommitted，thatharmisnotwithinthedefinitionandisratherthepriceorredemptionthanthepunishmentofacrime：becauseitisofthenatureofpunishmenttohaveforendthedisposingofmentoobeythelaw；whichendifitbelessthanthebenefitofthetransgressionitattainethnot，butworkethacontraryeffect。
Eighthly，ifapunishmentbedeterminedandprescribedinthelawitself，andafterthecrimecommittedtherebeagreaterpunishmentinflicted，theexcessisnotpunishment，butanactofhostility。
Forseeingtheaimofpunishmentisnotarevenge，butterror；andtheterrorofagreatpunishmentunknownistakenawaybythedeclarationofaless，theunexpectedadditionisnopartofthepunishment。Butwherethereisnopunishmentatalldeterminedbythelaw，therewhatsoeverisinflictedhaththenatureofpunishment。Forhethatgoesabouttheviolationofalaw，whereinnopenaltyisdetermined，expectethanindeterminate，thatistosay，anarbitrarypunishment。
Ninthly，harminflictedforafactdonebeforetherewasalawthatforbadeitisnotpunishment，butanactofhostility：forbeforethelaw，thereisnotransgressionofthelaw：butpunishmentsupposethafactjudgedtohavebeenatransgressionofthelaw；
thereforeharminflictedbeforethelawmadeisnotpunishment，butanactofhostility。
Tenthly，hurtinflictedontherepresentativeoftheCommonwealthisnotpunishment，butanactofhostility：becauseitisofthenatureofpunishmenttobeinflictedbypublicauthority，whichistheauthorityonlyoftherepresentativeitself。
Lastly，harminflictedupononethatisadeclaredenemyfallsnotunderthenameofpunishment：becauseseeingtheywereeitherneversubjecttothelaw，andthereforecannottransgressit；orhavingbeensubjecttoit，andprofessingtobenolongerso，byconsequencedenytheycantransgressit，alltheharmsthatcanbedonethemmustbetakenasactsofhostility。Butindeclaredhostilityallinflictionofevilislawful。FromwhenceitfolloweththatifasubjectshallbyfactorwordwittinglyanddeliberatelydenytheauthorityoftherepresentativeoftheCommonwealthwhatsoeverpenaltyhathbeenformerlyordainedfortreason，hemaylawfullybemadetosufferwhatsoevertherepresentativewill：forindenyingsubjection，hedeniessuchpunishmentasbythelawhathbeenordained，andthereforesuffersasanenemyoftheCommonwealth；
thatis，accordingtothewilloftherepresentative。Forthepunishmentssetdowninthelawaretosubjects，nottoenemies；
suchasaretheythat，havingbeenbytheirownactsubjects，deliberatelyrevolting，denythesovereignpower。
Thefirstandmostgeneraldistributionofpunishmentsisintodivineandhuman。OftheformerIshallhaveoccasiontospeakinamoreconvenientplacehereafter。
Humanarethosepunishmentsthatbeinflictedbythecommandmentofman；andareeithercorporal，orpecuniary，orignominy，orimprisonment，orexile，ormixedofthese。
Corporalpunishmentisthatwhichisinflictedonthebodydirectly，andaccordingtotheintentionofhimthatinflictethit：suchasarestripes，orwounds，ordeprivationofsuchpleasuresofthebodyaswerebeforelawfullyenjoyed。
Andofthese，somebecapital，somelessthancapital。Capitalistheinflictionofdeath；andthateithersimplyorwithtorment。
Lessthancapitalarestripes，wounds，chains，andanyothercorporalpainnotinitsownnaturemortal。Forifupontheinflictionofapunishmentdeathfollow，notintheintentionoftheinflicter，thepunishmentisnottobeesteemedcapital，thoughtheharmprovemortalbyanaccidentnottobeforeseen；inwhichcasedeathisnotinflicted，buthastened。
Pecuniarypunishmentisthatwhichconsistethnotonlyinthedeprivationofasumofmoney，butalsooflands，oranyothergoodswhichareusuallyboughtandsoldformoney。Andincasethelawthatordainethsuchapunishmentbemadewithdesigntogathermoneyfromsuchasshalltransgressthesame，itisnotproperlyapunishment，butthepriceofprivilegeandexemptionfromthelaw，whichdothnotabsolutelyforbidthefactbutonlytothosethatarenotabletopaythemoney：exceptwherethelawisnatural，orpartofreligion；forinthatcaseitisnotanexemptionfromthelaw，butatransgressionofit。AswherealawexactethapecuniarymulctofthemthattakethenameofGodinvain，thepaymentofthemulctisnotthepriceofadispensationtoswear，butthepunishmentofthetransgressionofalawindispensable。Inlikemannerifthelawimposeasumofmoneytobepaidtohimthathasbeeninjured，thisisbutasatisfactionforthehurtdonehim，andextinguisheththeaccusationofthepartyinjured，notthecrimeoftheoffender。
Ignominyistheinflictionofsuchevilasismadedishonourable；orthedeprivationofsuchgoodasismadehonourablebytheCommonwealth。Fortherebesomethingshonourablebynature；astheeffectsofcourage，magnanimity，strength，wisdom，andotherabilitiesofbodyandmind：othersmadehonourablebytheCommonwealth；asbadges，titles，offices，oranyothersingularmarkofthesovereignsfavour。Theformer，thoughtheymayfailbynatureoraccident，cannotbetakenawaybyalaw；andthereforethelossofthemisnotpunishment。Butthelattermaybetakenawaybythepublicauthoritythatmadethemhonourable，andareproperlypunishments：
suchare，degradingmencondemned，oftheirbadges，titles，andoffices；ordeclaringthemincapableofthelikeintimetocome。
Imprisonmentiswhenamanisbypublicauthoritydeprivedofliberty，andmayhappenfromtwodiverseends；whereofoneisthesafecustodyofamanaccused；theotheristheinflictingofpainonamancondemned。Theformerisnotpunishment，becausenomanissupposedtobepunishedbeforehebejudiciallyheardanddeclaredguilty。Andthereforewhatsoeverhurtamanismadetosufferbybondsorrestraintbeforehiscausebeheard，overandabovethatwhichisnecessarytoassurehiscustody，isagainstthelawofnature。Butthelatterispunishmentbecauseevil，andinflictedbypublicauthorityforsomewhatthathasbythesameauthoritybeenjudgedatransgressionofthelaw。Underthiswordimprisonment，Icomprehendallrestraintofmotioncausedbyanexternalobstacle，beitahouse，whichiscalledbythegeneralnameofaprison；oranisland，aswhenmenaresaidtobeconfinedtoit；oraplacewheremenaresettowork，asinoldtimemenhavebeencondemnedtoquarries，andinthesetimestogalleys；orbeitachainoranyothersuchimpediment。
ExilebanishmentiswhenamanisforacrimecondemnedtodepartoutofthedominionoftheCommonwealth，oroutofacertainpartthereof，andduringaprefixedtime，orforever，nottoreturnintoit；andseemethnotinitsownnature，withoutothercircumstances，tobeapunishment，butratheranescape，orapubliccommandmenttoavoidpunishmentbyflight。AndCicerosaystherewasneveranysuchpunishmentordainedinthecityofRome；butcallsitarefugeofmenindanger。Forifamanbanishedbeneverthelesspermittedtoenjoyhisgoods，andtherevenueofhislands，themerechangeofairisnopunishment；nordoesittendtothatbenefitoftheCommonwealthforwhichallpunishmentsareordained，thatistosay，totheformingofmen’swillstotheobservationofthelaw；
butmanytimestothedamageoftheCommonwealth。ForabanishedmanisalawfulenemyoftheCommonwealththatbanishedhim，asbeingnomoreamemberofthesame。Butifhebewithaldeprivedofhislands，orgoods，thenthepunishmentliethnotintheexile，butistobereckonedamongstpunishmentspecuniary。
Allpunishmentsofinnocentsubjects，betheygreatorlittle，areagainstthelawofnature：forpunishmentisonlyfortransgressionofthelaw，andthereforetherecanbenopunishmentoftheinnocent。
Itisthereforeaviolation，first，ofthatlawofnaturewhichforbiddethallmen，intheirrevenges，tolookatanythingbutsomefuturegood：fortherecanarrivenogoodtotheCommonwealthbypunishingtheinnocent。Secondly，ofthatwhichforbiddethingratitude：forseeingallsovereignpowerisoriginallygivenbytheconsentofeveryoneofthesubjects，totheendtheyshouldaslongastheyareobedientbeprotectedthereby，thepunishmentoftheinnocentisarenderingofevilforgood。Andthirdly，ofthelawthatcommandethequity；thatistosay，anequaldistributionofjustice，whichinpunishingtheinnocentisnotobserved。
Buttheinflictionofwhatevilsoeveronaninnocentmanthatisnotasubject，ifitbeforthebenefitoftheCommonwealth，andwithoutviolationofanyformercovenant，isnobreachofthelawofnature。Forallmenthatarenotsubjectsareeitherenemies，orelsetheyhaveceasedfrombeingsobysomeprecedentcovenants。Butagainstenemies，whomtheCommonwealthjudgethcapabletodothemhurt，itislawfulbytheoriginalrightofnaturetomakewar；
whereintheswordjudgethnot，nordoththevictormakedistinctionofnocentandinnocentastothetimepast，norhasotherrespectofmercythanasitconducethtothegoodofhisownpeople。AnduponthisgrounditisthatalsoinsubjectswhodeliberatelydenytheauthorityoftheCommonwealthestablished，thevengeanceislawfullyextended，notonlytothefathers，butalsotothethirdandfourthgenerationnotyetinbeing，andconsequentlyinnocentofthefactforwhichtheyareafflicted：becausethenatureofthisoffenceconsistethintherenouncingofsubjection，whichisarelapseintotheconditionofwarcommonlycalledrebellion；andtheythatsooffend，suffernotassubjects，butasenemies。Forrebellionisbutwarrenewed。
Rewardiseitherofgiftorbycontract。Whenbycontract，itiscalledsalaryandwages；whichisbenefitdueforserviceperformedorpromised。Whenofgift，itisbenefitproceedingfromthegraceofthemthatbestowit，toencourageorenablementodothemservice。
AndthereforewhenthesovereignofaCommonwealthappointethasalarytoanypublicoffice，hethatreceivethitisboundinjusticetoperformhisoffice；otherwise，heisboundonlyinhonourtoacknowledgementandanendeavourofrequital。Forthoughmenhavenolawfulremedywhentheybecommandedtoquittheirprivatebusinesstoservethepublic，withoutrewardorsalary，yettheyarenotboundtheretobythelawofnature，norbytheinstitutionoftheCommonwealth，unlesstheservicecannototherwisebedone；becauseitissupposedthesovereignmaymakeuseofalltheirmeans，insomuchasthemostcommonsoldiermaydemandthewagesofhiswarfareasadebt。