whichisdonetwoways：bysolebuying，andsoleselling，bothathomeandabroad。Sothattogranttoacompanyofmerchantstobeacorporation，orbodypolitic，istograntthemadoublemonopoly，whereofoneistobesolebuyers；anothertobesolesellers。Forwhenthereisacompanyincorporateforanyparticularforeigncountry，theyonlyexportthecommoditiesvendibleinthatcountry；whichissolebuyingathome，andsolesellingabroad。Forathomethereisbutonebuyer，andabroadbutonethatselleth；bothwhichisgainfultothemerchant，becausetherebytheybuyathomeatlower，andsellabroadathigher，rates：andabroadthereisbutonebuyerofforeignmerchandise，andbutonethatsellsthemathome，bothwhichagainaregainfultotheadventurers。
Ofthisdoublemonopolyonepartisdisadvantageoustothepeopleathome，theothertoforeigners。Forathomebytheirsoleexportationtheysetwhatpricetheypleaseonthehusbandryandhandiworksofthepeople，andbythesoleimportation，whatpricetheypleaseonallforeigncommoditiesthepeoplehaveneedof，bothwhichareillforthepeople。Onthecontrary，bythesolesellingofthenativecommoditiesabroad，andsolebuyingtheforeigncommoditiesupontheplace，theyraisethepriceofthose，andabatethepriceofthese，tothedisadvantageoftheforeigner：forwherebutoneselleth，themerchandiseisthedearer；andwherebutonebuyeth，thecheaper：suchcorporationsthereforearenootherthanmonopolies，thoughtheywouldbeveryprofitableforaCommonwealth，if，beingboundupintoonebodyinforeignmarkets，theywereatlibertyathome，everymantobuyandsellatwhatpricehecould。
Theendthenofthesebodiesofmerchants，beingnotacommonbenefittothewholebodywhichhaveinthiscasenocommonstock，butwhatisdeductedoutoftheparticularadventures，forbuilding，buying，victuallingandmanningofships，buttheparticulargainofeveryadventurer，itisreasonthateveryonebeacquaintedwiththeemploymentofhisown；thatis，thateveryonebeoftheassemblythatshallhavethepowertoorderthesame；andbeacquaintedwiththeiraccounts。Andthereforetherepresentativeofsuchabodymustbeanassembly，whereeverymemberofthebodymaybepresentattheconsultations，ifhewill。
Ifabodypoliticofmerchantscontractadebttoastrangerbytheactoftheirrepresentativeassembly，everymemberisliablebyhimselfforthewhole。Forastrangercantakenonoticeoftheirprivatelaws，butconsidereththemassomanyparticularmen，obligedeveryonetothewholepayment，tillpaymentmadebyonedischargethalltherest：butifthedebtbetooneofthecompany，thecreditorisdebtorforthewholetohimself，andcannotthereforedemandhisdebt，butonlyfromthecommonstock，iftherebeany。
IftheCommonwealthimposeataxuponthebody，itisunderstoodtobelaiduponeverymemberproportionablytohisparticularadventureinthecompany。Forthereisinthiscasenoothercommonstock，butwhatismadeoftheirparticularadventures。
Ifamulctbelaiduponthebodyforsomeunlawfulact，theyonlyareliablebywhosevotestheactwasdecreed，orbywhoseassistanceitwasexecuted；forinnoneoftherestisthereanyothercrimebutbeingofthebody；which，ifacrime，becausethebodywasordainedbytheauthorityoftheCommonwealth，isnothis。
Ifoneofthemembersbeindebtedtothebody，hemaybesuedbythebody，buthisgoodscannotbetaken，norhispersonimprisonedbytheauthorityofthebody；butonlybyauthorityoftheCommonwealth：fortheycandoitbytheirownauthority，theycanbytheirownauthoritygivejudgementthatthedebtisdue；whichisasmuchastobejudgeintheirowncause。
Thesebodiesmadeforthegovernmentofmen，oroftraffic，beeitherperpetual，orforatimeprescribedbywriting。Buttherebebodiesalsowhosetimesarelimited，andthatonlybythenatureoftheirbusiness。Forexample，ifasovereignmonarch，orasovereignassembly，shallthinkfittogivecommandtothetownsandotherseveralpartsoftheirterritorytosendtohimtheirdeputiestoinformhimoftheconditionandnecessitiesofthesubjects，ortoadvisewithhimforthemakingofgoodlaws，orforanyothercause，aswithonepersonrepresentingthewholecountry，suchdeputies，havingaplaceandtimeofmeetingassignedthem，arethere，andatthattime，abodypolitic，representingeverysubjectofthatdominion；butitisonlyforsuchmattersasshallbepropoundeduntothembythatman，orassembly，thatbythesovereignauthoritysentforthem；andwhenitshallbedeclaredthatnothingmoreshallbepropounded，nordebatedbythem，thebodyisdissolved。Foriftheyweretheabsoluterepresentativeofthepeople，thenwereitthesovereignassembly；andsotherewouldbetwosovereignassemblies，ortwosovereigns，overthesamepeople；whichcannotconsistwiththeirpeace。Andthereforewherethereisonceasovereignty，therecanbenoabsoluterepresentationofthepeople，butbyit。Andforthelimitsofhowfarsuchabodyshallrepresentthewholepeople，theyaresetforthinthewritingbywhichtheyweresentfor。Forthepeoplecannotchoosetheirdeputiestootherintentthanisinthewritingdirectedtothemfromtheirsovereignexpressed。
Privatebodiesregularandlawfularethosethatareconstitutedwithoutletters，orotherwrittenauthority，savingthelawscommontoallothersubjects。Andbecausetheybeunitedinonepersonrepresentative，theyareheldforregular；suchasareallfamilies，inwhichthefatherormasterordereththewholefamily。Forheobligethhischildren，andservants，asfarasthelawpermitteth，thoughnotfurther，becausenoneofthemareboundtoobedienceinthoseactionswhichthelawhathforbiddentobedone。Inallotheractions，duringthetimetheyareunderdomesticgovernment，theyaresubjecttotheirfathersandmasters，astotheirimmediatesovereigns。ForthefatherandmasterbeingbeforetheinstitutionofCommonwealthabsolutesovereignsintheirownfamilies，theyloseafterwardnomoreoftheirauthoritythanthelawoftheCommonwealthtakethfromthem。
Privatebodiesregular，butunlawful，arethosethatunitethemselvesintoonepersonrepresentative，withoutanypublicauthorityatall；suchasarethecorporationsofbeggars，thievesandgipsies，thebettertoordertheirtradeofbeggingandstealing；
andthecorporationsofmenthatbyauthorityfromanyforeignpersonthemselvesinanother’sdominion，fortheeasierpropagationofdoctrines，andformakingapartyagainstthepoweroftheCommonwealth。
Irregularsystems，intheirnaturebutleagues，orsometimesmereconcourseofpeoplewithoutuniontoanyparticulardesign，notbyobligationofonetoanother，butproceedingonlyfromasimilitudeofwillsandinclinations，becomelawful，orunlawful，accordingtothelawfulness，orunlawfulness，ofeveryparticularman’sdesigntherein：
andhisdesignistobeunderstoodbytheoccasion。
Theleaguesofsubjects，becauseleaguesarecommonlymadeformutualdefence，areinaCommonwealthwhichisnomorethanaleagueofallthesubjectstogetherforthemostpartunnecessary，andsavourofunlawfuldesign；andareforthatcauseunlawful，andgocommonlybythenameoffactions，orconspiracies。Foraleaguebeingaconnexionofmenbycovenants，iftherebenopowergiventoanyonemanorassemblyasintheconditionofmerenaturetocompelthemtoperformance，issolongonlyvalidastherearisethnojustcauseofdistrust：andthereforeleaguesbetweenCommonwealths，overwhomthereisnohumanpowerestablishedtokeepthemallinawe，arenotonlylawful，butalsoprofitableforthetimetheylast。ButleaguesofthesubjectsofoneandthesameCommonwealth，whereeveryonemayobtainhisrightbymeansofthesovereignpower，areunnecessarytothemaintainingofpeaceandjustice，and，incasethedesignofthembeevilorunknowntotheCommonwealth，unlawful。
Forallunitingofstrengthbyprivatemenis，ifforevilintent，unjust；ifforintentunknown，dangeroustothepublic，andunjustlyconcealed。
Ifthesovereignpowerbeinagreatassembly，andanumberofmen，partoftheassembly，withoutauthorityconsultaparttocontrivetheguidanceoftherest，thisisafaction，orconspiracyunlawful，asbeingafraudulentseducingoftheassemblyfortheirparticularinterest。Butifhewhoseprivateinterestistobedebatedandjudgedintheassemblymakeasmanyfriendsashecan，inhimitisnoinjustice，becauseinthiscaseheisnopartoftheassembly。
Andthoughhehiresuchfriendswithmoney，unlesstherebeanexpresslawagainstit，yetitisnotinjustice。Forsometimes，asmen’smannersare，justicecannotbehadwithoutmoney，andeverymanmaythinkhisowncausejusttillitbeheardandjudged。
InallCommonwealths，ifaprivatemanentertainmoreservantsthanthegovernmentofhisestateandlawfulemploymenthehasforthemrequires，itisfaction，andunlawful。ForhavingtheprotectionoftheCommonwealth，heneedethnotthedefenceofprivateforce。Andwhereasinnationsnotthoroughlycivilized，severalnumerousfamilieshavelivedincontinualhostilityandinvadedoneanotherwithprivateforce，yetitisevidentenoughthattheyhavedoneunjustly，orelsethattheyhadnoCommonwealth。
Andasfactionsforkindred，soalsofactionsforgovernmentofreligion，asofPapists，Protestants，etc。，orofstate，aspatriciansandplebeiansofoldtimeinRome，andofaristocraticalsanddemocraticalsofoldtimeinGreece，areunjust，asbeingcontrarytothepeaceandsafetyofthepeople，andatakingoftheswordoutofthehandofthesovereign。
Concourseofpeopleisanirregularsystem，thelawfulnessorunlawfulnesswhereofdependethontheoccasion，andonthenumberofthemthatareassembled。Iftheoccasionbelawful，andmanifest，theconcourseislawful；astheusualmeetingofmenatchurch，oratapublicshow，inusualnumbers：forifthenumbersbeextraordinarilygreat，theoccasionisnotevident；andconsequentlyhethatcannotrenderaparticularandgoodaccountofhisbeingamongstthemistobejudgedconsciousofanunlawfulandtumultuousdesign。Itmaybelawfulforathousandmentojoininapetitiontobedeliveredtoajudgeormagistrate；yetifathousandmencometopresentit，itisatumultuousassembly，becausethereneedsbutoneortwoforthatpurpose。Butinsuchcasesasthese，itisnotasetnumberthatmakestheassemblyunlawful，butsuchanumberasthepresentofficersarenotabletosuppressandbringtojustice。
Whenanunusualnumberofmenassembleagainstamanwhomtheyaccuse，theassemblyisanunlawfultumult；becausetheymaydelivertheiraccusationtothemagistratebyafew，orbyoneman。SuchwasthecaseofSt。PaulatEphesus；whereDemetrius，andagreatnumberofothermen，broughttwoofPaul’scompanionsbeforethemagistrate，sayingwithonevoice，“GreatisDianaoftheEphesians“；whichwastheirwayofdemandingjusticeagainstthemforteachingthepeoplesuchdoctrineaswasagainsttheirreligionandtrade。Theoccasionhere，consideringthelawsofthatpeople，wasjust；yetwastheirassemblyjudgedunlawful，andthemagistratereprehendedthemforit，inthesewords，“IfDemetriusandtheotherworkmencanaccuseanymanofanything，therebepleas，anddeputies；
letthemaccuseoneanother。Andifyouhaveanyotherthingtodemand，yourcasemaybejudgedinanassemblylawfullycalled。Forweareindangertobeaccusedforthisday’ssedition，becausethereisnocausebywhichanymancanrenderanyreasonofthisconcourseofpeople。“*Wherehecallethanassemblywhereofmencangivenojustaccount，asedition，andsuchastheycouldnotanswerfor。AndthisisallIshallsayconcerningsystems，andassembliesofpeople，whichmaybecompared，asIsaid，tothesimilarpartsofman’sbody：suchasbelawful，tothemuscles；suchasareunlawful，towens，biles，andapostems，engenderedbytheunnaturalconfluxofevilhumours。