somuchdidmenattributetophantasmsastothinkthemaeriallivingbodies，andgenerallytocallthemspirits。AndastheRomansinthisheldthesameopinionwiththeGreeks，soalsodidtheJews；
fortheycalledmadmenprophets，or，accordingastheythoughtthespiritsgoodorbad，demoniacs；andsomeofthemcalledbothprophetsanddemoniacsmadmen；andsomecalledthesamemanbothdemoniacandmadman。ButfortheGentiles，itisnowonder；becausediseasesandhealth，vicesandvirtues，andmanynaturalaccidentswerewiththemtermedandworshippedasdemons。Sothatamanwastounderstandbydemonaswellsometimesanagueasadevil。ButfortheJewstohavesuchopinionissomewhatstrange。ForneitherMosesnorAbrahampretendedtoprophesybypossessionofaspirit，butfromthevoiceofGod，orbyavisionordream：noristhereanythinginhislaw，moralorceremonial，bywhichtheyweretaughttherewasanysuchenthusiasm，oranypossession。WhenGodissaidtotakefromthespiritthatwasinMoses，andgivetotheseventyelders，thespiritofGod，takingitforthesubstanceofGod，isnotdivided。*TheScripturesbytheSpiritofGodinmanmeanaman’sspirit，inclinedtogodliness。Andwhereitissaid，“WhomI
havefilledwiththespiritofwisdomtomakegarmentsforAaron，“*2
isnotmeantaspiritputintothem，thatcanmakegarments，butthewisdomoftheirownspiritsinthatkindofwork。Inthelikesense，thespiritofman，whenitproducethuncleanactions，isordinarilycalledanuncleanspirit；andsootherspirits，thoughnotalways，yetasoftenasthevirtueorvice，sostyled，isextraordinaryandeminent。NeitherdidtheotherprophetsoftheOldTestamentpretendenthusiasm，orthatGodspokeinthem，buttothem，byvoice，vision，ordream；andthe“burdenoftheLord“wasnotpossession，butcommand。HowthencouldtheJewsfallintothisopinionofpossession？
Icanimaginenoreasonbutthatwhichiscommontoallmen；namely，thewantofcuriositytosearchnaturalcauses；andtheirplacingfelicityintheacquisitionofthegrosspleasuresofthesenses，andthethingsthatmostimmediatelyconducethereto。Fortheythatseeanystrangeandunusualabilityordefectinaman’smind，unlesstheyseewithalfromwhatcauseitmayprobablyproceed，canhardlythinkitnatural；andifnotnatural，theymustneedsthinkitsupernatural；andthenwhatcanitbe，butthateitherGodortheDevilisinhim？Andhenceitcametopass，whenourSaviourwascompassedaboutwiththemultitude，thoseofthehousedoubtedhewasmad，andwentouttoholdhim：buttheScribessaidhehadBeelzebub，andthatwasit，bywhichhecastoutdevils；asifthegreatermadmanhadawedthelesser。*3Andthatsomesaid，“Hehathadevil，andismad“；whereasothers，holdinghimforaprophet，said，“Thesearenotthewordsofonethathathadevil。“*4SointheOldTestamenthethatcametoanointJehuwasaProphet；butsomeofthecompanyaskedJehu，“Whatcamethatmadmanfor？“*5Sothat，insum，itismanifestthatwhosoeverbehavedhimselfinextraordinarymannerwasthoughtbytheJewstobepossessedeitherwithagoodorevilspirit；exceptbytheSadducees，whoerredsofarontheotherhandasnottobelievetherewereatallanyspirits，whichisveryneartodirectatheism；andtherebyperhapsthemoreprovokedotherstotermsuchmendemoniacsratherthanmadmen。
ButwhythendoesourSaviourproceedinthecuringofthem，asiftheywerepossessed，andnotasittheyweremad？TowhichIcangivenootherkindofanswerbutthatwhichisgiventothosethaturgetheScriptureinlikemanneragainsttheopinionofthemotionoftheearth。TheScripturewaswrittentoshowuntomenthekingdomofGod，andtopreparetheirmindstobecomeHisobedientsubjects，leavingtheworld，andthephilosophythereof，tothedisputationofmenfortheexercisingoftheirnaturalreason。Whethertheearth’sorsun’smotionmakethedayandnight，orwhethertheexorbitantactionsofmenproceedfrompassionorfromtheDevil，soweworshiphimnot，itisallone，astoourobedienceandsubjectiontoGodAlmighty；whichisthethingforwhichtheScripturewaswritten。AsforthatourSaviourspeakethtothediseaseastoaperson，itistheusualphraseofallthatcurebywordsonly，asChristdid，andenchanterspretendtodo，whethertheyspeaktoadevilornot。ForisnotChristalsosaidtohaverebukedthewinds？*Isnothesaidalsotorebukeafever？*2Yetthisdoesnotarguethatafeverisadevil。AndwhereasmanyofthosedevilsaresaidtoconfessChrist，itisnotnecessarytointerpretthoseplacesotherwisethanthatthosemadmenconfessedHim。AndwhereasourSaviourspeakethofanuncleanspiritthat，havinggoneoutofaman，wandereththroughdryplaces，seekingrest，andfindingnone，andreturningintothesamemanwithsevenotherspiritsworsethanhimself；*3itismanifestlyaparable，alludingtoamanthat，afteralittleendeavourtoquithislusts，isvanquishedbythestrengthofthem，andbecomesseventimesworsethanhewas。SothatIseenothingatallintheScripturethatrequirethabeliefthatdemoniacswereanyotherthingbutmadmen。
Thereisyetanotherfaultinthediscoursesofsomemen，whichmayalsobenumberedamongstthesortsofmadness；namely，thatabuseofwords，whereofIhavespokenbeforeinthefifthchapterbythenameofabsurdity。Andthatiswhenmenspeaksuchwordsas，puttogether，haveinthemnosignificationatall，butarefallenupon，bysome，throughmisunderstandingofthewordstheyhavereceivedandrepeatbyrote；byothers，fromintentiontodeceivebyobscurity。
Andthisisincidenttononebutthosethatconverseinquestionsofmattersincomprehensible，astheSchoolmen；orinquestionsofabstrusephilosophy。Thecommonsortofmenseldomspeakinsignificantly，andaretherefore，bythoseotheregregiouspersons，countedidiots。Buttobeassuredtheirwordsarewithoutanythingcorrespondenttotheminthemind，therewouldneedsomeexamples；whichifanymanrequire，lethimtakeaSchoolmanintohishandsandseeifhecantranslateanyonechapterconcerninganydifficultpoint；astheTrinity，theDeity，thenatureofChrist，transubstantiation，freewill，etc。，intoanyofthemoderntongues，soastomakethesameintelligible；orintoanytolerableLatin，suchastheywereacquaintedwithalthatlivedwhentheLatintonguewasvulgar。Whatisthemeaningofthesewords：“Thefirstcausedoesnotnecessarilyinflowanythingintothesecond，byforceoftheessentialsubordinationofthesecondcauses，bywhichitmayhelpittowork？“TheyarethetranslationofthetitleofthesixthchapterofSuarez’sfirstbook，OftheConcourse，Motion，andHelpofGod。Whenmenwritewholevolumesofsuchstuff，aretheynotmad，orintendtomakeothersso？Andparticularly，inthequestionoftransubstantiation；whereaftercertainwordsspokentheythatsay，thewhiteness，roundness，magnitude，quality，corruptibility，allwhichareincorporeal，etc。，gooutofthewaferintothebodyofourblessedSaviour，dotheynotmakethosenesses，tudes，andtiestobesomanyspiritspossessinghisbody？Forbyspiritstheymeanalwaysthingsthat，beingincorporeal，areneverthelessmovablefromoneplacetoanother。Sothatthiskindofabsurditymayrightlybenumberedamongstthemanysortsofmadness；andallthetimethat，guidedbyclearthoughtsoftheirworldlylust，theyforbeardisputingorwritingthus，butlucidintervals。Andthusmuchofthevirtuesanddefectsintellectual。
THEREareofareofknowledgetwokinds，whereofoneisknowledgeoffact；theother，knowledgeoftheconsequenceofoneaffirmationtoanother。Theformerisnothingelsebutsenseandmemory，andisabsoluteknowledge；aswhenweseeafactdoing，orrememberitdone；andthisistheknowledgerequiredinawitness。Thelatteriscalledscience，andisconditional；aswhenweknowthat：ifthefigureshownbeacircle，thenanystraightlinethroughthecentershalldivideitintotwoequalparts。Andthisistheknowledgerequiredinaphilosopher；thatistosay，ofhimthatpretendstoreasoning。
Theregisterofknowledgeoffactiscalledhistory，whereoftherebetwosorts：onecallednaturalhistory；whichisthehistoryofsuchfacts，oreffectsofNature，ashavenodependenceonman’swill；suchasarethehistoriesofmetals，plants，animals，regions，andthelike。Theotheriscivilhistory，whichisthehistoryofthevoluntaryactionsofmeninCommonwealths。
Theregistersofsciencearesuchbooksascontainthedemonstrationsofconsequencesofoneaffirmationtoanother；andarecommonlycalledbooksofphilosophy；whereofthesortsaremany，accordingtothediversityofthematter；andmaybedividedinsuchmannerasIhavedividedtheminthefollowingtable。
I。SCIENCE，thatis，knowledgeofconsequences；whichiscalledalsoPHILOSOPHY
A。Consequencesfromaccidentsofbodiesnatural；whichiscalledNATURALPHILOSOPHY
1。Consequencesfromaccidentscommontoallbodiesnatural；
whicharequantity，andmotion。
a。Consequencesfromquantity，andmotionindeterminate；
which，beingtheprinciplesorfirstfoundationofphilosophy，iscalledphilosophiaprimaPHILOSOPHIAPRIMA
b。Consequencesfrommotion，andquantitydetermined1Consequencesfromquantity，andmotiondeterminedaByfigure，Bynumber1]Mathematics，GEOMETRY
2Consequencesfrommotion，andquantityofbodiesinspecialaConsequencesfrommotion，andquantityofthegreatpartsoftheworld，astheearthandstars，1]CosmographyASTRONOMY
GEOGRAPHY
bConsequencesfrommotionofspecialkinds，andfiguresofbody，1]Mechanics，doctrineofweightScienceofENGINEERS。PHYSICS，orconsequencesfromqualitiesa。Consequencesfromqualitiesofbodiestransient，suchassometimesappear，sometimesvanishMETEOROLOGY
b。Consequencesfromqualitiesofbodiespermanent1ConsequencesfromqualitiesofstarsaConsequencesfromthelightofthestars。Outofthis，andthemotionofthesun，ismadethescienceofSCIOGRAPHY
bConsequencesfromtheinfluenceofthestars，ASTROLOGY
2Consequencesofqualitiesfromliquidbodiesthatfillthespacebetweenthestars；suchasaretheair，orsubstanceetherial3ConsequencesfromqualitiesofbodiesterrestrialaConsequencesfrompartsoftheearththatarewithoutsense，1]Consequencesfromqualitiesofminerals，asstones，metals，etc。
2]ConsequencesfromthequalitiesofvegetablesbConsequencesfromqualitiesofanimals1]Consequencesfromqualitiesofanimalsingenerala]Consequencesfromvision，OPTICS
b]Consequencesfromsounds，MUSIC
c]Consequencesfromtherestofthesenses2]Consequencesfromqualitiesofmeninspeciala]Consequencesfrompassionsofmen，ETHICS
b]Consequencesfromspeech，iInmagnifying，vilifying，etc。
POETRY
iiInpersuading，RHETORIC
iiiInreasoning，LOGIC
ivIncontracting，TheScienceofJUSTandUNJUST
B。Consequencesfromaccidentsofpoliticbodies；whichiscalledPOLITICS，ANDCIVILPHILOSOPHY