SOMNIFERUM，acorns，andanimmensenumberofnutsandapples。
Theacornsarethoseofthecommonoak，andtheircupsandouterrindhadbeenremoved，sothattheyhadevidentlybeenpreparedtoserveasfoodfor，man；theapplesweresmallandcoriaceous，resemblingthemoderncrab-apple；theIndianpoppycannothavegrownwithoutcultivation；butthiswasperhapsbutanexampleofthesamespeciesalreadyrecognizedintheLakedwellingsofSwitzerland。Itisdifficulttosaywhetheritwasusedforfoodorwhetheroilwasextractedfromit。
WehavealreadyspokenofthediscoveriesmadeinAustriaandHungary。CountWurmbrandhasdescribedthedifficultieswithwhichexplorershadtocontend。Thelakeshaveinmanycasesbecomeinaccessibleswamps，andinothers，thewatershavingbeenartificiallydimmedtoregulatetheiroverflow，thesitesofthepiledwellingsaresofarbelowthelevelofthelakesthatanyexcavationsareimpossible。Longandarduousresearcheshave，however，beenrewardedwithsomesuccess，andthenumerousobjectsrecoveredbearwitness，asinSwitzerland，tothegradualprogressmadebythesuccessivegenerationswhooccupiedthesepiledwellings。
Objectsdiscoveredinthepeat-bogsofLaybach。A。Earthenwarevase。B。Fragmentofornamentedpottery。C。Boneneedle。D。Earthenwareweightforfishing-net。E。Fragmentofjawbone。
AlakenearLaybachhadbeenconvertedindryingupintoanimmensepeat-bog，nearlythirty-eightmilesincircumference，boundedontherightandleftbyloftymountains。[123]WhenthisbogwasunderwaterithadbeenthesiteofseveralLakeStations。One，forinstance，hasbeenmadeoutoverthreehundredandtwentyyardsfromthebank。Thepiles，whichconsistedofthetrunksofoaks，beeches，andpoplars，varyingfromeighttoteninchesindiameter，wereplacedatregularintervals。Theobjectstakenfromthepeat-bogaresimplyinnumerableFig。50，andincludehundredsofneedlesofdifferentsizes，stilettos，dagger-blades，arrows，andhatchets，withstag-hornhandles。Coarseblackearthenwarevasesareequallynumerousandareofagreatvarietyofform，buttheirornamentation。isofthemostprimitivedescription，andwasdonesometimeswiththenailofthepotter，andsometimeswithapointedbone。LittleearthenwarefiguresFigs。51and52werealsofound，someofwhichweresentfromtheLaybachMuseumtotheFrenchExhibitionof1878。Oneofthemissaidtorepresentawoman，probablyanidol。ThisisoneofthefirstknownexamplesoftherepresentationofthehumanfigurefromaLakedwelling。AtNimlau，nearOlmutz，thedryinglipofalittle。lakebroughttolightaLakeStationsurroundedbythetrunksofoaktreesofalargesize。Theywerepiledup，oneabovetheother，andstronglyboundtogetherwithosiers。Thesetrunkswereevidentlyintendedtofortifythestation。
Smallterra-cottafigures，foundintheLaybachpiledwellings。
ThemodeofconstructionoftheLakeStationsofthemarshesofPomeraniaisverydifferentfromthatemployedinSwitzerlandorinAustria。Thefoundationsrestonhorizontalbeams，keptinplaceeitherbygreatblocksofrockorbypilesdriveninvertically。Inmanycasesnotcheshadevidentlybeenmade，thebettertoplacethecross-beams；
whilstinothersforkedbrancheshadbeenselected，sothatasecondbranchcouldbefittedintothefork。Primevalmansoonlearnttoappreciatethesolidityofsuchacombination。Dothesestations，however，reallydatefromprehistorictimes？Virchow，returningtohisfirstopinion，nowthinksthatthepiledwellingsofGermanybelongtothesameepochastheintrenchmentsknownasBURGWALLEN，whenmetalsandevenironwerealreadyingeneraluse。Theywereinhabiteduntilthethirteenthcentury，anditiseasytotraceinthem，asinthoseofSwitzerland，thesignsofthesuccessiveoccupations，thedwellingshavingevidentlybeenabandonedandrestoredlaterbyfreshcomers。
Smallterra-cottafigures，fromtheLaybachpiledwellings。
AtthemeetingoftheBritishAssociationatNewcastlein1863，LordLovainedescribedaLakeStationinthesouthofScotland，andSirJ。LubbockmentionsoneinthenorthofEngland。OthersareknownatHoldernessYorkshire，atThetford，onBartonMere，nearBurySt。Edmunds；butjudgingfromthedescriptionofthemtheyarenotofearlierdatethantheBronzeage。
Otherstationsaremoreancient。AfewyearsagoanumberofpileswerefoundalittleaboveKew，beneathalayerofalluvium，andembeddedinthegravelwhichformedtheancientbedoftheThames。Allaroundthesepileswerescatteredthebonesofanimals，ofwhichthoseoftheBOSLONGIFRONSwerethemostremarkable。Thelongboneshadbeensplittogetoutthemarrow，anevidentproofoftheintelligentactionofman。InLondontwosimilarexampleswerefoundonthesiteofthepresentMansionHouse，andbeneaththeancientwallsofthecity。Theyaresupposedtodatefromtimesearlier，notonlythanthecuttingoutofthepresentcourseoftheThames，butbeforethatinvasionoftheseawhichprecededtheformationoftheThamesvalley，nowthehomeofmorethanfourmillionmenandwomen。
TheLakeStationsofFrancearelessimportantthanthoseoftheneighboringcountries。ItissupposedthatVatan，alittletownofBerry，wasbuiltonthesiteofaLakecity。Itissituatedinthemidstofadried-upmarsh，andatdifferentpointspileshavebeenremovedwhichweredrivendeepintothemud。WealsohearofpiledwellingsintheJuraMountains，inthePyreneanvalleysofHaute-Garonne，Ariege，andAude，aswellasinthoseoftheEasternPyrenees。InthedepartmentofLandes，whichononesidejoinstheplateauofLannemezan，andontheothertheloftyplainsofBearn，aremanymarshydepressions，wherehavebeenfoundnumbersofpiles，withcharredwoodandfragmentsofpottery。
DiscoveriesnolesscurioushavebeenmadeintheBourgetLake，butthedwellingsrisingfromitssurfacedatefromacomparativelyrecentepoch。Thenumerousfragmentsofpotteryfoundprovethatterra-cottawarehadattainedtoabeautyofformandcolorunknowntoprimitivetimes。IndeedsomeofthevasesactuallybearthenameoftheRomanpotterwhomadethem。WemustalsoassigntoanepochlaterthantheStoneagethebuildings，remainsofwhichhavebeetfoundinthepeat-bogsofSaint-DosnearSaliesBasses-Pyrenees。Atadepthofaboutthirty-twoincheshasbeenfoundaregularfloorformedoftrunksoftreesrestingonpilesandboundtogetherinaprimitivefashionwiththefilamentsofroots。Thesepilesbearanumberofdeepclean-cutnotches，suchascouldonlyhavebeenmadewithanironimplement。inotherpartsofFrancethereareLakeStations，whichwereoccupieduntilthetimeoftheCarlovingians。TothistimebelongthepiledwellingsofLakePaladruIsere，whichwereabandoned，sofaraswecantell，bytheirownerswhentheywereswampedbytherisingofthewater。
WhentheLakeStationsofEuropewereinhabited，thecharacteristicanimalsoftheQuaternaryepoch，suchastheelephant，therhinoceros，thelion，andthehippopotamushaddisappearedfromthatcontinent，andtheirplacewastakenbytheearliestdomesticanimals。TheLakefaunaofSwitzerlandincludesaboutseventyspecies，thirtymammalstwenty-sixbirds，tenkindsoffish，andfourreptiles。[124]
Themammalswerethestag，thedog，thepig，thegoat，thesheep，andtwokindsofoxen。Theseanimalswerealreadydomesticated，therecanbeabsolutelynodoubtonthispoint，forinmanyPFAHLBAUTENtheirverydunghasbeenfound，aconclusiveproofthattheylivedsidebysidewithman。
Theremainsofthestagandoftheoxaremorenumerousthanthoseofanyotheranimal，anditiseasytoseethateveryclaytheimportanceofapastorallifebecamemoreclearlyrecognized。InthemostancientLakeStations，thoseofMooseedorf，Wangen，andMeilen，forinstance，thestagpredominates；inthoseofthewesternlakes，whicharecomparativelymorerecent，relicsoftheoxaremorenumerous。IntheLakevillageofNidau，whichdatesfromtheBronzeage，agreatlyincreasednumberofbonesofdomesticanimalshavebeenfound，whilstthoseofwildcreaturesbecomerarerandrarer。Theprogressofdomesticationisevident，anditisnolesscertainthatthelapseofcenturiesmusthavebeenrequiredfortheformationoftheherdswhichevidentlyexistedincertainlocalities。ItispossiblethattheseanimalsmayhavefirstenteredEuropeinthewakeofforeigninvaders，andbeforebeingreducedtoservitude，theymayhaveroamedaboutinawildstate，andevenhavebeencontemporarieswithspeciesnowextinct。Howeverthatmaybe，therecanbenodoubtononepoint，theycouldnotdomesticatethemselves；oneraceofcreaturesafteranothermusthavefallenunderthesubjectionofman，whograduallybecamethemasterofalltheanimalsthatarestillaboutus。
Wedonotmeetinthepiledwellingswiththecommonmouse，therat，orthecat，andthehorseisveryrare。Itisthesamewiththekitchen-middingsandthecavesoccupiedinNeolithictimes。Thedisappearanceofthehorse，sonumerousinearlierepochs，isgeneral，andthiswouldbeinexplicableifhistorydidnotsolvethemystery。TheBible，whichgivesussuchcompletedetailsofthepastorallifeoftheHebrews，speaksforthefirsttimeofthehorseaftertheexodusfromEgyptofthechildrenofIsrael，andinEgyptitselfthehorseisnotrepresentedinanymonumentofearlierdatethantheSeventeenthDynasty。ItisthesameinAmerica，animalsoftheequinerace，thatweresonumerousinearlygeologicaltimes，hadlongsincedisappearedonthearrivaloftheSpaniards，andthehorsestheybroughtwiththeminspiredtheMexicansandPeruvianswithunutterableterror。
Domesticanimalsrequireregularfoodthroughthelongwintermonths；
sothattheirpresencealoneisenoughtoprovethattheirownersweretillersofthesoil。ThediscoveryinmanyoftheHelvetianLakeStationsofcalcinedcerealsconfirmsthishypothesis。Amongstthecerealsfound，cornisthemostabundant，andseveralbushelsofithavebeencollected。InthedepartmentoftheGironde，regularsilosorsubterraneanstoring-placesforgrainhavebeenfoundinwhichthecalcinedcornwasstowedaway。IntheLakeStationshavealsobeenfoundmillet，peas，poppy-heads，nuts，plums，raspberries，andevendriedapplesandpears，doubtlesssetasideasaprovisionforthewinter。FromthewateratCortaillod，havebeentaken，withafewearsofbarley，cherry-stones，acorns，andbeechnuts[125]；
andatLaybach，somewater-chestnutsTRAPANATANSofakindthathaslongsincedisappearedfromCarniola。Sometimesthecerealswereroughlyroasted，crushed，andputawayinlargeearthenwarevessels；
butinsomeplaces，regularflatroundloavesofbreadhavebeenfoundaboutoneortwoinchesthick，whichwerebakedwithoutleaven。Wemaywellassertthatgreatchangesleadtakenplacesincethefirstarrivalofmanupontheearth。
Theso-calledTERREMARESofItalydatefromthesameperiodastheDanishkitchen-middingsandtheSwisspiledwellings。TheyaremetwithchieflyinLombardyandintheancientduchiesofParmaandPiacenza，andconsistoflowmoundsrisingfromthirteentosixteenfeetabovethesurfaceofthesoil。InsomecasesanumberofTERREMARES，closetooneanother，formregularvillagescoveringanareaoffromfivetosixmilessquare。ExcavationsoftheTERREMAREhavebroughttolightrowsofpilesfromseventotenfeetlong，connectedbytransversebeams，formingaregularfloor，fromwhichrosebutsbuiltinasimilarwaytothoseoftheSwisspiledwellings，ofinterlacedbranchesorofclayandstraw，fornotracehasbeenmadeoutoftheuseofbricksorofstones。Therefuseofthekitchenandrubbishofallkindsrapidlyaccumulatedroundaboutthesebuts，andformedthefirstnucleusofthemound，whichsoongrewtoaconsiderableheightasoneoccupantofthehousesucceededanother。Whentherefusebecametoomuchofanuisance，theownerofthebutsetupfreshpilesatagreaterheightonthesamesite，laiddownanotherplatform，andbuiltanewbut。Insomeplacesthreesuchplatformshavebeenfoundoneaboveanother。
AsintheLakeStations，excavationsoftheTERREMAREShavebroughttolightnumerousbonesofdomesticanimals；butthoseofwildcreatures，suchasbears，stags，roedeer，andboars，areevenrarerthaninSwitzerland。Theinhabitantsevidentlyhadotherresourcesthanhuntingattheircommand，andthoughtheprocessestheyemployedwerebutelementary，theycultivatedcorn，beans，vines，andvariousfruits。Thoughironwasstillunknown，somebronzeobjectshavebeenfoundincertainTERREMARES，butthesewereonlyroughlymeltedpiecesofmetal，showingnotracesofhavingbeeneitherhammeredorsoldered。AmongstthepotteryfoundintheTERREMARES，wemustmentionanumberofsmallobjectsnotunlikeacornsinform，piercedlengthwise，anddecoratedwithincisedlines，somestraight，otherscurved。ItalianarchaeologistscallthemFUSAIOLES，andSwisssavants，whohavefoundagreatmanyinthelakesoftheirnativecountry，givethemthenameofPESONSDEFUSEAU。Boththesenamesconnectthemwiththeprocessofspinning；buttheirnumberrendersthishypothesisinadmissible，andwhenwegiveanaccountoftheexcavationscarriedonatHissarlik，underDr。Schliemann，weshallbeabletodeterminetheircharacterseeChapter。