Thepartnershadatfirstgreatdifficultiestoencounteringettingtheirestablishmenttowork。Oberzellwasaruralvillage，containingonlycommonlabourers，fromwhomtheyhadtoselecttheirworkmen。Everypersontakenintotheconcernhadtobetrainedandeducatedtomechanicalworkbythepartnersthemselves。Withindescribablepatiencetheytaughttheselabourerstheuseofthehammer，thefile，theturning-lathe，andothertools，whichthegreaternumberofthemhadneverbeforeseen，andofwhoseusestheywereentirelyignorant。Themachineryoftheworkshopwasgottogetherwithequaldifficultypiecebypiece，someofthepartsfromagreatdistance，——themechanicalartsbeingthenataverylowebbinGermany，whichwasstillsufferingfromtheeffectsofthelongcontinentalwar。
Atlengththeworkshopwasfittedup，theoldbarnofthemonasterybeingconvertedintoanironfoundry。
Ordersforprintingmachinesweregraduallyobtained。ThefirstcamefromBrockhaus，ofLeipzig。Bytheendofthefourthyeartwoothersingle-cylindermachineswerecompletedandsenttoBerlin，foruseintheStateprintingoffice。Bytheendoftheeighthyearsevendouble-cylindersteampresseshadbeenmanufacturedforthelargestnewspaperprintersinGermany。TherecognisedexcellenceofKoenigandBauer’sbook-printingmachines——theirperfectregister，andthequalityoftheworktheyturnedout——securedforthemanincreasingdemand，andbytheyear1829thefirmhadmanufacturedfifty-onemachinesfortheleadingbookprintersthroughoutGermany。TheOberzellmanufactorywasnowinfullwork，andgaveregularemploymenttoabout120men。
Aperiodofconsiderabledepressionfollowed。AswasthecaseinEngland，theintroductionoftheprintingmachineinGermanyexcitedconsiderablehostilityamongthepressmen。Insomeoftheprincipaltownstheyenteredintocombinationstodestroythem，andseveralprintingmachineswerebrokenbyviolenceandirretrievablyinjured。Butprogresscouldnotbestopped；theprintingmachinehadbeenfairlyborn，andmusteventuallydoitsworkformankind。Thesecombinations，however，hadaneffectforatime。Theydeterredotherprintersfromgivingordersforthemachines；andKoenigandBauerwereunderthenecessityofsuspendingtheirmanufacturetoaconsiderableextent。Tokeeptheirmenemployed，thepartnersproceededtofitupapapermanufactory，Mr。Cotta，ofStuttgart，joiningthemintheadventure；andamillwasfittedup，embodyingallthelatestimprovementsinpaper-making。
Koenig，however，didnotlivetoenjoythefruitsorallhisstudy，labour，toil，andanxiety；for，whilethisenterprisewasstillinprogress，andbeforethemachinetradehadrevived，hewastakenill，andconfinedtobed。Hebecamesleepless；hisnerveswereunstrung；andnowonder。Braindiseasecarriedhimoffonthe17thofJanuary，1833；andthisgood，ingenious，andadmirableinventorwasremovedfromallfurthercareandtrouble。
Hediedattheearlyageoffifty-eight，respectedandbelovedbyallwhoknewhim。
HispartnerBauersurvivedtocontinuethebusinessfortwentyyearslonger。ItwasduringthislaterperiodthattheOberzellmanufactoryenjoyeditsgreatestprosperity。Theprejudicesoftheworkmengraduallysubsidedwhentheyfoundthatmachineprinting，insteadofabridgingemployment，astheyfeareditwoulddo，enormouslyincreasedit；andordersaccordinglyflowedinfromBerlin，Vienna，andalltheleadingtownsandcitiesofGermany，Austria，Denmark，Russia，andSweden。Thesixhundredthmachine，turnedoutin1847，wascapableofprinting6000
impressionsinthehour。InMarch，1865，thethousandthmachinewascompletedatOberzell，ontheoccasionofthecelebrationofthefiftyyears’jubileeoftheinventionofthesteampressbyKoenig。
ThesonsofKoenigcarriedonthebusiness；andinthebiographybyGoebel，itisstatedthatthemanufactoryofOberzellhasnowturnedoutnofewerthan3000printingmachines。ThegreaternumberhavebeensuppliedtoGermany；but660weresenttoRussia，61toAsia，12toEngland，and11toAmerica。TherestweredespatchedtoItaly，Switzerland，Sweden，Spain，Holland，andothercountries。
ItremainstobesaidthatKoenigandBauer，unitedinlife，werenotdividedbydeath。BauerdiedonFebruary27，1860，andtheremainsofthepartnersnowliesidebysideinthelittlecemeteryatOberzell，closetothesceneoftheirlaboursandthevaluableestablishmentwhichtheyfounded。
Footnotesfor
Koenig’sletterinTheTimes，8thDecember，
Koenig’sletterinTheTimes，8thDecember，
DateofPatent，29thApril，1790，No。1748，[4]Koenig’sletterinTheTimes，8thDecember，1814。
Mr。RichardTaylor，oneofthepartnersinthepatent，says，“Mr。Perrydeclined，allegingthathedidnotconsideranewspaperworthsomanyyears’purchaseaswouldequalthecostofthemachine。“
Mr。RichardTaylor，F。S。A。，memoirin’PhilosophicalMagazine’forOctober1847，p。300。
Thepriceofasinglecylindernon-registeringmachinewasadvertisedat900L。；ofadoubleditto，1400L。；andofacylinderregisteringmachine，2000L。；addedtowhichwas250L。，350L。，and500L。perannumforeachofthesemachinessolongasthepatentlasted，oranagreedsumtobepaiddownatonce。
“Intellectandindustryareneverincompatible。Thereismorewisdom，andwillbemorebenefit，incombiningthemthanscholarsliketobelieve，orthanthecommonworldimagine。Lifehastimeenoughforboth，anditshappinesswillbeincreasedbytheunion。“——SHARONTURNER。
“IhavebeheldwithmostrespectthemanWhoknewhimself，andknewthewaysbeforehim，Andfromamongthemchoseconsiderately，Withaclearforesight，notablindfoldcourage；
And，havingchosen，withasteadfastmindPursuedhispurpose。“
HENRYTAYLOR——PhilipvanArtevelde。
ThelateJohnWalter，whoadoptedKoenig’ssteamprintingpressinprintingTheTimes，wasvirtuallytheinventorofthemodernnewspaper。ThefirstJohnWalter，hisfather，learnttheartofprintingintheofficeofDodsley，theproprietorofthe’AnnualRegister。’Heafterwardspursuedtheprofessionofanunderwriter，buthisfortuneswereliterallyshipwreckedbythecaptureofafleetofmerchantmenbyaFrenchsquadron。
Compelledbythislosstoreturntohistrade，hesucceededinobtainingthepublicationof’Lloyd’sList，’aswellastheprintingoftheBoardofCustoms。HealsoestablishedhimselfasapublisherandbookselleratNo。8，CharingCross。ButhisprincipalachievementwasinfoundingTheTimesnewspaper。
TheDailyUniversalRegisterwasstartedonthe1stofJanuary，1785，andwasdescribedintheheadingas“printedlogographically。“Thetypehadstilltobecomposed，letterbyletter，eachplacedalongsideofitspredecessorbyhumanfingers。Mr。Walter’sinventionconsistedinusingstereotypedwordsandpartsofwordsinsteadofseparatemetalletters，bywhichacertainsavingoftimeandlabourwaseffected。Thenameofthe’Register’didnotsuit，therebeingmanyotherpublicationsbearingasimilartitle。Accordingly，itwasre-namedTheTimes，andthefirstnumberwasissuedfromPrintingHouseSquareonthe1stofJanuary，1788。
TheTimeswasatfirstaverymeagrepublication。Itwasnotmuchbiggerthananumberoftheold’PennyMagazine，’containingasingleshortleaderonsomecurrenttopic，withoutanypretensionstoexcellence；somedribletsofnewsspreadoutinlargetype；halfacolumnofforeignintelligence，withacolumnoffacetiousparagraphsundertheheadingof“TheCuckoo；“whiletherestofeachnumberconsistedofadvertisements。
Notwithstandingthecomparativeinnocenceofthecontentsoftheearlynumbersofthepaper，certainpassageswhichappearedinitontwooccasionssubjectedthepublishertoimprisonmentinNewgate。Theextentoftheoffence，ononeoccasion，consistedinthepublicationofashortparagraphintimatingthattheirRoyalHighnessesthePrinceofWalesandtheDukeofYorkhad“sodemeanedthemselvesastoincurthejustdisapprobationofhisMajesty！“Forsuchslightoffenceswereprinterssenttogaolinthosedays。
AlthoughthefirstMr。Walterwasamanofconsiderablebusinessability，hisexertionswereprobablytoomuchdividedamongstavarietyofpursuitstoenablehimtodevotethatexclusiveattentiontoTheTimeswhichwasnecessarytoensureitssuccess。
Hepossiblyregardedit，asotherpublishersofnewspapersthendid，mainlyasameansofobtainingaprofitablebusinessinjob-printing。Hence，intheelderWalter’shands，thepaperwasnotonlyunprofitableinitself，butitsmaintenancebecameasourceofgraduallyincreasingexpenditure；andtheproprietorseriouslycontemplateditsdiscontinuance。
Atthisjuncture，JohnWalter，junior，whohadbeentakenintothebusinessasapartner，entreatedhisfathertoentrusthimwiththesoleconductofthepaper，andtogiveit“onemoretrial。“Thiswasatthebeginningof1803。Theneweditorandconductorwasthenonlytwenty-sevenyearsofage。Hehadbeentrainedtothemanualworkofaprinter“atcase，“andpassedthroughnearlyeverydepartmentintheoffice，literaryandmechanical。Butinthefirstplace，hehadreceivedaveryliberaleducation，firstatMerchantTaylors’School，andafterwardsatTrinityCollege，Oxford，wherehepursuedhisclassicalstudieswithmuchsuccess。Hewasthusamanofwell-culturedmind；hehadbeenthoroughlydisciplinedtowork；
hewas，moreover，amanoftactandenergy，fullofexpedients，andpossessedbyapassionforbusiness。Hisfather，urgedbytheyoungman’sentreaties，atlengthconsented，althoughnotwithoutmisgivings，toresignintohishandstheentirefuturecontrolofTheTimes。
YoungWalterproceededforthwithtoremodeltheestablishment，andtointroduceimprovementsintoeverydepartment，asfarasthescantycapitalathiscommandwouldadmit。Beforeheassumedthedirection，TheTimesdidnotseektoguideopinionortoexercisepoliticalinfluence。Itwasascantynewspaper——nothingmore，Anypoliticalmattersreferredtowereusuallyintroducedin“LetterstotheEditor，“intheforminwhichJunius’sLettersfirstappearedinthePublicAdvertiser。ThecommentsonpoliticalaffairsbytheEditorweremeagreandbrief，andconfinedtoamerestatementofsupposedfacts。
Mr。Walter，verymuchtothedismayofhisfather，struckoutanentirelynewcourse。Heboldlystatedhisviewsonpublicaffairs，bringinghisstrongandoriginaljudgmenttobearuponthepoliticalandsocialtopicsoftheday。Hecarefullywatchedandcloselystudiedpublicopinion，anddiscussedgeneralquestionsinalltheirbearings。HethusinventedthemodernLeadingArticle。Theadoptionofanindependentlineofpoliticsnecessarilyledhimtocanvassfreely，andoccasionallytocondemn，themeasuresoftheGovernment。Thus，hehadonlybeenaboutayearinofficeaseditor，whentheSidmouthAdministrationwassucceededbythatofMr。Pitt，underwhomLordMelvilleundertooktheunfortunateCatamaranexpedition。HisLordship’smalpracticesintheNavyDepartmenthadalsobeenbroughttolightbytheCommissionersofNavalInquiry。OnboththesetopicsMr。Walterspokeoutfreelyintermsofreprobation；
andtheresultwas，thattheprintingfortheCustomsandtheGovernmentadvertisementswereatonceremovedfromTheTimesoffice。
TwoyearslaterMr。Pittdied，andanAdministrationsucceededwhichcontainedaportionofthepoliticalchiefswhomtheeditorhadformerlysupportedonhisundertakingthemanagementofthepaper。HewasinvitedbyoneofthemtostatetheinjusticewhichhadbeendonetohimbythelossoftheCustomsprinting，andamemorialtotheTreasurywassubmittedforhissignature，withaviewtoitsrecovery。Butbelievingthatthereparationoftheinjuryinthismannerwaslikelytobeconsideredasafavour，entitlingthosewhograntedittoacertaindegreeofinfluenceoverthepoliticsofthejournal，Walterrefusedtosignit，ortohaveanyconcerninpresentingthememorial。Hedidmore；hewrotetothosefromwhomtherestorationoftheemploymentwasexpectedtocome，disavowingallconnectionwiththeproceeding。Thematterthendropped，andtheCustomsprintingwasneverrestoredtotheoffice。
Thiscoursewassounprecedented，and，ashisfatherthought，wassoverywrong-headed，thatyoungWalterhadforsometimeconsiderabledifficultyinholdinghisgroundandmaintainingtheindependentpositionhehadassumed。Butwithgreattenacityofpurposeheheldonhiscourseundismayed。Hewasamanwholookedfarahead，——notsomuchtakingintoaccounttheresultsattheendofeachdayorofeachyear，buthowtheplanhehadlaiddownforconductingthepaperwouldworkoutinthelongrun。
Andeventsprovedthatthehigh-mindedcoursehehadpursuedwithsomuchfirmnessofpurposewasthewisestcourseafterall。
Anotherfeatureinthemanagementwhichshowedclear-sightednessandbusinessacuteness，wasthepainswhichtheEditortooktoensuregreatercelerityofinformationanddispatchinprinting。
Theexpensewhichheincurredincarryingouttheseobjectsexcitedtheseriousdispleasureofhisfather，whoregardedthemasactsofjuvenilefollyandextravagance。Anothercircumstancestronglyrousedtheoldman’swrath。Itappearsthatinthosedaystheinsertionoftheatricalpuffsformedaconsiderablesourceofnewspaperincome；andyetyoungWalterdeterminedatoncetoabolishthem。ItisnotalittleremarkablethattheseearliestactsofMr。Walter——whichsoclearlymarkedhisenterpriseandhigh-mindedness——shouldhavebeenmadethesubjectofpainfulcommentsinhisfather’swill。
Notwithstandingthisseriousoppositionfromwithin，thepowerandinfluenceofthepapervisiblyandrapidlygrew。ThenewEditorconcentratedinthecolumnsofhispaperarangeofinformationsuchashadneverbeforebeenattempted，orindeedthoughtpossible。Hisvigilanteyewasdirectedtoeverydetailofhisbusiness。Hegreatlyimprovedthereportingofpublicmeetings，themoneymarket，andotherintelligence，——aimingatgreaterfulnessandaccuracy。Inthedepartmentofcriticismhislabourswereunwearied。Hesoughttoelevatethecharacterofthepaper，andrendereditmoredignifiedbyinsistingthatitshouldbeimpartial。Hethusconferredthegreatestpublicserviceuponliterature，thedrama，andthefinearts，byprotectingthemagainsttheevilinfluencesofvenalpanegyricontheonehand，andofprejudicedhostilityontheother。