Andyetthisadministrationofjustice，ludicrousandfloutedasitmaybe，isstillasortofbarrier。Whenitfalls，alongwiththeGovernment，everythingisexposedtoplunder，andthereisnosuchthingaspublicproperty。—AfterAugust10，1792，eachcommuneorindividualappropriateswhatevercomesinitsway，eitherproductsorthesoilitself。Someoftheplunderersgosofarastosaythat，sincetheGovernmentnolongerrepressesthem，theyactunderitsauthority。[57]\"Theyhavedestroyedeventherecentplantationofyoungtrees。\"\"OneofthevillagesnearFontainebleauclearedoffanddividedanentiregrove。AtRambouillet，fromAugust10thtotheendofOctober，\"thelossismorethan100，000crowns；theruralagitatorsdemandwiththreatsthepartitionoftheforestamongtheinhabitants。\"Thedestructionisenormous\"everywhere，prolongedforentiremonths，andofsuchakind，saystheminister，astodryupthissourceofpublicrevenueforalongtimetocome。—
Communalpropertyisnomorerespectedthannationalproperty。Ineachcommune，theseboldandneedyfolk，theruralpopulace，areprivilegedtoenjoyandmakethemostofit。Notcontentwithenjoyingit，theydesiretoacquireownershipofit，and，fordaysaftertheKing’sfall，theLegislativeAssembly，losingitsfootingintheuniversalbreakingup，empowerstheindigenttoputinforcetheagrarianlaw。Henceforthitsufficesinanycommuneforone—
thirdofitsinhabitantsofbothsexes，servants，commonlaborers，shepherds，farm—handsorcowherds，andevenpaupers，todemandapartitionofthecommunalpossessions。Allthatthecommuneowns，savepublicedificesandwoods，istobecutupintoasmanyequallotsasthereareheads，thelotstobedrawnfor，andeachindividualtotakepossessionofhisorherportion。[58]TheOperationiscarriedout，for\"thosewhoareleastwelloffareinfinitelyflatteredbyit。\"InthedistrictofArcis—sur—Aube，therearenotadozencommunesoutofninetyinwhichmorethantwo—
thirdsofthevotershadthegoodsensetopronounceagainstit。
>Fromthistimeforththecommuneceasestobeanindependentproprietor；ithasnothingtofallbackupon。Incaseofdistressitisobligedtolayonextrataxesandobtain，ifitcan，afewadditionalsous。Itsfuturerevenueisatpresentinthetightlybuttonedpocketsofthenewproprietors。—Theprevalenceofshort—sightedviewsisoncemoreduetothecovetousnessofindividuals。Whethernationalorcommunal，itisalwayspublicinterestwhichsuccumbs，anditsuccumbsalwaysundertheusurpationsofindigentminorities，atonetimethroughthefeeblenessofpublicauthority，whichdaresnotopposetheirviolence，andatanotherthroughthecomplicityofpublicauthority，whichhasconferreduponthemtherightsofthemajority。
IV。
Cupidityoftenants。—Thethirdandfourthjacquerie。—
Brittanyandotherprovincesin1790and1791。—Theburningofchateaux。—Title—deedsdestroyed。—Refusalofclaims。—
Destructionofreservoirs。—Principalcharacteristics，primemotiveandrulingpassionoftherevolutionWhenthereisalackofpublicforcefortheprotectionofpublicproperty，thereisalsoalackofitfortheprotectionofprivateproperty，forthesamegreedandthesameneedsattackboth。LetamanoweanythingeithertotheStateortoanindividual，andthetemptationnottopayisequallythesame。Inbothcasesitsufficestofindapretextfordenyingthedebt；infindingthispretextthecupidityofthetenantisasgoodastheselfishnessofthetax—payer。Nowthatthefeudalsystemisabolishedletnothingremainofit:lettherebenomoreseignorialclaims。\"IftheAssemblyhasmaintainedsomeofthem，yonderinParis，itdidsoinadvertentlyorthroughcorruption:weshallsoonhearofallbeingsuppressed。Inthemeantimewewillrelieveourselves，andburntheagreementsintheplaceswheretheyarekept。\"
Suchbeingtheargument，thejacqueriebreaksoutafresh:intruth，itispermanentanduniversal。Justasinabodyinwhichsomeoftheelementsofitsvitalsubstanceareaffectedbyanorganicdisease，theevilisapparentinthepartswhichseemtobesound:
evenwhereasyetnooutbreakhasoccurred，oneisimminent；
constantanxiety，aprofoundrestlessness，alowfever，denoteitspresence。Here，thedebtordoesnotpay，andthecreditorisafraidtoprosecutehim。Inotherplacesisolatederuptionsoccur。AtAuxon，[59]onanestatesparedbythegreatjacquerieofJuly，1789，thewoodsareravaged，andthepeasants，enragedatbeingdenouncedbythekeepers，marchtothechateau，whichisoccupiedbyanoldmanandachild；everybodybelongingtothevillageisthere，menandwomen；theyhewdownthebarricadeddoorwiththeiraxes，andfireontheneighborswhocometotheassistanceofitsinmates。—
Inotherplaces，inthedistrictsofSaint—étienneandMontbrison，\"thetreesbelongingtotheproprietorsarecarriedawaywithimpunity，andthewallsoftheirgroundsandterracesaredemolished，thecomplainantsbeingthreatenedwithdeathorwiththesightofthedestructionoftheirdwellings。\"NearParis，aroundMontargis，Nemours，andFontainebleau，anumberofparishesrefusetopaythetithesandground—rent（champart）whichtheAssemblyhasasecondtimesanctioned；gibbetsareerectedandthecollectorsarethreatenedwithhanging，while，intheneighborhoodofTonnerre，amobofdebtorsfireuponthebodyofpolicewhichcomestoenforcetheclaims。—NearAmiens，theComtessedelaMire，[60]onherestateofDavencourt，isvisitedbythemunicipalauthoritiesofthevillage，whorequesthertorenounceherrighttoground—rent（champart）andthirds（tiers）。Sherefusesandtheyinsist，andsherefusesagain，whentheyinformherthat\"somemisfortunewillhappentoher。\"Ineffect，twoofthemunicipalofficerscausethetocsintoberung，andthewholevillagerushestoarms。Oneofthedomesticshasanarmbrokenbyaball，andforthreehoursthecountessandhertwochildrenaresubjecttothegrossestinsultsandtoblows:sheisforcedtosignapaperwhichsheisnotallowedtoread，and，inwardingoffthestrokeofasaber，herarmiscleftfromtheelbowtothewrist；thechateauispillaged，andsheowesherescapetothezealofsomeofherservants。—Largeeruptionstakeplaceatthesametimeoverentireprovinces；onesucceedstheotheralmostwithoutinterruption，thefeverencroachingonpartswhichweresupposedtobecured，andtosuchanextentthatthevirulentulcersfinallycombineandformoneoverthewholesurfaceofthesocialbody。
BytheendofDecember，1789，thechronicfermentationcomestoaheadinBrittany。Imagination，asusual，hasforgedaplot，and，asthepeoplesay，iftheymakeanattackitisintheirowndefense。
—Areportspreads[61]thatM。deGoyon，nearLamballe，hasassembledinhischateauanumberofgentlemenandsixhundredsoldiers。ThemayorandNationalGuardofLamballeimmediatelydepartinforce；theyfindeverythingtranquilthere，andnocompanybuttwoorthreefriends，andnootherarmsthanafewfowling—
pieces。—Theimpulse，however，isgiven，and，onthe15thofJanuary，thegreatfederationofPontivyhasexcitedthewildestenthusiasm。Thepeopledrink，sing，andshoutinhonorofthenewdecreesbeforearmedpeasantswhodonotcomprehendtheFrenchtongue，stilllesslegalterms，andwho，ontheirreturnhome，arguingwitheachotherinbas—breton，interpretthelawinapeculiarway。\"AdecreeoftheAssembly，intheireyes，isadecreeofarrest\"andastheprincipaldecreesoftheAssemblyareissuedagainstthenobles，theyaresomanydecreesofarrestagainstthem。
—Somedaysafterthis，abouttheendofJanuary，duringthewholeofFebruary，anddowntothemonthofApril，theexecutionofthistheoryistumultuouslycarriedoutbymobsofvillagersandvagabondsaroundNantes，Auray，Redon，Dinan，Plo？rmel，Rennes，Guingamp，andothervillages。Everywhere，writestheMayorofNantes，[62]\"thecountry—peoplebelievethatinburningdeedsandcontractstheygetridoftheirdebts；theverybestofthemconcurinthisbelief，\"orletthingstaketheircourse；theexcessesareenormous，becausemanygratify\"specialanimosities，andallareheatedwithwine。—AtBeuvres，\"thepeasantsandvassalsofthemanor，afterburningtitle—deeds，establishthemselvesinthechateau，andthreatentofireitifotherpapers，whichtheyallegeareconcealedthere，arenotsurrendered。\"NearRedontheAbbeyofSaint—Sauveurisreducedtoashes。Redonismenaced，andPlo？rmelalmostbesieged。Attheendofamonththirty—sevenchateauxareenumeratedasattacked:twenty—fiveinwhichthetitle—deedsareburnt，andtwelveinwhichtheproprietorsareobligedtosignanabandonmentoftheirrights。TwochateauxwhichbegantoburnaresavedbytheNationalGuard。ThatofBois—au—Voyerisentirelyconsumed，andseveralhavebeensacked。Bywayofaddition，\"morethanfifteenprocureurs—fiscaux，clerks，notaries，andofficersofseignorialcourtshavebeenplunderedorburnt，\"whileproprietorstakerefugeinthetownsbecausethecountryisnowuninhabitableforthem。
Asecondtumormakesitsappearanceatthesametimeatanotherpoint。[63]ItshoweditselfinLowerLimousininthebeginningofJanuary。FromthencethepurulentinflammationspreadstoQuercy，UpperLanguedoc，Perigord，andRouergue，andinFebruaryfromTulletoMontauban，andfromAgentoPérigueuxandCahors，extendingoverthreedepartments。—Then，also，expectancyisthecreator，accordingtorule，ofitsownobject。Bydintoflongingforalawforthesuppressionofallclaims，itisimaginedthatitispassed，andthestatementiscurrentthat\"theKingandtheNationalAssemblyhaveordereddeputationstosetupthemaypole[64]andto’lightup’thechateaux。\"—Moreover，andalwaysinaccordancewithcurrentpractice，bandits，peoplewithoutoccupation，taketheleadofthefuriouscrowdandmanagethingstheirownway。Assoonasabandisformeditarrestsallthepeaceablepeopleitcanfindontheroads，inthefields，andinisolatedfarmhouses，andtakesgoodcaretoputtheminfrontincaseofblows。—Thesemiscreantsaddterrortocompulsion。Theyerectgibbetsforanyonethatpayscasualdutiesorannualdues，whiletheparishesofQuercythreatentheirneighborsofPerigordwithfireandswordinaweek’stimeiftheydonotdoinPerigordastheyhavedoneinQuercy。—
Thetocsinrings，thedrumsbeat，and\"theceremony\"isperformedfromcommunetocommune。Thekeysofthechurchareforciblytakenfromthecurétheseatsareburned，and，frequently，thewoodworkmarkedwiththeseigneur’sarms。Theymarchtotheseigneur’smansion，teardownhisweathercocks，andcompelhimtofurnishhisfinesttree，togetherwithfeathersandribbonswithwhichtodeckit，withoutomittingthethreemeasureswhichheusesinthecollectionofhisduesingrainorflour。Themaypoleisplantedinthevillagesquare，andtheweathercocks，ribbons，andfeathersareattachedtoitstop，togetherwiththethreemeasuresandthisinscription，\"ByorderoftheKingandNationalAssembly，thefinalquittanceforallrentals。\"Whenthisisdoneitisevidentthattheseigneur，whonolongerpossessesweathercocks，oraseatinthechurch，ormeasurestoratehisduesby，isnolongeraseigneur，andcannolongerputforthclaimsofanykind。Huzzahsandacclamationsaccordinglyburstforth，andthereisarevelandanorgyonthepublicsquare。Allwhocanpay—theseigneur，thecuré，andtherich—areputundercontributionforthefestival，whilethepeopleeatanddrink\"withoutanyintervalofsobriety。\"
—Inthiscondition，beingarmed，theystrike，andwhenresistanceisoffered，theyburn。InAgénois，achateaubelongingtoM。deLameth，andanotherofM。d’Aiguillon；inUpperLanguedoc，thatofM。deBournazel，andinPerigordthatofM。deBar，areburntdown:
M。deBarisalmostbeatentodeath，whilesixothersarekilledinQuercy。AnumberofchateauxintheenvironsofMontaubanandinLimousinareassaultedwithfirearms，andseveralarepillaged。—
Bandsoftwelvehundredmenswarmthecountry；\"theyhaveaspiteagainsteveryestate；\"theyredresswrongs；\"theytryoveragaincasesdisposedofthirtyyearsago，andgivejudgmentswhichtheyputintoexecution。\"—Ifanybodyfailstoconformtothenewcodeheispunished，andtotheadvantageofthenewsovereigns。InAgénois，agentlemanhavingpaidtherentwhichwasassociatedwithhisfiefthepeopletakehisreceiptfromhim，mulcthiminasumequaltothatwhichhepaid，andcomeunderhiswindowstospendthemoneyongoodcheer，intriumphandwithderision。
ManyoftheNationalGuardswhostillpossesssomedegreeofenergy，severalofthemunicipalitieswhichstillpreservesomeloveoforder，andanumberoftheresidentgentry，employtheirarmsagainsttheseexcitedswarmsofbrutalusurpers。Someoftheruffians，takenintheact，arejudgedsomewhatafterthefashionofadrum—headcourt—martial，andimmediatelyexecutedasexamples。
Everybodyinthecountryseesthattheperiltosocietyisgreatandurgent，andthatifsuchactsgounpunished，therewillbenosuchthingaslawandpropertyinFrance。TheBordeauxparliament，moreover，insistsuponprosecutions。Eighty—threeboroughsandcitiessignaddresses，andsendaspecialdeputationtotheNationalAssemblytourgeonprosecutionsalreadycommenced，thepunishmentofcriminalsunderarrest，and，aboveall，themaintenanceoftheprév？tés。[65]Inreplytothis，theAssemblyinflictsupontheparliamentofBordeauxitsdisapprobationintherudestmanner，andentersuponthedemolitionofeveryjudicialcorporation。[66]Afterthis，theexecutionofallprévotaldecisionsisadjourned。AfewmonthslatertheAssemblywillobligetheKingtodeclarethattheproceedingsbegunagainstthejacquerieofBrittanyshallberegardedasnullandvoid，andthatthearrestedinsurgentsshallbesetfree。Forrepressivepurposes，itdispatchesasentimentalexhortationtotheFrenchpeople，consistingoftwelvepagesofliteraryinsipidity，whichFlorianmighthavecomposedforhisEstillesandhisNemorins。[67]—Newconflagrations，asaninevitableconsequence，kindlearoundlivecoalswhichhavebeenimperfectlyextinguished。InthedistrictofSaintes，[68]M。
Dupaty，counseloroftheparliamentofBordeaux，afterhavingexhaustedmildresources，andhavingconcludedbyissuingwritsagainstthoseofhistenantrywhowouldnotpaytheirrents，theparishofSaint—ThomasdeCosnac，combinedwithfiveorsixothers，putsitselfinmotionandassailshistwochateauxofBois—RocheandSaint—George—des—Agouts；theseareplunderedandthensetonfire，hissonescapingthroughavolleyofmusket—balls。TheyvisitMartin，thenotaryandsteward，inthesamefashion；hisfurnitureispillagedandhismoneyistaken，and\"hisdaughterundergoesthemostfrightfuloutrages。\"Anotherdetachmentpushesontothehouseof—theMarquisdeCumont，andforceshim，underthepenaltyofhavinghishouseburntdown，togiveadischargeforalltheclaimshehasuponthem。AttheheadoftheseincendiariesarethemunicipalofficersofSaint—Thomas，exceptthemayor，whohastakentoflight。
TheelectoralsystemorganizedbytheConstituentAssemblyisbeginningtotakeeffect。\"Almosteverywhere，\"writestheroyalcommissioner，\"thelargeproprietorshavebeeneliminated，andtheofficeshavebeenfilledbymenwhostrictlyfulfilltheconditionsofeligibility。Theresultisasortofrageofthepettyrichtoannoythosewhoenjoylargeheritages。\"—Sixmonthslater，theNationalGuardsandvillageauthoritiesinthissamedepartmentatAujean，Migron，andVaraise，decidethatnomoretithes，agriersorchamparts，noranyofthedueswhichareretained，shallbepaid。
Invaindoesthedepartmentannulthedecision，andsenditscommissioners，gendarmes，andlaw—officers。Thecommissionersaredrivenaway，andtheofficersandgendarmesarefiredupon；thevice—presidentofthedistrict，whowasonhiswaytomakehisreporttothedepartment，isseizedontheroadandforcedtogiveinhisresignation。SevenparisheshavecoalescedwithAujeanandtenwithMigron；Varaisehassoundedthetocsin，andthevillagesforfourleaguesroundhaverisen；fifteenhundredmen，armedwithguns，scythes，hatchetsandpitchforks，lendtheiraid。TheobjectistosetfreetheprincipalleaderatVaraise，onePlanche，whowasarrested，andtopunishthemayorofVaraise，Latierce，whoissuspectedofhavingdenouncedPlanche。Latierceisunmercifullybeaten，and\"forcedtoundergoathousandtormentsduringthirtyhours；\"thentheysetoutwithhimtoSaint—Jean—d’Angely，anddemandthereleaseofPlanche。Themunicipalityatfirstrefuses，butfinallyconsentsontheconditionthatLatiercebegivenupinexchangeforhim。Planche，consequently，issetatlibertyandwelcomedwithshoutsoftriumph。Latierce，however，isnotgivenup；onthecontrary，heistormentedforanhourandthenmassacred，whilethedirectoryofthedistrict，whichislesssubmissivethanthemunicipalbody，isforcedtofly。—Symptomsofthiskindarenottobemistaken，andsimilaronesexistinBrittany。Itisevidentthatthemindsofthepeoplearepermanentlyinrevolt。
Insteadofthesocialabscessbeingrelievedbythedischarge，itisalwaysfillingupandgettingmoreinflamed。Itwillburstasecondtimeinthesameplaces；in1791asin1790，thejacqueriespreadsthroughoutBrittanyasithasspreadoverLimousin。
Thisisbecausethedeterminationofthepeasantisofanothernaturethanours，hiswillbeingmorefirmandtenacious。Whenanideaobtainsaholdonhimittakesrootinanobscureandprofoundconvictionuponwhichneitherdiscussionnorargumenthaveanyeffect；onceplanted，itvegetatesaccordingtohisnotions，notaccordingtoours，andnolegislativetext，nojudicialverdict，noadministrativeremonstrancecanchangeinanyrespectthefruititproduces。Thisfruit，developedduringcenturies，isthefeelingofanexcessiveplunder，and，consequently，theneedofanabsoluterelease。Toomuchhavingbeenpaidtoeverybody，thepeasantnowisnotdisposedtopayanythingtoanybody，andthisidea，vainlyrepressed，alwaysrisesupinthemannerofaninstinct。—InthemonthofJanuary，1791，[69]bandsagainforminBrittany，owingtotheproprietorsoftheancientfiefshavinginsistedonthepaymentoftheirrents。Atfirstthecoalescedparishesrefusetopaythestewards，andafterthistherusticNationalGuardsenterthechateauxtoconstraintheproprietors。Generally，itisthecommanderoftheNationalGuard，andsometimesthecommunalattorney，whodictatestothelordofthemanortherenunciationofhisclaims；theyobligehim，moreover，tosignnotesforthebenefitoftheparish，orforthatofvariousprivateindividuals。Thisisconsideredbythemtobecompensationfordamages；allfeudalduesbeingabolished，hemustreturnwhathereceivedfromthemduringthepastyear，andastheyhavebeenputtoinconveniencehemustindemnifythemby\"payingthemfortheirtimeandjourney。\"Sucharetheoperationsoftwooftheprincipalbands，oneofthemnumberingfifteenhundredmen，aroundDinanandSt。Malo；forgreatersecuritytheyburntitle—deedsinthechateauxofSaint—Tual，Besso，Beaumanoir，LaRivière，LaBellière，Chateauneuf，Chenay，Chausavoir，Tourdelon，andChalonge；andasaclimaxtheysetfiretoChateauneufjustbeforethearrivaloftheregulartroops。—Inthebeginning，adimconceptionoflegalandsocialorderseemstobefloatingintheirbrains；atSaint—Tual，beforetaking2，000
livresfromthesteward，theyobligethemayortogivethemhisconsentinwriting；atYvignac，theirchief，calledupontoshowtheauthorityunderwhichheacted，declaresthat\"heisauthorizedbythegeneralwillofthepopulaceofthenation。\"[70]—Butwhen，attheendofamonth，theyarebeatenbytheregulartroops，madefuriousbytheblowsgivenandtaken，andexcitedbytheweaknessofthemunicipalauthoritieswhoreleasetheirprisoners，theythenbecomebanditsoftheworstspecies。Duringthenightofthe22ndofFebruary，thechateauofVillefranche，threeleaguesfromMalestroit，isattacked。Thirty—tworascalswiththeirfacesmasked，andledbyachiefinthenationaluniform，breakopenthedoor。Thedomesticsarestrangled。Theproprietor，M。delaBourdonnaie，anoldman，withhiswifeagedsixty，arehalfkilledbyblowsandtiedfasttotheirbed，andafterthisafireisappliedtotheirfeetandtheyarewarmed（chauffé）。Inthemeantimetheplate，linen，stuffs，jewelry，twothousandfrancsinsilver，andevenwatches，buckles，andrings，—everythingispillaged，piledonthebacksoftheelevenhorsesinthestables，andcarriedoff。—？Whenpropertyisconcerned，onesortofoutrageprovokesanother，thenarrowcupidityofthelease—holderbeingcompletedbytheunlimitedrapacityofthebrigand。
Meanwhile，inthesouth—westernprovinces，thesamecauseshaveproducedthesameresults；andtowardstheendofautumn，whenthecropsaregatheredinandtheproprietorsdemandtheirduesinmoneyorinproduce，thepeasant，immovablyfixedinhisidea，againrefuses。[71]Inhiseyes，anylawthatmaybeagainsthimisnotthatoftheNationalAssembly，butoftheso—calledseigneurs，whohaveextortedormanufacturedit；andthereforeitisnull。Thedepartmentanddistrictadministratorsmaypromulgateitasmuchastheyplease:itdoesnotconcernhim，andiftheopportunityoccurs，heknowshowtomakethemsmartforit。ThevillageNationalGuards，whoarelease—holderslikehimself，sidewithhim，andinsteadofrepressinghimgivehimtheirsupport。Asacommencement，hereplantsthemaypoles，asasignofemancipation，anderectsthegibbetbywayofathreat。—InthedistrictofGourdon，theregularsandthepolicehavingbeensenttoputthemdown，thetocsinisatoncesounded:acrowdofpeasants，amountingtofourorfivethousand，arrivesfromeverysurroundingparish，armedwithscythesandguns；thesoldiers，formingabodyofonehundred，retireintoachurch，wheretheycapitulateafterasiegeoftwenty—fourhours，beingobligedtogivethenamesoftheproprietorswhodemandedtheirinterventionofthedistrict，andwhoareMessrs。Hébray，deFontange，andmanyothers。Alltheirhousesaredestroyedfromtoptobottom，andtheyeffecttheirescapeinordernottobehung。ThechateauxofRepaireandSalviatareburned。AttheexpirationofeightdaysQuercyisinflamesandthirtychateauxaredestroyed。—TheleaderofabandofrusticNationalGuards，JosephLinard，attheheadofavillagearmy，penetratesintoGourdon，installshimselfintheH？tel—de—Ville，declareshimselfthepeople’sprotectoragainstthedirectoryofthedistrict，writestothedepartmentinthenameofhis\"companionsinarms，\"andvauntshispatriotism。Meanwhilehecommandsasaconqueror，throwsopentheprisons，andpromisesthat，iftheregulartroopsandpolicebesentoff；heandhiscompanionswillwithdrawingoodorder。—Thisspeciesoftumultuousauthority，however，institutedbyacclamationforattack，ispowerlessforresistance。ScarcelyhasLinardretiredwhensavageryisletloose。
\"Apriceissetupontheheadsoftheadministrators；theirhousesarethefirstdevastated；allthehousesofwealthycitizensarepillaged；andthesameisthecasewithallchateauxandcountryhabitationswhichdisplayanysignsofluxury。\"—Fifteengentlemen，assembledtogetheratthehouseofM。d’Escayrac，inCastel，appealtoallgoodcitizenstomarchtotheassistanceoftheproprietorswhomaybeattackedinthisjacquerie，whichisspreadingeverywhere；[72]buttherearetoofewproprietorsinthecountry，andnoneofthetownshavetoomanyofthemfortheirownprotection。M。d’Escayrac，afterafewskirmishes，abandonedbythemunicipalofficersofhisvillage，andwounded，withdrawstothehouseoftheComtedeClarac，amajor—general，inLanguedoc。Here，too，thechateau，issurrounded，[73]blockaded，andbesiegedbythelocalNationalGuard。M。deClaracdescendsandtriestoholdaparleywiththeattackingparty，andisfiredupon。Hegoesbackinsideandthrowsmoneyoutofthewindow；themoneyisgatheredup，andheisagainfiredupon。Thechateauissetonfire，andM。
d’Escayracreceivesfiveshots，andiskilled。M。deClarac，withanotherperson，havingtakenrefugeinasubterraneanvault，aretakenoutalmoststifledthenextmorningbutonebytheNationalGuardofthevicinity，whoconductthemtoToulouse，wheretheyarekeptinprisonandwherethepublicprosecutortakesproceedingsagainstthem。ThechateauofBagat，nearMontcuq，isdemolishedatthesametime。TheabbeyofEspagnac，nearFigeac，isassaultedwithfire—arms；theabbessisforcedtorefundallrentsshehascollected，andtorestorefourthousandlivresfortheexpensesofatrialwhichtheconventhadgainedtwentyyearsbefore。
Aftersuchsuccesses，theextensionoftherevoltisinevitable；andattheendofsomeweeksandmonthsitbecomespermanentinthethreeneighboringdepartments。—InCreuse，[74]thejudgesarethreatenedwithdeathiftheyorderthepaymentofseignorialdues，andthesamefateawaitsallproprietorswhoclaimtheirrents。Inmanyplaces，andespeciallyinthemountains，thepeasants，\"consideringthattheyformthenation，andthatclericalpossessionsarenational，\"wanttohavethesedividedamongstthemselves，insteadoftheirbeingsold。FiftyparishesaroundLaSouterrainereceiveincendiarylettersinvitingthemtocomeinarmstothetown，inordertosecurebyforce，andbystakingtheirlives，theproductionofalltitlestorentals。Thepeasants，inacircleofeightleagues，areallstirredupbythesoundofthetocsin，andprecededbythemunicipalofficersintheirscarves；
therearefourthousandofthem，andtheydragwiththemawagonfullofarms:thisisfortherevisionandre—constitutionoftheownershipofthesoil。—InDordogne，[75]self—appointedarbitratorsinterposeimperiouslybetweentheproprietorandthesmallfarmer，atthetimeofharvest，topreventtheproprietorfromclaiming，andthefarmerfrompaying，thetithesortheréve；[76]
anyagreementtothisendisforbidden；whoevershalltransgresstheneworderofthings，proprietororfarmer，shallbehung。
Accordingly，theruralmilitiainthedistrictsofBergerac，Excideuil，Ribérac，Mucidan，Montignac，andPerigueux，ledbythemunicipalofficers，gofromcommunetocommuneinordertoforcetheproprietorstosignanactofwithdrawal；andthesevisits\"arealwaysaccompaniedwithrobberies，outrages，andill—treatmentfromwhichthereisnoescapebutinabsolutesubmission。\"Moreover，\"theydemandtheabolitionofeveryspeciesoftaxandthepartitionofthesoil。\"—Itisimpossiblefor\"proprietorsmoderatelyrich\"toremaininthecountry；onallsidestheytakerefugeinPerigueux，andthere，organizingincompanies，alongwiththegendarmerieandtheNationalGuardofthetown，overrunthecantonstorestoreorder。Butthereisnowayofpersuadingthepeasantrythatitisorderwhichtheywishtorestore。Withthatstubbornnessoftheimaginationwhichnoobstaclearrests，andwhich，likeavigorousspring，alwaysfindssomeoutlet，thepeopledeclarethat\"thegendarmesandNationalGuard\"whocometorestrainthem\"arepriestsandgentlemenindisguise。\"—Thenewtheories，moreover，havestruckdowntothelowestdepths；andnothingiseasierthantodrawfromthemtheabolitionofdebts，andeventheagrarianlaw。
AtRibérac，whichisinvadedbythepeopleoftheneighboringparishes，avillagetailor，takingthecatechismoftheConstitutionfromhispocket，argueswiththeprocureur—syndic，andprovestohimthattheinsurgentsareonlyexercisingtherightsofman。Thebookstates，inthefirstplace，\"thatFrenchmenareequalsandbrethren，andthattheyshouldgiveeachotheraid；\"andthat\"themastersshouldsharewiththeirfellows，especiallythisyear，whichisoneofscarcity。\"Inthenextplace，itiswrittenthat\"allpropertybelongstothenation，\"andthatisthereasonwhy\"ithastakenthepossessionsoftheChurch。\"Now，allFrenchmencomposethenation，andtheconclusionisclearlyapparent。Since，intheeyesofthetailor，thepropertyofindividualFrenchmenbelongstoalltheFrench，he，thetailor，hasarighttoatleastthequotawhichbelongstohim。—Onetravelsfastandfaronthisdownhillroad，foreverymobconsidersthatthismeansimmediateenjoyment，andenjoymentaccordingtoitsownideas。Thereisnocareforneighborsorforconsequences，evenwhenimminentandphysical，andintwentyplacestheconfiscatedpropertyperishesinthehandsoftheusurpers。
Thisvoluntarydestructionofpropertycanbebestobservedinthethirddepartment，thatofCorrèze。[77]NotonlyhavethepeasantshererefusedtopayrentsfromthebeginningoftheRevolution；notonlyhavethey\"plantedmaypoles，suppliedwithironhooks，tohang\"thefirstonethatdaredtoclaimortopaythem；notonlyareviolentactsofeverydescriptioncommitted\"byentirecommunes，\"
\"theNationalGuardsofthesmallcommunesparticipatinginthem；\"
notonlydotheculprits，whosearrestisordered，remainatliberty，while\"nothingisspokenofbutthehangingoftheconstableswhoservewrits，\"butfarther，togetherwiththeownershipofthewater—sources，thepowerofcollecting，directing，anddistributingthewaterisoverthrown，and，inacountryofinacountryofsteepslopes，theconsequencesofsuchanoperationmaybeimagined。ThreeleaguesfromTulle，inaformingasemi—circle，apondtwentyfeetindepth，andcoveringanareaofthreehundredacres，wasenclosedbyabroadembankmentonthesideofaverydeepgorge，whichwascompletelycoveredwithhouses，mills，andcultivation。Onthe17thofApril，1791，atroopoffivehundredarmedmenassembledbythebeatofadrum，andcollectedfromthreevillagesinthevicinity，setthemselvestodemolishthedike。Theproprietor，M。deSedières，asubstitute—deputyintheNationalAssembly，isnotadvisedofituntileleveno’clockintheevening。
Mountinghishorse，alongwithhisguestsanddomestics，hemakesachargeontheinsanewretches，and，withtheaidofpistolandgunshots，dispersesthem。Itwastime，forthetrenchtheyhaddugwasalreadyeightfeetdeep，andthewaterwasnearlyonalevelwithit:ahalf—hourlaterandtheterriblerollingmassofwaterswouldhavepouredoutontheinhabitantsofthegorge。—Butsuchvigorousstrokes，whicharerareandhardlyeversuccessful，arenodefenseagainstuniversalandcontinuousattacks。Theregulartroopsandthegendarmerie，bothofwhichareinthewayofreorganizationorofdissolution，arenottrustworthy，oraretooweak。TherearenomorethanthirtyofthecavalryinCreuse，andasmanyinCorrèze。TheNationalGuardsofthetownsareknockedupbyexpeditionsintothecountry，andthereisnomoneywithwhichtoprovidefortheirchangeofquarters。Andfinally，astheelectionsareinthehandsofthepeople，thisbringsintopowermendisposedtotoleratepopularexcesses。AtTulle，theelectorsofthesecondclass，almostallchosenfromamongthecultivators，and，moreover，catechizedbytheclub，nominatefordeputiesandpublicprosecutoronlythecandidateswhoarepledgedagainstrentalsandagainstwaterprivileges。—Accordingly，thegeneraldemolitionofthedikesbeginsasthemonthofMayapproaches。Thisoperationcontinuesunopposedonavastpond，aleagueandahalffromthetown，andlastsforawholeweek；elsewhere，onthearrivaloftheguardsorofthegendarmerie，theyarefiredupon。TowardstheendofSeptember，alltheembankmentsinthedepartmentarebrokendown:
nothingisleftintheplaceofthepondsbutfetidmarshes；themill—wheelsnolongerturn，andthefieldsarenolongerwatered。
Butthosewhodemolishthemcarryawaybasketsfulloffish，andthesoilofthepondsagainbecomescommunal。—Hatredisnotthemotivewhichimpelsthem，buttheinstinctofacquisition:alltheseviolentoutstretchedhands，whichrigidlyresistthelaw，aredirectedagainstproperty，butnotagainsttheproprietor；theyaremoregreedythanhostile。OneofthenoblemenofCorrèze，[78]M。deSaint—Victour，hasbeenabsentforfiveyears。FromthebeginningoftheRevolution，althoughhisfeudalduesconstituteone—halfoftheincomeofhisestate，hehasgivenordersthatnorigorousmeasuresshallbeemployedintheircollection，andtheresultisthat，since1789，noneofthemwerecollected。Moreover，havingareservestockofwheatonhand，helentgrain，totheamountoffourthousandfrancs，tothoseofhistenantswhohadnone。Inshort，heisliberal，and，intheneighboringtown，atUssel，heevenpassesforaJacobin。Inspiteofallthis，heistreatedjustliketherest。Itisbecausetheparishesinhisdomainare\"clubbist，\"
governedbyassociationsofmoralandpracticallevelers；inoneofthem\"thebrigandshaveorganizedthemselvesintoamunicipalbody，\"
andhavechosentheirleaderasprocureur—syndic。Consequently，onthe22ndofAugust，eightyarmedpeasantsopenedthedamofhislargepond，attheriskofsubmergingavillageintheneighborhood，theinhabitantsofwhichcameandcloseditup。Fiveotherpondsbelongingtohimaredemolishedinthecourseofthetwofollowingweeks；fishtothevalueoffromfourtofivethousandfrancsarestolen，andtherestperishintheweeds。Inordertomakethisexpropriationsure，aneffortismadetoburnhistitle—deeds；hischateau，twiceattackedinthenight，issavedonlybytheNationalGuardofUssel。Hisfarmersanddomesticshesitate，forthetimebeing，whetherornottocultivatetheground，andcomeandaskthestewardiftheycouldsowtheseeds。Thereisnorecoursetotheproperauthorities:theadministratorsandjudges，evenwhentheirownpropertyisconcerned，\"darenotopenlyshowthemselves，\"
because\"theydonotfindthemselvesprotectedbytheshieldofthelaw。\"—Popularwill，traversingboththeoldandthenewlaw，obstinatelypersistsinitswork，andforciblyattainsitsends。
Thus，whateverthegrandtermsofliberty，equality，andfraternitymaybe，withwhichtheRevolutiongracesitself，itis，initsessence，atransferofproperty；inthisaloneconsistsitschiefsupport，itsenduringenergy，itsprimaryimpulseanditshistoricalsignificance。—Formerly，inantiquity，similarmovementswereaccomplished，debtswereabolishedorlessened，thepossessionsoftherichwereconfiscated，andthepubliclandsweredivided；butthisoperationwasconfinedtoacityandlimitedtoasmallterritory。ForthefirsttimeittakesplaceonalargescaleandinamodernState。—Thusfar，inthesevastStates，whenthedeeperfoundationshavebeendisturbed，ithaseverbeenonaccountofforeigndominationoronaccountofanoppressionofconscience。
InFranceinthefifteenthcentury，inHollandinthesixteenthandinEnglandintheseventeenthcentury，thepeasant，themechanic，andthelaborerhadtakenuparmsagainstanenemyorinbehalfoftheirfaith。Onreligiousorpatrioticzealhasfollowedthecravingforprosperityandcomfort，andthenewmotiveisaspowerfulastheothers；forinourindustrial，democratic，andutilitariansocietiesitisthiswhichgovernsalmostalllives，andexcitesalmostallefforts。Keptdownforcenturies，thepassionrecoversitselfbythrowingoffgovernmentandprivilege，thetwogreatweightswhichhaveborneitdown。Atthepresenttimethispassionlaunchesitselfimpetuouslywithitswholeforce，withbrutalinsensibility，athwarteverykindofproprietorshipthatislegalandlegitimate，whetheritbepublicorprivate。Theobstaclesitencountersonlyrenderitthemoredestructive，beyondpropertyitattacksproprietors，andcompletesplunderwithproscriptions。
Notes:
[1]TheexpressionisthatofJeanBonSaint—AndrétoMathieuDumas，senttore—establishtranquillityinMontauban（1790）:\"Thedayofvengeance，whichwehavebeenawaitingforahundredyears，hascome！\"
[2]DeDampmartin，I。187（aneye—witness）。
[3]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3223and3216。LettersofM。deBouzols，majorgeneral，residingatMontpellier，May21，25，28，1790。
[4]MaryLafon，\"Histoired’uneVilleProtestante\"。（withoriginaldocumentsderivedfromthearchivesofMontauban）。
[5]ArchivesNationales，\"F7，2216。Procés—verbaloftheMunicipalityofN？mesandreportoftheAbbédeBelmont。—ReportoftheAdministrativecommissioners，June28，1790。—PetitionoftheCatholics，April20。—LettersoftheMunicipality，thecommissioners，andM。deNausel，ontheeventsofMay2and3。—
LetterofM。RabautSaint—Etienne，May12—PetitionofthewidowGas，July30。—Report（printed）ofM。Alquier，February19，1791。—Memoir（printed）ofthemassacreoftheCatholicsatN？mes，byFroment（1790）。—NewaddressoftheMunicipalityofN？mes，presentedbyM。deMarguerite，mayoranddeputy（1790），printed。MercuredeFrance，February23，1791。
[6]Thepetitionissignedby3，127persons，besides1560whoputacrossdeclaringthattheycouldnotwrite。Thecounter—petitionoftheclubissignedby262persons。
[7]Thislastitem，statedinM。Alquier’sreport，isdeniedbythemunicipality。Accordingtoit，theredrosettesgatheredaroundthebishop’squartershadnoguns。
[8]Aninsurrectioninthesixteenthcentury，whentheProtestantsfiredontheCatholicsonSt。Michael’sDay。—[TR。]
[9]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3216。LetterofM。deLespin，MajoratN？mes，tothecommandantofProvence，MdePerigord，July27，1790:\"Theplotsandconspiracieswhichwereattributedtothevanquishedparty，andwhich，itwasbelieved，wouldbediscoveredinthedepositionsofthefourhundredmeninprison，vanishastheproceedingsadvance。Theveritableculpritsaretobefoundamongtheinformers。
[10]BuchezandRoux，III。240（MemorandumoftheMinisters，October28，1789）。—\"ArchivesNationales，\"D，XXIX。3。
DeliberationoftheMunicipalcouncilofVernon（November4，1789）
[11]\"ArchivesNationales，\"KK，1105。correspondenceofM。deThiard，November4，1789。—Seesimilaroccurrences，September4，October23，November4and19，1789，January27andMarch27，1790
[12]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3257。LetterfromGex，May29，1790。—BuchezandRoux，VII。198，369（September，October，1790）。
[13]\"ArchivesNationales，\"H。1453。correspondenceofM。deBercheny，Commandantofthefourcentralprovinces。LettersofMay25，June11，19，and27，1790。—\"ArchivesNationales，\"D。
XXIX。4。DeliberationsofthedistrictadministratorsofBourbon—
Lancy，May26。
[14]\"ArchivesNationales，\"H。2453。MinutesofthemeetingofadozenparishesinNivernais，June4。\"Whitebreadistobe2sous，andbrownbread11/2sous。Husbandmenaretohave30sous，reapers10sous，wheelwrights10sous，bailiffs6sousperleague。Butteristobeat8sous，meatat5sous，porkat8sous，oilat8sousthepint，asquarefootofmasonry—work40sous，apairoflargesabots3sous。Allrightsofpasturageandofforestsaretohesurrendered。Theroadsaretobefreeeverywhere，asformerly。Allseignorialrentsarctobesuppressed。Millersaretotakeonlyonethirty—secondofabushel。Theseigneursofourdepartmentaretogiveupallservileholidaysandill—acquiredproperty。ThecuréofBièzeissimplytosaymassatnineo’clockinthemorningandvespersattwoo’clockintheafternoon，insummerandwinter；hemustmarryandburygratis，itbeingreservedtoustopayhimasalary。Heistobepaid6sousformasses，andnottoleavehiscuréexcepttorepeathisbreviaryandmakepropercallsonthemenandwomenofhisparish。Hatsmustbehadfrom3livresto30sous。
Nails3livresthegross。Curésaretohavenonebutcircumspectfemalesoffiftyfordomestics。Curésarenottogotoeitherfairsormarkets。AllcurésaretoheonthesamefootingastheoneatBièze。Theremusthenomorewholesaledealersinwheat。Lawofficerswhomakeunjustseizuresmustreturnthemoney。FarmleasesmustexpireonSt。Martin’sDay。M。leComte，althoughnotthere，M。deTontenelle，andM。deCommandantmustsignthisdocumentwithoutdifficulty。M。deMingotisformallytoresignhisplaceinwriting:hewentawaywithhisservant—woman—heevenmissedhismassonthefirstFridayoftheFête—Dieu，anditissupposedthathesleptinthewoods。Joiners’wagesshallhefixedatthesamerateaswheelwrights’。Ox—strapsarenottocostover40sous，yokes10sous。Mastersmustpayone—halfofthetailles。
Notariesaretotakeonlythehalfofwhattheyhadformerly，aswellascomptrollers。TheCommuneclaimstherightofprotestagainstwhateveritmayhaveforgotteninthepresentarticle，infactorinlaw。\"（Itissignedbyabouttwentypersons，severalofthembeingmayorsandmunicipalclerks。）
[15]\"ArchivesNationales，\"H。1453。Thesamecorrespondence，May29，June11and17，September15，1790。—ibid，F7，3257。LetterofthemunicipalauthoritiesofMarsigny，May3；ofthemunicipalofficersofBourbon—Lancy，June5。ExtractfromletterswrittentoM。Amelot，June1st。
[16]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3185，3186。LetterofthePresidentoftheTribunalofthedistrictofLaon，February8，1792。
[17]\"ArchivesNationalesF7，3268。Procés—verbalandobservationsofthetwocommissionerssenttoétampesSeptember22—25，1791。
[18]\"ArchivesNationalesF7，3265。Thefollowingdocument，amongmanyothers，showstheexpedientsandconceptionsofthepopularimagination。PetitionofseveralinhabitantsofthecommuneofForges（SeineInférieure）\"tothegoodandincorruptibleMinisteroftheInterior\"（October16，1792）。Afterthreegoodcropsinsuccession，thefaminestillcontinues。Undertheancientrégimewheatwassuperabundant；hogswerefedwithit，andcalveswerefattenedwithbread。Itiscertain，therefore，thatwheatisdivertedbymonopolistsandtheenemiesofthenewregime。Thefarmsaretoolarge；letthemhedivided。Thereistoomuchpasture—ground:sowitwithwheat。Compeleachfarmerandland—
ownertogiveastatementofhiscrop:letthequantitybepublishedatthechurchservice，andincaseoffalsehoodletthemanbeputtodeathorimprisoned，andhisgrainheconfiscated。ObligeallthecultivatorsoftheneighborhoodtoselltheirwheatatForgesonly，etc。\"
[19]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3268。Reportofthecommissionerssentbythedepartment，March11，1792（aproposoftheinsurrectionofMarch4）。—Mortimer—Ternaux，I。381。
[20]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3268。Lettersofseveralmayors，districtadministrators，cultivatorsofVelizy，Villacoublay，Lacelle—Saint—Cloud，Montigny，etc。November12，1791。—LetterofM。deNarbonne，January13，1792；ofM。Sureau，justiceofthepeaceinthecantonofétampes，September17，1791。—LetterofBruyères—le—Chatel，January28，1792。
[21]Atermappliedtobrigandsatthisepochwhodemandmoneyandobjectsofvalue，andforcetheirdeliverybyexposingthesolesofthefeetoftheirvictimstoafire。—[TR。]
[22]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3203。LetteroftheDirectoryofCher，August25，1791。—F7，3240。LetteroftheDirectoryofHauteMarne，November6，1791。—F7，3248。MinutesofthemeetingofthemembersofthedepartmentoftheNord，March18，1791。—F7，3250。MinutesofthemeetingofthemunicipalofficersofMontreuil—sur—Mer，October16，1791。—F7，3265。
LetteroftheDirectoryofSeineInfereure，July22，1791。—D，XXIX。4。RemonstrancesofthemunicipalitiesassembledatTostes，July21，1791。—Petition，ofthemunicipalofficersofthedistrictsofDieppe，Cany，andCaudebec，July22，1791。
[23]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3268and3269，passim。
[24]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3268and3269，passim。
DeliberationsoftheDirectoryofSeine—et—Oise，September20，1791
（aproposoftheinsurrection。September16，atétampes）。—
LetterofCharpentier，presidentofthedistrict，September19。—
ReportoftheDepartmentCommissioners，March11，1792（ontheinsurrectionatBrunoy，March4。）—ReportoftheDepartmentCommissioners，March4，1792（ontheinsurrectionatMontlhéry，February13to20）。—DeliberationoftheDirectoryofSeine—et—
Oise，September16，1791（ontheinsurrectionatCorbeil）。—
LettersofthemayorsofLimours，Lonjumeau，etc。
[25]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3268and3269，passim。—MinutesofthemeetingoftheMunicipalityofMontlhéry，February28，1792:\"Wecannotenterintofullerdetailswithoutexposingourselvestoextremitieswhichwouldbeonlydisastroustous。\"—Letterofthejusticeofthepeaceofthecanton，February25:\"PublicoutcryteachesmethatifIissuewritsofarrestagainstthosewhomassacredThibault，thepeoplewouldrise。\"
[26]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3268and3269，passim。Reportsofthegendarmerie，February24，1792，andthefollowingdays。—
LetterofthesergeantofLimours，March2；ofthemanagerofthefarmofPlessis—le—Comte，February23。
[27]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3268and3269，passim。—MemorandumtotheNationalAssemblybythecitizensofRambouillet，September17，1792。
[28]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F73268and3269，Passim。MinutesofthemeetingoftheMunicipalityofMontlhéry，February27，1792。—
BuchezandRoux，XIII。421，（March，1792）；andXIII。，317。—
MercuredeFrance，February25，1792。（LettersofM。Dauchy，PresidentoftheDirectoryoftheDepartment；ofM。deGouy，messengersentbytheminister，etc。）—Moniteur，sittingofFebruary15，1792。
[29]DecreeofSeptember3，1792。
[30]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3268and3269。PetitionofthecitizensofMontfort—l’Amaury，Saint—Léger，Gros—Rouvre，Gelin，Laqueue，andMéré，tothecitizensofRambouillet。
[31]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3230。LetterofanadministratorofthedistrictofVend？me，withthedeliberationofthecommuneofVend？me，November24，1792。
[32]ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3255。LetteroftheadministratorsoftheDepartmentofSeine—Inférieure，Octobers23，1792。—
LettersoftheSpecialComitteeofRouen，October22and23，1792:
\"Themorethezealandpatriotismofthecultivatorsisstimulated，themoredotheyseemdeterminedtoavoidthemarket—places，whicharealwaysinaStateofabsolutedestitution。\"
[33]ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3265。LetterofDavid，acultivator，October20，1792。—LetteroftheDepartmentAdministrators，October13，1792，etc。—Letter（printed）oftheministertotheconvention，November4。—ProclamationoftheProvisionalExecutivecouncil，October31，1792。（Thesetierofgrainoftwohundredandfortypoundsissoldat60francsinthesouth，andathalfthatsuminthenorth。）
[34]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3255。LettersofBonnemant，September11，1792；ofLaussel，September22，1792。
[35]\"ArchivesNationales，\"H，1453。CorrespondenceofM。deBercheny，July28，October24and26，1790。—Thesamedispositionlasted。AninsurrectionoccurredinIssoudunafterthethreedaysofJuly，1830，againstthecombinedimposts。Sevenoreightthousandwinegrowersburntthearchivesandtax—officesanddraggedanemployeethroughthestreets，shoutingoutateachstreet—lamp，\"Lethimbehung！\"Thegeneralsenttorepresstheoutbreakenteredthetownonlythroughacapitulation；themomenthereachedtheH？tel—de—VilleamanoftheFaubourgdeRomeputhispruning—bookaroundhisneck，exclaiming，\"Nomoreclerkswherethereisnothingtodo！\"
[36]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3203。LetteroftheDirectoryofCher，April9，1790。—Ibid，F7，3255。LetterofAugust4，1790。
Verdictoftheprésidial，November4，1790。—LetteroftheMunicipalityofSaint—Etienne，August5，1790。
[37]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3248。LetterofM。SénacdeMejlhan，April10，1790。—Letterofthegrandsbaillis，June30，1790。
[38]BuchezandRoux，VI。403。ReportofChabroudontheinsurrectionatLyons，July9and10，1790。—Duvergier，\"CollectiondesDécrets。\"DecreesofAugust4and15，1790。
[39]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3255。LetteroftheMinister，July2，1790，totheDirectoryofRh？ne—et—Loire。\"TheKingisinformedthat，throughoutyourdepartment，andespeciallyinthedistrictsofSaint—EtienneandMontbrison，licenseiscarriedtotheextreme；
thatthejudgesdarenotprosecute；thatinmanyplacesthemunicipalofficersareattheheadofthedisturbances；andthat，inothers，theNationalGuarddonotobeyrequisitions。\"—LetterofSeptember5，1790。\"InthebourgofThisy，brigandshaveinvadeddiverscotton—spinningestablishmentsandpartiallydestroyedthemandafterhavingplunderedthem，theyhavesoldthegoodsbypublicauction。\"
[40]BuchezandRoux，VI。345。ReportofM。Muguet，July1，1790。
[41]MinutesofthemeetingoftheNationalAssembly。（SittingofOctober24，1789。）—DecreeofSeptember27，1789，applicablethe1stofOctober。Thereareotheralleviationsapplicableonthe1stofJanuary，1790。
[42]MercuredeFrance，February27，1790。（Memorandumofthegardedessceaux，January16。—ObservationsofM。NeckeronthereportmadebytheFinancialcommittee，atthesittingofMarch12，1790。
[43]\"ArchivesNationales，\"H，1453。CorrespondenceofM。deBercheny，April24，May4and6，1790:\"Itismuchtobefearedthatthetobacco—taxwillsharethefateofthesalt—tax。\"
[44]MercuredeFrance，July31，1790（sittingofJuly10。）M。
Lambert，ComptrollerGeneraloftheFinances，informstheAssemblyof\"theobstacleswhichcontinualoutbreaks，brigandage，andthemaximsofanarchicalfreedomimpose，fromoneendofFrancetotheother，onthecollectionofthetaxes。Ononeside，thepeopleareledtobelievethat，iftheystubbornlyrefuseataxcontrarytotheirrights，itabolitionwillbesecured。Elsewhere，smugglingisopenlycarriedonbyforce；thepeoplefavorit，whiletheNationalGuardsrefusetoactagainstthenation。Inotherplaceshatredisexcited，anddivisionsbetweenthetroopsandtheoverseersatthetoll—houses:thelatteraremassacred，thebureausarepillaged，andtheprisonsareforcedopen。\"—MemorandumfromM。NeckertotheNationalAssembly，July21，1790。
[45]DecreesofMarch21and22，1790，applicableApril21
following。—DecreesofFebruary19andMarch2，1791，applicableMay1following。
[46]DeGoncourt，\"LaSocietéFran？aisependantlaRévolution，\"204。
—MaximeDuCamp，\"Paris，savieetsesorganes，\"VI。11。
[47]\"ComptedesRevenusetDépensesau1erMai，1789。\"—
MemorandumofM。Necker，July21，1790。—MemorandapresentedbyM。deMontesquiou，September9，1791。—Comptes—rendusbytheminister，Clavières，October5，1792，February1，1792。—ReportofCambon，February，1793。
[48]Boivin—Champeaux，231。
[49]MercuredeFrance，May28，1791。（SittingofMay22。）—
SpeechofM。d’Allarde:\"Burgundyhaspaidnothingbelongingto1790。\"
[50]Moniteur，sittingofJune1，1790。SpeechbyM。Freteau。—
MercuredeFrance。November26，1791。ReportbyLafont—Ladebat。
[51]\"ArchivesNationales，\"H，2453。correspondenceofM。deBercheny，June5，1790，etc。—F7，3226。LettersofChenantin，cultivator，November7，1792，alsooftheprosecutingattorney，November6。—F7，3269。MinutesofthemeetingofthemunicipalityofClugnac，August5th，1792。—F7，3202。LetteroftheMinisterofJustice，Duport，January3，1792。\"TheutterabsenceofpublicforceinthedistrictofMontargisrenderseveryoperationoftheGovernmentandallexecutionofthelawsimpossible。Thearrearsoftaxestobecollectedishereveryconsiderable，whileallproceedingsofconstraintaredangerousandimpossibletoexecute，owingtothefearsofthebailiffs，whodarenotperformtheirduties，andtheviolenceofthetax—payers，onwhomthereisnocheck。\"
[52]ReportoftheCommitteeonFinances，byRamel，19thFloréal，yearII（TheConstituentAssemblyhadfixedtherealtaxofahouseatone—sixthofitslettingvalue。）
[53]MercuredeFrance，December12，1789。—\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3268。MemorandumfromtheofficersincommandofthedetachmentoftheParisNationalGuardstationedatConflans—
Sainte—Honorine（April，1790）。CertificateoftheMunicipalOfficersofPoissy，March31。
[54]MercuredeFrance，March12and26，1791。—\"ArchivesNationales，\"H，1453。Letterofthepolice—lieutenantofBlois，April22，1790。—MercuredeFrance，July24，1790。Twoofthemurderersexclaimedtothosewhotriedtosaveoneofthekeepers，\"HangingiswelldoneatParis！Bah，youarearistocrats！WeshallbetalkedaboutinthegazettesofParis。\"（Depositionofwitnesses。）—Decreesandproclamationsregardingtheprotectionoftheforests，November3andDecember11，1789。—AnotherinOctober，1790。—AnotherJune29，1791。
[55]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3219。LetterofthebaillideVirieu，January26，1792。
[56]MercuredeFrance，December3，1791。（LetterfromSarreluis，November15，1791。）—\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3223。LetteroftheMunicipalOfficersofMontargis。January8，1792。
[57]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3268。LetteroftheoverseerofthenationaldomainsatRambouillet，October31，1792。—ReportoftheministerClavières，February1。1793。
[58]DecreesofAugust14，1792，June10，1793。—\"ArchivesNationales，\"MissionsdesReprésentants，D，§7。（DeliberationofthedistrictofTroyes，2Ventose，an。III。）—AtThunelières，thedrawingtookplaceonthe10thFructidor，yearII，andwasdoneoveragaininbehalfofaservantofBilly，aninfluentialmunicipalofficerwho\"wasthesoulofhiscolleagues。\"—Ibid。AbstractofoperationsinthedistrictofArcis—sur—Aube，30Pluviose，yearIII。
\"Two—thirdsofthecommunesholdthiskindofproperty。Mostofthemhavevotedonandeffectedthepartition，orareactuallyengagedonit。
[59]MercuredeFrance，January7，1790。（ChateauofAuxoninHaute—Saone。）—\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3255。（LetteroftheministertotheDirectoryofRhone—et—Loire，July2，1790。）—
MercuredeFrance，July17，1790。（ReportofM。deBroglie，July13，anddecreeofJuly13—18。）—\"ArchivesNationales，\"H，1453。
（CorrespondenceofM。deBercheny，July21，1790。）
[60]MercuredeFrance，March19，1790。LetterfromAmien，February28。（MalletduPanpublishesintheMercureonlyletterswhicharesignedandauthentic。）
[61]\"ArchivesNationales，\"KK，1105。（CorrespondenceofM。deThiard；lettersofChevalierdeBévy，December26，1789，andothersuptoApril5，1790。）—Moniteur，sittingofFebruary9，1790。—
MercuredeFrance，February6andMarch6，1790（listofchateaux）。
[62]\"ArchivesNationales，\"KK，1105。（correspondenceofM。deThiard。）LettersoftheMayorofNantes，February16，！790，oftheMunicipalityofRedon，February19，etc。
[63]MercuredeFrance，February6and27，1790。（SpeechofM。deFoucault，sittingsofFebruary2and5）—Moniteur（samedates）。
（ReportofGrégoire，February9；speechesbyMM。SallédeChauxanddeNoailles，February9。）—MemorandumofthedeputiesofthetownofTulle，drawnupbytheAbbéMorellet（fromthedeliberationsandaddressesofeighty—threeboroughsandcitiesintheprovince）。
[64]InallusiontothefeudalcustomofpayingseignorialduesonthefirstofMayaroundamaypole。Seefurtheron。[TR]
[65]CriminalCourtswithoutappeal。—[TR。）
[66]Moniteur，sittingofMarch4，1790。—Duvergier，decreesofMarch6，1790，andAugust6—101790
[67]TheaddressisdatedFebruary11，1793。ThissingularlycomicdocumentwouldalonesufficetomakethehistoryoftheRevolutionperfectlycomprehensible。
[68]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3203。（Lettersoftheroyalcommissioner，April30andMay9，1790。）—LetteroftheDucdeMaillé，May6。—Reportfromtheadministratorsofthedepartment，November12，1790。—MoniteurVI。515。
[69]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3225。LetteroftheDirectoryfromIlle—et—Vilaine，January30，1791，andletterfromDinan，January29
—MercuredeFrance，April2and16，1791。LettersfromRennes，March20th；fromRedon，March12。
[70]Soexpressedintheminutesofthemeeting。
[71]Moniteur，sittingofDecember15，1790。（AddressofthedepartmentofLot，December7。）—SittingofDecember20（SpeechbyM。deFoucault。）—MercuredeFrance，December18，1790。
（LetterfromBelves，inPerigord，December7。）—Ibid。，January22，29，1791。（LetterfromM。deClarac，January18。）
[72]December17，1790。
[73]January7，1791。
[74]RevolutionaryarchivesofthedepartmentofCreuse，byDuval。
（Letteroftheadministratorsofthedepartment，March31，1791。）—
\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3209。（DeliberationoftheDirectoryoftheDepartment，May12，1791—MinutesofthemeetingofthemunicipalityofLaSouterraine，August23，1791。）
[75]\"ArchivesNationales\"，F7，3269。—OrderofthedirectoryofthedistrictofRibérac，August5，1791，andrequisitionsoftheprosecutingattorneyofthedepartment，August24，andSeptember11。
—Letteroftheking’scommissioner，August22。
[76]Asortofexportduty。—[TR。]
[77]\"ArchivesNationales，\"P7，3204。—Letter，fromtheDirectoryoftheDepartment，June2，1791；September8and22。—
LetterfromtheMinisterofJustice，May15，1791。—LetterfromM。deLentilhac，September2。—LetterfromM。Melon—Padon，RoyalCommissioner，September。—MercuredeFrance，May14，1791。
（Letterofaneye—witness，M。deLoyac，April25，1791。）
[78]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7。3204。LettersfromM。deSaint—
Victour，September25，October2and10，1791。—Letterfromthestewardofhisestate，September18。
CHAPTERIII。DevelopmentoftherulingPassion。
I。Attitudeofthenobles。Theirmoderateresistance。
IFpopularpassionendedinmurderitwasnotbecauseresistancewasgreatorviolent。Onthecontrary，neverdidanaristocracyundergodispossessionwithsomuchpatience，oremploylessforceinthedefenseofitsprerogatives，orevenofitsproperty。Tospeakwithexactness，theclassinquestionreceivesblowswithoutreturningthem，andwhenitdoestakeuparms，itisalwayswiththebourgeoisandtheNationalGuard，attherequestofthemagistrates，inconformitywiththelaw，andfortheprotectionofpersonsandproperty。Thenoblestrytoavoidbeingeitherkilledorrobbed，nothingmore:fornearlythreeyearstheyraisenopoliticalbanner。
Inthetownswheretheyexertthemostinfluenceandwhicharedenouncedasrebellious，forex—ampleinMendeandArles，theiroppositionislimitedtothesuppressionofriots，therestrainingofthecommonpeople，andensuringrespectforthelaw，Itisnottheneworderofthingsagainstwhichtheyconspire，butagainstbrutaldisorder。—AtMende，\"saysthemunicipalbody，[1]\"wehadthehonorofbeingthefirsttofurnishthecontributionsof1790。
Wesuppliedtheplaceofourbishopandinstalledhissuccessorwithoutdisturbance，andwithouttheassistanceofanyforeignforce……Wedispersedthemembersofacathedralbodytowhichwewereattachedbythetiesofbloodandfriendship；wedismissedall，fromthebishopdowntothechildrenofthechoir。Wehadbutthreecommunitiesofmendicantmonks，andallthreehavebeensuppressed。
Wehavesoldallnationalpossessionswithoutexception。\"—Thecommanderoftheirgendarmerieis，infact，anoldmemberofthebody—guard，whilethesuperiorofficersoftheNationalGuardaregentlemen，orbelongtotheorderofSaint—Louis。Itisveryevidentthat，iftheydefendthemselvesagainstJacobins，theyarenotinsurgentagainsttheNationalAssembly。—InArles，[2]whichhasputdownitspopulace，whichhasarmeditself，whichhasshutitsgates，andwhichpassesforafocusofroyalistconspiracy，thecommissionerssentbytheKingandbytheNationalAssembly，menofdiscretionandofconsideration，findnothing，afteramonth’sinvestigation，butsubmissiontothedecreesandzealforthepublicwelfare。
\"Such，\"theysay，\"arethemenwhohavebeencalumniatedbecause，cherishingtheConstitution，theyholdfanaticism，demagoguesandanarchy，inhorror。Ifthecitizenshadnotrousedthemselveswhenthemomentofdangerarrived，theywouldhavebeenslaughteredliketheirneighbors（ofAvignon）。Itisthisinsurrectionagainstcrimewhichthebrigandshaveslandered。\"Iftheirgateswereshutitwasbecause\"theNationalGuardofMarseilles，thesamewhichbehavedsobadlyintheComtat，flockedthereunderthepretextofmaintaininglibertyandofforestallingthecounter—revolution，but，inreality，tovillagethetown。\"
VivelaNation！VivelaLoi！ViveleRoiweretheonlycriesheardattheveryquietandorderlyelectionsthathadjusttakenplace。
\"TheattachmentofthecitizenstotheConstitutionhasbeenspokenof……Obediencetothelaws，thereadiestdispositiontodischargepubliccontributions，wereremarkedbyusamongthesepretendedcounter—revolutionaries。Thosewhoaresubjecttothelicense—taxcameincrowdstotheH？tel—de—Ville。\"Scarcely\"wasthebureauofreceiptsopenedwhenitwasfilledwithrespectablepeople；thoseonthecontrarywhostylethemselvesgoodpatriots，republicansoranarchists，werenotconspicuousonthisoccasion；
butaverysmallnumberamongthemhavemadetheirsubmission。Therestaresurprisedatbeingcalleduponformoney；theyhadbeengivenaquitedifferenthope。\"
Inshort，duringmorethanthirtymonths，andunderasteadyfireofthreats，outrages，andplunder，thenobleswhoremaininFranceneithercommitnorundertakeanyhostileactagainsttheGovernmentthatpersecutesthem。Noneofthem，notevenM。deBouillé，attemptstocarryoutanyrealplanofcivilwar；Ifindbutoneresolutemanintheirranksatthisdate，readyforaction，andwholaborstoformonemilitantpartyagainstanothermilitantparty:heisreallyapoliticianandconspirator；hehasanunderstandingwiththeComted’Artois；hegetspetitionssignedforthefreedomoftheKingandoftheChurch；heorganizesarmedcompanies；herecruitsthepeasants；hepreparesaVendéeforLanguedocandProvence；andthispersonisabourgeois，FromentofN？mes。[3]But，atthemomentofaction，hefindsonlythreeoutofeighteencompanies，supposedbyhimtobeenlistedinhiscause，thatarewillingtomarchwithhim。
Othersremainintheirquartersuntil，Fromentbeingovercome，theyarefoundthereandslaughtered；thesurvivors，whoescapetoJalès，find，notastronghold，butatemporaryasylum，wheretheyneversucceedintransformingtheirinclinationsintodeterminations。[4]
—Thenoblestoo，likeotherFrenchmen，havebeensubjecttothelastingpressureofmonarchicalcentralization。Theynolongerformonebody。；theyhavelosttheinstinctofassociation。Theynolongerknowhowtoactforthemselves；theyarethepuppetsofadministrationawaitinganimpulsefromthecenter，whileatthecentertheKing，theirhereditarygeneral，acaptiveinthehandsofthepeople，commandsthemtoberesignedandtodonothing。[5]
Moreover，likeotherFrenchmen，theyhavebeenbroughtupinthephilosophyoftheeighteenthcentury。\"Libertyissoprecious，\"
wrotetheDucdeBrissac，[6]\"thatitmaywellbepurchasedwithsomesuffering；adestroyedfeudalismwillnotpreventthegoodandthetruefrombeingrespectedandloved。\"—Theypersistinthisillusionforalongtimeandremainoptimists。Astheyfeelkindlytowardsthepeople，theycannotcomprehendthatthepeopleshouldentertainothersentimentstowardthem；theyfirmlybelievethatthetroublesaretransient。ImmediatelyontheproclamationoftheConstitutiontheyreturnincrowdsfromSpain，Belgium，andGermany；
atTroyestherearenotenoughpost—horsesformanydaystosupplytheemigrantswhoarecomingback。[7]Thustheyacceptnotonlytheabolitionoffeudalismwithcivilequality，butalsopoliticalequalityandnumericalsovereignty。
Someconsiderationforthem，someoutwardsignsofrespect，afewbows，would，inallprobability，haveralliedthemsincerelytodemocraticinstitutions。Theywouldsoonconsenttobeconfoundedwiththecrowd，tosubmittothecommonlevel，andtoliveasprivateindividuals。Hadtheybeentreatedlikethebourgeoisorthepeasant，theirneighbors，hadtheirpropertyandpersonsbeenrespected，theymighthaveacceptedthenewrégimewithoutanybitternessoffeeling。ThattheleadingemigrantnoblesandthoseformingapartoftheoldcourtcarryonintriguesatCoblentzoratTurinisnatural，sincetheyhavelosteverything:authority，places，pensions，sinecures，pleasures，andtherest。But，tothegentryandinferiornoblesoftheprovinces，chevaliersofSaint—
Louis，subalternofficersandresidentproprietors，thelossisinsignificant。Thelawhassuppressedone—halfoftheirseignorialdues；butbyvirtueofthesamelawtheirlandsarenolongerburdenedwithtithes。Popularelectionswillnotprovidethemwithplaces，buttheydidnotenjoythemunderthearbitraryministerialrule。Littledoesitmattertothemthatpower，whetherministerialorpopular，haschangedhands:theyarenotaccustomedtoitsfavors，andwillpursuetheirordinaryavocations—thechase，promenading，reading，visiting，andconversing—providedthey，likethefirst—comer，thegroceratthecorner，ortheirfarm—
servant，findprotection，safety，andsecurityonthepublicroadandintheirdwellings。[8]
II。
Workingsofthepopularimaginationwithrespecttothem。—Themonomaniaofsuspicion。—Thenoblesdistrustedandtreatedasenemies。—Situationofagentlemanonhisdomain。—M。de。
BussyPopularpassion，unfortunately，isablindpower，and，forlackofenlightenment，suffersitselftobeguidedbyspectralillusions。
Imaginaryconceptionswork，andworkinconformitywiththestructureoftheexcitedbrainwhichhasgivenbirthtothem:
WhatiftheAncientRegimeshouldreturn！
Whatifwewereobligedtorestorethepropertyoftheclergy！
Whatifweshouldbeagainforcedtopaythesalttax，theexcise，thetaille，andotherdueswhich，thankstothelaw，wenolongerpay，besidesothertaxesandduesthatwedonotpayinspiteofthelaw！
Whatifallthenobleswhosechateauxareburnt，andwhohavegivenrentacquittancesatthepointofthesword，shouldfindsomewaytoavengethemselvesandrecovertheirformerprivileges！
Undoubtedlytheybroodoverthesethings，makeagreementsamongsteachother，andplotwiththestrangers；atthefirstopportunitytheywillfalluponus:wemustwatchthem，repressthem，and，ifneedsbe，destroythem。—Thisinstinctiveprocessofreasoningprevailedfromtheoutset，and，inproportionasexcessesincrease，prevailstoamuchgreaterextent。Thenobleiseverthepast，present，andfuturecreditor，or，attheveryleast，apossibleone，whichmeansthatheistheworstandmostodiousofenemies。Allhiswaysaresuspicious，evenwhenheisdoingnothing；whateverhemaydoitiswithaviewofarminghimself。
M。deGilliers，wholiveswithhiswifeandsisteroneleagueoutofRomansinDauphiny，[9]amuseshimselfbyplantingtreesandflowers；
afewstepsfromhishouse，onanotherdomain，M。deMontchorel，anoldsoldier，andM。Osmond，anoldlawyerfromParis，withtheirwivesandchildren，occupytheirleisurehoursinsomewhatthesamemanner。M。deGilliershavingorderedandreceivedwoodenwater—
pipes，thereportspreadsthattheyarecannon。Hisguest，M。
Servan，receivesanEnglishtraveling—trunk，whichissaidtobefullofpistols。WhenM。OsmondandM。Servanstrollaboutthecountrywithpencilsanddrawing—paper，itisaverredthattheyarepreparingtopographicalplansfortheSpaniardsandSavoyards。ThefourcarriagesbelongingtothetwofamiliesgotoRomanstofetchsomeguests:insteadoffourtherearenineteen，andtheyaresentforaristocratswhoarecomingtohideawayinundergroundpassages。
M。deSenneville，decoratedwithacordonrouge（redribbon），paysavisitonhisreturnfromAlgiers:thedecorationbecomesablueone，andtheweareristheComted’Artois[10]inperson。Thereiscertainlyaplotbrewing，andatfiveo’clockinthemorningeighteencommunes（twothousandarmedmen）arrivebeforethedoorsofthetwohouses；shoutsandthreatsofdeathlastforeighthours；