Onthe28thofJuly，atAngoulême，[11]thealarmbellisheardaboutthreeo’clockintheafternoon；thedrumsbeattoarms，andcannonaremountedontheramparts。Thetownhastobeputinastateofdefenseagainst15，000banditswhoareapproaching，andfromthewallsacloudofdustontheroadisdiscoveredwithterror。Itprovestobethepost—wagononitswaytoBordeaux。Afterthisthenumberofbrigandsisreducedto1，500，butthereisnodoubtthattheyareravagingthecountry。Atnineo’clockintheevening20，000menareunderarms，andthustheypassthenight，alwayslisteningwithouthearinganything。Towardsthreeo’clockinthemorningthereisanotheralarm，thechurchbellsringingandthepeopleformingabattlearray。TheyareconvincedthatthebrigandshaveburnedRuffec，Vernenil，LaRochefoucauld，andotherplaces。
Thenextdaycountrymenflockintogivetheiraidagainstbanditswhoarestillabsent。\"Atnineo’clock，\"saysawitness，\"wehad40，000meninthetown，towhomweshowedourgratitude。\"Asthebanditsdonotshowthemselves，itmustbebecausetheyareconcealed；ahundredhorsemen，alargenumberofmenonfoot，startouttosearchtheforestofBra？onne，andtotheirgreatsurprisetheyfindnothing。Buttheterrorisnotallayed；\"duringthefollowingdaysaguardiskeptmounted，andcompaniesareenrolledamongthetownsmen，\"whileBordeaux，dulyinformed，dispatchesacouriertoofferthesupportof20，000menandeven30，000。\"Whatissurprising，\"addsthenarrator，isthatattenleaguesoffintheneighborhood，ineachparish，asimilardisturbancetookplace，andataboutthesamehour。\"——Allthatisrequiredisthatagirl，returningtothevillageatnight，shouldmeettwomenwhodonotbelongtotheneighborhood。ThecaseisthesameinAuvergne。
Wholeparishes，onthestrengthofthis，betakethemselvesatnighttothewoods，abandoningtheirhouses，andcarryingawaytheirfurniture；\"thefugitivestroddownanddestroyedtheirowncrops；
pregnantwomenwereinjuredintheforests，andotherslosttheirwits。\"Fearlendsthemwings。Twoyearsafterthis，MadameCampanwasshownarockypeakonwhichawomanhadtakenrefuge，andfromwhichshewasobligedtobeletdownwithropes。——Thepeopleatlastreturntotheirhomes，andresumetheirusualroutines。Butsuchlargemassesarenotunsettledwithimpunity；atumultlikethisis，initself，alivelysourceofalarm。Asthecountrydidrise，itmusthavebeenonaccountofthreateneddangerandiftheperilwasnotduetobrigands，itmusthavecomefromsomeotherquarter。ArthurYoung，atDijonandinAlsace，[12]hearsatthepublicdinnertablesthattheQueenhadformedaplottounderminetheNationalAssemblyandtomassacreallParis。LateronheisarrestedinavillagenearClermont，andexaminedbecauseheisevidentlyconspiringwiththeQueenandtheComted’Entraiguestoblowupthetownandsendthesurvivorstothegalleys。
Noargument，noexperiencehasanyeffectagainstthemultiplyingphantomsofanover—excitedimagination。Hencefortheverycommune，andeveryman，providethemselveswitharmsandkeepthemreadyforuse。Thepeasantsearcheshishoard，and\"findsfromtentotwelvefrancsforthepurchaseofagun。\"\"Anationalmilitiaisfoundinthepoorestvillage。\"Burgessguardsandcompaniesofvolunteerspatrolallthetowns。Militarycommandersdeliverarms，ammunition，andequipment，ontherequisitionofmunicipalbodies，while，incaseofrefusal，thearsenalsarepillaged，and，voluntarilyorbyforce，fourhundredthousandgunsthuspassintothehandsofthepeopleinsixmonths。[13]Notcontentwiththistheymusthavecannon。Bresthavingdemandedtwo，everytowninBrittanydoesthesamething；theirself—esteemisatstakeaswellasaneedoffeelingthemselvesstrong。—Theylacknothingnowtorenderthemselvesmasters。Allauthority，allforce，everymeansofconstraintandofintimidationisintheirhands，andintheirsalone；andthesesovereignhandshavenothingtoguidetheminthisactualinterregnumofalllegalpowers，butthewildormurderoussuggestionsofhungerordistrust。
V。
Attacksonpublicindividualsandpublicproperty。—AtStrasbourg。
—AtCherbourg。—AtMauberge。—AtRouen。—AtBesan？on。—AtTroyes。
Itwouldtaketoomuchspacetorecountalltheviolentactswhichwerecommitted，—convoysarrested，grainpillaged，millersandcornmerchantshung，decapitated，slaughtered，farmerscalleduponunderthethreatsofdeathtogiveupeventheseedreservedforsowing，proprietorsransomedandhousessacked。[14]Theseoutrages，unpunished，toleratedandevenexcusedorbadlysuppressed，areconstantlyrepeated，andare，atfirst，directedagainstpublicmenandpublicproperty。Asiscommonlythecase，therabbleheadthemarchandstampthecharacterofthewholeinsurrection。
Onthe19thofJuly，atStrasbourg，onthenewsofNecker’sreturntooffice，itinterpretsafteritsownfashionthepublicjoy，whichitwitnesses。Fiveorsixhundredbeggars，[15]theirnumberssoonincreasedbythepettytradesmen，rushtothetownhall，themagistratesonlyhavingtimetoflythroughabackdoor。Thesoldiers，ontheirpart，witharmsintheirhands，allowallthesethingstogoon，whileseveralofthemspurtheassailantson。Thewindowsaredashedtopiecesunderahailstormofstones，thedoorsareforcedwithironcrowbars，andthepopulaceenteramidaburstofacclamationsfromthespectators。Immediately，througheveryopeninginthebuilding，whichhasafacadefrontageofeightyfeet，\"thereisashowerofshutters，sashes，chairs，tables，sofas，booksandpapers，andthenanotheroftiles，boards，balconiesandfragmentsofwood—work。\"Thepublicarchivesarethrowntothewind，andthesurroundingstreetsarestrewedwiththem；thelettersofenfranchisement，thechartersofprivileges，alltheauthenticactswhich，sinceLouisXIV，haveguaranteedthelibertiesofthetown，perishintheflames。Someoftherabbleinthecellarsstaveincasksofpreciouswine；fifteenthousandmeasuresofitarelost，makingapoolfivefeetdeepinwhichseveralaredrowned。Others，loadedwithbooty，goawayundertheeyesofthesoldierswithoutbeingarrested。Thehavoccontinuesforthreedays；anumberofhousesbelongingtosomeofthemagistrates\"aresackedfromgarrettocellar。\"Whenthehonestcitizensatlastobtainarmsandrestoreorder，theyarecontentwiththehangingofoneoftherobbers；
although，inordertopleasethepeople，themagistratesarechangedandthepriceofbreadandmeatisreduced。—Itisnotsurprisingthataftersuchtactics，andwithsuchrewards，theriotshouldspreadthroughtheneighborhoodfarandnear:infact，startingfromStrasbourgitoverrunsAlsace，whileinthecountryasinthecity，therearealwaysdrunkardsandrascalsfoundtoheadit。
Nomatterwhere，beitintheEast，intheWest，orintheNorth，theinstigatorsarealwaysofthisstamp。AtCherbourg，onthe21stofJuly，[16]thetwoleadersoftheriotare\"highwayrobbers，\"whoplacethemselvesattheheadofwomenofthesuburbs，foreignsailors，thepopulaceoftheharbor，anditincludessoldiersinworkmen’ssmocks。Theyforcethedeliveryofthekeysofthegrainwarehouses，andwreckthedwellingsofthethreerichestmerchants，alsothatofM。deGarantot，thesub—delegate:\"Allrecordsandpapersareburnt；atM。deGarantot’salonethelossisestimatedatmorethan100，000crownsatleast。\"——Thesameinstinctofdestructionprevailseverywhere，asortofenviousfuryagainstallwhopossess，command，orenjoyanything。AtMaubeuge，onthe27thofJuly，attheveryassemblyoftherepresentativesofthecommune，[17]therabbleinterferesdirectlyinitsusualfashion。A
bandofnailandgun—makerstakespossessionofthetown—hall，andobligesthemayortoreducethepriceofbread。Almostimmediatelyafterthisanotherbandfollowsutteringcriesofdeath，andsmashesthewindows，whilethegarrison，whichhasbeenorderedout，quietlycontemplatesthedamagedone。Deathtothemayor，toallrulers，andtoallemployees！Theriotersforceopentheprisons，settheprisonersfree，andattackthetax—offices。Theoctroiofficesaredemolishedfromtoptobottom:theypulldowntheharborofficesandthrowthescalesandweightsintotheriver。Allthecustomandexcisestoresarecarriedoff；andtheofficialsarecompelledtogiveacquaintances。Thehousesoftheregistrarandofthesheriff，thatoftherevenuecomptroller，twohundredyardsoutsidethetown，aresacked；thedoorsandthewindowsaresmashed，thefurnitureandlinenistorntoshreds，andtheplateandjewelryisthrownintothewells。Thesamehavociscommittedinthemayor’stown—house，alsoinhiscountry—housealeagueoff。\"Notawindow，notadoor，notonearticleoreatable\"ispreserved；theirwork，moreover，isconscientiouslydone，withoutstoppingamoment，\"fromtenintheeveninguptoteninthemorningonthefollowingday。\"Inadditiontothisthemayor，whohasservedforthirty—fouryears，resignshisofficeatthesolicitationofthewell—disposedbutterrifiedpeople，andleavesthecountry。——AtRouen，afterthe24thofJuly，[18]awrittenplacardshows，byitsorthographyanditsstyle，whatsortofintellectscomposeditandwhatkindofactionsaretofollowit:
\"Nation，youhaveherefourheadstostrikeoff，thoseofPontcarry（thefirstpresident），Maussion（theintendant），GodarddeBelb？uf（theattorney—general），andDurand（theattorneyoftheKinginthetown）。Withoutthiswearelost，andifyoudonotdoit，peoplewilltakeyouforaheartlessnation。\"
Nothingcouldbemoreexplicit。Themunicipalbody，however，towhomtheParliamentdenouncesthislistofproscriptions，replies，withitsforcedoptimism，that\"nocitizenshouldconsiderhimselforbeconsideredasproscribed；
hemayandmustbelievehimselftobesafeinhisowndwelling，satisfiedthatthereisnotapersoninthecitywhowouldnotflytohisrescue。\"
Thisisequaltotellingthepopulacethatitisfreetodoasitpleases。Onthestrengthofthistheleadersoftheriotworkoninsecurityfortendays。OneofthemisamannamedJourdain，alawyerofLisieux，and，likemostofhisbrethren，ademagogueinprinciples；theotherisastrollingactorfromParisnamedBordier，famousinthepartofharlequin，[19]abullyinahouseofill—fame，\"anight—roveranddrunkard，andwho，fearingneitherGodnordevil，\"hastakenuppatriotism，andcomesdownintotheprovincestoplaytragedy，andthat，tragedyinreallife。Thefifthactbeginsonthenightofthe3rdofAugust，withBordierandJourdainastheprincipalactors，andbehindthemtherabblealongwithseveralcompaniesoffreshvolunteers。Ashoutisheard，\"Deathtothemonopolists！deathtoMaussion！wemusthavehishead！\"Theypillagehishotel:manyofthembecomeintoxicatedandfallasleepinhiscellar。Therevenueoffices，thetoll—gatesofthetown，theexciseoffice，allbuildingsinwhichtheroyalrevenueiscollected，arewrecked。Immensebonfiresarelightedinthestreetsandontheoldmarketsquare；furniture，clothes，papers，kitchenutensils，areallthrowninpell—mell，whilecarriagesaredraggedoutandtumbledintotheSeine。Itisonlywhenthetown—hallisattackedthattheNationalGuard，beginningtobealarmed，makesupitsmindtoseizeBordierandsomeothers。Thefollowingmorning，however，attheshoutofCarabo，andledbyJourdain，theprisonisforced，Bordiersetfree，andtheintendant’sresidence，withitsoffices，issackedasecondtime。When，finally，thetworascalsaretakenandledtothescaffold，thepopulaceissostronglyintheirfavorastorequirethepointingofloadedcannononthemtokeepthemdown。——AtBesan？on，[20]onthe13thofAugust，theleadersconsistoftheservantofanexhibitorofwildanimals，twogoal—birdsofwhomonehasalreadybeenbrandedinconsequenceofariot，andanumberof\"inhabitantsofill—repute，\"who，towardsevening，spreadthroughthetownalongwiththesoldiers。Thegunnersinsulttheofficerstheymeet，seizethembythethroatandwanttothrowthemintotheDoubs。Othersgotothehouseofthecommandant，M。deLangeron，anddemandmoneyofhim；onhisrefusingtogiveittheytearofftheircockadesandexclaim，\"WetoobelongtotheThird—Estate！\"inotherwords，thattheyarethemasters:
subsequentlytheydemandtheheadoftheintendant，M。deCaumartin，forciblyenterhisdwellingandbreakuphisfurniture。Onthefollowingdaytherabbleandthesoldiersenterthecoffee—houses，theconvents，andtheinns，anddemandtobeservedwithwineandeatablesasmuchastheywant，andthen，heatedbydrink，theyburntheexciseoffices，forceopenseveralprisons，andsetfreeallthesmugglersanddeserters。Toputanendtothissaturnaliaagrandbanquetintheopenairissuggested，inwhichtheNationalGuardistofraternizewiththewholegarrison；butthebanquetturnsintoadrinking—bout，entirecompaniesremainingunderthetablesdeaddrunk；othercompaniescarryawaywiththemfourhogsheadsofwine，andtherest，findingthemselvesleftinthelurch，arescatteredabroadoutsidethewallsinordertorobthecellarsoftheneighboringvillages。Thenextday，encouragedbytheexamplesetthem，aportionofthegarrison，accompaniedbyanumberofworkmen，repeattheexpeditioninthecountry。Finally，afterfourdaysofthisorgy，topreventBesan？onanditsoutskirtsfrombeingindefinitelytreatedasaconqueredcountry，theburgessguard，inalliancewiththesoldierswhohaveremainedloyal，rebelagainsttherebellion，goinquestofthemaraudersandhangtwoofthemthatsameevening。——Suchisrioting！[21]anirruptionofbruteforcewhich，turnedlooseonthehabitationsofmen，candonothingbutgorgeitself，waste，break，destroy，anddodamagetoitself；
andifwefollowthedetailsoflocalhistory，weseehow，inthesedays，similaroutbreaksofviolencemightbeexpectedatanytime。
AtTroyes，[22]onthe18thofJuly，amarket—day，thepeasantsrefusetopaytheentranceduties；theoctroihavingbeensuppressedatParis，itoughtalsotobesuppressedatTroyes。Thepopulace，excitedbythisfirstdisorderlyact，gatherintoamobforthepurposeofdividingthegrainandarmsamongstthemselves，andthenextdaythetown—hallisinvestedbysevenoreightthousandmen，armedwithclubsandstones。Thedayafter，aband，recruitedinthesurroundingvillages，armedwithflails，shovels，andpitch—
forks，entersundertheleadershipofajoinerwhomarchesattheheadofitwithadrawnsaber；fortunately，\"allthehonestfolksamongtheburgesses\"immediatelyformthemselvesintoaNationalGuard，andthisfirstattemptataJacquerieisputdown。Buttheagitationcontinues，andfalserumorsconstantlykeepitup。—Onthe29thofJuly，onthereportbeingcirculatedthatfivehundred\"brigands\"hadleftParisandwerecomingtoravagethecountry，thealarmbellsoundsinthevillages，andthepeasantsgofortharmed。
Henceforth，avagueideaofsomeimpendingdangerfillsallminds；
thenecessityofdefenseandofguardingagainstenemiesismaintained。Thenewdemagoguesavailthemselvesofthistokeeptheirholdonthepeople，andwhenthetimecomes，touseitagainsttheirchiefs。—Itisofnousetoassurethepeoplethatthelatterarepatriots；thattherecentlywelcomedNeckerwithenthusiasticshouts；thatthepriests，themonks，andcanonswerethefirsttoadoptthenationalcockade；thatthenoblesofthecityanditsenvironsarethemostliberalinFrance；that，onthe20thofJuly，theburgessguardsavedthetown；thatallthewealthygivetothenationalworkshops；thatMayorHuez，\"avenerableandhonestmagistrate，\"isabenefactortothepoorandtothepublic。Alltheoldleadersareobjectsofdistrust。——Onthe8thofAugust，amobdemandsthedismissalofthedragoons，armsforallvolunteers，breadattwosousthepound，andthefreedomofallprisoners。Onthe19thofAugusttheNationalGuardrejectsitsoldofficersasaristocrats，andelectsnewones。Onthe27thofAugust，thecrowdinvadethetown—hallanddistributethearmsamongstthemselves。Onthe5thofSeptember，twohundredmen，ledbyTruelle，presidentofthenewcommittee，forcethesaltdepotandhavesaltdeliveredtothematsixsousperpound。——Meanwhile，inthelowestquartersofthecity，astoryisconcoctedtotheeffectthatifwheatisscarceitisbecauseHuez，themayor，andM。deSt。Georges，theoldcommandant，aremonopolists，andnowtheysayofHuezwhattheysaidfiveweeksbeforeofFoulon，that\"hewantstomakethepeopleeathay。\"Themany—headedbrutegrowlsfiercelyandisabouttospring。
Asusual，insteadofrestraininghim，theytrytomanagehim。
\"Youmustputyourauthorityasideforamoment，\"writesthedeputyofTroyestothesheriffs，\"andacttowardsthepeopleastoafriend；beasgentlewiththemasyouwouldbewithyourequals，andrestassuredthattheyarecapableofrespondingtoit。\"
ThusdoesHuezact，andheevendoesmore，payingnoattentiontotheirmenaces，refusingtoprovideforhisownsafetyandalmostofferinghimselfasasacrifice。
\"Ihavewrongednoone，\"heexclaimed；\"whyshouldanyonebearmeill—will？\"
Hissoleprecautionistoprovidesomethingfortheunfortunatepoorwhenheisgone:hebequeathsinhiswill18，000livrestothepoor，and，ontheeveofhisdeath，sends100crownstothebureauofcharity。Butwhatavailself—abnegationandbeneficenceagainstblind，insanerage！Onthe9thofSeptember，threeloadsofflourprovingtobeunsound，thepeoplecollectandshoutout，\"Downwiththeflour—dealers！Downwithmachinery！Downwiththemayor！Deathtothemayor，andletTruellebeputinhisplace！\"
Huez，onleavinghiscourt—room，isknockeddown，murderedbykicksandblows，throttled，draggedtothereceptionhall，struckonhisheadwithawooden—shoeandpitcheddownthegrandstaircase。Themunicipalofficersstriveinvaintoprotecthim；aropeisputaroundhisneckandtheybegintodraghimalong。Apriest，whobegstobeallowedatleasttosavehissoul，isrepulsedandbeaten。Awomanjumpsontheprostrateoldman，stampsonhisfaceandrepeatedlythrustsherscissorsinhiseyes。HeisdraggedalongwiththeropearoundhisneckuptothePontdelaSelle，andthrownintotheneighboringford，andthendrawnout，againdraggedthroughthestreetsandinthegutters，withabunchofhaycrammedinhismouth。[23]
Inthemeantime，hishouseaswellasthatofthelieutenantofpolice，thatofthenotaryGuyot，andthatofM。deSaint—Georges，aresacked；thepillaginganddestructionlastsfourhours；atthenotary’shouse，sixhundredbottlesofwineareconsumedorcarriedoff；objectsofvaluearedivided，andtherest，evendowntotheironbalcony，isdemolishedorbroken；therioterscryout，onleaving，thattheyhavestilltoburntwenty—sevenhouses，andtotaketwenty—sevenheads。\"NooneatTroyeswenttobedthatfatalnight。\"—Duringthesucceedingdays，fornearlytwoweeks，societyseemstobedissolved。Placardspostedaboutthestreetsproscribemunicipalofficers，canons，divines，privilegedpersons，prominentmerchants，andevenladiesofcharity；thelatteraresofrightenedthattheythrowuptheiroffice，whileanumberofpersonsmoveoffintothecountry；othersbarricadethemselvesintheirdwellingsandonlyopentheirdoorswithsaberinhand。Notuntilthe26thdoestheorderlyclassrallysufficientlytoresumetheascendancyandarrestthemiscreants。——SuchispubliclifeinFranceafterthe14thofJuly:themagistratesineachtownfeelthattheyareatthemercyofabandofsavagesandsometimesofcannibals。ThoseofTroyeshadjusttorturedHuezafterthefashionofHurons，whilethoseofCaendidworse；MajordeBelzance，notlessinnocent，andunderswornprotection，[24]wascuttopieceslikeLaperouseintheFijiIslands，andawomanatehisheart。
VI。
Taxesarenolongerpaid。—DevastationoftheForests。—Thenewgamelaws。
Itis，undersuchcircumstances，possibletoforetellwhethertaxescomein，andwhethermunicipalitiesthatswayaboutineverypopularbreezewillhavetheauthoritytocollecttheodiousrevenues。——
TowardstheendofSeptember，[25]Ifindalistofthirty—sixcommitteesormunicipalbodieswhich，withinaradiusoffiftyleaguesaroundParis，refusetoensurethecollectionoftaxes。Oneofthemtoleratesthesaleofcontrabandsalt，inordernottoexciteariot。Anothertakestheprecautiontodisarmtheemployeesintheexcisedepartment。Inathirdthemunicipalofficerswerethefirsttoprovidethemselveswithcontrabandsaltandcontrabandtobacco。
AtPeronneandatHam，theorderhavingcometorestorethetoll—
houses，thepeopledestroythesoldiers’quarters，conductalltheemployeestotheirhomes，andorderthemtoleavewithintwenty—fourhours，underpenaltyofdeath。Aftertwentymonths’resistancePariswillendthematterbyforcingtheNationalAssemblytogiveinandbyobtainingthefinalsuppressionofitsoctroi。[26]——Ofallthecreditorswhosehandeachonefeltonhisshoulders，thatoftheexchequerwastheheaviest，andnowitistheweakest；hencethisisthefirstwhosegraspistobeshakenoff；thereisnonewhichismoreheartilydetestedorwhichreceivesharshertreatment。
Especiallyagainstcollectorsofthesalt—tax，custom—houseofficers，andexcisementhefuryisuniversal。These，everywhere，[27]areindangeroftheirlivesandareobligedtofly。
AtFalaise，inNormandy，thepeoplethreatento\"cuttopiecesthedirectoroftheexcise。\"AtBaignes，inSaintonge，hishouseisdevastatedandhispapersandeffectsareburned；theyputaknifetothethroatofhisson，achildsixyearsofage，saying，\"Thoumustperishthattheremaybenomoreofthyrace。\"
Forfourhourstheclerksareonthepointofbeingtorntopieces；
throughtheentreatiesofthelordofthemanor，whoseesscythesandsabersaimedathisownhead，theyarereleasedonlyontheconditionthatthey\"abjuretheiremployment。\"——Again，fortwomonthsfollowingthetakingoftheBastille，insurrectionsbreakoutbyhundreds，likeavolleyofmusketry，againstindirecttaxation。
>Fromthe23rdofJulytheIntendantofChampagnereportsthat\"theuprisingisgeneralinalmostallthetownsunderhiscommand。\"OnthefollowingdaytheIntendantofAlen？onwritesthat，inhisprovince，\"theroyaldueswillnolongerbepaidanywhere。\"Onthe7thofAugust，M。NeckerstatestotheNationalAssemblythatinthetwointendants’districtsofCaenandAlen？onithasbeennecessarytoreducethepriceofsaltone—half；that\"inaninfinityofplaces\"thecollectionoftheexciseisstoppedorsuspended；thatthesmugglingofsaltandtobaccoisdoneby\"convoysandbyopenforce\"inPicardy，inLorraine，andintheTrois—évêchés；thattheindirecttaxdoesnotcomein，thatthereceivers—generalandthereceiversofthetailleare\"atbay\"andcannolongerkeeptheirengagements。Thepublicincomediminishesfrommonthtomonth；inthesocialbody，theheart，alreadysofeeble，faints；deprivedofthebloodwhichnolongerreachesit，itceasestopropeltothemusclesthevivifyingcurrentwhichrestorestheirwasteandaddstotheirenergy。
\"Allcontrollingpowerisslackened，\"saysNecker，\"everythingisapreytothepassionsofindividuals。\"WhereisthepowertoconstrainthemandtosecuretotheStateitsdues？——Theclergy，thenobles，wealthytownsmen，andcertainbraveartisansandfarmers，undoubtedlypay，andevensometimesgivespontaneously。
Butinsocietythosewhopossessintelligence，whoareineasycircumstancesandconscientious，formasmallselectclass；thegreatmassisegotistic，ignorant，andneedy，andletsitsmoneygoonlyunderconstraint；thereisbutonewaytocollectthetaxes，andthatistoextortthem。Fromtimeimmemorial，directtaxesinFrancehavebeencollectedonlybybailiffsandseizures；whichisnotsurprising，astheytakeawayafullhalfofthenetincome。
Nowthatthepeasantsofeachvillagearearmedandformaband，letthecollectorcomeandmakeseizuresifhedare！——\"Immediatelyafterthedecreeontheequalityofthetaxes，\"writestheprovincialcommissionofAlsace，[28]\"thepeoplegenerallyrefusedtomakeanypayments，untilthosewhowereexemptandprivilegedshouldhavebeeninscribedonthelocallists。\"Inmanyplacesthepeasantsthreatentoobtainthereimbursementoftheirinstallments，whileinotherstheyinsistthatthedecreeshouldberetrospectiveandthatthenewrate—payersshouldpayforthepastyear。\"Nocollectordaresendanofficialtodistrain；nonethataresentdarefulfilltheirmission。\"——\"Itisnotthegoodbourgeois\"ofwhomthereisanyfear，\"buttherabblewhomakethelatterandeveryoneelseafraidofthem；\"resistanceanddisordereverywherecomefrom\"peoplethathavenothingtolose。\"——Notonlydotheyshakeofftaxation，buttheyusurpproperty，anddeclarethat，beingtheNation，whateverbelongstotheNationbelongstothem。TheforestsofAlsacearelaidwaste，theseignorialaswellascommunal，andwantonlydestroyedwiththewastefulnessofchildrenorofmaniacs。
\"Inmanyplaces，toavoidthetroubleofremovingthewoods，theyareburnt，andthepeoplecontentthemselveswithcarryingofftheashes。\"——AfterthedecreesofAugust4th，andinspiteofthelawwhichlicensestheproprietoronlytohuntonhisowngrounds，theimpulsetobreakthelawbecomesirresistible。Everymanwhocanprocureagunbeginsoperations；[29]thecropswhicharestillstandingaretroddenunderfoot，thelordlyresidencesareinvadedandthepalingsarescaled；theKinghimselfatVersaillesiswakenedbyshotsfiredinhispark。Stags，fawns，deer，wildboars，hares，andrabbits，areslainbythousands，cookedwithstolenwood，andeatenuponthespot。ThereisaconstantdischargeofmusketrythroughoutFranceformorethantwomonths，and，asonanAmericanprairie，everylivinganimalbelongstohimwhokillsit。AtChoiseul，inChampagne，notonlyarealltheharesandpartridgesofthebaronyexterminated，butthepondsareexhaustedoffish；thecourtofthechateauevenisentered，tofireonthepigeon—houseanddestroythepigeons，andthenthepigeonsandfish，ofwhichtheyhavetoomany，areofferedtotheproprietorforsale——Itis\"thepatriots\"ofthevillagewith\"smugglersandbadcharacters\"
belongingtotheneighborhoodwhomakethisexpedition；theyareseeninthefrontranksofeveryactofviolence，anditisnotdifficulttoforeseethat，undertheirleadership，attacksonpublicpersonsandpublicpropertywillbefollowedbyattacksonprivatepersonsandprivateproperty。
VII。
Attackuponprivateindividualsandprivateproperty。—Aristocratsdenouncedtothepeopleastheirenemies。—EffectofnewsfromParis。—Influenceofthevillageattorneys。—Isolatedactsofviolence。—Ageneralrisingofthepeasantryintheeast。—Waragainstthecastles，feudalestates，andproperty。—PreparationsforotherJacqueries。
Indeed，anoutlawedclassalreadyexists，theyarecalled\"
aristocrats。\"Thisdeadlyterm，appliedatfirsttothenoblesandprelatesintheStates—Generalwhodeclinedtotakepartinthereunionofthethreeorders，isextendedsoastoembraceallwhosetitles，offices，alliances，andmanneroflivingdistinguishthemfromthemultitude。Thatwhichentitledthemtorespectisthatwhichmarksthemoutasobjectsofill—will；whilethepeople，who，thoughsufferingfromtheirprivileges，didnotregardthempersonallywithhatred，arenowtaughttoconsiderthemastheirenemies。Each，onhisownestate，isheldaccountablefortheevildesignsattributedtohisbrethrenatVersailles，and，onthefalsereportofaplotatthecenter，thepeasantsclassifyhimasoneoftheconspirators。[30]Thusdoesthepeasantjacqueriecommence，andthefanaticswhohavefannedtheflameinParisaretodothesameintheprovinces。\"Youwishtoknowtheauthorsoftheagitation，\"
writesasensiblemantothecommitteeofinvestigation；\"youwillfindthemamongstthedeputiesoftheThird—Estate，\"andespeciallyamongtheattorneysandadvocates。\"Thesedispatchincendiaryletterstotheirconstituents，whichlettersarereceivedbymunicipalbodiesalikecomposedofattorneysandofadvocates……
theyarereadaloudinthepublicsquares，whilecopiesofthemaredistributedamongallthevillages。Inthesevillages，ifanyoneknowshowtoreadbesidesthepriestandthelordofthemanor，itisthelegalpractitioner，\"thebornenemyofthelordofthemanor，whoseplacehecovets，vainofhisoratoricalpowers，embitteredbyhispower，andneverfailingtoblackeneverything。[31]Itishighlyprobablethatheistheonewhocomposesandcirculatestheplacardscallingonthepeople，intheKing’sname，toresorttoviolence。——AtSecondigny，inPoitou，onthe23rdofJuly，[32]thelaborersintheforestreceivealetter\"whichsummonsthemtoattackallthecountrygentlemenroundabout，andtomassacrewithoutmercyallthosewhorefusetorenouncetheirprivileges……
promisingthemthatnotonlywilltheircrimesgounpunished，butthattheywillevenberewarded。\"M。Despretz—Montpezat，correspondentofthedeputiesofthenobles，isseized，anddraggedwithhissontothedwellingoftheprocurator—fiscal，toforcehimtogivehissignature；theinhabitantsareforbiddentorenderhimassistance\"onpainofdeathandfire。\"\"Sign，\"theyexclaim，\"orwewilltearoutyourheart，andsetfiretothishouse！\"Atthismomenttheneighboringnotary，whoisdoubtlessanaccomplice，appearswithastampedpaper，andsaystohim，\"Monsieur，IhavejustcomefromNiort，wheretheThird—Estatehasdonethesamethingtoallthegentlemenofthetown；one，whorefused，wascuttopiecesbeforeoureyes。\"——\"Wearecompelledtosignrenunciationsofourprivileges，andgiveourassenttooneandthesametaxation，asifthenobleshadnotalreadydoneso。\"Thebandgivesnoticethatitwillproceedinthesamefashionwithallthechateauxinthevicinity，andterrorprecedesorfollowsthem。\"Nobodydareswrite，\"M。Despretzsendsword；\"Iattemptitattheriskofmylife。\"——Noblesandprelatesbecomeobjectsofsuspicioneverywhere；villagecommitteesopentheirletters，andtheyhavetosuffertheirhousestobesearched。[33]Theyareforcedtoadoptthenewcockade:tobeagentleman，andnotwearit，istodeservehanging。AtMamers，inMaine，M。deBeauvoirrefusestowearit，andisatthepointofbeingputintothepilloryandfelled。NearLaF1èche，M。deBrissacisarrested，andamessageissenttoParistoknowifheshallbetakenthere，\"orbebeheadedinthemeantime。\"Twodeputiesofthenobles，MM。deMontessonanddeVassé
whohadcometoasktheconsentoftheirconstituentstotheirjoiningtheThird—Estate，arerecognizednearMans；theirhonorablescruplesandtheirpledgestotheconstituentsareconsideredofnoimportance，noreventhestepthattheyarenowtakingtofulfillthem；itsufficesthattheyvotedagainsttheThird—EstateatVersailles；thepopulacepursuesthemandbreaksuptheircarriages，andpillagestheirtrunks。——Woetothenobles，especiallyiftheyhavetakenanypartinlocalrule，andiftheyareopposedtopopularpanics！M。Cureau，deputy—mayorofMans，[34]hadissuedordersduringthefamine，and，havingretiredtohischateauofNouay，hadtoldthepeasantsthattheannouncementofthecomingofbrigandswasafalsealarm；hethoughtthatitwasnotnecessarytosoundthealarmbell，andallthatwasnecessarywasthattheyshouldremainquiet。Accordinglyheissetdownasbeinginleaguewiththebrigands，andbesidesthisheisamonopolist，andabuyerofstandingcrops。Thepeasantsleadhimoff；alongwithhisson—
in—law，M。deMontesson，totheneighboringvillage，wheretherearejudges。Ontheway\"theydraggedtheirvictimsontheground，pummeledthem，trampledonthem，spitintheirfaces，andbesmearedthemwithfilth。\"M。deMontessonisshot，whileM。Cureauiskilledbydegrees；acarpentercutsoffthetwoheadswithadouble—edgedax，andchildrenbearthemalongtothesoundofdrumsandviolins。
Meanwhile，thejudgesoftheplace，broughtbyforce，drawupanofficialreportstatingthefindingofthirtylouisandseveralbillsoftheBanqued’EscompteinthepocketsofM。deCureau，onthediscoveryofwhichashoutoftriumphissetup:thisevidenceprovesthattheyweregoingtobuyupthestandingwheat！——Suchisthecourseofpopularjustice。NowthattheThird—Estatehasbecomethenation，everymobthinksthatithastherighttopronouncesentences，whichitcarriesout，onlivesandonpossessions。
Theseexplosionsareisolatedinthewestern，centralandsouthernprovinces；theconflagration，however，isuniversalintheeast。Onastripofgroundfromthirtytofiftyleaguesbroad，extendingfromtheextremenorthdowntoProvence。Alsace，Franche—Comté，Burgundy，Maconnais，Beaujolais，Auvergne，Viennois，Dauphiny，thewholeofthisterritoryresemblesacontinuousminewhichexplodesatthesametime。ThefirstcolumnofflamewhichshootsupisonthefrontiersofAlsaceandFranche—Comté，inthevicinityofBelfortandVésoul，afeudaldistrict，inwhichthepeasant，over—
burdenedwithtaxes，bearstheheavieryokewithgreaterimpatience。
Aninstinctiveargumentisgoingoninhismindwithouthisknowingit。\"ThegoodAssemblyandthegoodKingwantustobehappy，supposewehelpthem！TheysaythattheKinghasalreadyrelievedusofthetaxes，supposewerelieveourselvesofpayingrents！Downwiththenobles！Theyarenobetterthanthetax—collectors！\"——Onthe16thofJuly，thechateauofSancy，belongingtothePrincessesdeBeaufremont，issacked，andonthe18ththoseofLure，Bithaine，andMolans。[35]Onthe29th，anaccidentwhichoccurswithsomefire—worksatapopularfestivalatthehouseofM。deMesmay，leadsthelowerclasstobelievethattheinvitationextendedtothemwasatrap，andthattherewasadesiretogetridofthembytreachery。[36]Seizedwithragetheysetfiretothechateau，andduringthefollowingweek[37]destroythreeabbeys，ruinelevenchateauxandpillageothers。\"Allrecordsaredestroyed，theregistersandcourt—rollsarecarriedoff；andthedepositsviolated。\"——Startingfromthisspot，\"thehurricaneofinsurrection\"stretchesoverthewholeofAlsacefromHuninguetoLandau。[38]Theinsurgentsdisplayplacards，signedLouis，statingthatforacertainlapseoftimetheyshallbepermittedtoexercisejusticethemselves，and，inSundgau，awell—dressedweaver，decoratedwithabluebelt，passesforaprince，theKing’ssecondson。TheybeginbyfallingontheJews，theirhereditaryleeches；
theysacktheirdwellings，dividetheirmoneyamongthemselves，andhuntthemdownlikesomanyfallow—deer。AtBalealone，itissaidthattwelvehundredoftheseunfortunatefugitivesarrivedwiththeirfamilies。——ThedistancebetweentheJewcreditorandtheChristianproprietorisnotgreat，andthisissooncleared。
Remiremontisonlysavedbyadetachmentofdragoons。EighthundredmenattackthechateauofUberbrünn。TheabbeyofNeubourgistakenbystorm。AtGuebwiller，onthe31stofJuly，fivehundredpeasants，subjectsoftheabbeyofMurbach，makeadescentontheabbot’spalaceandonthehouseofthecanons。Cupboards，chests，beds，windows，mirrors，frames，eventhetilesoftheroofandthehingesofthecasementsarehackedtopieces:\"Theykindlefiresonthebeautifulinlaidfloorsoftheapartments，andthereburnupthelibraryandthetitle—deeds。\"Theabbot’ssuperbcarriageissobrokenupthatnotawheelremainsentire。\"Winestreamsthroughthecellars。Onecaskofsixteenhundredmeasuresishalflost；theplateandthelinenarecarriedoff。\"——Societyisevidentlybeingoverthrown，whilewiththepower，propertyischanginghands。
Thesearetheirverywords。InFranche—Comte[39]theinhabitantsofeightcommunescomeanddeclaretotheBernardinsofGrace—DieuandofLieu—Croissant\"that，beingoftheThird—Estate，itistimenowforthepeopletoruleoverabbotsandmonks，consideringthatthedominationofthelatterhaslastedtoolong，\"andthereupontheycarryoffallthetitlestopropertyandtorentalsbelongingtotheabbeyintheircommune。InUpperDauphiny，duringthedestructionofM。deMurat’schateau，amannamedFerréolstruckthefurniturewithabigstick，exclaiming，\"Hey，somuchforyou，Murat；youhavebeenmasteragoodwhile，nowit’sourturn！\"[40]Thosewhoriflehouses，andsteallikehighwayrobbers，thinkthattheyaredefendingacause，andreplytothechallenge，\"Whogoesthere？\"\"WeareforthebrigandThird—Estate！\"——Everywherethebeliefprevailsthattheyareclothedwithauthority，andtheyconductthemselveslikeaconqueringhordeundertheordersofanabsentgeneral。AtRemiremontandatLuxeuiltheyproduceanedict，statingthat\"allthisbrigandage，pillage，anddestruction\"ispermitted。InDauphiny，theleadersofthebandssaythattheypossesstheKing’sorders。InAuvergne，\"theyfollowimperativeorders，beingadvisedthatsuchishisMajesty’swill。\"Nowheredoweseethataninsurgentvillageexercisespersonalvengeanceagainstitslord。Ifthepeoplefireonthenoblestheyencounter，itisnotthroughpersonalhatred。Theyaredestroyingtheclass，anddonotpursueindividuals。Theydetestfeudalprivileges，holdersofcharters，thecursedparchmentsbyvirtueofwhichtheyaremadetopay，butnotthenoblemanwho，whenheresidesathome，isofhumaneintentions，compassionate，andevenoftenbeneficent。AtLuxeuil，theabbot，whoisforcedwithupliftedaxtosignarelinquishmentofhisseignorialrightsovertwenty—threeestates，hasdweltamongthemforforty—sixyears，andhasbeenwhollydevotedtothem。[41]
InthecantonofCrémieu，\"wherethehavocisimmense，\"allthenobles，writethemunicipalofficers，are\"patriotsandbenevolent。\"
InDauphiny，theengineers，magistrates，andprelates，whosechateauxaresacked，werethefirsttoespousethecauseofthepeopleandofpubliclibertiesagainsttheministers。InAuvergne，thepeasantsthemselves\"manifestagooddealofrepugnancetoactinthiswayagainstsuchkindmasters。\"Butitmustbedone；theonlyconcessionwhichcanbemadeinconsiderationofthekindnesswhichhadbeenextendedtothemis，nottoburnthechateauoftheladiesofVanes，whohadbeensocharitable；buttheyburnalltheirtitle—deeds，andtorturethebusinessagentatthreedifferenttimesbyfire，toforcehimtodeliveradocumentwhichhedoesnotpossess；theythenonlywithdrawhimfromthefirehalf—broiled，becausetheladies，ontheirknees，imploremercyforhim。Theyarelikethesoldiersonacampaignwhoexecuteorderswithdocility，forwhichnecessityistheonlyplea，andwho，withoutregardingthemselvesasbrigands，commitactsofbrigandage。
Butherethesituationismoretragic，foritiswarinthemidstofpeace，awarofthebrutalandbarbaricmultitudeagainstthehighlycultivated，well—disposedandconfiding，whohadnotanticipatedanythingofthekind，whohadnotevendreamtofdefendingthemselves，andwhohadnoprotection。TheComtedeCourtivron，withhisfamily，wasstayingatthewatering—placeofLuxeuilwithhisuncle，theAbbéofClermont—Tonnerre，anoldmanofseventyyears。Onthe19thofJuly，fiftypeasantsfromFougerollebreakintoanddemolisheverythinginthehousesofanusherandacollectoroftheexcise。Thereuponthemayoroftheplaceintimatestothenoblesandmagistrateswhoaretakingthewaters，thattheyhadbetterleavethehouseintwenty—fourhours，as\"hehadbeenadvisedofanintentiontoburnthehousesinwhichtheywerestaying，\"andhedidnotwishtohaveLuxeuilexposedtothisdangeronaccountoftheirpresencethere。Thefollowingday，theguard，asobligingasthemayor，allowsthebandtoenterthetownandtoforcetheabbey:theusualeventsfollow，renunciationsareextorted，recordsandcellarsareransacked，plateandothereffectsarestolen。M。deCourtivronescapingwithhisuncleduringthenight，thealarmbellissoundedandtheyarepursued，andwithdifficultyobtainrefugeinPlombières。ThebourgeoisieofPlombières，however，forfearofcompromisingthemselves，obligethemtodepart。Ontheroadtwohundredinsurgentsthreatentokilltheirhorsesandtosmashtheircarriage，andtheyonlyfindsafetyatlastatPorentruy，outsideofFrance。Onhisreturn，M。deCourtivronisshotatbythebandwhichhasjustpillagedtheabbeyofLure，andtheyshoutoutathimashepasses，\"Let’smassacrethenobles！\"Meanwhile，thechateauofVauvilliers，towhichhissickwifehadbeencarried，isdevastatedfromtoptobottom；themobsearchforhereverywhere，andsheonlyescapesbyhidingherselfinahay—loft。BothareanxioustoflyintoBurgundy，butwordissentthemthatatDijon\"thenoblesareblockadedbythepeople，\"andthat，inthecountry，theythreatentosettheirhousesonfire。——
Thereisnoasylumtobehad，eitherintheirownhomesnorinthehomesofothers，norinplacesalongtheroads，fugitivesbeingstoppedinallthesmallvillagesandmarket—towns。InDauphiny[42]
\"theAbbessofSt。PierredeLyon，oneofthenuns，M。dePerrotin，M。deBellegarde，theMarquisdelaTour—du—Pin，andtheChevalierdeMoidieu，arearrestedatChampierbythearmedpopulation，ledtotheC？teSaint—André，confinedinthetown—hall，whencetheysendtoGrenobleforassistance，\"and，tohavethemreleased，theGrenobleCommitteeisobligedtosendcommissioners。Theironlyrefugeisinthelargecities，wheresomesemblanceofaprecariousorderexists，andintheranksoftheCityGuards，whichmarchfromLyons，Dijon，andGrenoble，tokeeptheinundationdown。Throughoutthecountryscatteredchateauxareswallowedupbythepopulartide，and，asthefeudalrightsareofteninplebeianhands，itinsensiblyrisesbeyonditsfirstoverflow。——Thereisnolimittoaninsurrectionagainstproperty。Thisoneextendsfromabbeysandchateauxtothe\"housesofthebourgeoisie。\"[43]Thegrudgeatfirstwasconfinedtotheholdersofcharters；nowitisextendedtoallwhopossessanything。Well—to—dofarmersandpriestsabandontheirparishesandflytothetowns。Travelersareputtoransom。Thieves，robbers，andreturnedconvicts，attheheadofarmedbands，seizewhatevertheycanlaytheirhandson。Cupiditybecomesinflamedbysuchexamples；ondomainswhicharedesertedandinastateofconfusion，wherethereisnothingtoindicateamaster’spresence，allseemstolapsetothefirstcomer。Asmallfarmeroftheneighborhoodhascarriedawaywineandreturnsthefollowingdayinsearchofhay。
AllthefurnitureofachateauinDauphinisremoved，eventothehingesofthedoors，byalargereinforcementofcarts。——\"Itisthewarofthepooragainsttherich，\"saysadeputy，\"and，onthe3rdofAugust，theCommitteeonReportsdeclarestotheNationalAssembly\"thatnokindofpropertyhasbeenspared。\"InFranche—
Comté，\"nearlyfortychateauxandseignorialmansionshavebeenpillagedorburnt。\"[44]FromLancerstoGrayaboutthreeoutoffivechateauxaresacked。InDauphintwenty—sevenareburnedordestroyed；fiveinthesmalldistrictofViennese，and，besidesthese，allthemonasteries——nineatleastinAuvergne，seventy—
two，itissaid，inMaconnaisandBeaujolais，withoutcountingthoseofAlsace。Onthe31stofJuly，Lally—Tollendal，onenteringthetribune，hashishandsfulloflettersofdistress，withalistofthirty—sixchateauxburnt，demolished，orpillaged，inoneprovince，andthedetailsofstillworseviolenceagainstpersons:[45]
\"inLanguedoc，M。deBarras，cuttopiecesinthepresenceofhiswifewhoisabouttobeconfined，andwhoisdeadinconsequence；inNormandy，aparalyticgentlemanleftonaburningpileandtakenofffromitwithhishandsburnt；inFranche—Comté，MadamedeBathillycompelled，withanaxoverherhead，togiveuphertitle—deedsandevenherestate；MadamedeListenayforcedtodothesame，withapitchforkatherneckandhertwodaughtersinaswoonatherfeet；
ComtedeMontjustin，withhiswife，havingapistolathisthroatforthreehours；andbothdraggedfromtheircarriagetobethrownintoapond，wheretheyaresavedbyapassingregimentofsoldiers；
BarondeMontjustin，oneofthetwenty—twopopularnoblemen，suspendedforanhourinawell，listeningtoadiscussionwhetherheshallbedroppeddownorwhetherheshoulddieinsomeotherway；
theChevalierd’Ambly，tornfromhischateauanddraggednakedintothevillage，placedonadung—heapafterhavinghiseyebrowsandallhishairpulledout，whilethecrowdkeptondancingaroundhim。\"
Inthemidstofadisintegratedsociety，underthesemblanceonlyofagovernment，itismanifestthataninvasionisunderway，aninvasionofbarbarianswhichwillcompletebyterrorthatwhichithasbegunbyviolence，andwhich，liketheinvasionsoftheNormansinthetenthandeleventhcenturies，endsintheconquestanddispossessionofanentireclass。InvaintheNationalGuardandtheothertroopsthatremainloyalsucceedinstemmingthefirsttorrent；invaindoestheAssemblyhollowoutabedforitandstrivetobankitinbyfixedboundaries。Thedecreesofthe4thofAugustandtheregulationswhichfollowarebutsomanyspiders’
websstretchedacrossatorrent。Thepeasants，moreover，puttingtheirowninterpretationonthedecrees，convertthenewlawsintoauthorityforcontinuingintheircourseorbeginningoveragain。
Nomorerents，howeverlegitimate，howeverlegal！
\"Yesterday，\"[46]writesagentlemanofAuvergne，wewerenotifiedthatthefruit—tithe（percières）wouldnolongerbepaid，andthattheexampleofotherprovinceswasonlybeingfollowedwhichnolonger，evenbyroyalorder，paytithes。\"InFranche—Comté\"numerouscommunitiesaresatisfiedthattheynolongeroweanythingeithertotheKingortotheirlords……Thevillagesdivideamongstthemselvesthefieldsandwoodsbelongingtothenobles。\"——
Itmustbenotedthatcharter—holdingandfeudaltitlesarestillintactinthree—fourthsofFrance，thatitistheinterestofthepeasanttoensuretheirdisappearance，andthatheisalwaysarmed。
Tosecureanewoutbreakofjacqueries，itisonlynecessarythatcentralcontrol，alreadythrownintodisorder，shouldbewithdrawn。
ThisistheworkofVersaillesandofParis；andthere，atParisaswellasatVersailles，some，throughlackofforesightandinfatuation，andothers，throughblindnessandindecision——thelatterthroughweaknessandtheformerthroughviolence——allarelaboringtoaccomplishit。
_
Notes:
[1]Dusaulx，374。\"Iremarkedthatiftherewereafewamongthepeopleatthattimewhodaredcommitcrime，therewereseveralwhowishedit，andthateveryoneenduredit。\"——\"ArchivesNationales，\"DXXIX，3。（LetterofthemunicipalauthoritiesofCrémieu，Dauphiny，November3，1789。）\"Thecaretakentoleadthemfirsttothecellarsandtointoxicatethem，canalonegiveaconceptionoftheincredibleexcessesofragetowhichtheygavethemselvesupinthesackingandburningofthechateaux。\"
[2]MercuredeFrance，January4，1792。（\"Revuepolitiquedel’année1791，\"byMalletduPan。）
[3]AlbertBabeau，I。206。（LetterofthedeputyCamuzetdeBelombre，August22，1789。）Theexecutivepowerisabsolutelygoneto—day。\"——GouverneurMorris，letterofJuly31，1789:\"Thiscountryisnowasnearinastateofanarchyasitispossibleforacommunitytobewithoutbreakingup。\"
[4]\"ArchivesNationales，\"H。1453。LetterofM。Amelot，July24th；H。784，ofM。deLangeron，October16thand18th。——KK。
1105。correspondenceofM。deThiard，October7thand30th，September4th。——Floquet，VII。527，555。—Guadet，\"HistoiredesGirondins\"（July29，1789）。
[5]M。deRochambeau，\"Mémoires，\"I。353（July18th）。—Sauzay，\"HistoiredelaPersécutionRévolutionnairedansleDépartementdeDoubs，\"I。128（July19th。）——\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3253。
（LetterofthedeputiesoftheprovincialcommissionofAlsace，September8th。）D。XXIX。I。noteofM。deLatour—du—Pin，October28，1789。—LetterofM。deLangeron，September3rd；ofBreitman，garde—marteau，ValSaint—Amarin（UpperAlsace），July26th。
[6]LéoncedeLavergne，197。（LetteroftheintermediatecommissionofPoitou，thelastmonthin1789。）——Cf。Brissot（Lepatriotefran？ais，August，1789）。\"Generalinsubordinationprevailsintheprovincesbecausetherestraintsofexecutivepowerarenolongerfelt。Whatwerebutlatelytheguaranteesofthatpower？Theintendants，tribunals，andthearmy。Theintendantsaregone，thetribunalsaresilent，andthearmyisagainsttheexecutivepowerandonthesideofthepeople。Libertyisnotanourishmentforunpreparedstomachs。\"
[7]\"ArchivesNationales，\"D。XXIX。I。（Letteroftheclergy，consuls，présidial—councillorsandprincipalmerchantsofPuy—en—
Velay，September16，1789。）——H。1453。（letteroftheIntendantorAlen？on，July18th）。\"Imustnotleaveyouinignoranceofthemultipliedoutbreakswehaveinallpartsofmyjurisdiction。Theimpunitywithwhichtheyflatterthemselves，becausethejudgesareafraidofirritatingthepeoplebyexamplesofseverity，onlyemboldensthem。Mischief—makers，confoundedwithhonestfolks，spreadfalsereportsaboutparticularpersonswhomtheyaccuseofconcealinggrain，orofnotbelongingtotheThird—Estate，and，underthispretext，theypillagetheirhouses，takingwhatevertheycanfind，theownersonlyavoidingdeathbyflight。\"
[8]Abodyofmagistratesformingoneofthelowertribunals。—[Tr。]
[9]\"ArchivesNationales，\"H。942。（ObservationsofM。deBallainvilliers，October30，1789。）
[10]\"ArchivesNationales，\"D，XXIX。1。LetterofthemunicipalassemblyofLouviers，theendofAugust，1789。—LetterofthecommunalassemblyofSaint—Bris（bailiwickofAuxerre），September25th。—LetterofthemunicipalofficersofRicey—Haut，nearBar—
sur—Seine，August25th；oftheChevalierd’Allouville，September8th。
[11]\"ArchivesNationales，\"D，XXIX。I。LetterofM。Briand—
Delessart（Angoulême，August1st）。——OfM。Bret，Lieutenant—
GeneraloftheprovostshipofMardogne，September5th。——OftheChevalierdeCastellas（Auvergue），September15th（relatingtothenightbetweenthe2ndand3rdofAugust）。—MadameCampan，II。
65。
[12]ArthurYoung，\"VoyagesinFrance，\"July24thand31st，August13thand19th。
[13]DeBouillé，108。—\"ArchivesNationales，\"KK。1105。
CorrespondenceofM。deThiard，September20，1789（aproposofonehundredgunsgiventothetownofSaint—Brieuc）。\"Theyarenotoftheslightestuse，butthispassionforarmsisatemporaryepidemicwhichmustbeallowedtosubsideofitself。Peoplearedeterminedtobelieveinbrigandsandinenemies，whereasneitherexist。\"——
September25th，\"Vanityaloneimpelsthem，andtheprideofhavingcannonistheirsolemotive。\"
[14]\"ArchivesNationales，\"H。1453。LettersofM。Amelot，July17thand24th。\"Severalwealthyprivatepersonsofthetown（Auxonne）havebeenputtoransombythisband，ofwhichthelargestportionconsistsofruffians。\"—LetterofninecultivatorsofBreteuil（Picardy）July23rd（theirgranarieswerepillageduptothelastgrainthepreviousevening）。\"Theythreatentopillageourcropsandsetourbarnsonfireassoonastheyarefull。M。
Tassard，thenotary，hasbeenvisitedinhishousebythepopulace，andhislifehasbeenthreatened。\"LetterofMoreau，ProcureurduRoiattheSenechal’sCourtatBar—le—Duc，September15，1789，D，XXIX，1。\"Onthe27thofJulythepeopleroseandmostcruellyassassinatedamerchanttradinginwheat。Onthe27thand28thhishouseandthatofanotherweresacked，\"etc。
[15]ChronicleofDominickSchmutz（\"Revued’Alsace，\"V。III。3rdseries。Thesearehisownexpressions:Gesindel，Lumpen—gesindel。
——DeRochambeau，\"Mémoires，\"I。353。—ArthurYoung（aneye—
witness），July21st。——OfDampmartin（eye—witness），I。105。M。
deRochambeaushowstheusualindecisionandwantofvigor:whilstthemobarepillaginghousesandthrowingthingsoutofthewindows，hepassesinfrontofhisregiments（8，000men）drawnupforaction，andsays，\"Myfriends，mygoodfriends，youseewhatisgoingon。
Howhorrible！Alas！theseareyourpapers，yourtitlesandthoseofyourparents。\"Thesoldierssmileatthissentimentalprattle。
[16]Dumouriez（aneye—witness），bookIII。ch。3。—Thetrialwasbegunandjudgmentgivenbytwelvelawyersandanassessor，whomthepeople，inarms，hadthemselvesappointed。——Hippeau，IV。
382。
[17]ArchivesNationales，\"F73248。（Letterofthemayor，M。
PoussiaudedeThierri，September11th。）
[18]Floquet，VII。551。
[19]DeGoncourt，\"LaSociétéfran？aisependantlaRévolution，\"37。
[20]\"ArchivesNationales，\"D。XXIX。1。LetteroftheofficersofthebailiwickofD？le，August24th。—SauzayI。128。
[21]ThereisasimilaroccurrenceatStrasbourg，afewdaysafterthesackingofthetown—hall。Themunicipalityhavinggiveneachmanofthegarrisontwentysous，thesoldiersabandontheirpost，settheprisonersfreeatthePont—Couvert，feastpubliclyinthestreetswiththewomentakenoutofthepenitentiary，andforceinnkeepersandthekeepersofdrinking—placestogiveuptheirprovisions。Theshopsareallclosed，and，fortwenty—fourhours，theofficersarenotobeyed。（DeDampmartin，I。105。）
[22]AlbertBabeau，I。187—273。——Moniteur，II。379。（Extractfromtheprovost’sverdictofNovember27，1789。）
[23]Moniteur，ibid。Picard，theprincipalmurderer，confessed\"thathehadmadehimsufferagreatdeal；thatthesaidsieurHuezdidnotdieuntiltheycameneartheChaudronInn；thatheneverthelessintendedtomakehimsuffermorebystabbinghimintheneckatthecornerofeachstreet，（and）bycontrivingitsothathemightdoitoften，aslongastherewaslifeinhim；thatthedayonwhichM。Huezdiedyieldedhimtenfrancs，togetherwiththeneck—
buckleofM。Hues，foundonhimwhenhewasarrestedinhisflight。\"
[24]MercuredeFrance，，September26，1789。LettersoftheofficersoftheBourbonregimentandofmembersofthegeneralcommitteeofCaen。—Floquet，VII。545。
[25]\"ArchivesNationales，\"H。1453。—Ibid。D。XXIX。I。
NoteofM。delaTour—du—Pin，October28th。
[26]Decree，February5，1789，enforcedMay1stfollowing。
[27]\"ArchivesNationales，\"D。XXIX。I。LetterofthecountdeMontausier，August8th，withnotesbyM。Paulian，directoroftheexcise（anadmirableletter，modestandliberal，andendingbydemandingapardonforpeopleledastray）。——H。1453。LetteroftheattorneyoftheelectiondistrictofFalaise，July17th，etc。—
—Moniteur，I。303，387，505（sessionsofAugust7thand27thandofSeptember23rd）。\"Theroyalrevenuesarediminishingsteadily。\"
——BuchezandRoux，III。219（sessionofOctober24，1789）。
DiscourseofadeputationfromAnjou:\"Sixtythousandmenarearmed；
thebarriershavebeendestroyed，theclerks’horseshavebeensoldbyauction；theemployeeshavebeentoldtowithdrawfromtheprovincewithineightdays。Theinhabitantshavedeclaredthattheywillnotpaytaxessolongasthesalt—taxexists。
[28]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F73253（LetterofSeptember8，1789）。
[29]ArthurYoung，September30th。\"ItisbeingsaidthateveryrustyguninProvenceisatwork，killingallsortsofbirds；theshothasfallenfiveorsixtimesinmychaiseandaboutmyears。\"—
—Beugnot，I。142。—\"ArchivesNationales，\"D。XXIX。I。LetteroftheChevalierd’Allonville，September8，1789（NearBar—sur—
Aube）。\"ThepeasantsgoinarmedbandsintothewoodsbelongingtotheAbbeyofTrois—Fontaines，whichtheycutdown。TheysawuptheoaksandtransportthemonwagonstoPont—Saint—Dizier，wheretheysellthem。Inotherplacestheyfishinthepondsandbreaktheembankments。\"
[30]\"ArchivesNationales，\"D。XXIX。1。LetteroftheassessorofthepoliceofSaint—Flour，October3，1789。Onthe31stofJuly，arumorisspreadthatthebrigandsarecoming。Onthe1stofAugustthepeasantsarmthemselves。\"Theyamusethemselvesbydrinking，awaitingthearrivalofthebrigands；theexcitementincreasestosuchanextentastomakethembelievethatM。leComted’EspinchalhadarrivedindisguisetheeveningbeforeatMassiac，thathewastheauthorofthetroublesdisturbingtheprovinceatthistime，andthathewasconcealedinhischateau。\"Onthestrengthofthisshotsarefiredintothewindows，andtherearesearches，etc。
[31]\"ArchivesNationales，\"D，XXIX，I，LetterofEtienneFermier，Naveinne，September18th（itispossiblethattheauthor，forthesakeofcaution，tookafictitiousname）。—ThemanuscriptcorrespondenceofM。Boullé，deputyofPontivy，tohisconstituents，isatypeofthisdeclamatoryandincendiarywriting。—Letteroftheconsuls，priests，andmerchantsofPuy—en—Velay，September16th。
—\"TheAncientRégime，\"p。396。
[32]\"ArchivesNationales，\"D。XXIX。1。LetterofM。Despretz—
Montpezat，aformerartilleryofficer，July24th（withseveralothersignatures）。OnthesamedaythealarmbellissoundedInfiftyvillagesontherumorspreadingthat7，000brigands，EnglishandBreton，wereinvadingthecountry。
[33]\"ArchivesNationales，\"D。XXIX。I。LetterofBriand—
Delessart，August1st（domiciliaryvisitstotheCarmelitesofAngoulêmewhereitispretendedthatMme。dePolignachasjustarrived。—Beugnot，I。140。——ArthurYoung，July20th，etc。—
BuchezandRoux，IV。166。LetterofMamers，July24th；ofMans，July26th。
[34]Montjoie，ch。LXXII，p。93（accordingtoactsoflegalprocedure）。TherewasasoldierinthebandwhohadservedunderM。
deMontessonandwhowantedtoavengehimselfforthepunishmentshehadundergoneintheregiment。
[35]MercuredeFrance，August20th（LetterfromVésoul，August13th）。
[36]M。deMemmayprovedhisinnocencelateron，andwasrehabilitatedbyapublicdecisionaftertwoyears’proceedings（sessionofJune4，1791；MercureofJune11th）。
[37]JournaldesDébatsetDécrets，I。258。（LetterofthemunicipalityofVésoul，July22nd。——DiscourseofM。deToulougeon，July29th。）
[38]DeRochambeau，\"Mémoires，\"I。353。——\"ArchivesNationales，\"
F7，3253。（LetterofM。deRochamheau，August4th。）——ChronicleofSchmutz（ibid。），p。284。\"ArchivesNationales，\"D。XXIX。I。
（LetterofMme。Ferrette，ofRemiremont，August9th。）
[39]Sauzay，I。180。（Lettersofmonks，July22ndand26th。）
[40]\"ArchivesNationales，\"D。XXIX。I。（LetterofM。deBergeron，attorneytotheprésidialofValence，August28th，withthedetailsoftheverdictstated。）OfficialreportofthemilitiaofLyons，senttothepresidentoftheNationalAssembly，August10th。（ExpeditiontoSerrière，inDauphiny，July31st。）
[41]LetteroftheCountofCourtivron，deputysubstitute（aneye—
witness）。——\"ArchivesNationales，\"D。XXIX。I。LetterofthemunicipalofficersofCrémieu（Dauphiny），November3rd。LetteroftheVicomtedeCarbonnière（Auvergne），August3rd。——ArthurYoung，July30th（Dijon）says，aproposofanoblefamilywhichescapedalmostnakedfromitsburningchateau，\"theywereesteemedbytheneighbors；theirvirtuesoughttohavecommandedtheloveofthepoor，forwhoseresentmenttherewasnocause。\"
[42]\"ArchivesNationales，\"XXIX。I。（LetterofthecommissionoftheStatesofDauphiny，July31st。）
[43]\"DésastresduMaconnais，\"byPuthoddelaMaison—Rouge（August，1789）。\"RavagesduMaconnais。\"——ArthurYoung，July27th。—
BuchezandRoux，IV。215，214。——MercuredeFrance，September12，1789。（LetterbyavolunteerofOrleans。）\"Onthe15thofAugust，eighty—eightruffians，callingthemselvesreapers，presentthemselvesatBascon，inBeauce，and，thenextday，atachateauintheneighborhood，wheretheydemandwithinanhourtheheadofthesonofthelordofthemanor，M。Tassin，whocanonlyredeemhimselfbyacontributionof1，600livresandthepillagingofhiscellars。
[44]LetteroftheCountdeCourtivron。—ArthurYoung，July31st。
—BuchezandRoux，II。243。—MercuredeFrance，August15，1789
（sittingofthe8th，discourseofadeputyfromDauphiné。）——
Mermet，\"HistoiredelaVilledeVienne，\"445——\"ArchivesNationales，\"ibid。（LetterofthecommissionoftheStatesofDauphiny，July31st。）——\"Thelistofburntordevastatedchateauxisimmense。\"Thecommitteealreadycitessixteenofthem。——
PuthoddelaMaison—Rouge，ibid。:\"Werealldevastatedplacestobementioned，itwouldbenecessarytocitethewholeprovince\"
（LetterfromMacon）。\"Theyhavenotthelessdestroyedmostofthechateauxandbourgeoisdwellings，eitherburningthemandorelsetearingthemdown。\"
[45]Lally—Tollendal，\"SecondLettertomyConstituents，\"104。
[46]Doniol，\"LaRévolutionetlaFéodalité，\"p。60（afewdaysafterthe4thofAugust）。—\"ArchivesNationales，\"H。784。LettersofM。deLangeron，militarycommanderatBesan？on，October16thand18th。——Ibid。，D。XXIX。I。Letterofthesame，September3rd。——ArthurYoung（inProvence，atthehouseofBarondelaTour—
d’Aignes）。\"ThebaronisanenormoussuffererbytheRevolution；agreatextentofcountrywhichbelongedinabsoluterighttohisancestors，hasbeengrantedforquit—rents，ceus，andotherfeudalpayments，sothatthereisnocomparisonbetweenthelandsretainedandthosethusgrantedbyhisfamily……ThesolidpaymentswhichtheAssemblyhavedeclaredtoberedeemableareeveryhourfallingtonothing，withoutashadowofrecompense……Thesituationofthenobilityinthiscountryispitiable；theyareunderapprehensionsthatnothingwillbeleftthem，butsimplysuchhousesasthemoballowstostandunburned；thatthesmallfarmerswillretaintheirfarmswithoutpayingthelandlordhishalfoftheproduce；andthat，incaseofsucharefusal，thereisactuallyneitherlawnorauthorityinthecountrytopreventit。Thischateau，splendideveninruins，withthefortuneandlivesoftheowners，isatthemercyofanarmedrabble。\"
CHAPTERIV。PARIS。
I。
Paris。——Powerlessnessanddiscordsoftheauthorities。——Thepeople，king。
THEpowerlessness，indeed，oftheheadsoftheGovernment，andthelackofdisciplineamongallitssubordinates，aremuchgreaterinthecapitalthanintheprovinces。——Parispossessesamayor，Bailly；but\"fromthefirstday，andintheeasiestmannerpossible，\"[1]hismunicipalcouncil，thatistosay，\"theassemblyoftherepresentativesofthecommune，hasaccustomeditselftocarryonthegovernmentalone，overlookinghimentirely。\"Thereisacentraladministration，themunicipalcouncil，presidedoverbythemayor；but，\"atthistime，authorityiseverywhereexceptwherethepreponderatingauthorityshouldbe；thedistrictshavedelegateditandatthesametimeretainedit；\"eachofthemactsasifitwerealoneandsupreme。——Therearesecondarypowers，thedistrict—
committees，eachwithitspresident，itsclerk，itsoffices，andcommissioners；butthemobsofthestreetmarchonwithoutawaitingtheirorders；whilethepeople，shoutingundertheir\"windows，imposetheirwillonthem；——inshort，saysBaillyagain，\"everybodyknewhowtocommand，butnobodyknewhowtoobey。\"
\"Imagine，\"writesLoustalot[2]himself；\"amanwhosefeet，hands，andlimbspossessedeachitsownintelligenceandwill，whoseonelegwouldwishtowalkwhentheotheronewantedtorest，whosethroatwouldclosewhenthestomachdemandedfood，whosemouthwouldsingwhentheeyelidswereweigheddownwithsleep；andyouwillhaveastrikingpictureoftheconditionofthingsinthecapital\"
Thereare\"sixtyRepublics\"[3]inParis；eachdistrictisanindependent，isolatedpower，whichreceivesnoorderwithoutcriticizingit，alwaysindisagreementandofteninconflictwiththecentralauthorityorwiththeotherdistricts。Itreceivesdenunciations，ordersdomiciliaryvisits，sendsdeputationstotheNationalAssembly，passesresolutions，postsitsbills，notonlyinitsownquarterbutthroughoutthecity，andsometimesevenextendsitsjurisdictionoutsideofParis。Everythingcomeswithinitsprovince，andparticularlythatwhichoughtnottodoso。——Onthe18thofJuly，thedistrictofPetits—Augustins[4]\"decreesinitsownnametheestablishmentofjusticesofthepeace，\"underthetitleoftribunes，andproceedsatoncetoelectitsown，nominatingtheactorMolé。Onthe30th，thatoftheOratoireannulstheamnestywhichtherepresentativesofthecommuneintheH？tel—de—
Villehadgranted，andorderstwoofitsmemberstogotoadistanceofthirtyleaguestoarrestM。deBezenval。Onthe19thofAugust，thatofNazarethissuescommissionstoseizeandbringtoParisthearmsdepositedinstrongplaces。FromthebeginningeachassemblysenttotheArsenalinitsownname，and\"obtainedasmanycartridgesandasmuchpowderasitdesired。\"OthersclaimtherightofkeepingawatchfuleyeovertheH？tel—de—VilleandofreprimandingtheNationalAssembly。TheOratoiredecidesthattherepresentativesofthecommuneshallbeinvitedtodeliberateinpublic。Saint—NicholasdesChampsdeliberatesonthevetoandbegstheAssemblytosuspenditsvote。——Itisastrangespectacle，thatofthesevariousauthoritieseachcontradictinganddestroyingtheother。To—daytheH？tel—de—VilleappropriatesfiveloadsofclothwhichhavebeendispatchedbytheGovernment，andthedistrictofSaint—GervaisopposesthedecisionoftheH？tel—de—Ville。To—
morrowVersaillesinterceptsgraindestinedforParis，whileParisthreatens，ifitisnotrestored，tomarchonVersailles。Iomittheincidentsthatareridiculous:[5]anarchyinitsessenceisbothtragicandgrotesque，and，inthisuniversalbreakingupofthings，thecapital，likethekingdom，resemblesabear—gardenwhenitdoesnotresembleaBabel。
Butbehindallthesediscordantauthoritiestherealsovereign，whoisthemob，isverysoonapparent。——Onthe15thofJulyitundertakesthedemolitionoftheBastilleofitsownaccord，andthispopularactissanctioned；foritisnecessarythatappearancesshouldbekeptup；eventogiveordersaftertheblowisdealt，andtofollowwhenitisimpossibletolead。[6]Ashorttimeafterthisthecollectionoftheoctroiatthebarriersisorderedtoberesumed；fortyarmedindividuals，however，presentthemselvesintheirdistrictandsay，thatifguardsareplacedattheoctroistations，\"theywillresistforcewithforce，andevenmakeuseoftheircannon。\"——OnthefalserumorthatarmsareconcealedintheAbbeyofMontmartre，theabbess，MadamedeMontmorency，isaccusedoftreachery，andtwentythousandpersonsinvadethemonastery。——
ThecommanderoftheNationalGuardandthemayorareconstantlyexpectingariot；theyhardlydareabsentthemselvesadaytoattendtheKingfêteatVersailles。Assoonasthemultitudecanassembleinthestreets，anexplosionisimminent。\"Onrainydays，\"saysBailly，\"Iwasquiteatmyease。\"——ItisunderthisconstantpressurethattheGovernmentiscarriedon；andtheelectofthepeople，themostesteemedmagistrates，thosewhoareinbestrepute，areatthemercyofthethrongwhoclamorattheirdoors。InthedistrictofSt。Roch，[7]aftermanyuselessrefusals，theGeneralAssembly，notwithstandingallthereproachesofitsconscienceandtheresistanceofitsreason，isobligedtoopenlettersaddressedtoMonsieur，totheDukeofOrleans，andtotheMinistersofWar，ofForeignAffairs，andoftheMarine。Inthecommitteeonsubsistence，M。Serreau，whoisindispensableandwhoisconfirmedbyapublicproclamation，isdenounced，threatened，andconstrainedtoleaveParis。M。delaSalle，oneofthestrongestpatriotsamongthenobles，isonthepointofbeingmurderedforhavingsignedanorderforthetransportofgunpowder；[8]themultitude，inpursuitofhim，attacharopetotheneareststreet—lamp，ransacktheH？tel—
de—Ville，forceeverydoor，mountintothebelfry，andseekforthetraitorevenunderthecarpetofthebureauandbetweenthelegsoftheelectors，andareonlystayedintheircoursebythearrivaloftheNationalGuard。