Wehaveseenthat，closelyconnectedwiththemainlinesofinvestigationinarchaeologyandanthropology，therewereotherresearchesthrowingmuchlightontheentiresubject。InapreviouschapterwesawespeciallythatLafitauandJussieuwereamongthefirsttocollectandcomparefactsbearingonthenaturalhistoryofman，gatheredbytravellersinvariouspartsoftheearth，thuslayingfoundationsforthescienceofcomparativeethnology。Itwassoonseenthatethnologyhadmostimportantbearingsuponthequestionofthematerial，intellectual，moral，andreligiousevolutionofthehumanrace；

　　ineverycivilizednation，therefore，appearedscholarswhobegantostudythecharacteristicsofvariousgroupsofmenasascertainedfromtravellers，andtocomparetheresultsthusgainedwitheachotherandwiththoseobtainedbyarchaeology。

　　Thus，moreandmoreclearbecametheevidencesthatthetendencyoftheracehasbeenupwardfromlowbeginnings。Itwasfoundthatgroupsofmenstillexistedpossessingcharacteristicsofthoseintheearlyperiodsofdevelopmenttowhomthedriftandcavesandshell-heapsandpile-dwellingsbearwitness；groupsofmenusingmanyofthesameimplementsandweapons，buildingtheirhousesinthesameway，seekingtheirfoodbythesamemeans，enjoyingthesameamusements，andgoingthroughthesamegeneralstagesofculture；somebeinginaconditioncorrespondingtotheearlier，sometothelater，ofthoseearlyperiods。

　　Fromallsidesthuscameevidencethatwehavestillupontheearthexamplesofallthemainstagesinthedevelopmentofhumancivilization；thatfromtheperiodwhenmanappearslittleabovethebrutes，andwithlittleifanyreligioninanyacceptedsenseoftheword，theseexamplescanbearrangedinanascendingseriesleadingtothehighestplaneswhichhumanityhasreached；

　　thatphilosophicobserversmayamongtheseexamplesstudyexistingbeliefs，usages，andinstitutionsbackthroughearlierandearlierforms，until，asarule，thewholeevolutioncanbeeasilydivinedifnotfullyseen。Moreover，thebasisofthewholestructurebecamemoreandmoreclear：thefactthat“thelinesofintelligencehavealwaysbeenwhattheyare，andhavealwaysoperatedastheydonow；thatmanhasprogressedfromthesimpletothecomplex，fromtheparticulartothegeneral。”

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