SpeakingofGalileo’sbook，Polaccosaysthatit“smackedofCopernicanism。”andthat，“whenthiswasshowntotheInquisition，Galileowasthrownintoprisonandwascompelledtoutterlyabjurethebasenessofthiserroneousdogma。”
Astotheauthorityofthecardinalsintheirdecree，Polaccoassertsthat，sincetheyarethe“Pope’sCouncil“andhis“brothers。”theirworkisone，exceptthatthePopeisfavouredwithspecialdivineenlightenment。
HavingshownthattheauthorityoftheScriptures，ofpopes，andofcardinalsisagainstthenewastronomy，hegivesarefutationbasedonphysics。Heasks：“Ifweconcedethemotionoftheearth，whyisitthatanarrowshotintotheairfallsbacktothesamespot，whiletheearthandallthingsonithaveinthemeantimemovedveryrapidlytowardtheeast？Whodoesnotseethatgreatconfusionwouldresultfromthismotion？”
Nexthearguesfrommetaphysics，asfollows：“TheCopernicantheoryoftheearth’smotionisagainstthenatureoftheearthitself，becausetheearthisnotonlycoldbutcontainsinitselftheprincipleofcold；butcoldisopposedtomotion，andevendestroysit——asisevidentinanimals，whichbecomemotionlesswhentheybecomecold。”
Finally，heclinchesallwithapieceoftheologicalreasoning，asfollows：“SinceitcancertainlybegatheredfromScripturethattheheavensmoveabovetheearth，andsinceacircularmotionrequiressomethingimmovablearoundwhichtomove，……theearthisatthecentreoftheuniverse。”[66]
[66]ForChiaramonti’sbookandselectionsgiven，seeGeblerasabove，p。271。ForPolacco，seehisworkascited，especiallyAssertionesi，ii，vii，xi，xiii，lxxiii，clcccvii，andothers。
TheworkisintheWhiteLibraryatCornellUniversity。Thedateofitis1644。
ButanysketchofthewarfarebetweentheologyandscienceinthisfieldwouldbeincompletewithoutsomereferencetothetreatmentofGalileoafterhisdeath。HehadbeggedtobeburiedinhisfamilytombinSantaCroce；thisrequestwasdenied。Hisfriendswishedtoerectamonumentoverhim；this，too，wasrefused。PopeUrbansaidtotheambassadorNiccolinithat“itwouldbeanevilexamplefortheworldifsuchhonourswererenderedtoamanwhohadbeenbroughtbeforetheRomanInquisitionforanopinionsofalseanderroneous；whohadcommunicatedittomanyothers，andwhohadgivensogreatascandaltoChristendom。”Inaccordance，therefore，withthewishofthePopeandtheordersoftheInquisition，Galileowasburiedignobly，apartfromhisfamily，withoutfittingceremony，withoutmonument，withoutepitaph。NotuntilfortyyearsafterdidPierrozzidarewriteaninscriptiontobeplacedabovehisbones；
notuntilahundredyearsafterdidNellidaretransferhisremainstoasuitablepositioninSantaCroce，anderectamonumentabovethem。Eventhentheoldconscientioushostilityburstforth：theInquisitionwasbesoughttopreventsuchhonoursto“amancondemnedfornotoriouserrors“；andthattribunalrefusedtoallowanyepitaphtobeplacedabovehimwhichhadnotbeensubmittedtoitscensorship。Norhasthatoldconscientiousconsistencyinhatredyetfullyrelented：hardlyagenerationsincehasnotseensomeecclesiastic，likeMariniorDeBonaldorRallayeorDeGabriac，suppressingevidence，ortorturingexpressions，orinventingtheoriestoblackenthememoryofGalileoandsavethereputationoftheChurch。Nay，more：thereareschoolhistories，widelyused，which，inthesupposedinterestoftheChurch，misrepresentinthegrossestmannerallthesetransactionsinwhichGalileowasconcerned。
Sanctasimplicitas！TheChurchhasnoworseenemiesthanthosewhodeviseandteachtheseperversions。Theyaresimplyrootingout，inthelongrun，fromthemindsofthemorethoughtfulscholars，respectforthegreatorganizationwhichsuchwritingsaresupposedtoserve。[67]
[67]ForthepersecutionsofGalileo’smemoryafterhisdeath，seeGeblerandWohwill，butespeciallyTh。Martin，p。243andchaps。ixandx。Fordocumentaryproofs，seeL’Epinois。ForacollectionoftheslanderoustheoriesinventedagainstGalileo，seeMartin，finalchaptersandappendix。BoththeseauthorsaredevotedtotheChurch，butunlikeMonsignorMarini，aretoouprighttoresorttothepiousfraudofsuppressingdocumentsorinterpolatingpretendedfacts。
TheProtestantChurchwashardlylessenergeticagainstthisnewastronomythanthemotherChurch。ThesacredscienceofthefirstLutheranReformerswastransmittedasapreciouslegacy，andinthenextcenturywasmademuchofbyCalovius。HisgreatlearninganddeterminedorthodoxygavehimtheLutheranleadership。Utterlyrefusingtolookatascertainedfacts，hecitedtheturningbackoftheshadowuponKingHezekiah’sdialandthestandingstillofthesunforJoshua，deniedthemovementoftheearth，anddenouncedthewholenewviewasclearlyopposedtoScripture。TothisdayhisargumentsarerepeatedbysundryorthodoxleadersofAmericanLutheranism。
AstotheotherbranchesoftheReformedChurch，wehavealreadyseenhowCalvinists，Anglicans，and，indeed，Protestantsectariansgenerally，opposedthenewtruth。[68]
[68]ForClovius，seeZoeckler，Geschichte，vol。i，pp。684and763。ForCalvinandTurretin，seeShields，TheFinalPhilosophy，pp。60，61。
InEngland，amongthestrictchurchmen，thegreatDr。SouthdenouncedtheRoyalSocietyas“irreligious。”andamongthePuritanstheeminentJohnOwendeclaredthatNewton’sdiscoverieswere“builtonfalliblephenomenaandadvancedbymanyarbitrarypresumptionsagainstevidenttestimoniesofScripture。”EvenMiltonseemstohavehesitatedbetweenthetwosystems。AtthebeginningoftheeighthbookofParadiseLosthemakesAdamstatethedifficultiesofthePtolemaicsystem，andthenbringsforwardanangeltomaketheusualorthodoxanswers。Later，MiltonseemstoleantowardtheCopernicantheory，for，referringtotheearth，hesays：
“OrshefromwesthersilentcourseadvanceWithinoffensivepace，thatspinningsleepsOnhersoftaxle，whileshefacesevenAndbearstheesoftwiththesmoothairalong。”
Englishorthodoxycontinuedtoassertitself。In1724JohnHutchinson，professoratCambridge，publishedhisMoses’
Principia，asystemofphilosophyinwhichhesoughttobuildupacompletephysicalsystemoftheuniversefromtheBible。InthisheassaultedtheNewtoniantheoryas“atheistic。”andledthewayforsimilarattacksbysuchChurchteachersasHorne，DuncanForbes，andJonesofNayland。Butonefargreaterthantheseinvolvedhimselfinthisview。ThatsamelimitationofhisreasonbythesimplestatementsofScripturewhichledJohnWesleytodeclarethat，“unlesswitchcraftistrue，nothingintheBibleistrue。”ledhim，whilegivingupthePtolemaictheoryandacceptinginageneralwaytheCopernican，tosuspectthedemonstrationsofNewton。Happily，hisinbornnobilityofcharacterliftedhimaboveanybitternessorpersecutingspirit，oranyimpositionofdoctrinaltestswhichcouldpreventthosewhocameafterhimfromfindingtheirwaytothetruth。
Butinthemidstofthisvastexpanseoftheologicerrorsignsofrightreasonbegantoappear，bothinEnglandandAmerica。
NoteworthyisitthatCottonMather，bitteraswashisorthodoxyregardingwitchcraft，accepted，in1721，themodernastronomyfully，withallitsconsequences。
InthefollowingyearcameanevenmorestrikingevidencethatthenewscientificideasweremakingtheirwayinEngland。In1722ThomasBurnetpublishedthesixtheditionofhisSacredTheoryoftheEarth。Inthisheargues，asusual，toestablishthescripturaldoctrineoftheearth’sstability；butinhisprefacehesoundsaremarkablewarning。HementionsthegreatmistakeintowhichSt。AugustineledtheChurchregardingthedoctrineoftheantipodes，andsays，“Ifwithinafewyearsorinthenextgenerationitshouldproveascertainanddemonstrablethattheearthismoved，asitisnowthatthereareantipodes，thosethathavebeenzealousagainstit，andengagedtheScriptureinthecontroversy，wouldhavethesamereasontorepentoftheirforwardnessthatSt。Augustinewouldnow，ifhewerestillalive。”
Fortunately，too，ProtestantismhadnosuchpowertoopposethedevelopmentoftheCopernicanideasastheolderChurchhadenjoyed。Yetthereweresomethingsinitswarfareagainstscienceevenmoreindefensible。In1772thefamousEnglishexpeditionforscientificdiscoverysailedfromEnglandunderCaptainCook。GreatestbyfarofallthescientificauthoritieschosentoaccompanyitwasDr。Priestley。SirJosephBankshadespeciallyinvitedhim。ButtheclergyofOxfordandCambridgeinterfered。PriestleywasconsideredunsoundinhisviewsoftheTrinity；itwasevidentlysuspectedthatthismightvitiatehisastronomicalobservations；hewasrejected，andtheexpeditioncrippled。
TheorthodoxviewofastronomylingeredoninotherbranchesoftheProtestantChurch。InGermanyevenLeibnitzattackedtheNewtoniantheoryofgravitationontheologicalgrounds，thoughhefoundsomelittleconsolationinthinkingthatitmightbeusedtosupporttheLutherandoctrineofconsubstantiation。
InHollandtheCalvinisticChurchwasatfirststrenuousagainstthewholenewsystem，butwepossessacomicalproofthatCalvinismeveninitsstrongholdswaspowerlessagainstit；forin1642BlaerpublishedatAmsterdamhisbookontheuseofglobes，and，inordertobeonthesafeside，devotedonepartofhisworktothePtolemaicandtheothertotheCopernicanscheme，leavingthebenevolentreadertotakehischoice。[69]
[69]FortheattitudeofLeibnetz，Hutchinson，andtheothersnamedtowardtheNewtoniantheory，seeLecky，HistoryofEnglandintheEighteenthCentury，chap。ix。ForJohnWesley，seehisCompendiumofNaturalPhilosophy，beingaSurveyoftheWisdomofGodintheCreation，London，1784。SeealsoLeslieStephen，EighteenthCentury，vol。ii，p。413。ForOwen，seehisWorks，vol。xix，p。310。ForCottonMather’sview，seeTheChristianPhilosopher，London，1721，especiallypp。16and17。ForthecaseofPriestley，seeWeld，HistoryoftheRoyalSociety，vol。
ii，p。56，forthefactsandtheadmirableletterofPriestleyuponthisrejection。ForBlaer，seehisL’UsagedesGlobes，Amsterdam，1642。
NorhaveeffortstorenewthebattleintheProtestantChurchbeenwantingintheselatterdays。TheattemptintheChurchofEngland，in1864，tofetterscience，whichwasbroughttoridiculebyHerschel，Bowring，andDeMorgan；theassemblageofLutheranclergyatBerlin，in1868，toprotestagainst“sciencefalselysocalled。”areexamplesofthese。Fortunately，tothelattercamePastorKnak，andhisdenunciationsoftheCopernicantheoryasabsolutelyincompatiblewithabeliefintheBible，dissolvedthewholeassemblageinridicule。
InitsrecentdealingswithmodernastronomythewisdomoftheCatholicChurchinthemorecivilizedcountrieshaspreventeditsyieldingtosomeastoundingerrorsintowhichonepartoftheProtestantChurchhasfallenheedlessly。
ThoughvariousleadersintheolderChurchhavecommittedtheabsurderrorofallowingatext-bookandsundryreviewarticlestoappearwhichgrosslymisstatetheGalileoepisode，withthecertaintyofultimatelyunderminingconfidenceinherteachingsamonghermorethoughtfulyoungmen，shehaskeptclearofthefollyofcontinuingtotieherinstruction，andtheacceptanceofoursacredbooks，toanadoptionofthePtolemaictheory。
NotsowithAmericanLutheranism。In1873waspublishedinSt。
Louis，atthepublishinghouseoftheLutheranSynodofMissouri，aworkentitledAstronomischeUnterredung，theauthorbeingwellknownasalatepresidentofaLutheranTeachers’Seminary。
Noattackonthewholemodernsystemofastronomycouldbemorebitter。Onthefirstpageoftheintroductiontheauthor，afterstatingthetwotheories，asks，“Whichisright？”andsays：“Itwouldbeverysimpletomewhichisright，ifitwereonlyaquestionofhumanimport。ButthewiseandtruthfulGodhasexpressedhimselfonthismatterintheBible。TheentireHolyScripturesettlesthequestionthattheearthistheprincipalbodyHauptkorperoftheuniverse，thatitstandsfixed，andthatsunandmoononlyservetolightit。”
TheauthorthengoesontoshowfromScripturethefolly，notonlyofCopernicusandNewton，butofalonglineofgreatastronomersinmorerecenttimes。Hedeclares：“Letnooneunderstandmeasinquiringfirstwheretruthistobefound——intheBibleorwiththeastronomers。No；Iknowthatbeforehand——thatmyGodneverlies，nevermakesamistake；outofhismouthcomesonlytruth，whenhespeaksofthestructureoftheuniverse，oftheearth，sun，moon，andstars……
“BecausethetruthoftheHolyScriptureisinvolvedinthis，thereforetheabovequestionisofthehighestimportancetome……ScientistsandothersleanuponthemiserablereedRohrstabthatGodteachesonlytheorderofsalvation，butnottheorderoftheuniverse。”
Verynoteworthyisthefactthatthislatesurvivalofanancientbeliefbasedupontext-worshipisfound，notintheteachingsofanyzealouspriestofthemotherChurch，butinthoseofaneminentprofessorinthatbranchofProtestantismwhichclaimsspecialenlightenment。[70]
[70]FortheamusingdetailsoftheattemptintheEnglishChurchtorepressscience，andofthewayinwhichitwasmet，seeDeMorgan，Paradoxes，p。42。ForPastorKnakandhisassociates，seetheRevuedesDeuxMondes，1868。OftherecentLutheranworksagainsttheCopernicanastronomy，seeespeciallyAstronomischeUnterredungzwischeneinemLiebhaberderAstronomieundmehrerenberuhmtenAstronomerderNeuzeit，byJ。C。W。L。，St。Louis，1873。
NorhasthewarfareagainstthedeadchampionsofsciencebeencarriedonbytheolderChurchalone。
Onthe10thofMay，1859，AlexandervonHumboldtwasburied。Hislabourshadbeenamongthegloriesofthecentury，andhisfuneralwasoneofthemostimposingthatBerlinhadeverseen。
Amongthosewhohonouredthemselvesbytheirpresencewastheprinceregent，afterwardtheEmperorWilliamI；butoftheclergyitwasobservedthatnonewerepresentsavetheofficiatingclergymanandafewregardedasunorthodox。[71]
[71]SeeBruhnsandLassell，LifeofHumboldt，London，1873，vol。
ii，p。411。