Inoppositiontolabourandrentsinkindwefindagreatmanypaymentsinmoney。Someofthesearesaidinasmanywordstohavesteptintotheplaceoflabourservices；ofmowing，carrying，makinghedges，61*etc。Thesamemaybethecaseinregardtoproduce：barlicksilverispaidinsteadofbarley，fish-silverevidentlyinsteadoffish，malt-silverinsteadofmalt；acertainpaymentinsteadofsalt，andsoon。62*Butsometimestheoriginofthemoneyrentismoredifficulttoascertain。Wefind，forinstance，adutyonsheep，whichisalmostcertainlyanoriginalimpositionwhenitappearsasfald-silver。Evensothescythe-pennyfromeveryscythe，thebosing-silverfromeveryhorseandcart，thewood-penny，probablyfortheuseofwoodasfuel，mustberegardedasoriginaltaxesandnotquit-rentsorcommutation-rents。63*Pannageispaidinthesamewayfortheswinegrazinginthewoods。64*Ward-pennyappearsalsoinconnexionwithcattle，butwithsomespecialshadeofmeaningwhichitisdifficulttobringoutdefinitely；
thenameseemstopointtoprotection，andalsooccursinconnexionwithpolicearrangements。65*
ImustacknowledgethatinagoodmanycasesIhavebeenunabletofindasatisfactoryexplanationforvarioustermswhichoccurintherecordsforthediverspayments。Anattentivestudyoflocalusageswillprobablyleadtodefiniteconclusionsastomostofthem。66*Fromageneralpointofviewitisinterestingtonotice，thatwefindalreadyinourrecordssomeattemptstobringalltheperplexingvarietyofpaymentstoafewmaindesignations。Annualrentsare，ofcourse，reckonedoutundertheoneheadof’census。’Veryobviousreasonssuggestedtheadvisabilityofcomputingtheentiremoney-proceedyieldedbytheestate。67*Itsometimeshappensthatthegeneralsummadeupinthisway，fixedasitisataconstantamount，isusedalmostasanameforacomplexofland。68*Adivisionofrentsintooldandnewonesdoesnotrequireanyparticularexplanation。69*
Butseveralothersubdivisionsareworthnotice。Therentpaidfromthelandoftenappearsseparatelyaslandgafolorlandchere。
Itisnaturallyopposedtopaymentsthatfallonthepersonaspolltaxes。70*Theselastareconsideredguaranteedbytheasareturnforthepersonalprotectionlordtohissubjects。OfthecontrastbetweengafolasacustomaryrentandmalasapaymentincommutationIhavespokenalready，andIhaveonlytoaddnow，thatgildissometimesusedinthesamesenseasmal。71*
AnothertermindirectoppositiontogafolistheLatindonum。72*Itseemstoindicateaspecialpaymentimposedasakindofvoluntarycontributionontheentirevillage。Tobesure，therewasnotmuchfreewilltobeexercisedinthematter；allthedependentpeopleofthetownshiphadtopayaccordingtotheirmeans。73*Butthetaxmusthavebeenconsideredasasupplementaryoneinthesamesenseassupplementaryboon-work。
Itmayhavebeenoriginallyintendedinsomecasesasanequivalentforsomerightssurrenderedbythelord，asamalorgild，infact。74*Incloseconnexionwiththedonumwefindtheauxilium，75*alsoanextraordinarytaxpaidonceayear，anddistinguishedfromtheordinaryrent。Itappearsasadirectconsequenceofthepoliticalsubjectionofthetenantry。76*。Itis，infact，merelyanexpressionoftherighttotallage。Ourrecordsmentionitsometimesasapportionedaccordingtothenumberofcattleownedbythepeasant，butthisconcernsonlythemodeofimpositionofthedutyandhardlyitsorigin。77*AsI
havesaidalready，theauxiliumisineveryrespectlikethedonum。Oneverycharacteristictraitofbothtaxesis，thattheyarelaidprimarilyonthewholevillage，whichismadetopayacertainroundsumasabody。78*Theburdenisdividedafterwardsbetweentheseveralhouseholders，andthenumberofcattle，andmoreparticularlyofthebeastsofploughkeptontheholding，hasofcoursetobetakenintoaccountmorethananythingelse。Butthemanorialadministrationdoesnotmuchconcernitselfwiththesedetails：thetownshipisanswerableforthewholesum。
Itistobeaddedthatthepaymentissometimesactuallymentionedasapoliticaloneindirectconnexionwith’forinsec’
dutiestowardstheking。TheburdenswhichlayonthelandinconsequenceoftherequirementsofStateandChurchappearnotunfrequentlyinthedocuments。Amongthosethescutageandhidagearethemostimportant。ThefirstofthesetaxesissowellknownthatIneednotstoptodiscussit。Itmaybenoticedhoweverthatinrelationtothedependentpeoplescutageisnotcommonlyspokenof；thetaxwasleviedunderthisnamefromthebaronsandthearmedgentry，andwasmostlytransmittedbythesetothelowerstrataofsocietyundersomeothername，asanaidoratallage。HidageishistoricallyconnectedwiththeoldEnglishDanegeldsystem，andinsomecasesitsamountissetoutseparatelyfromotherpayments，andthetenantsofamanorhavetopayittothebailiffofthehundredandnottothesteward。A
smallerpaymentcalledward-pennyisboundupwithit，probablyasasubstituteforthedutyofkeepingwatchandward。79*Inthenorththehidageisreplacedbycornage，80*ataxwhichhasgivenrisetolearnedcontroversyanddoubt；itlookslikeanassessmentaccordingtothenumberofhornsofcattle，pronumeroaveriorum，asourLatinextentswouldsay。TheChurchhasalsoanancientclaimonthehelpofthefaithful；thechurchscotofSaxontimesoftenoccursinthefeudalageunderthenameofchurisetorcheriset。81*Itismostlypaidinkind，butmaybefoundoccasionallyasamoney-rent。
Asurveyofthechiefaspectsassumedbytheworkandthepaymentsofthedependentpeoplewasabsolutelynecessary，inordertoenableustounderstandthedescriptionsofruralarrangementswhichformthemostinstructivepartoftheso-calledextents。ButeverysurveyoftermsanddistinctionsevenifitweremuchmoredetailedthantheoneIamabletopresent，willgiveonlyaveryimperfectideaoftheobligationsactuallylaidonthepeasantry。Itmustneedstakeupthedifferentspeciesonebyoneandconsiderthemseparately，whereasinrealitytheyweremeanttofittogetherintoawhole。
Ontheotherhanditmaycreateafalseimpressionbyenumeratinginsystematicorderfactswhichbelongedtodifferentlocalitiesandperhapstodifferentepochs。Tokeepclearofthesedangerswehavetoconsiderthedeviationsofpracticalarrangementsfromtheruleslaiddowninthebooksandtheusualcombinationsoftheelementsdescribed。
Whenonereadsthecarefulnoticesinthecartulariesastothenumberofdaysandtheparticularoccasionswhenworkhastobeperformedforthelord，asimplequestionissuggestedbytheminutenessofdetail。Whathappenedwhenthisverydefinitearrangementcameintocollisionwithsomeotherequallyexactingorder？Oneofthethreedaysofweek-workmight，forinstance，fallonagreatfeast；orelsetheweathermightbetoobadforout-of-doorswork。Whowastosufferortogainbysuchcasualties？Thequestionisnotauselessone。Themanorialrecordsraiseitoccasionally，andtheirwaysofsettlingitarenotalwaysthesame。Wefindthatinsomecasesthelordtriedtogetridoftheinconveniencesoccasionedbysuchevents，Oratleasttothrowonepartoftheburdenbackonthedependentpopulation；inBarling，forinstance，amanorofSt。Paul’s，London，82*oftwofeastsoccurringinoneweekandevenintwoconsecutiveweeks，oneprofitstothevillainsandtheothertothelord；thatistosay，thelabourerescapesoneday’sworkaltogether。Butthegeneralcourseseemstohavebeentoliberatethepeasantsfromworkbothonoccasionofafestivalandiftheweatherwasexceptionallyinclement。83*Bothfactsarenotwithoutimportance：itmustberememberedthatthenumberofChurchfestivalswasaveryconsiderableoneinthosedays。
Again，althoughthestewardswerenotlikelytobeverysentimentalastobadweather，theusualtestofcoldincaseofploughingseemstohavebeenthehardnessofthesoil——acertainpercentageoffreedaysmusthaveoccurredduringthewinteratleast。Andwhatisevenmoretobeconsidered——whenthemenwereverystrictlykepttotheirweek-workunderunfavourablecircumstances，thelandlordmusthavegainedverylittlealthoughtheworkingpeoplesufferedmuch。Thereadermayeasilyfancytheeffectsofwhatmusthavebeenaverycommonoccurrence，whenthevillagehouseholderssentouttheirploughsonheavyclayintorrentsofrain。Thesystemofcustomaryworkoncertaindayswasespeciallyclumsyinsuchrespects，anditisworthnoticethatinharvest-timethelandlordsrelychieflyonboon-days。Thesewerenotirrevocablyfixed，andcouldbeshiftedaccordingtothestateoftheweather。Stilltheweek-workwassoimportantaniteminthegeneralarrangementoflabour-servicesthattheinconveniencesdescribedmusthaveactedpowerfullyinfavourofcommutation。
Ofcourse，thepassagefromonesystemtotheother，howeverdesirableforthepartiesconcerned，wasnottobeeffectedeasilyandatonce：aconsiderableamountofcapitalinthehandsofthepeasantrywasrequiredtomakeitpossible，andanothernecessaryrequirementwasasufficientcirculationofmoney。
Whilethesewerewantingthepeoplehadtoabidebytheoldlaboursystem。Thefactswehavebeendiscussinggiveindirectproofthattherewasnotmuchroomforarbitrarychangesinthissystem。Everythingseemsruledandsettledforever。Itmayhappen，ofcourse，thatnotwithstandingthesupposedequalitybetweentheeconomicstrengthofthe，differentholdings，sometenantsareunabletofulfilthedutieswhichtheircompanionsperform。84*Asitwasnoticedbefore，thesharescouldnotbemadetocorrespondabsolutelytoeachother，andthedistributionofworkandpaymentsaccordingtoadefinitepatternwasoftenonlyapproximate。85*Again，thelordhadsomelatitudeinselectingoneortheotherkindofservicetobeperformedbyhismen。86*But，speakinggenerally，thesettlementofdutieswasaveryconstantone，andmanorialdocumentstestifythateveryattemptbythelordtodictateachangewasmetbyemphaticprotestsonthepartofthepeasantry。87*Thetenacityofcustommaybegatheredfromthefactthatwhenwechancetopossesstwosetsofextentsfollowingeachotherafteraveryconsiderablelapseoftime，therendersinkindandthelabour-servicesremainunmodifiedinthemain。88*Onehastoguardespeciallyagainsttheassumptionthatsuchexpressionsas’todowhateverheisbid’or’whateverthelordcommands’implyacompleteservilityofthetenantandunrestrictedpoweronthepartofthelordtoexploithissubordinateaccordingtohispleasure。Suchexpressionshavebeenusedasatestofthedegreeofsubjectionofthevillainsatdifferentepochs；ithasbeencontended，thattheearlierourevidenceis，themorecompletethelord’sswayappearstobe。89*Theexpressionsquotedabovemayseematfirstglancetocountenancetheidea，butanattentiveandextendedstudyofthedocumentswilleasilyshowthat，saveinexceptionalcases，theearlierrecordsarebynomeansharderintheirtreatmentofthepeasantrythanthelater。
Theeleventhcenturyis，ifanything，morefavourabletothesubjectedclassasregardstheimpositionoflabour-servicesthanthethirteenth，andweshallseeby-and-bythattheobservationappliesevenmoretoSaxontimes。Inthelightofsuchageneralcomparison，wehavetoexplaintheabove-mentionedphrasesinadifferentway。’Whateverheisbid’appliestothequalityandnottothequantityofthework。90*Itdoesnotmeanthatthestewardhasarighttoorderthepeasantaboutlikeaslave，totearhimatpleasurefromhisownwork，andtoincreasehisburdenwheneverhelikes。Itmeanssimplythatsuchandsuchavirgaterorcotterhastoappearinpersonorbyproxytoperformhisweekworkofthreedays，ortwodays，orfourdays，accordingtothecase，andthatitisnotsettledbeforehandwhatkindofworkheistoperform。Hemayhavetoplough，ortocarry，ortodigtrenches，ortodoanythingelse，accordingtothebiddingofthesteward。Asimilarinstanceofuncertaintymaybefoundintheexpression’withoutmeasure’91*whichsometimesoccursinextents。Itwouldbepreposteroustoconstrueitasanindicationofworktobeimposedatpleasure。Itismerelyaphraseusedtosuitthecasewhentheworkhadtobedonebythedayandnotbyasetquantity；if，forinstance，amanhadtoploughsomanytimesandthenumberofacrestobeploughedwasnotspecified。