possuntibiesse4sucscumunoverreetsuisfetibuset4vaccecumsuisfetibussiquiescuntpasturedominicealternatim。’Rot。
Hundr。ii。768，b：’Itemporcieiusetaliorumvicinorumsuorumpascentincampisdominicisextratassumdumbladumdoministatincampis，etpostbladumdominicariatumibuntincampispertotumetomnesaliebestieejusetaliorumvicinorumsuorumpascentpertotuminstipulodominisineimparcamento。’
6。GlastonburyCart。，WoodMSS。1Bodleian，f182，b。Cff239，240：’Memorandumanni1243deamensurationepasture。dicuntprecisequodadquamlibethidatamterreineademvillapertinent16bouesadterramexcolendam，4vacce，4averia，50bidenteset6porci。adunamvirgatamterrepertinent4boues，et2vacce，et1auerium，et3porciet12bidentesadtantamterramcolendametsustinendam。’LeigerbookofKirkhamPriory，Yorkshire，FairfaxMSS。7，f8a：’AmensuratiopasturedeSexendalefactaannoregniregisHenricifiliiregisIohannis36to。quidicuntpersacramentumsuumquodquelibetbouataterreinSexendalepotestsustinereduogrossaanimalia，30ouescumsequelauniusanni，duosporcossinesequelaet3aucascumsequeladimidiianni，ctnonamplius。’
7。Inacaseof1233Note-bookofBracton，749itiscomplained，——’CumidemRobertusnonpossitalienaaueriainpasturamillamrecolligere，scil。hominumalteriusreligionis，’
etc。
8。Note。bookofBracton，pl。174：’DicunteciamquodinmaneriodeBillingiheie，sicutinquirerepossunt，sunt12carucateterretamincertaterraquaminmariscopredicto，scilicetsexcarucatedecertaterraetsexcarucateinmarisco，etinNorthkimesuntsexcarucateterreetquatuorbouatetamincertaterraquaminmariscopredicto，setnesciuntaliquamdistinctionemquantumsitincertaterraetquantuminmarisconecaliquidinquirerepotueruntdemetisinframariscosillos。’
9。Note-bookofBracton，pl。749：’RobertusdeSpraxtonasummonitusfuitadwarantizandumAbbatideRiuallibus42acrasterreetpasturamad30uaccascumunotauroet48boueset40
ouescumpertinenciisinSproxtonaquetenetetdeeotenereclamat，etundecartamSimonisdeS。auunculisuicuiusheresipseesthabet，’etc。
10。Note-bookofBracton，pl。818：’EtSaherusetMatillisperattornatossuosueniuntetdicuntquodsemper，aconquestuAnglieusquenunccommunicaueruntcumeodemRobertoetantecessoribussuisinLocke，etidemRobertusetantecessoressempercommunicaueruntinterrisipsorumS。etM。inGaham。etundedicuntquodsiidemRobertusuelitseretraheredecommunaquamhabetinterrisipsorum，ipsinoluntseretrahereetdicuntquodsempercommunicauerunthornunderhorn。EtRobertusuenitetdicitquodnecipsenecantecessoresunquamcommunamhabueruntinLockenisipostgwerrametpervimetc。scil。postgwerrammotaminterregemS。ethominessuos。’Spelmanrendersthehornunherhornby，hornwithhorn，’buttheeditorofBracton’sNote-bookthinks，andIbelieverightly，thatthephrasemeansacommonforallmannerofhornedbeasts。Brunnerhastranslateditby，gemeinschaftlich-durcheinander。’
11。Rot。Hundr。ii。605，e：’Indictomanerio1maguusboscusquicontinet300acrasinquoquidemboscohominespropinquarumvillarumutWardeboys。Wodehirst，Woldhirst，StiIvonis，NiddingworthetHalliwellcommunicantomnesbestiassuospascendocumsoknadeSumersham。’NotebookofBracton，1194：’Iuratoresdicuntquodmoraillaamplaestetmagnaetnesciuntaliquasdivisasquantumpertinetadunamuillam，quantumadaliam。’Inthecaseofforestlandmanyvillagesenjoyedandstillenjoyrightsofintercommoningoverawidespace。ThecaseofEppingisthefamiliarexample。
12。EynshamCart。3，b：’DicunteciamquoddominusetvillatadeShyffordintercommunicantcumvillatisdeStanlake，BrytlamptoneetHerdewykagulaAugustiusquefestumStiMartini，cumvillatisverodeAstoneCoteetElcfordeafestoStiMichaelisusquedictumfestumStiMartini。’
13。Note-bookofBracton，pl。914：’EtThomasvenitetdicitquodnullamcommunamclamatinOure，setuerumuultdicere。CertediuiseetmetecontinenturinterterramPriorisdeOureetterramipsiusThomedeMerkwrtheetquamdiuplacuiteidemPriorihabereaesiaminterraipsiusThomeinMarkwrthehabuitipseThomasaesiaminterraipsiusPriorisdeOure，etsiPrioruultsubtraherese，ipselibentersubtrahetse。’
14。Therelationbetweenthiswritandtheaction，quodreddateitantampasturam，iswellillustratedbyacaseof1230Note-bookofBracton，pl。392：’RicardusdeWilleyeetIohannadeWilleyesummonitifueruntadrespondendumWillelmodeKamuillaquoiurecommunampastureexiguntinterraipsiusW。inArewe，desicutidemWillelmusnullamcommUnamhabetinterrisipsorumRicardietIohanne，necipsiRicardusetJohannaseruiciumfaciuntquarecommunamhaberedebeant，’etc……，EtquiaWillelmuscognoscitquodhabetcommunamquantamcumquelicetparuam，consideratumestquodnichilcapiatperbreueistudetsitinmisericordiaprofalsoclamoreetperquiratsibiperaliudbreuesicutperbreuequodreddateitantampasturam，’etc。OnemaysaythattheQuoJurewasan，actionegatoria。’
15。Note-bookofBracton，pl。561：’EtquiaSimonnonpotestdedicerequinterraillaubicommunaestsitde1frodoetunauilla，consideratumestquodipsacommunicetcumeodemSimoneinterraipsiusSimonis，’etc。
16。Scrutton，CommonsandCommonFields。42。
17。37。
18。Bracton，f223，a：’Nondebetdicicommuniaquodquishabueritinalieno。cumtenementumnonhabeatadquodpossitcommuniapertinere，sedpotiusherbagiumdicidebetquamcommunia，cumhocpossetessepersonalequid。’
19。Bracton，f226，b：’Itemdicerepotestquodnullacommuniapertinetadtaletenementum，quiailludfuitaliquandoforesta，boscus，etlocusvastaesolitudinisetcommunia，etiamindeefficiturassartum，velredactumestinculturam，etnondebetcommuniapertinereadcommuniam，etubiomnesdepatriasolebantcommunicare。’
20。Bracton，f229，a：’Hocnoneritintelligendumquodomnitempore，nisitantumtemporibuscompetentibus，scilicetpostbladaasportataetfenalevata，velquandotenementumiacetincultumetadwaractum。’
21。Bracton，f228，b：’Itemeodemmodosiitafeoffatusfueritquis，sineexpressionenumerivelgeneris，sedita，cumpasturaquantumpertinetadtantumtenementumineademvilla。talemligatconstitutiosicutpriuscumexpressione：quiacumconstetdequantitatetenementi，defaciliperpendipoteritdenumeroaueriorum，etetiamdegenere，secundumconsuetudinemlocorum。’
22。Scrutton，55。
23。CartularyofChristChurch，Harl。MSS。1006，p。3：’PrioretconventusestcapitalisdominuscommunepasturedeB。’
24。ElyCart……CottonMSS。Claudius，xi，fiii，a：’InL。debetvillatacommunicarecumsuisaveriispropriiscumdominoEpiscopo。Etsidominusvoluerit，ibidempossunthabereextraneibestiasprodenariis。SetindehabebuntliberihominesdeW。
quemlibetseptimumdenariumpreterdecimum。’
25。RegistrumcellarariiofBurySt。Edmunds，Cambr。Univ。，Gg。
iv。4，f31，b：’EtnotandumquodinquisitiosupercalumpniaEgidiideNeketonaclamantisquodabbasnonhaberetcommunaminfraprecinctumvillatedeBertonescribiturinformatali，’
etc。
26。Cart。ofChristChurch，Canterbury，Add。MSS。6159。f21，b：
’Sciendumquoddominuspotesthabereincommuniapasturedeboscocumaisiamentofriscorumetdominicorumdominitemporeaptocbidentespermaiuscentum。’
27。Bracton，f228，b：’Inprimisvidendumestqualiterconstitutioillasitintelligenda，nemaleintellectatrahatutentesadabusum。nonomnesnecinomnibusperconstitutionemrestringuntur，etideovidendumeritutrumfeoffatifuerintlarge，scilicetpertotum，etubique，etinomnibuslocis，etadomniaaveriaetsinenumero。talesnonligatconstitutiomemorata，quiafeoffamentumnontollitlicettollatabusum。’
28。Note-bookofBracton，1975。
29。Note-bookofBracton，1881。Themarginalnoteruns：’Notaquodnichilincludipoteritdeforestisetmorislicetminimumquidetquamuisquaerensextraclausumhaberepossitadsufficientiam。’Andalittlehigherthedecisionismarkedas，contraconstitutionemdeMerton。’
30。SeeScrutton，63，64。
31。Bracton，f227，b：’Quiamultisuntmagnatesquifeoffaueruntmilitesetliberetenentessuosinmaneriissuisdeparuistenementis，etquiimpedltisuntpereosdemquodcommodumsuumfacerenonpossuntderesiduomaneriorumsuorum。’ReferencemayalsobemadetoanoteonaPleaRollof1221printedinL。Q。
R。iv。230，whichshowsthatsomeyearsbeforethestatutethemagnatescomplainedthattheywerepreventedfromassartingtheirpasturelandbytheclaimsofvirgaters。
32。ThisisdirectlystatedbyBracton，f228，b。，videsupra。
33。CartularyofChristChurch，Canterbury，Addit。MSS。6159，f52，b：’Pastura。deherbagiiscuiusdamvieintercuriametecclesiamdePritelwelle。’DomesdayofSt。Paul’s，I：’Nullaestibipasturanisiinboscisetviis。’
34。Rot。Hundr。613，b：’Etomnesliberetenentes。communicantinboscodeA。cumomnibusbestiissuisliberepertotumannum。’
35。EynshamCart。10，b：’Estibidemunusboscus。cuiusvalornonappreciaturproeoquodministerregisnonpermittitincludisifiatcopicium，sufficienstamenestprohouseboteetheybote。’
GloucesterCart。iii。67：’Deboscisdicuntquodrexhabetquandamcosteramboscidefagojuvenequaecontinetadaestimationem30acras，underexpoteritapprobareperannumdimidiammarcam，scilicetinsubboscoetvirgisadclausturam，etmeremiumadcarucasetaliafaciendasinedestructione，etilleboscusestcommunisomnibusvicinisinherbagio。’
36。Cart。ofChristChurch，Canterbury，Add。MSS。6159，f28，b：
’Boscusibiestcuiusmedietasestecclesieetmedietatemclamanttenentesilliusdenne，utsidominusarboremunamaccipiat，ipsialiamaccipient。’
37。WorcesterCart。CamdenSer。，62，b：’Quaelibetvirgatatenet3feorthendelsdeBruera，etdimidiavirgataIfeorthendeletdimidium。’
38。Forinstance，Madox，Exch。I，27，n。47：’Habebuntturbassufficientesinpredictamoraadfocaliumfratrum。secundumquantitatemterrarumsuarumineademvilla。’
39。AveryremarkableinstanceofthewayinwhichrightsofcommonweredividedandarrangedbetweenlordsandvillainsisaffordedbytheCourtRollsofBrightwaltham。Maitland，ManorialRolls，SeldenSoc。ii。172。IshallhavetodiscusstheCaseintheFifthChapterofthisEssay。
RuralWorkandRentsOurbestmeansofjudgingofthedailyworkinanEnglishvillageofthethirteenthcenturyistostudythedetailedaccountsofoperationsandpaymentsimposedonthetenantsforthebenefitofamanoriallord。Surveys，extents，orinquisitionsweredrawnupchieflyforthepurposeofsettlingtheseduties，andthewealthofmaterialtheyaffordenablesustoformajudgmentastoseveralinterestingquestions。Ittellsdirectlyoftheburdenwhichruralworkmenhadtobearinthearistocraticalstructureofsociety；itgivesindirectlyaninsightintoalltheramificationsoflabourandproductionsincetheduesreceivedbythelordwereakindofnaturalpercentageuponalltheworkofthetenants；thecombinationofitsdetailsintoonewholeaffordsmanyacluetothesocialstandingandhistoryofthepeasantclassesofwhichwehavebeentreating。
Letusbeginbyasurveyofthedifferentkindsoflabourdutiesperformedbythedependentholdingswhich。clusteredroundthemanorialcentre。Foremoststandsploughingandtheoperationsconnectedwithit。Thecultivationofthedemesnesoilofamanordependedlargelyonthehelpofthepeasantry。Bythesideoftheploughsandplough-teamsownedbythelordhimself，theplough-teamsofhisvillainsaremadetotillhisland，andmanorialextentscommonlymentionthatthedemesneportionhastobecultivatedbythehelpofvillagecustoms，’cumconsuetudinibusvillae。’1*Thedutiesofeveryhouseholderinthisrespectarereckonedupindifferentways。Sometimeseverydependentploughhasitsnumberofacresassignedtoit，andthejointownersofitsteamarelefttosettlebetweenthemselvestheproportionsinwhichtheywillhavetoco-operatefortheperformanceoftheduty。2*Inmostcasesthe’extent’fixestheamountduefromeachindividualholder。Forinstance，everyvirgateristoploughoneacreineveryweek。Thiscanonlymeanthatoneacreofthelord’slandisreckonedoneverysinglevirgateinoneweek，withoutanyreferencetothefactthatonlyonepartoftheteamisownedbythepeasant。If，forexample，therewerefourvirgaterstoshareintheownershipoftheplough，theexpressionunderournoticewouldmeanthateveryteamhastoploughfouracresintheweek。3*Buttheploughsmaybesmall，orthevirgatersexceptionallywealthy，andtheircompoundploughteammayhavetocultivateonlythreeacresorevenless。Thelordinthiscasereckonswithlabour-weeksandacres，notwithteamsanddays-work。Athirdpossibilitywouldbetobasethereckoningonthenumberofdayswhichateamoraholderhastogivetothelord。4*Afourth，tolayontheimpositioninonelumpbyrequiringacertainnumberofacrestobetilled，oracertainnumberofdaysofploughing。5*Itmustbeadded，thatthepeasantshaveoftentosupplementtheirploughingworkbyharrowing，accordingtooneofthesevarioussystemsofapportionment。6*