mean。Anumberofnewmachineswereinstalledinacertainshoefactory，andasaresulttherewasaheavyincreaseinproductioneventhoughtherewasnoincreaseinthelaborforce。Someoftheworkmenwereinstructedintheuseofthesemachinesbyspecialdemonstratorssentoutbythemakersofthemachines。Thesemen，byreasonoftheirspecialaptitudesandthefactthattheywerenotcalledupontooperatethemachinescontinuouslyninehourseveryday，weekinandweekout，butonlyforanhourorsoatspecialtimes，werenaturallyabletorunthemachinesattheirmaximumcapacity。Whenthesedemonstratorshadleftthefactory，andthecompany’sownemployeeshadbecomeusedtooperatingthemachinesatafairrateofspeed，theforemanoftheestablishmentgraduallyspeededthemachinesanddemandedalargerandstilllargeroutput，constantlyendeavoringtodrivethemenontogreaterexertions。Evenwithaslightlylessmaximumcapacity，theintroductionofthismachineryresultedinagreatincreaseoverformerproductionwiththesameamountoflabor；
andsogreatweretheprofitsfromthebusinessinthefollowingtwoyearsastoequalthetotalcapitalizedstockofthecompany。Butnotacentgotintothepayenvelopeoftheworkmenbeyondwhattheyhadformerlybeenreceivingbeforetheintroductionofthisnewmachinery，notwithstandingthatithadmeantanaddedstrain，physicalandmental，upontheirenergies，andthattheywereforcedtoworkharderthaneverbefore。Thewholeoftheincreasedprofitsremainedwiththecompany。Nowthisrepresentedan“increaseofefficiency。”withapositivedecreaseofsocialandindustrialjustice。Theincreaseofprosperitywhichcamefromincreaseofproductioninnowaybenefitedthewage-workers。Iholdthattheyweretreatedwithgrossinjustice；
andthatsociety，actingifnecessarythroughtheGovernment，insuchacaseshouldbenditsenergiestoremedysuchinjustice；andIwillsupportanyproperlegislationthatwillaidinsecuringthedesiredend。
Thewage-workershouldnotonlyreceivefairtreatment；heshouldgivefairtreatment。Inorderthatprosperitymaybepassedarounditisnecessarythattheprosperityexist。Inorderthatlaborshallreceiveitsfairshareinthedivisionofrewarditisnecessarythattherebearewardtodivide。Anyproposaltoreduceefficiencybyinsistingthatthemostefficientshallbelimitedintheiroutputtowhattheleastefficientcando，isaproposaltolimitbysomuchproduction，andthereforetoimpoverishbysomuchthepublic，andspecificallytoreducetheamountthatcanbedividedamongtheproducers。Thisisallwrong。Ourprotestmustbeagainstunfairdivisionoftherewardforproduction。Everyencouragementshouldbegiventhebusinessman，theemployer，tomakehisbusinessprosperous，andthereforetoearnmoremoneyforhimself；andinlikefashioneveryencouragementshouldbegiventheefficientworkman。Wemustalwayskeepinmindthattoreducetheamountofproductionservesmerelytoreducetheamountthatistobedivided，isinnowaypermanentlyefficientasaprotestagainstunequaldistributionandispermanentlydetrimentaltotheentirecommunity。Butincreasedproductivenessisnotsecuredbyexcessivelaboramidunhealthysurroundings。Thecontraryistrue。
Shorterhours，andhealthfulconditions，andopportunityforthewage-
workertomakemoremoney，andthechanceforenjoymentaswellaswork，alladdtoefficiency。Mycontentionisthatthereshouldbenopenalizationofefficientproductiveness，broughtaboutunderhealthyconditions；butthateveryincreaseofproductionbroughtaboutbyanincreaseinefficiencyshouldbenefitallthepartiestoit，includingwage-workersaswellasemployersorcapitalists，menwhoworkwiththeirhandsaswellasmenwhoworkwiththeirheads。
WiththeWesternFederationofMinersImorethanoncehadserioustrouble。Theleadersofthisorganizationhadpreachedanarchy，andcertainofthemwereindictedforhavingpracticedmurderinthecaseofGovernorSteunenberg，ofIdaho。OnoneoccasioninaletterorspeechIcoupledcondemnationoftheselaborleadersandcondemnationofcertainbigcapitalists，describingthemallalikeas“undesirablecitizens。”Thisgavegreatoffensetobothsides。TheopenattackuponmewasmadeforthemostparteitherbytheNewYorknewspaperswhichwerefranklyrepresentativesofWallStreet，orelsebythoseso-
called——andmiscalled——Socialistswhohadanarchisticleanings。Manyofthelattersentmeopenlettersofdenunciation，andtooneofthemIrespondedasfollows：
Ihavereceivedyourletterofthe19thinstant，inwhichyouenclosethedraftoftheformalletterwhichistofollow。Ihavebeennotifiedthatseveraldelegations，bearingsimilarrequests，areonthewayhither。Intheletteryou，onbehalfoftheCookCounty，Moyer-Haywoodconference，protestagainstcertainlanguageIusedinarecentletterwhichyouasserttobedesignedtoinfluencethecourseofjusticeinthecaseofthetrialformurderofMessrs。MoyerandHaywood。Ientirelyagreewithyouthatitisimpropertoendeavortoinfluencethecourseofjustice，whetherbythreatsorinanysimilarmanner。ForthisreasonIhaveregrettedmostdeeplytheactionsofsuchorganizationsasyourowninundertakingtoaccomplishthisveryresultintheverycaseofwhichyouspeak。Forinstance，yourletterisheaded“CookCountyMoyer-Haywood-PettiboneConference。”
withtheheadlines：“/Death/——cannot——willnot——andshallnotclaimourbrothers！”Thisshowsthatyouandyourassociatesarenotdemandingafairtrial，orworkingforafairtrial，butareannouncinginadvancethattheverdictshallonlybeonewayandthatyouwillnottolerateanyotherverdict。Suchactionisflagrantinitsimpropriety，andIjoinheartilyincondemningit。
Butitisasimpleabsurditytosupposethatbecauseanymanisontrialforagivenoffenseheisthereforetobefreedfromallcriticismuponhisgeneralconductandmanneroflife。InmylettertowhichyouobjectIreferredtoacertainprominentfinancier，Mr。Harriman，ontheonehand，andtoMessrs。Moyer，HaywoodandDebsontheother，asbeingequallyundesirablecitizens。ItisasfoolishtoassertthatthiswasdesignedtoinfluencethetrialofMoyerandHaywoodastoassertthatitwasdesignedtoinfluencethesuitsthathavebeenbroughtagainstMr。
Harriman。IneitherexpressednorindicatedanyopinionastowhetherMessrs。MoyerandHaywoodwereguiltyofthemurderofGovernorSteunenberg。Iftheyareguilty，theycertainlyoughttobepunished。Iftheyarenotguilty，theycertainlyoughtnottobepunished。ButnopossibleoutcomeeitherofthetrialorthesuitscanaffectmyjudgmentastotheundesirabilityofthetypeofcitizenshipofthosewhomImentioned。Messrs。Moyer，Haywood，andDebsstandasrepresentativesofthosemenwhohavedoneasmuchtodiscreditthelabormovementastheworstspeculativefinanciersormostunscrupulousemployersoflaboranddebauchersoflegislatureshavedonetodiscredithonestcapitalistsandfair-dealingbusinessmen。Theystandastherepresentativesofthosemenwhobytheirpublicutterancesandmanifestoes，bytheutterancesofthepaperstheycontrolorinspire，andbythewordsanddeedsofthoseassociatedwithorsubordinatedtothem，habituallyappearasguiltyofincitementtoorapologyforbloodshedandviolence。Ifthisdoesnotconstituteundesirablecitizenship，thentherecanneverbeanyundesirablecitizens。ThemenwhomIdenouncerepresentthemenwhohaveabandonedthatlegitimatemovementfortheupliftingoflabor，withwhichIhavethemostheartysympathy；theyhaveadoptedpracticeswhichcutthemofffromthosewholeadthislegitimatemovement。IneverywayIshallsupportthelaw-abidinganduprightrepresentativesoflabor，andinnowaycanIbettersupportthemthanbydrawingthesharpestpossiblelinebetweenthemontheonehand，and，ontheotherhand，thosepreachersofviolencewhoarethemselvestheworstfoesofthehonestlaboringman。
Letmerepeatmydeepregretthatanybodyofmenshouldsofarforgettheirdutytothecountryastoendeavorbytheformationofsocietiesandinotherwaystoinfluencethecourseofjusticeinthismatter。Ihavereceivedmanysuchlettersasyours。
Accompanyingthemwerenewspaperclippingsannouncingdemonstrations，parades，andmass-meetingsdesignedtoshowthattherepresentativesoflabor，withoutregardtothefacts，demandtheacquittalofMessrs。HaywoodandMoyer。Suchmeetingscan，ofcourse，bedesignedonlytocoercecourtorjuryinrenderingaverdict，andtheythereforedeserveallthecondemnationwhichyouinyourletterssayshouldbeawardedtothosewhoendeavorimproperlytoinfluencethecourseofjustice。
Youwould，ofcourse，beentirelywithinyourrightsifyoumerelyannouncedthatyouthoughtMessrs。MoyerandHaywoodwere“desirablecitizens“——thoughinsuchcaseIshouldtakefrankissuewithyouandshouldsaythat，whollywithoutregardtowhetherornottheyareguiltyofthecrimeforwhichtheyarenowbeingtried，theyrepresentasthoroughlyundesirableatypeofcitizenshipascanbefoundinthiscountry；atypewhich，inthelettertowhichyousounreasonablytakeexception，Ishowednottobeconfinedtoanyoneclass，buttoexistamongsomerepresentativesofgreatcapitalistsaswellasamongsomerepresentativesofwage-workers。InthatletterIcondemnedbothtypes。CertainrepresentativesofthegreatcapitalistsinturncondemnedmeforincludingMr。HarrimaninmycondemnationofMessrs。MoyerandHaywood。CertainoftherepresentativesoflaborintheirturncondemnedmebecauseIincludedMessrs。MoyerandHaywoodasundesirablecitizenstogetherwithMr。Harrison。Iamasprofoundlyindifferenttothecondemnationinonecaseasintheother。IchallengeasarightthesupportofallgoodAmericans，whetherwage-workersorcapitalists，whatevertheiroccupationorcreed，orinwhateverportionofthecountrytheylive，whenIcondemnboththetypesofbadcitizenshipwhichI
havehelduptoreprobation。Itseemstobeamarkofutterinsinceritytofailthustocondemnboth；andtoapologizeforeitherrobsthemanthusapologizingofallrighttocondemnanywrongdoinginanyman，richorpoor，inpublicorinprivatelife。
Yousayyouaskfora“squaredeal“forMessrs。MoyerandHaywood。
SodoI。WhenIsay“Squaredeal。”Imeanasquaredealtoeveryone；itisequallyaviolationofthepolicyofthesquaredealforacapitalisttoprotestagainstdenunciationofacapitalistwhoisguiltyofwrongdoingandforalaborleadertoprotestagainstthedenunciationofalaborleaderwhohasbeenguiltyofwrongdoing。Istandforequaljusticetoboth；andsofarasinmypowerliesIshallupholdjustice，whetherthemanaccusedofguilthasbehindhimthewealthiestcorporation，thegreatestaggregationsofrichesinthecountry，orwhetherhehasbehindhimthemostinfluentiallabororganizationinthecountry。
Itreatedanarchistsandthebomb-throwinganddynamitinggentrypreciselyasItreatedothercriminals。Murderismurder。Itisnotrenderedonewhitbetterbytheallegationthatitiscommittedonbehalfof“acause。”Itistruethatlawandorderarenotallsufficient；buttheyareessential；lawlessnessandmurderousviolencemustbequelledbeforeanypermanenceofreformcanbeobtained。Yetwhentheyhavebeenquelled，thebeneficiariesoftheenforcementoflawmustintheirturnbetaughtthatlawisupheldasameanstotheenforcementofjustice，andthatwewillnottolerateitsbeingturnedintoanengineofinjusticeandoppression。Thefundamentalneedindealingwithourpeople，whetherlaboringmenorothers，isnotcharitybutjustice；wemustallworkincommonforthecommonendofhelpingeachandall，inaspiritofthesanest，broadestanddeepestbrotherhood。
Itwasnotalwayseasytoavoidfeelingverydeepangerwiththeselfishnessandshort-sightednessshownbothbytherepresentativesofcertainemployers’organizationsandbycertaingreatlaborfederationsorunions。Onesuchemployers’associationwascalledtheNationalAssociationofManufacturers。Extremethoughtheattackssometimesmadeuponmebytheextremelabororganizationswere，theywerenotquiteasextremeastheattacksmadeuponmebytheheadoftheNationalAssociationofManufacturers，andasregardstheirattitudetowardlegislationIcametotheconclusiontowardtheendofmytermthatthelatterhadactuallygonefurtherthewrongwaythandidtheformer——andtheformerwentagooddistancealso。TheoppositionoftheNationalAssociationofManufacturerstoeveryrationalandmoderatemeasureforbenefitingworkingmen，suchasmeasuresabolishingchildlabor，orsecuringworkmen’scompensation，causedmerealandgraveconcern；forIfeltthatitwasominousofevilforthewholecountrytohavemenwhooughttostandhighinwisdomandinguidingforcetakeacourseanduselanguageofsuchreactionarytypeasdirectlytoinciterevolution——forthisiswhattheextremereactionaryalwaysdoes。
OftenIwasattackedbythetwosidesatonce。Inthespringof1906I
receivedinthesamemailaletterfromaverygoodfriendofminewhothoughtthatIhadbeenundulyhardonsomelabormen，andaletterfromanotherfriend，theheadofagreatcorporation，whocomplainedaboutmeforbothfavoringlaborandspeakingagainstlargefortunes。
Myanswersranasfollows：