Ihaveseen，intheCordilleraoftheAndes，theevidentmarkswherestupendousmountainshavebeenbrokenintopieceslikesomuchthincrust，andthestratathrownontheirverticaledges；butneverdidanyscene，likethese“streamsofstones。”soforciblyconveytomymindtheideaofaconvulsion，ofwhichinhistoricalrecordswemightinvainseekforanycounterpart：
yettheprogressofknowledgewillprobablysomedaygiveasimpleexplanationofthisphenomenon，asitalreadyhasofthesolong-thoughtinexplicabletransportaloftheerraticboulders，whicharestrewedovertheplainsofEurope。
Ihavelittletoremarkonthezoologyoftheseislands。Ihavebeforedescribedthecarrion-vultureofPolyborus。Therearesomeotherhawks，owls，andafewsmallland-birds。Thewater-fowlareparticularlynumerous，andtheymustformerly，fromtheaccountsoftheoldnavigators，havebeenmuchmoreso。OnedayIobservedacormorantplayingwithafishwhichithadcaught。Eighttimessuccessivelythebirdletitspreygo，thendivedafterit，andalthoughindeepwater，broughtiteachtimetothesurface。IntheZoologicalGardensIhaveseentheottertreatafishinthesamemanner，muchasacatdoesamouse：IdonotknowofanyotherinstancewheredameNatureappearssowilfullycruel。Anotherday，havingplacedmyselfbetweenapenguinAptenodytesdemersaandthewater，I
wasmuchamusedbywatchingitshabits。Itwasabravebird；andtillreachingthesea，itregularlyfoughtanddrovemebackwards。Nothinglessthanheavyblowswouldhavestoppedhim；everyinchhegainedhefirmlykept，standingclosebeforemeerectanddetermined。Whenthusopposedhecontinuallyrolledhisheadfromsidetoside，inaveryoddmanner，asifthepowerofdistinctvisionlayonlyintheanteriorandbasalpartofeacheye。
Thisbirdiscommonlycalledthejackasspenguin，fromitshabit，whileonshore，ofthrowingitsheadbackwards，andmakingaloudstrangenoise，verylikethebrayingofanass；butwhileatsea，andundisturbed，itsnoteisverydeepandsolemn，andisoftenheardinthenight-time。Indiving，itslittlewingsareusedasfins；butontheland，asfrontlegs。
Whencrawling，itmaybesaidonfourlegs，throughthetussocksoronthesideofagrassycliff，itmovessoveryquicklythatitmighteasilybemistakenforaquadruped。Whenatseaandfishing，itcomestothesurfaceforthepurposeofbreathingwithsuchaspring，anddivesagainsoinstantaneously，thatIdefyanyoneatfirstsighttobesurethatitwasnotafishleapingforsport。
TwokindsofgeesefrequenttheFalklands。TheuplandspeciesAnasMagellanicaiscommon，inpairsandinsmallflocks，throughouttheisland。
Theydonotmigrate，butbuildonthesmalloutlyingislets。Thisissupposedtobefromfearofthefoxes：anditisperhapsfromthesamecausethatthesebirds，thoughverytamebyday，areshyandwildintheduskoftheevening。Theyliveentirelyonvegetablematter。
Therock-goose，socalledfromlivingexclusivelyonthesea-beachAnasantarctica，iscommonbothhereandonthewestcoastofAmerica，asfarnorthasChile。InthedeepandretiredchannelsofTierradelFuego，thesnow-whitegander，invariablyaccompaniedbyhisdarkerconsort，andstandingclosebyeachotheronsomedistantrockypoint，isacommonfeatureinthelandscape。
IntheseislandsagreatloggerheadedduckorgooseAnasbrachyptera，whichsometimesweighstwenty-twopounds，isveryabundant。Thesebirdswereinformerdayscalled，fromtheirextraordinarymannerofpaddlingandsplashinguponthewater，race-horses；butnowtheyarenamed，muchmoreappropriately，steamers。Theirwingsaretoosmallandweaktoallowofflight，butbytheiraid，partlyswimmingandpartlyflappingthesurfaceofthewater，theymoveveryquickly。Themannerissomethinglikethatbywhichthecommonhouse-duckescapeswhenpursuedbyadog；butIamnearlysurethatthesteamermovesitswingsalternately，insteadofbothtogether，asinotherbirds。Theseclumsy，loggerheadedducksmakesuchanoiseandsplashing，thattheeffectisexceedinglycurious。
ThuswefindinSouthAmericathreebirdswhichusetheirwingsforotherpurposesbesidesflight；thepenguinsasfins，thesteameraspaddles，andtheostrichassails：andtheApteryzofNewZealand，aswellasitsgiganticextinctprototypetheDeinornis，possessonlyrudimentaryrepresentativesofwings。Thesteamerisabletodiveonlytoaveryshortdistance。Itfeedsentirelyonshell-fishfromthekelpandtidalrocks：hencethebeakandhead，forthepurposeofbreakingthem，aresurprisinglyheavyandstrong：theheadissostrongthatIhavescarcelybeenabletofractureitwithmygeologicalhammer；andalloursportsmensoondiscoveredhowtenaciousthesebirdswereoflife。Whenintheeveningplumingthemselvesinaflock，theymakethesameoddmixtureofsoundswhichbull-frogsdowithinthetropics。
InTierradelFuego，aswellasintheFalklandIslands，Imademanyobservationsonthelowermarineanimals，[11]buttheyareoflittlegeneralinterest。Iwillmentiononlyoneclassoffacts，relatingtocertainzoophytesinthemorehighlyorganizeddivisionofthatclass。SeveralgeneraFlustra，Eschara，Cellaria，Crisia，andothers
agreeinhavingsingularmoveableorganslikethoseofFlustraavicularia，foundintheEuropeanseasattachedtotheircells。Theorgan，inthegreaternumberofcases，verycloselyresemblestheheadofavulture；
butthelowermandiblecanbeopenedmuchwiderthaninarealbird’sbeak。
Theheaditselfpossessesconsiderablepowersofmovement，bymeansofashortneck。Inonezoophytetheheaditselfwasfixed，butthelowerjawfree：inanotheritwasreplacedbyatriangularhood，withabeautifully-fittedtrap-door，whichevidentlyansweredtothelowermandible。Inthegreaternumberofspecies，eachcellwasprovidedwithonehead，butinotherseachcellhadtwo。
Theyoungcellsattheendofthebranchesofthesecorallinescontainquiteimmaturepolypi，yetthevulture-headsattachedtothem，thoughsmall，areineveryrespectperfect。Whenthepolypuswasremovedbyaneedlefromanyofthecells，theseorgansdidnotappearintheleastaffected。
Whenoneofthevulture-likeheadswascutofffromthecell，thelowermandibleretaineditspowerofopeningandclosing。Perhapsthemostsingularpartoftheirstructureis，thatwhenthereweremorethantworowsofcellsonabranch，thecentralcellswerefurnishedwiththeseappendages，ofonlyone-fourththesizeoftheoutsideones。Theirmovementsvariedaccordingtothespecies；butinsomeIneversawtheleastmotion；whileothers，withthelowermandiblegenerallywideopen，oscillatedbackwardsandforwardsattherateofaboutfivesecondseachturn，othersmovedrapidlyandbystarts。Whentouchedwithaneedle，thebeakgenerallyseizedthepointsofirmly，thatthewholebranchmightbeshaken。
Thesebodieshavenorelationwhateverwiththeproductionoftheeggsorgemmules，astheyareformedbeforetheyoungpolypiappearinthecellsattheendofthegrowingbranches；astheymoveindependentlyofthepolypi，anddonotappeartobeinanywayconnectedwiththem；andastheydifferinsizeontheouterandinnerrowsofcells，Ihavelittledoubt，thatintheirfunctions，theyarerelatedrathertothehornyaxisofthebranchesthantothepolypiinthecells。Thefleshyappendageatthelowerextremityofthesea-pendescribedatBahiaBlancaalsoformspartofthezoophyte，asawhole，inthesamemannerastherootsofatreeformpartofthewholetree，andnotoftheindividualleaforflower-buds。
InanotherelegantlittlecorallineCrisia？，eachcellwasfurnishedwithalong-toothedbristle，whichhadthepowerofmovingquickly。Eachofthesebristlesandeachofthevulture-likeheadsgenerallymovedquiteindependentlyoftheothers，butsometimesallonbothsidesofabranch，sometimesonlythoseononeside，movedtogethercoinstantaneously，sometimeseachmovedinregularorderoneafteranother。Intheseactionsweapparentlybeholdasperfectatransmissionofwillinthezoophyte，thoughcomposedofthousandsofdistinctpolypi，asinanysingleanimal。Thecase，indeed，isnotdifferentfromthatofthesea-pens，which，whentouched，drewthemselvesintothesandonthecoastofBahiaBlanca。Iwillstateoneotherinstanceofuniformaction，thoughofaverydifferentnature，inazoophytecloselyalliedtoClytia，andthereforeverysimplyorganized。Havingkeptalargetuftofitinabasinofsalt-water，whenitwasdarkIfoundthatasoftenasIrubbedanypartofabranch，thewholebecamestronglyphosphorescentwithagreenlight：IdonotthinkIeversawanyobjectmorebeautifullyso。Buttheremarkablecircumstancewas，thattheflashesoflightalwaysproceededupthebranches，fromthebasetowardstheextremities。
Theexaminationofthesecompoundanimalswasalwaysveryinterestingtome。Whatcanbemoreremarkablethantoseeaplant-likebodyproducinganegg，capableofswimmingaboutandofchoosingaproperplacetoadhereto，whichthensproutsintobranches，eachcrowdedwithinnumerabledistinctanimals，oftenofcomplicatedorganizations？Thebranches，moreover，aswehavejustseen，sometimespossessorganscapableofmovementandindependentofthepolypi。Surprisingasthisunionofseparateindividualsinacommonstockmustalwaysappear，everytreedisplaysthesamefact，forbudsmustbeconsideredasindividualplants。Itis，however，naturaltoconsiderapolypus，furnishedwithamouth，intestines，andotherorgans，asadistinctindividual，whereastheindividualityofaleaf-budisnoteasilyrealised；
sothattheunionofseparateindividualsinacommonbodyismorestrikinginacorallinethaninatree。Ourconceptionofacompoundanimal，whereinsomerespectstheindividualityofeachisnotcompleted，maybeaided，byreflectingontheproductionoftwodistinctcreaturesbybisectingasingleonewithaknife，orwhereNatureherselfperformsthetaskofbisection。Wemayconsiderthepolypiinazoophyte，orthebudsinatree，ascaseswherethedivisionoftheindividualhasnotbeencompletelyeffected。
Certainlyinthecaseoftrees，andjudgingfromanalogyinthatofcorallines，theindividualspropagatedbybudsseemmoreintimatelyrelatedtoeachother，thaneggsorseedsaretotheirparents。Itseemsnowprettywellestablishedthatplantspropagatedbybudsallpartakeofacommondurationoflife；anditisfamiliartoeveryone，whatsingularandnumerouspeculiaritiesaretransmittedwithcertainty，bybuds，layers，andgrafts，whichbyseminalpropagationneveroronlycasuallyreappear。
[1]ThedessertsofSyriaarecharacterized，accordingtoVolneytom。i。p。351，bywoodybushes，numerousrats，gazellesandhares。InthelandscapeofPatagonia，theguanacoreplacesthegazelle，andtheagoutithehare。
[2]Inoticedthatseveralhoursbeforeanyoneofthecondorsdied，allthelice，withwhichitwasinfested，crawledtotheoutsidefeathers。Iwasassuredthatthisalwayshappens。
[3]London’sMagazineofNat。Hist。，vol。vii。
[4]Fromaccountspublishedsinceourvoyage，andmoreespeciallyfromseveralinterestinglettersfromCapt。Sulivan，R。
N。，employedonthesurvey，itappearsthatwetookanexaggeratedviewofthebadnessoftheclimateontheseislands。ButwhenIreflectonthealmostuniversalcoveringofpeat，andonthefactofwheatseldomripeninghere，Icanhardlybelievethattheclimateinsummerissofineanddryasithaslatelybeenrepresented。
[5]Lesson’sZoologyoftheVoyageoftheCoquille，tom。i。p。168。Alltheearlyvoyagers，andespeciallyBougainville，distinctlystatethatthewolf-likefoxwastheonlynativeanimalontheisland。
Thedistinctionoftherabbitasaspecies，istakenfrompeculiaritiesinthefur，fromtheshapeofthehead，andfromtheshortnessoftheears。
ImayhereobservethatthedifferencebetweentheIrishandEnglishharerestsuponnearlysimilarcharacters，onlymorestronglymarked[6]Ihavereason，however，tosuspectthatthereisafield-mouse。ThecommonEuropeanratandmousehaveroamedfarfromthehabitationsofthesettlers。Thecommonhoghasalsorunwildononeislet；allareofablackcolour：theboarsareveryfierce，andhavegreattrunks。
[7]The“culpeu“istheCanisMagellanicusbroughthomebyCaptainKingfromtheStraitofMagellan。ItiscommoninChile。
[8]Pernety，VoyageauxIslesMalouines，p。526。
[9]“Nousn’avonspasetemoinssaisisd’etonnementalavuedel’innombrablequantitedepierresdetoutsgrandeurs，bouleverseeslesunessurlesautres，etcependentrangees，commesiellesavoienteteamonceleesnegligemmentpourremplirdesravins。Onneselassoitpasd’admirerleseffetsprodigieuxdelanature。”——Pernety，p。526。