Thenewstatementwillcomprisetheskepticisms，aswellasthefaithsofsociety，andoutofunbeliefsacreedshallbeformed。
For，skepticismsarenotgratuitousorlawless，butarelimitationsoftheaffirmativestatement，andthenewphilosophymusttakethemin，andmakeaffirmationsout-sideofthem，justasmuchasitmustincludetheoldestbeliefs。
Itisveryunhappy，buttoolatetobehelped，thediscoverywehavemade，thatweexist。ThatdiscoveryiscalledtheFallofMan。
Everafterwards，wesuspectourinstruments。Wehavelearnedthatwedonotseedirectly，butmediately，andthatwehavenomeansofcorrectingthesecoloredanddistortinglenseswhichweare，orofcomputingtheamountoftheirerrors。Perhapsthesesubject-lenseshaveacreativepower；perhapstherearenoobjects。Oncewelivedinwhatwesaw；now，therapaciousnessofthisnewpower，whichthreatenstoabsorballthings，engagesus。Nature，art，persons，letters，religions，——objects，successivelytumblein，andGodisbutoneofitsideas。Natureandliteraturearesubjectivephenomena；everyevilandeverygoodthingisashadowwhichwecast。
Thestreetisfullofhumiliationstotheproud。Asthefopcontrivedtodresshisbailiffsinhislivery，andmakethemwaitonhisguestsattable，sothechagrinswhichthebadheartgivesoffasbubbles，atoncetakeformasladiesandgentlemeninthestreet，shopmenorbarkeepersinhotels，andthreatenorinsultwhateveristhreatenableandinsultableinus。\'Tisthesamewithouridolatries。Peopleforgetthatitistheeyewhichmakesthehorizon，andtheroundingmind\'seyewhichmakesthisorthatmanatypeorrepresentativeofhumanitywiththenameofheroorsaint。
Jesusthe“providentialman，“isagoodmanonwhommanypeopleareagreedthattheseopticallawsshalltakeeffect。Byloveononepart，andbyforbearancetopressobjectionontheotherpart，itisforatimesettled，thatwewilllookathiminthecentreofthehorizon，andascribetohimthepropertiesthatwillattachtoanymansoseen。Butthelongestloveoraversionhasaspeedyterm。
Thegreatandcresciveself，rootedinabsolutenature，supplantsallrelativeexistence，andruinsthekingdomofmortalfriendshipandlove。Marriageinwhatiscalledthespiritualworldisimpossible，becauseoftheinequalitybetweeneverysubjectandeveryobject。ThesubjectisthereceiverofGodhead，andateverycomparisonmustfeelhisbeingenhancedbythatcrypticmight。
Thoughnotinenergy，yetbypresence，thismagazineofsubstancecannotbeotherwisethanfelt：norcananyforceofintellectattributetotheobjecttheproperdeitywhichsleepsorwakesforeverineverysubject。Nevercanlovemakeconsciousnessandascriptionequalinforce。Therewillbethesamegulfbetweeneverymeandthee，asbetweentheoriginalandthepicture。Theuniverseisthebrideofthesoul。Allprivatesympathyispartial。Twohumanbeingsarelikeglobes，whichcantouchonlyinapoint，and，whilsttheyremainincontact，allotherpointsofeachofthespheresareinert；theirturnmustalsocome，andthelongeraparticularunionlasts，themoreenergyofappetencythepartsnotinunionacquire。
Lifewillbeimaged，butcannotbedividednordoubled。Anyinvasionofitsunitywouldbechaos。Thesoulisnottwin-born，buttheonlybegotten，andthoughrevealingitselfaschildintime，childinappearance，isofafatalanduniversalpower，admittingnoco-life。Everyday，everyactbetraystheill-concealeddeity。Webelieveinourselves，aswedonotbelieveinothers。Wepermitallthingstoourselves，andthatwhichwecallsininothers，isexperimentforus。Itisaninstanceofourfaithinourselves，thatmenneverspeakofcrimeaslightlyastheythink：or，everymanthinksalatitudesafeforhimself，whichisnowisetobeindulgedtoanother。Theactlooksverydifferentlyontheinside，andontheoutside；initsquality，andinitsconsequences。Murderinthemurdererisnosuchruinousthoughtaspoetsandromancerswillhaveit；itdoesnotunsettlehim，orfrighthimfromhisordinarynoticeoftrifles：itisanactquiteeasytobecontemplated，butinitssequel，itturnsouttobeahorriblejangleandconfoundingofallrelations。Especiallythecrimesthatspringfromlove，seemrightandfairfromtheactor\'spointofview，but，whenacted，arefounddestructiveofsociety。Nomanatlastbelievesthathecanbelost，northatthecrimeinhimisasblackasinthefelon。Becausetheintellectqualifiesinourowncasethemoraljudgments。Forthereisnocrimetotheintellect。Thatisantinomianorhypernomian，andjudgeslawaswellasfact。“Itisworsethanacrime，itisablunder，“saidNapoleon，speakingthelanguageoftheintellect。Toit，theworldisaprobleminmathematicsorthescienceofquantity，anditleavesoutpraiseandblame，andallweakemotions。Allstealingiscomparative。Ifyoucometoabsolutes，praywhodoesnotsteal？Saintsaresad，becausetheybeholdsin，evenwhentheyspeculate，fromthepointofviewoftheconscience，andnotoftheintellect；aconfusionofthought。Sinseenfromthethought，isadiminutionor_less_：seenfromtheconscienceorwill，itispravityor_bad_。Theintellectnamesitshade，absenceoflight，andnoessence。Theconsciencemustfeelitasessence，essentialevil。
Thisitisnot：ithasanobjectiveexistence，butnosubjective。
Thusinevitablydoestheuniversewearourcolor，andeveryobjectfallsuccessivelyintothesubjectitself。Thesubjectexists，thesubjectenlarges；allthingssoonerorlaterfallintoplace。AsIam，soIsee；usewhatlanguagewewill，wecanneversayanythingbutwhatweare；Hermes，Cadmus，Columbus，Newton，Buonaparte，arethemind\'sministers。Insteadoffeelingapovertywhenweencounteragreatman，letustreatthenewcomerlikeatravellinggeologist，whopassesthroughourestate，andshowsusgoodslate，orlimestone，oranthracite，inourbrushpasture。Thepartialactionofeachstrongmindinonedirection，isatelescopefortheobjectsonwhichitispointed。Buteveryotherpartofknowledgeistobepushedtothesameextravagance，erethesoulattainsherduesphericity。Doyouseethatkittenchasingsoprettilyherowntail？Ifyoucouldlookwithhereyes，youmightseehersurroundedwithhundredsoffiguresperformingcom-plexdramas，withtragicandcomicissues，longconversations，manycharacters，manyupsanddownsoffate，——andmeantimeitisonlypussandhertail。Howlongbeforeourmasqueradewillenditsnoiseoftamborines，laughter，andshouting，andweshallfinditwasasolitaryperformance？——Asubjectandanobject，——ittakessomuchtomakethegalvaniccircuitcomplete，butmagnitudeaddsnothing。
WhatimportsitwhetheritisKeplerandthesphere；ColumbusandAmerica；areaderandhisbook；orpusswithhertail？
Itistruethatallthemusesandloveandreligionhatethesedevelopments，andwillfindawaytopunishthechemist，whopublishesintheparlorthesecretsofthelaboratory。Andwecannotsaytoolittleofourconstitutionalnecessityofseeingthingsunderprivateaspects，orsaturatedwithourhumors。AndyetistheGodthenativeofthesebleakrocks。Thatneedmakesinmoralsthecapitalvirtueofself-trust。Wemustholdhardtothispoverty，howeverscandalous，andbymorevigorousself-recoveries，afterthesalliesofaction，possessouraxismorefirmly。Thelifeoftruthiscold，andsofarmournful；butitisnottheslaveoftears，contritions，andperturbations。Itdoesnotattemptanother\'swork，noradoptanother\'sfacts。Itisamainlessonofwisdomtoknowyourownfromanother\'s。IhavelearnedthatIcannotdisposeofotherpeople\'sfacts；butIpossesssuchakeytomyown，aspersuadesmeagainstalltheirdenials，thattheyalsohaveakeytotheirs。Asympatheticpersonisplacedinthedilemmaofaswimmeramongdrowningmen，whoallcatchathim，andifhegivesomuchasalegorafinger，theywilldrownhim。Theywishtobesavedfromthemischiefsoftheirvices，butnotfromtheirvices。Charitywouldbewastedonthispoorwaitingonthesymptoms。Awiseandhardyphysicianwillsay，_Comeoutofthat_，asthefirstconditionofadvice。
InthisourtalkingAmerica，weareruinedbyourgoodnatureandlisteningonallsides。Thiscompliancetakesawaythepowerofbeinggreatlyuseful。Amanshouldnotbeabletolookotherthandirectlyandforthright。Apreoccupiedattentionistheonlyanswertotheimportunatefrivolityofotherpeople：anattention，andtoanaimwhichmakestheirwantsfrivolous。Thisisadivineanswer，andleavesnoappeal，andnohardthoughts。InFlaxman\'sdrawingoftheEumenidesofAeschylus，OrestessupplicatesApollo，whilsttheFuriessleeponthethreshold。Thefaceofthegodexpressesashadeofregretandcompassion，butcalmwiththeconvictionoftheirreconcilablenessofthetwospheres。Heisbornintootherpolitics，intotheeternalandbeautiful。Themanathisfeetasksforhisinterestinturmoilsoftheearth，intowhichhisnaturecannotenter。AndtheEumenidestherelyingexpresspictoriallythisdisparity。Thegodissurchargedwithhisdivinedestiny。
Illusion，Temperament，Succession，Surface，Surprise，Reality，Subjectiveness，——thesearethreadsontheloomoftime，thesearethelordsoflife。Idarenotassumetogivetheirorder，butInamethemasIfindtheminmyway。Iknowbetterthantoclaimanycompletenessformypicture。Iamafragment，andthisisafragmentofme。Icanveryconfidentlyannounceoneoranotherlaw，whichthrowsitselfintoreliefandform，butIamtooyoungyetbysomeagestocompileacode。Igossipformyhourconcerningtheeternalpolitics。Ihaveseenmanyfairpicturesnotinvain。AwonderfultimeIhavelivedin。IamnotthenoviceIwasfourteen，noryetsevenyearsago。Letwhowillask，whereisthefruit？Ifindaprivatefruitsufficient。Thisisafruit，——thatIshouldnotaskforarasheffectfrommeditations，counsels，andthehivingoftruths。Ishouldfeelitpitifultodemandaresultonthistownandcounty，anoverteffectontheinstantmonthandyear。Theeffectisdeepandsecularasthecause。Itworksonperiodsinwhichmortallifetimeislost。AllIknowisreception；IamandIhave：butIdonotget，andwhenIhavefanciedIhadgottenanything，IfoundIdidnot。IworshipwithwonderthegreatFortune。Myreceptionhasbeensolarge，thatIamnotannoyedbyreceivingthisorthatsuperabundantly。IsaytotheGenius，ifhewillpardontheproverb，_Inforamill，inforamillion。_WhenIreceiveanewgift，Idonotmaceratemybodytomaketheaccountsquare，for，ifIshoulddie，Icouldnotmaketheaccountsquare。Thebenefitoverranthemeritthefirstday，andhasoverranthemeriteversince。Themerititself，so-called，Ireckonpartofthereceiving。
Also，thathankeringafteranovertorpracticaleffectseemstomeanapostasy。Ingoodearnest，Iamwillingtosparethismostunnecessarydealofdoing。Lifewearstomeavisionaryface。
Hardest，roughestactionisvisionaryalso。Itisbutachoicebetweensoftandturbulentdreams。Peopledisparageknowingandtheintellectuallife，andurgedoing。Iamverycontentwithknowing，ifonlyIcouldknow。Thatisanaugustentertainment，andwouldsufficemeagreatwhile。Toknowalittle，wouldbeworththeexpenseofthisworld。IhearalwaysthelawofAdrastia，“thateverysoulwhichhadacquiredanytruth，shouldbesafefromharmuntilanotherperiod。“
IknowthattheworldIconversewithinthecityandinthefarms，isnottheworldI_think。_Iobservethatdifferenceandshallobserveit。Oneday，Ishallknowthevalueandlawofthisdiscrepance。ButIhavenotfoundthatmuchwasgainedbymanipularattemptstorealizetheworldofthought。Manyeagerpersonssuccessivelymakeanexperimentinthisway，andmakethemselvesridiculous。Theyacquiredemocraticmanners，theyfoamatthemouth，theyhateanddeny。Worse，Iobserve，that，inthehistoryofmankind，thereisneverasolitaryexampleofsuccess，——takingtheirowntestsofsuccess。Isaythispolemically，orinreplytotheinquiry，whynotrealizeyourworld？Butfarbefrommethedespairwhichprejudgesthelawbyapaltryempiricism，——sincethereneverwasarightendeavor，butitsucceeded。Patienceandpatience，weshallwinatthelast。Wemustbeverysuspiciousofthedeceptionsoftheelementoftime。Ittakesagooddealoftimetoeatortosleep，ortoearnahundreddollars，andaverylittletimetoentertainahopeandaninsightwhichbecomesthelightofourlife。Wedressourgarden，eatourdinners，discussthehouseholdwithourwives，andthesethingsmakenoimpression，areforgottennextweek；butinthesolitudetowhicheverymanisalwaysreturning，hehasasanityandrevelations，whichinhispassageintonewworldshewillcarrywithhim。Nevermindtheridicule，nevermindthedefeat：upagain，oldheart！——itseemstosay，——thereisvictoryyetforalljustice；andthetrueromancewhichtheworldexiststorealize，willbethetransformationofgeniusintopracticalpower。
CHARACTER
Thesunset；butsetnothishope：
Starsrose；hisfaithwasearlierup：
Fixedontheenormousgalaxy，Deeperandolderseemedhiseye：
AndmatchedhissufferancesublimeThetaciturnityoftime。
Hespoke，andwordsmoresoftthanrainBroughttheAgeofGoldagain：
Hisactionwonsuchreverencesweet，Ashidallmeasureofthefeat。
WorkofhishandHenorcommendsnorgrieves：
Pleadsforitselfthefact；
AsunrepentingNatureleavesHereveryact。
ESSAYIII_Character_
IhavereadthatthosewholistenedtoLordChathamfeltthattherewassomethingfinerintheman，thananythingwhichhesaid。
IthasbeencomplainedofourbrilliantEnglishhistorianoftheFrenchRevolution，thatwhenhehastoldallhisfactsaboutMirabeau，theydonotjustifyhisestimateofhisgenius。TheGracchi，Agis，Cleomenes，andothersofPlutarch\'sheroes，donotintherecordoffactsequaltheirownfame。SirPhilipSidney，theEarlofEssex，SirWalterRaleigh，aremenofgreatfigure，andoffewdeeds。WecannotfindthesmallestpartofthepersonalweightofWashington，inthenarrativeofhisexploits。TheauthorityofthenameofSchilleristoogreatforhisbooks。Thisinequalityofthereputationtotheworksortheanecdotes，isnotaccountedforbysayingthatthereverberationislongerthanthethunder-clap；butsomewhatresidedinthesemenwhichbegotanexpectationthatoutranalltheirperformance。Thelargestpartoftheirpowerwaslatent。
ThisisthatwhichwecallCharacter，——areservedforcewhichactsdirectlybypresence，andwithoutmeans。Itisconceivedofasacertainundemonstrableforce，aFamiliarorGenius，bywhoseimpulsesthemanisguided，butwhosecounselshecannotimpart；whichiscompanyforhim，sothatsuchmenareoftensolitary，oriftheychancetobesocial，donotneedsociety，butcanentertainthemselvesverywellalone。Thepurestliterarytalentappearsatonetimegreat，atanothertimesmall，butcharacterisofastellarandundiminishablegreatness。Whatotherseffectbytalentorbyeloquence，thismanaccomplishesbysomemagnetism。“Halfhisstrengthheputnotforth。“Hisvictoriesarebydemonstrationofsuperiority，andnotbycrossingofbayonets。Heconquers，becausehisarrivalaltersthefaceofaffairs。`“OIole！howdidyouknowthatHerculeswasagod？”“Because，“answeredIole，“Iwascontentthemomentmyeyesfellonhim。WhenIbeheldTheseus，IdesiredthatImightseehimofferbattle，oratleastguidehishorsesinthechariot-race；butHerculesdidnotwaitforacontest；heconqueredwhetherhestood，orwalked，orsat，orwhateverthinghedid。“]\'Man，ordinarilyapendanttoevents，onlyhalfattached，andthatawkwardly，totheworldhelivesin，intheseexamplesappearstosharethelifeofthings，andtobeanexpressionofthesamelawswhichcontrolthetidesandthesun，numbersandquantities。
Buttouseamoremodestillustration，andnearerhome，I
observe，thatinourpoliticalelections，wherethiselement，ifitappearsatall，canonlyoccurinitscoarsestform，wesufficientlyunderstanditsincomparablerate。Thepeopleknowthattheyneedintheirrepresentativemuchmorethantalent，namely，thepowertomakehistalenttrusted。TheycannotcomeattheirendsbysendingtoCongressalearned，acute，andfluentspeaker，ifhebenotone，who，beforehewasappointedbythepeopletorepresentthem，wasappointedbyAlmightyGodtostandforafact，——invinciblypersuadedofthatfactinhimself，——sothatthemostconfidentandthemostviolentpersonslearnthathereisresistanceonwhichbothimpudenceandterrorarewasted，namely，faithinafact。Themenwhocarrytheirpointsdonotneedtoinquireoftheirconstituentswhattheyshouldsay，butarethemselvesthecountrywhichtheyrepresent：nowhereareitsemotionsoropinionssoinstantandtrueasinthem；nowheresopurefromaselfishinfusion。Theconstituencyathomehearkenstotheirwords，watchesthecoloroftheircheek，andtherein，asinaglass，dressesitsown。Ourpublicassembliesareprettygoodtestsofmanlyforce。Ourfrankcountrymenofthewestandsouthhaveatasteforcharacter，andliketoknowwhethertheNewEnglanderisasubstantialman，orwhetherthehandcanpassthroughhim。
Thesamemotiveforceappearsintrade。Therearegeniusesintrade，aswellasinwar，orthestate，orletters；andthereasonwhythisorthatmanisfortunate，isnottobetold。Itliesintheman：thatisallanybodycantellyouaboutit。Seehim，andyouwillknowaseasilywhyhesucceeds，as，ifyouseeNapoleon，youwouldcomprehendhisfortune。Inthenewobjectswerecognizetheoldgame，thehabitoffrontingthefact，andnotdealingwithitatsecondhand，throughtheperceptionsofsomebodyelse。Natureseemstoauthorizetrade，assoonasyouseethenaturalmerchant，whoappearsnotsomuchaprivateagent，asherfactorandMinisterofCommerce。Hisnaturalprobitycombineswithhisinsightintothefabricofsociety，toputhimabovetricks，andhecommunicatestoallhisownfaith，thatcontractsareofnoprivateinterpretation。
Thehabitofhismindisareferencetostandardsofnaturalequityandpublicadvantage；andheinspiresrespect，andthewishtodealwithhim，bothforthequietspiritofhonorwhichattendshim，andfortheintellectualpastimewhichthespectacleofsomuchabilityaffords。Thisimmenselystretchedtrade，whichmakesthecapesoftheSouthernOceanhiswharves，andtheAtlanticSeahisfamiliarport，centresinhisbrainonly；andnobodyintheuniversecanmakehisplacegood。Inhisparlor，Iseeverywellthathehasbeenathardworkthismorning，withthatknittedbrow，andthatsettledhumor，whichallhisdesiretobecourteouscannotshakeoff。Iseeplainlyhowmanyfirmactshavebeendone；howmanyvaliant_noes_
havethisdaybeenspoken，whenotherswouldhaveutteredruinous_yeas_。Isee，withtheprideofart，andskillofmasterlyarithmeticandpowerofremotecombination，theconsciousnessofbeinganagentandplayfellowoftheoriginallawsoftheworld。Hetoobelievesthatnonecansupplyhim，andthatamanmustbeborntotrade，orhecannotlearnit。
Thisvirtuedrawsthemindmore，whenitappearsinactiontoendsnotsomixed。Itworkswithmostenergyinthesmallestcompaniesandinprivaterelations。Inallcases，itisanextraordinaryandincomputableagent。Theexcessofphysicalstrengthisparalyzedbyit。Highernaturesoverpowerloweronesbyaffectingthemwithacertainsleep。Thefacultiesarelockedup，andoffernoresistance。Perhapsthatistheuniversallaw。Whenthehighcannotbringupthelowtoitself，itbenumbsit，asmancharmsdowntheresistanceoftheloweranimals。Menexertoneachotherasimilaroccultpower。Howoftenhastheinfluenceofatruemasterrealizedallthetalesofmagic！Ariverofcommandseemedtorundownfromhiseyesintoallthosewhobeheldhim，atorrentofstrongsadlight，likeanOhioorDanube，whichpervadedthemwithhisthoughts，andcoloredalleventswiththehueofhismind。“Whatmeansdidyouemploy？”wasthequestionaskedofthewifeofConcini，inregardtohertreatmentofMaryofMedici；andtheanswerwas，“Onlythatinfluencewhicheverystrongmindhasoveraweakone。“
CannotCaesarinironsshuffleofftheirons，andtransferthemtothepersonofHippoorThrasotheturnkey？Isanironhandcuffsoimmutableabond？SupposeaslaveronthecoastofGuineashouldtakeonboardagangofnegroes，whichshouldcontainpersonsofthestampofToussaintL\'Ouverture：or，letusfancy，undertheseswarthymaskshehasagangofWashingtonsinchains。WhentheyarriveatCuba，willtherelativeorderoftheship\'scompanybethesame？Istherenothingbutropeandiron？Istherenolove，noreverence？Isthereneveraglimpseofrightinapoorslave-captain\'smind；andcannotthesebesupposedavailabletobreak，orelude，orinanymannerovermatchthetensionofaninchortwoofironring？
Thisisanaturalpower，likelightandheat，andallnaturecooperateswithit。Thereasonwhywefeeloneman\'spresence，anddonotfeelanother\'s，isassimpleasgravity。Truthisthesummitofbeing：justiceistheapplicationofittoaffairs。Allindividualnaturesstandinascale，accordingtothepurityofthiselementinthem。Thewillofthepurerunsdownfromthemintoothernatures，aswaterrunsdownfromahigherintoalowervessel。Thisnaturalforceisnomoretobewithstood，thananyothernaturalforce。Wecandriveastoneupwardforamomentintotheair，butitisyettruethatallstoneswillforeverfall；andwhateverinstancescanbequotedofunpunishedtheft，orofaliewhichsomebodycredited，justicemustprevail，anditistheprivilegeoftruthtomakeitselfbelieved。Characteristhismoralorderseenthroughthemediumofanindividualnature。Anindividualisanencloser。Timeandspace，libertyandnecessity，truthandthought，areleftatlargenolonger。Now，theuniverseisacloseorpound。Allthingsexistinthemantingedwiththemannersofhissoul。Withwhatqualityisinhim，heinfusesallnaturethathecanreach；nordoeshetendtolosehimselfinvastness，but，athowlongacurvesoever，allhisregardsreturnintohisowngoodatlast。Heanimatesallhecan，andheseesonlywhatheanimates。Heenclosestheworld，asthepatriotdoeshiscountry，asamaterialbasisforhischaracter，andatheatreforaction。AhealthysoulstandsunitedwiththeJustandtheTrue，asthemagnetarrangesitselfwiththepole，sothathestandstoallbeholderslikeatransparentobjectbetwixtthemandthesun，andwhosojourneystowardsthesun，journeystowardsthatperson。Heisthusthemediumofthehighestinfluencetoallwhoarenotonthesamelevel。Thus，menofcharacteraretheconscienceofthesocietytowhichtheybelong。
Thenaturalmeasureofthispoweristheresistanceofcircumstances。Impuremenconsiderlifeasitisreflectedinopinions，events，andpersons。Theycannotseetheaction，untilitisdone。Yetitsmoralelementpre-existedintheactor，anditsqualityasrightorwrong，itwaseasytopredict。Everythinginnatureisbipolar，orhasapositiveandnegativepole。Thereisamaleandafemale，aspiritandafact，anorthandasouth。Spiritisthepositive，theeventisthenegative。Willisthenorth，actionthesouthpole。Charactermayberankedashavingitsnaturalplaceinthenorth。Itsharesthemagneticcurrentsofthesystem。
Thefeeblesoulsaredrawntothesouthornegativepole。Theylookattheprofitorhurtoftheaction。Theyneverbeholdaprincipleuntilitislodgedinaperson。Theydonotwishtobelovely，buttobeloved。Theclassofcharacterliketohearoftheirfaults：
theotherclassdonotliketohearoffaults；theyworshipevents；
securetothemafact，aconnexion，acertainchainofcircumstances，andtheywillasknomore。Theheroseesthattheeventisancillary：itmustfollow_him。_Agivenorderofeventshasnopowertosecuretohimthesatisfactionwhichtheimaginationattachestoit；thesoulofgoodnessescapesfromanysetofcircumstances，whilstprosperitybelongstoacertainmind，andwillintroducethatpowerandvictorywhichisitsnaturalfruit，intoanyorderofevents。Nochangeofcircumstancescanrepairadefectofcharacter。
Weboastouremancipationfrommanysuperstitions；butifwehavebrokenanyidols，itisthroughatransferoftheidolatry。WhathaveIgained，thatInolongerimmolateabulltoJove，ortoNeptune，oramousetoHecate；thatIdonottremblebeforetheEumenides，ortheCatholicPurgatory，ortheCalvinisticJudgment-day，——ifIquakeatopinion，thepublicopinion，aswecallit；oratthethreatofassault，orcontumely，orbadneighbors，orpoverty，ormutilation，orattherumorofrevolution，orofmurder？IfIquake，whatmattersitwhatIquakeat？Ourpropervicetakesforminoneoranothershape，accordingtothesex，age，ortemperamentoftheperson，and，ifwearecapableoffear，willreadilyfindterrors。Thecovetousnessorthemalignitywhichsaddensme，whenIascribeittosociety，ismyown。Iamalwaysenvironedbymyself。Ontheotherpart，rectitudeisaperpetualvictory，celebratednotbycriesofjoy，butbyserenity，whichisjoyfixedorhabitual。Itisdisgracefultoflytoeventsforconfirmationofourtruthandworth。Thecapitalistdoesnotruneveryhourtothebroker，tocoinhisadvantagesintocurrentmoneyoftherealm；heissatisfiedtoreadinthequotationsofthemarket，thathisstockshaverisen。Thesametransportwhichtheoccurrenceofthebesteventsinthebestorderwouldoccasionme，I
mustlearntotastepurerintheperceptionthatmypositioniseveryhourmeliorated，anddoesalreadycommandthoseeventsIdesire。
Thatexultationisonlytobecheckedbytheforesightofanorderofthingssoexcellent，astothrowallourprosperitiesintothedeepestshade。
Thefacewhichcharacterwearstomeisself-sufficingness。I
reverethepersonwhoisriches；sothatIcannotthinkofhimasalone，orpoor，orexiled，orunhappy，oraclient，butasperpetualpatron，benefactor，andbeatifiedman。Characteriscentrality，theimpossibilityofbeingdisplacedoroverset。Amanshouldgiveusasenseofmass。Societyisfrivolous，andshredsitsdayintoscraps，itsconversationintoceremoniesandescapes。ButifIgotoseeaningeniousman，Ishallthinkmyselfpoorlyentertainedifhegivemenimblepiecesofbenevolenceandetiquette；ratherheshallstandstoutlyinhisplace，andletmeapprehend，ifitwereonlyhisresistance；knowthatIhaveencounteredanewandpositivequality；——
greatrefreshmentforbothofus。Itismuch，thathedoesnotaccepttheconventionalopinionsandpractices。Thatnonconformitywillremainagoadandremembrancer，andeveryinquirerwillhavetodisposeofhim，inthefirstplace。Thereisnothingrealorusefulthatisnotaseatofwar。Ourhousesringwithlaughterandpersonalandcriticalgossip，butithelpslittle。Buttheuncivil，unavailableman，whoisaproblemandathreattosociety，whomitcannotletpassinsilence，butmusteitherworshiporhate，——andtowhomallpartiesfeelrelated，boththeleadersofopinion，andtheobscureandeccentric，——hehelps；heputsAmericaandEuropeinthewrong，anddestroystheskepticismwhichsays，`manisadoll，letuseatanddrink，\'tisthebestwecando，\'byilluminatingtheuntriedandunknown。Acquiescenceintheestablishment，andappealtothepublic，indicateinfirmfaith，headswhicharenotclear，andwhichmustseeahousebuilt，beforetheycancomprehendtheplanofit。Thewisemannotonlyleavesoutofhisthoughtthemany，butleavesoutthefew。Fountains，fountains，theself-moved，theabsorbed，thecommanderbecauseheiscommanded，theassured，theprimary，——theyaregood；fortheseannouncetheinstantpresenceofsupremepower。
Ouractionshouldrestmathematicallyonoursubstance。Innature，therearenofalsevaluations。Apoundofwaterintheocean-tempesthasnomoregravitythaninamidsummerpond。Allthingsworkexactlyaccordingtotheirquality，andaccordingtotheirquantity；attemptnothingtheycannotdo，exceptmanonly。Hehaspretension：hewishesandattemptsthingsbeyondhisforce。I
readinabookofEnglishmemoirs，“Mr。FoxafterwardsLordHolland
said，hemusthavetheTreasury；hehadserveduptoit，andwouldhaveit。“——XenophonandhisTenThousandwerequiteequaltowhattheyattempted，anddidit；soequal，thatitwasnotsuspectedtobeagrandandinimitableexploit。Yettherestandsthatfactunrepeated，ahigh-water-markinmilitaryhistory。Manyhaveattempteditsince，andnotbeenequaltoit。Itisonlyonreality，thatanypowerofactioncanbebased。Noinstitutionwillbebetterthantheinstitutor。Iknewanamiableandaccomplishedpersonwhoundertookapracticalreform，yetIwasneverabletofindinhimtheenterpriseoflovehetookinhand。Headopteditbyearandbytheunderstandingfromthebookshehadbeenreading。Allhisactionwastentative，apieceofthecitycarriedoutintothefields，andwasthecitystill，andnonewfact，andcouldnotinspireenthusiasm。
Hadtherebeensomethinglatentintheman，aterribleundemonstratedgeniusagitatingandembarrassinghisdemeanor，wehadwatchedforitsadvent。Itisnotenoughthattheintellectshouldseetheevils，andtheirremedy。Weshallstillpostponeourexistence，nortakethegroundtowhichweareentitled，whilstitisonlyathought，andnotaspiritthatincitesus。Wehavenotyetserveduptoit。
Thesearepropertiesoflife，andanothertraitisthenoticeofincessantgrowth。Menshouldbeintelligentandearnest。Theymustalsomakeusfeel，thattheyhaveacontrollinghappyfuture，openingbeforethem，whichshedsasplendoronthepassinghour。Theheroismisconceivedandmisreported：hecannotthereforewaittounravelanyman\'sblunders：heisagainonhisroad，addingnewpowersandhonorstohisdomain，andnewclaimsonyourheart，whichwillbankruptyou，ifyouhaveloiteredabouttheoldthings，andhavenotkeptyourrelationtohim，byaddingtoyourwealth。Newactionsaretheonlyapologiesandexplanationsofoldones，whichthenoblecanbeartoofferortoreceive。Ifyourfriendhasdispleasedyou，youshallnotsitdowntoconsiderit，forhehasalreadylostallmemoryofthepassage，andhasdoubledhispowertoserveyou，and，ereyoucanriseupagain，willburdenyouwithblessings。
Wehavenopleasureinthinkingofabenevolencethatisonlymeasuredbyitsworks。Loveisinexhaustible，andifitsestateiswasted，itsgranaryemptied，stillcheersandenriches，andtheman，thoughhesleep，seemstopurifytheair，andhishousetoadornthelandscapeandstrengthenthelaws。Peoplealwaysrecognizethisdifference。Weknowwhoisbenevolent，byquiteothermeansthantheamountofsubscriptiontosoup-societies。Itisonlylowmeritsthatcanbeenumerated。Fear，whenyourfriendssaytoyouwhatyouhavedonewell，andsayitthrough；butwhentheystandwithuncertaintimidlooksofrespectandhalf-dislike，andmustsuspendtheirjudgmentforyearstocome，youmaybegintohope。Thosewholivetothefuturemustalwaysappearselfishtothosewholivetothepresent。ThereforeitwasdrollinthegoodRiemer，whohaswrittenmemoirsofGoethe，tomakeoutalistofhisdonationsandgooddeeds，as，somanyhundredthalersgiventoStilling，toHegel，toTischbein：alucrativeplacefoundforProfessorVoss，apostundertheGrandDukeforHerder，apensionforMeyer，twoprofessorsrecommendedtoforeignuniversities，&c。&c。Thelongestlistofspecificationsofbenefit，wouldlookveryshort。Amanisapoorcreature，ifheistobemeasuredso。For，allthese，ofcourse，areexceptions；andtheruleandhodiernallifeofagoodmanisbenefaction。ThetruecharityofGoetheistobeinferredfromtheaccounthegaveDr。Eckermann，ofthewayinwhichhehadspenthisfortune。“Eachbon-motofminehascostapurseofgold。Halfamillionofmyownmoney，thefortuneIinherited，mysalary，andthelargeincomederivedfrommywritingsforfiftyyearsback，havebeenexpendedtoinstructmeinwhatInowknow。Ihavebesidesseen，“
&c。
Iownitisbutpoorchatandgossiptogotoenumeratetraitsofthissimpleandrapidpower，andwearepaintingthelightningwithcharcoal；butintheselongnightsandvacations，Iliketoconsolemyselfso。Nothingbutitselfcancopyit。Awordwarmfromtheheartenrichesme。Isurrenderatdiscretion。Howdeath-coldisliterarygeniusbeforethisfireoflife！Thesearethetouchesthatreanimatemyheavysoul，andgiveiteyestopiercethedarkofnature。Ifind，whereIthoughtmyselfpoor，therewasImostrich。
Thencecomesanewintellectualexaltation，tobeagainrebukedbysomenewexhibitionofcharacter。Strangealternationofattractionandrepulsion！Characterrepudiatesintellect，yetexcitesit；andcharacterpassesintothought，ispublishedso，andthenisashamedbeforenewflashesofmoralworth。
Characterisnatureinthehighestform。Itisofnousetoapeit，ortocontendwithit。Somewhatispossibleofresistance，andofpersistence，andofcreation，tothispower，whichwillfoilallemulation。
Thismasterpieceisbestwherenohandsbutnature\'shavebeenlaidonit。Careistakenthatthegreatly-destinedshallslipupintolifeintheshade，withnothousand-eyedAthenstowatchandblazoneverynewthought，everyblushingemotionofyounggenius。
Twopersonslately，——veryyoungchildrenofthemosthighGod，——
havegivenmeoccasionforthought。WhenIexploredthesourceoftheirsanctity，andcharmfortheimagination，itseemedasifeachanswered，`Frommynon-conformity：Ineverlistenedtoyourpeople\'slaw，ortowhattheycalltheirgospel，andwastedmytime。Iwascontentwiththesimpleruralpovertyofmyown：hencethissweetness：myworkneverremindsyouofthat；——ispureofthat。\'
Andnatureadvertisesmeinsuchpersons，that，indemocraticAmerica，shewillnotbedemocratized。Howcloisteredandconstitutionallysequesteredfromthemarketandfromscandal！Itwasonlythismorning，thatIsentawaysomewildflowersofthesewood-gods。Theyarearelieffromliterature，——thesefreshdraughtsfromthesourcesofthoughtandsentiment；asweread，inanageofpolishandcriticism，thefirstlinesofwrittenproseandverseofanation。Howcaptivatingistheirdevotiontotheirfavoritebooks，whetherAeschylus，Dante，Shakspeare，orScott，asfeelingthattheyhaveastakeinthatbook：whotouchesthat，touchesthem；——andespeciallythetotalsolitudeofthecritic，thePatmosofthoughtfromwhichhewrites，inunconsciousnessofanyeyesthatshalleverreadthiswriting。Couldtheydreamonstill，asangels，andnotwaketocomparisons，andtobeflattered！Yetsomenaturesaretoogoodtobespoiledbypraise，andwherevertheveinofthoughtreachesdownintotheprofound，thereisnodangerfromvanity。Solemnfriendswillwarnthemofthedangerofthehead\'sbeingturnedbytheflourishoftrumpets，buttheycanaffordtosmile。IremembertheindignationofaneloquentMethodistatthekindadmonitionsofaDoctorofDivinity，——`Myfriend，amancanneitherbepraisednorinsulted。\'Butforgivethecounsels；theyareverynatural。IrememberthethoughtwhichoccurredtomewhensomeingeniousandspiritualforeignerscametoAmerica，was，Haveyoubeenvictimizedinbeingbroughthither？——or，priortothat，answermethis，`Areyouvictimizable？\'
AsIhavesaid，naturekeepsthesesovereigntiesinherownhands，andhoweverpertlyoursermonsanddisciplineswoulddividesomeshareofcredit，andteachthatthelawsfashionthecitizen，shegoesherowngait，andputsthewisestinthewrong。Shemakesverylightofgospelsandprophets，asonewhohasagreatmanymoretoproduce，andnoexcessoftimetospareonanyone。Thereisaclassofmen，individualsofwhichappearatlongintervals，soeminentlyendowedwithinsightandvirtue，thattheyhavebeenunanimouslysalutedas_divine_，andwhoseemtobeanaccumulationofthatpowerweconsider。Divinepersonsarecharacterborn，or，toborrowaphrasefromNapoleon，theyarevictoryorganized。Theyareusuallyreceivedwithill-will，becausetheyarenew，andbecausetheysetaboundtotheexaggerationthathasbeenmadeofthepersonalityofthelastdivineperson。Natureneverrhymesherchildren，normakestwomenalike。Whenweseeagreatman，wefancyaresemblancetosomehistoricalperson，andpredictthesequelofhischaracterandfortune，aresultwhichheissuretodisappoint。
Nonewilleversolvetheproblemofhischaracteraccordingtoourprejudice，butonlyinhisownhighunprecedentedway。Characterwantsroom；mustnotbecrowdedonbypersons，norbejudgedfromglimpsesgotinthepressofaffairsoronfewoccasions。Itneedsperspective，asagreatbuilding。Itmaynot，probablydoesnot，formrelationsrapidly；andweshouldnotrequirerashexplanation，eitheronthepopularethics，oronourown，ofitsaction。
IlookonSculptureashistory。IdonotthinktheApolloandtheJoveimpossibleinfleshandblood。Everytraitwhichtheartistrecordedinstone，hehadseeninlife，andbetterthanhiscopy。Wehaveseenmanycounterfeits，butwearebornbelieversingreatmen。
Howeasilywereadinoldbooks，whenmenwerefew，ofthesmallestactionofthepatriarchs。Werequirethatamanshouldbesolargeandcolumnarinthelandscape，thatitshoulddeservetoberecorded，thathearose，andgirdeduphisloins，anddepartedtosuchaplace。
Themostcrediblepicturesarethoseofmajesticmenwhoprevailedattheirentrance，andconvincedthesenses；ashappenedtotheeasternmagianwhowassenttotestthemeritsofZertushtorZoroaster。
WhentheYunanisagearrivedatBalkh，thePersianstellus，GushtaspappointedadayonwhichtheMobedsofeverycountryshouldassemble，andagoldenchairwasplacedfortheYunanisage。ThenthebelovedofYezdam，theprophetZertusht，advancedintothemidstoftheassembly。TheYunanisage，onseeingthatchief，said，“Thisformandthisgaitcannotlie，andnothingbuttruthcanproceedfromthem。“Platosaid，itwasimpossiblenottobelieveinthechildrenofthegods，“thoughtheyshouldspeakwithoutprobableornecessaryarguments。“Ishouldthinkmyselfveryunhappyinmyassociates，ifI
couldnotcreditthebestthingsinhistory。“JohnBradshaw，“saysMilton，“appearslikeaconsul，fromwhomthefascesarenottodepartwiththeyear；sothatnotonthetribunalonly，butthroughouthislife，youwouldregardhimassittinginjudgmentuponkings。“Ifinditmorecredible，sinceitisanteriorinformation，thatonemanshould_knowheaven_，astheChinesesay，thanthatsomanymenshouldknowtheworld。“Thevirtuousprinceconfrontsthegods，withoutanymisgiving。Hewaitsahundredagestillasagecomes，anddoesnotdoubt。Hewhoconfrontsthegods，withoutanymisgiving，knowsheaven；hewhowaitsahundredagesuntilasagecomes，withoutdoubting，knowsmen。Hencethevirtuousprincemoves，andforagesshowsempiretheway。“Butthereisnoneedtoseekremoteexamples。Heisadullobserverwhoseexperiencehasnottaughthimtherealityandforceofmagic，aswellasofchemistry。
Thecoldestprecisiancannotgoabroadwithoutencounteringinexplicableinfluences。Onemanfastensaneyeonhim，andthegravesofthememoryrenderuptheirdead；thesecretsthatmakehimwretchedeithertokeeportobetray，mustbeyielded；——another，andhecannotspeak，andthebonesofhisbodyseemtolosetheircartilages；theentranceofafriendaddsgrace，boldness，andeloquencetohim；andtherearepersons，hecannotchoosebutremember，whogaveatranscendantexpansiontohisthought，andkindledanotherlifeinhisbosom。
Whatissoexcellentasstrictrelationsofamity，whentheyspringfromthisdeeproot？Thesufficientreplytotheskeptic，whodoubtsthepowerandthefurnitureofman，isinthatpossibilityofjoyfulintercoursewithpersons，whichmakesthefaithandpracticeofallreasonablemen。Iknownothingwhichlifehastooffersosatisfyingastheprofoundgoodunderstanding，whichcansubsist，aftermuchexchangeofgoodoffices，betweentwovirtuousmen，eachofwhomissureofhimself，andsureofhisfriend。Itisahappinesswhichpostponesallothergratifications，andmakespolitics，andcommerce，andchurches，cheap。For，whenmenshallmeetastheyought，eachabenefactor，ashowerofstars，clothedwiththoughts，withdeeds，withaccomplishments，itshouldbethefestivalofnaturewhichallthingsannounce。Ofsuchfriendship，loveinthesexesisthefirstsymbol，asallotherthingsaresymbolsoflove。Thoserelationstothebestmen，which，atonetime，wereckonedtheromancesofyouth，become，intheprogressofthecharacter，themostsolidenjoyment。
Ifitwerepossibletoliveinrightrelationswithmen！——ifwecouldabstainfromaskinganythingofthem，fromaskingtheirpraise，orhelp，orpity，andcontentuswithcompellingthemthroughthevirtueoftheeldestlaws！Couldwenotdealwithafewpersons，——withoneperson，——aftertheunwrittenstatutes，andmakeanexperimentoftheirefficacy？Couldwenotpayourfriendthecomplimentoftruth，ofsilence，offorbearing？Needwebesoeagertoseekhim？Ifwearerelated，weshallmeet。Itwasatraditionoftheancientworld，thatnometamorphosiscouldhideagodfromagod；andthereisaGreekversewhichruns，“TheGodsaretoeachothernotunknown。“
Friendsalsofollowthelawsofdivinenecessity；theygravitatetoeachother，andcannototherwise：——
Wheneachtheothershallavoid，Shalleachbyeachbemostenjoyed。
Theirrelationisnotmade，butallowed。ThegodsmustseatthemselveswithoutseneschalinourOlympus，andastheycaninstalthemselvesbysenioritydivine。Societyisspoiled，ifpainsaretaken，iftheassociatesarebroughtamiletomeet。Andifitbenotsociety，itisamischievous，low，degradingjangle，thoughmadeupofthebest。Allthegreatnessofeachiskeptback，andeveryfoibleinpainfulactivity，asiftheOlympiansshouldmeettoexchangesnuff-boxes。
Lifegoesheadlong。Wechasesomeflyingscheme，orwearehuntedbysomefearorcommandbehindus。Butifsuddenlyweencounterafriend，wepause；ourheatandhurrylookfoolishenough；
nowpause，nowpossession，isrequired，andthepowertoswellthemomentfromtheresourcesoftheheart。Themomentisall，inallnoblerelations。
Adivinepersonistheprophecyofthemind；afriendisthehopeoftheheart。Ourbeatitudewaitsforthefulfilmentofthesetwoinone。Theagesareopeningthismoralforce。Allforceistheshadoworsymbolofthat。Poetryisjoyfulandstrong，asitdrawsitsinspirationthence。Menwritetheirnamesontheworld，astheyarefilledwiththis。Historyhasbeenmean；ournationshavebeenmobs；wehaveneverseenaman：thatdivineformwedonotyetknow，butonlythedreamandprophecyofsuch：wedonotknowthemajesticmannerswhichbelongtohim，whichappeaseandexaltthebeholder。
Weshallonedayseethatthemostprivateisthemostpublicenergy，thatqualityatonesforquantity，andgrandeurofcharacteractsinthedark，andsuccorsthemwhoneversawit。Whatgreatnesshasyetappeared，isbeginningsandencouragementstousinthisdirection。
Thehistoryofthosegodsandsaintswhichtheworldhaswritten，andthenworshipped，aredocumentsofcharacter。Theageshaveexultedinthemannersofayouthwhoowednothingtofortune，andwhowashangedattheTyburnofhisnation，who，bythepurequalityofhisnature，shedanepicsplendoraroundthefactsofhisdeath，whichhastransfiguredeveryparticularintoanuniversalsymbolfortheeyesofmankind。Thisgreatdefeatishithertoourhighestfact。
Butthemindrequiresavictorytothesenses，aforceofcharacterwhichwillconvertjudge，jury，soldier，andking；whichwillruleanimalandmineralvirtues，andblendwiththecoursesofsap，ofrivers，ofwinds，ofstars，andofmoralagents。
Ifwecannotattainataboundtothesegrandeurs，atleast，letusdothemhomage。Insociety，highadvantagesaresetdowntothepossessor，asdisadvantages。Itrequiresthemorewarinessinourprivateestimates。Idonotforgiveinmyfriendsthefailuretoknowafinecharacter，andtoentertainitwiththankfulhospitality。
When，atlast，thatwhichwehavealwayslongedfor，isarrived，andshinesonuswithgladraysoutofthatfarcelestialland，thentobecoarse，thentobecritical，andtreatsuchavisitantwiththejabberandsuspicionofthestreets，arguesavulgaritythatseemstoshutthedoorsofheaven。Thisisconfusion，thistherightinsanity，whenthesoulnolongerknowsitsown，norwhereitsallegiance，itsreligion，aredue。Isthereanyreligionbutthis，toknow，that，whereverinthewidedesertofbeing，theholysentimentwecherishhasopenedintoaflower，itbloomsforme？ifnoneseesit，Iseeit；Iamaware，ifIalone，ofthegreatnessofthefact。Whilstitblooms，Iwillkeepsabbathorholytime，andsuspendmygloom，andmyfollyandjokes。Natureisindulgedbythepresenceofthisguest。Therearemanyeyesthatcandetectandhonortheprudentandhouseholdvirtues；therearemanythatcandiscernGeniusonhisstarrytrack，thoughthemobisincapable；butwhenthatlovewhichisall-suffering，all-abstaining，all-aspiring，whichhasvowedtoitself，thatitwillbeawretchandalsoafoolinthisworld，soonerthansoilitswhitehandsbyanycompliances，comesintoourstreetsandhouses，——onlythepureandaspiringcanknowitsface，andtheonlycomplimenttheycanpayit，istoownit。
MANNERS
“Howneartogoodiswhatisfair！
Whichwenosoonersee，ButwiththelinesandoutwardairOursensestakenbe。
Againyourselvescompose，AndnowputalltheaptnessonOfFigure，thatProportionOrColorcandisclose；
Thatifthosesilentartswerelost，DesignandPicture，theymightboastFromyouanewerground，InstructedbytheheighteningsenseOfdignityandreverenceIntheirtruemotionsfound。“
BenJonsonESSAYIV_Manners_
Halftheworld，itissaid，knowsnothowtheotherhalflive。
OurExploringExpeditionsawtheFeejeeislandersgettingtheirdinneroffhumanbones；andtheyaresaidtoeattheirownwivesandchildren。ThehusbandryofthemoderninhabitantsofGournouwestofoldThebesisphilosophicaltoafault。Tosetuptheirhousekeeping，nothingisrequisitebuttwoorthreeearthernpots，astonetogrindmeal，andamatwhichisthebed。Thehouse，namely，atomb，isreadywithoutrentortaxes。Noraincanpassthroughtheroof，andthereisnodoor，forthereisnowantofone，asthereisnothingtolose。Ifthehousedonotpleasethem，theywalkoutandenteranother，asthereareseveralhundredsattheircommand。“Itissomewhatsingular，“addsBelzoni，towhomweowethisaccount，“totalkofhappinessamongpeoplewholiveinsepulchres，amongthecorpsesandragsofanancientnationwhichtheyknownothingof。“InthedesertsofBorgoo，therock-Tibboosstilldwellincaves，likecliff-swallows，andthelanguageofthesenegroesiscomparedbytheirneighborstotheshriekingofbats，andtothewhistlingofbirds。Again，theBornooshavenopropernames；individualsarecalledaftertheirheight，thickness，orotheraccidentalquality，andhavenicknamesmerely。Butthesalt，thedates，theivory，andthegold，forwhichthesehorribleregionsarevisited，findtheirwayintocountries，wherethepurchaserandconsumercanhardlyberankedinoneracewiththesecannibalsandman-stealers；countrieswheremanserveshimselfwithmetals，wood，stone，glass，gum，cotton，silk，andwool；honorshimselfwitharchitecture；writeslaws，andcontrivestoexecutehiswillthroughthehandsofmanynations；and，especially，establishesaselectsociety，runningthroughallthecountriesofintelligentmen，aself-constitutedaristocracy，orfraternityofthebest，which，withoutwrittenlaworexactusageofanykind，perpetuatesitself，colonizeseverynew-plantedisland，andadoptsandmakesitsownwhateverpersonalbeautyorextraordinarynativeendowmentanywhereappears。
Whatfactmoreconspicuousinmodernhistory，thanthecreationofthegentleman？Chivalryisthat，andloyaltyisthat，and，inEnglishliterature，halfthedrama，andallthenovels，fromSirPhilipSidneytoSirWalterScott，paintthisfigure。Theword_gentleman_，which，likethewordChristian，musthereaftercharacterizethepresentandthefewprecedingcenturies，bytheimportanceattachedtoit，isahomagetopersonalandincommunicableproperties。Frivolousandfantasticadditionshavegotassociatedwiththename，butthesteadyinterestofmankindinitmustbeattributedtothevaluablepropertieswhichitdesignates。Anelementwhichunitesallthemostforciblepersonsofeverycountry；
makesthemintelligibleandagreeabletoeachother，andissomewhatsoprecise，thatitisatoncefeltifanindividuallackthemasonicsign，cannotbeanycasualproduct，butmustbeanaverageresultofthecharacterandfacultiesuniversallyfoundinmen。Itseemsacertainpermanentaverage；astheatmosphereisapermanentcomposition，whilstsomanygasesarecombinedonlytobedecompounded。_Commeilfaut_，istheFrenchman\'sdescriptionofgoodsociety，_aswemustbe_。Itisaspontaneousfruitoftalentsandfeelingsofpreciselythatclasswhohavemostvigor，whotaketheleadintheworldofthishour，and，thoughfarfrompure，farfromconstitutingthegladdestandhighesttoneofhumanfeeling，isasgoodasthewholesocietypermitsittobe。Itismadeofthespirit，morethanofthetalentofmen，andisacompoundresult，intowhicheverygreatforceentersasaningredient，namely，virtue，wit，beauty，wealth，andpower。
Thereissomethingequivocalinallthewordsinusetoexpresstheexcellenceofmannersandsocialcultivation，becausethequantitiesarefluxional，andthelasteffectisassumedbythesensesasthecause。Theword_gentleman_hasnotanycorrelativeabstracttoexpressthequality。_Gentility_ismean，and_gentilesse_isobsolete。Butwemustkeepaliveinthevernacular，thedistinctionbetween_fashion_，awordofnarrowandoftensinistermeaning，andtheheroiccharacterwhichthegentlemanimports。Theusualwords，however，mustberespected：theywillbefoundtocontaintherootofthematter。Thepointofdistinctioninallthisclassofnames，ascourtesy，chivalry，fashion，andthelike，is，thattheflowerandfruit，notthegrainofthetree，arecontemplated。Itisbeautywhichistheaimthistime，andnotworth。Theresultisnowinquestion，althoughourwordsintimatewellenoughthepopularfeeling，thattheappearancesupposesasubstance。Thegentlemanisamanoftruth，lordofhisownactions，andexpressingthatlordshipinhisbehavior，notinanymannerdependentandservileeitheronpersons，oropinions，orpossessions。
Beyondthisfactoftruthandrealforce，theworddenotesgood-natureorbenevolence：manhoodfirst，andthengentleness。Thepopularnotioncertainlyaddsaconditionofeaseandfortune；butthatisanaturalresultofpersonalforceandlove，thattheyshouldpossessanddispensethegoodsoftheworld。Intimesofviolence，everyeminentpersonmustfallinwithmanyopportunitiestoapprovehisstoutnessandworth；thereforeeveryman\'snamethatemergedatallfromthemassinthefeudalages，rattlesinourearlikeaflourishoftrumpets。Butpersonalforcenevergoesoutoffashion。
Thatisstillparamounttoday，and，inthemovingcrowdofgoodsociety，themenofvalorandrealityareknown，andrisetotheirnaturalplace。Thecompetitionistransferredfromwartopoliticsandtrade，butthepersonalforceappearsreadilyenoughinthesenewarenas。
Powerfirst，ornoleadingclass。Inpoliticsandintrade，bruisersandpiratesareofbetterpromisethantalkersandclerks。
Godknowsthatallsortsofgentlemenknockatthedoor；butwheneverusedinstrictness，andwithanyemphasis，thenamewillbefoundtopointatoriginalenergy。Itdescribesamanstandinginhisownright，andworkingafteruntaughtmethods。Inagoodlord，theremustfirstbeagoodanimal，atleasttotheextentofyieldingtheincomparableadvantageofanimalspirits。Therulingclassmusthavemore，buttheymusthavethese，givingineverycompanythesenseofpower，whichmakesthingseasytobedonewhichdauntthewise。Thesocietyoftheenergeticclass，intheirfriendlyandfestivemeetings，isfullofcourage，andofattempts，whichintimidatethepalescholar。ThecouragewhichgirlsexhibitislikeabattleofLundy\'sLane，orasea-fight。Theintellectreliesonmemorytomakesomesuppliestofacetheseextemporaneoussquadrons。Butmemoryisabasemendicantwithbasketandbadge，inthepresenceofthesesuddenmasters。Therulersofsocietymustbeuptotheworkoftheworld，andequaltotheirversatileoffice：menoftherightCaesarianpattern，whohavegreatrangeofaffinity。IamfarfrombelievingthetimidmaximofLordFalkland，“thatforceremonytheremustgotwotoit；sinceaboldfellowwillgothroughthecunningestforms，“andamofopinionthatthegentlemanistheboldfellowwhoseformsarenottobebrokenthrough；andonlythatplenteousnatureisrightfulmaster，whichisthecomplementofwhateverpersonitconverseswith。Mygentlemangivesthelawwhereheis；hewilloutpraysaintsinchapel，outgeneralveteransinthefield，andoutshineallcourtesyinthehall。Heisgoodcompanyforpirates，andgoodwithacademicians；sothatitisuselesstofortifyyourselfagainsthim；hehastheprivateentrancetoallminds，andIcouldaseasilyexcludemyself，ashim。ThefamousgentlemenofAsiaandEuropehavebeenofthisstrongtype：Saladin，Sapor，theCid，JuliusCaesar，Scipio，Alexander，Pericles，andthelordliestpersonages。
Theysatverycarelesslyintheirchairs，andweretooexcellentthemselves，tovalueanyconditionatahighrate。
Aplentifulfortuneisreckonednecessary，inthepopularjudgment，tothecompletionofthismanoftheworld：anditisamaterialdeputywhichwalksthroughthedancewhichthefirsthasled。Moneyisnotessential，butthiswideaffinityis，whichtranscendsthehabitsofcliqueandcaste，andmakesitselffeltbymenofallclasses。Ifthearistocratisonlyvalidinfashionablecircles，andnotwithtruckmen，hewillneverbealeaderinfashion；
andifthemanofthepeoplecannotspeakonequaltermswiththegentleman，sothatthegentlemanshallperceivethatheisalreadyreallyofhisownorder，heisnottobefeared。Diogenes，Socrates，andEpaminondas，aregentlemenofthebestblood，whohavechosentheconditionofpoverty，whenthatofwealthwasequallyopentothem。
Iusetheseoldnames，butthemenIspeakofaremycontemporaries。
Fortunewillnotsupplytoeverygenerationoneofthesewell-appointedknights，buteverycollectionofmenfurnishessomeexampleoftheclass：andthepoliticsofthiscountry，andthetradeofeverytown，arecontrolledbythesehardyandirresponsibledoers，whohaveinventiontotakethelead，andabroadsympathywhichputstheminfellowshipwithcrowds，andmakestheiractionpopular。
Themannersofthisclassareobservedandcaughtwithdevotionbymenoftaste。Theassociationofthesemasterswitheachother，andwithmenintelligentoftheirmerits，ismutuallyagreeableandstimulating。Thegoodforms，thehappiestexpressionsofeach，arerepeatedandadopted。Byswiftconsent，everythingsuperfluousisdropped，everythinggracefulisrenewed。Finemannersshowthemselvesformidabletotheuncultivatedman。Theyareasubtlerscienceofdefencetoparryandintimidate；butoncematchedbytheskilloftheotherparty，theydropthepointofthesword，——pointsandfencesdisappear，andtheyouthfindshimselfinamoretransparentatmosphere，whereinlifeisalesstroublesomegame，andnotamisunderstandingrisesbetweentheplayers。Mannersaimtofacilitatelife，togetridofimpediments，andbringthemanpuretoenergize。Theyaidourdealingandconversation，asarailwayaidstravelling，bygettingridofallavoidableobstructionsoftheroad，andleavingnothingtobeconqueredbutpurespace。Theseformsverysoonbecomefixed，andafinesenseofproprietyiscultivatedwiththemoreheed，thatitbecomesabadgeofsocialandcivildistinctions。ThusgrowsupFashion，anequivocalsemblance，themostpuissant，themostfantasticandfrivolous，themostfearedandfollowed，andwhichmoralsandviolenceassaultinvain。
Thereexistsastrictrelationbetweentheclassofpower，andtheexclusiveandpolishedcircles。Thelastarealwaysfilledorfillingfromthefirst。Thestrongmenusuallygivesomeallowanceeventothepetulancesoffashion，forthataffinitytheyfindinit。
Napoleon，childoftherevolution，destroyeroftheoldnoblesse，neverceasedtocourttheFaubourgSt。Germain：doubtlesswiththefeeling，thatfashionisahomagetomenofhisstamp。Fashion，thoughinastrangeway，representsallmanlyvirtue。Itisvirtuegonetoseed：itisakindofposthumoushonor。Itdoesnotoftencaressthegreat，butthechildrenofthegreat：itisahallofthePast。Itusuallysetsitsfaceagainstthegreatofthishour。
Greatmenarenotcommonlyinitshalls：theyareabsentinthefield：theyareworking，nottriumphing。Fashionismadeupoftheirchildren；ofthose，who，throughthevalueandvirtueofsomebody，haveacquiredlustretotheirname，marksofdistinction，meansofcultivationandgenerosity，and，intheirphysicalorganization，acertainhealthandexcellence，whichsecurestothem，ifnotthehighestpowertowork，yethighpowertoenjoy。Theclassofpower，theworkingheroes，theCortez，theNelson，theNapoleon，seethatthisisthefestivityandpermanentcelebrationofsuchasthey；thatfashionisfundedtalent；isMexico，Marengo，andTrafalgarbeatenoutthin；thatthebrilliantnamesoffashionrunbacktojustsuchbusynamesastheirown，fiftyorsixtyyearsago。Theyarethesowers，theirsonsshallbethereapers，and_their_sons，intheordinarycourseofthings，mustyieldthepossessionoftheharvesttonewcompetitorswithkeenereyesandstrongerframes。Thecityisrecruitedfromthecountry。Intheyear1805，itissaid，everylegitimatemonarchinEuropewasimbecile。Thecitywouldhavediedout，rotted，andexploded，longago，butthatitwasreinforcedfromthefields。Itisonlycountrywhichcametotowndaybeforeyesterday，thatiscityandcourttoday。
Aristocracyandfashionarecertaininevitableresults。Thesemutualselectionsareindestructible。Iftheyprovokeangerintheleastfavoredclass，andtheexcludedmajorityrevengethemselvesontheexcludingminority，bythestronghand，andkillthem，atonceanewclassfindsitselfatthetop，ascertainlyascreamrisesinabowlofmilk：andifthepeopleshoulddestroyclassafterclass，untiltwomenonlywereleft，oneofthesewouldbetheleader，andwouldbeinvoluntarilyservedandcopiedbytheother。Youmaykeepthisminorityoutofsightandoutofmind，butitistenaciousoflife，andisoneoftheestatesoftherealm。Iamthemorestruckwiththistenacity，whenIseeitswork。Itrespectstheadministrationofsuchunimportantmatters，thatweshouldnotlookforanydurabilityinitsrule。Wesometimesmeetmenundersomestrongmoralinfluence，as，apatriotic，aliterary，areligiousmovement，andfeelthatthemoralsentimentrulesmanandnature。Wethinkallotherdistinctionsandtieswillbeslightandfugitive，thisofcasteorfashion，forexample；yetcomefromyeartoyear，andseehowpermanentthatis，inthisBostonorNewYorklifeofman，where，too，ithasnottheleastcountenancefromthelawoftheland。NotinEgyptorinIndiaafirmerormoreimpassableline。
Hereareassociationswhosetiesgoover，andunder，andthroughit，ameetingofmerchants，amilitarycorps，acollege-class，afire-club，aprofessionalassociation，apolitical，areligiousconvention；——thepersonsseemtodrawinseparablynear；yet，thatassemblyoncedispersed，itsmemberswillnotintheyearmeetagain。
Eachreturnstohisdegreeinthescaleofgoodsociety，porcelainremainsporcelain，andearthenearthen。Theobjectsoffashionmaybefrivolous，orfashionmaybeobjectless，butthenatureofthisunionandselectioncanbeneitherfrivolousnoraccidental。Eachman\'srankinthatperfectgraduationdependsonsomesymmetryinhisstructure，orsomeagreementinhisstructuretothesymmetryofsociety。Itsdoorsunbarinstantaneouslytoanaturalclaimoftheirownkind。Anaturalgentlemanfindshiswayin，andwillkeeptheoldestpatricianout，whohaslosthisintrinsicrank。Fashionunderstandsitself；good-breedingandpersonalsuperiorityofwhatevercountryreadilyfraternizewiththoseofeveryother。ThechiefsofsavagetribeshavedistinguishedthemselvesinLondonandParis，bythepurityoftheirtournure。
Tosaywhatgoodoffashionwecan，——itrestsonreality，andhatesnothingsomuchaspretenders；——toexcludeandmystifypretenders，andsendthemintoeverlasting`Coventry，\'isitsdelight。Wecontemn，inturn，everyothergiftofmenoftheworld；
butthehabiteveninlittleandtheleastmatters，ofnotappealingtoanybutourownsenseofpropriety，constitutesthefoundationofallchivalry。Thereisalmostnokindofself-reliance，soitbesaneandproportioned，whichfashiondoesnotoccasionallyadopt，andgiveitthefreedomofitssaloons。Asaintedsoulisalwayselegant，and，ifitwill，passesunchallengedintothemostguardedring。ButsowillJocktheteamsterpass，insomecrisisthatbringshimthither，andfindfavor，aslongashisheadisnotgiddywiththenewcircumstance，andtheironshoesdonotwishtodanceinwaltzesandcotillons。Forthereisnothingsettledinmanners，butthelawsofbehavioryieldtotheenergyoftheindividual。Themaidenatherfirstball，thecountry-manatacitydinner，believesthatthereisaritualaccordingtowhicheveryactandcomplimentmustbeperformed，orthefailingpartymustbecastoutofthispresence。Later，theylearnthatgoodsenseandcharactermaketheirownformseverymoment，andspeakorabstain，takewineorrefuseit，stayorgo，sitinachairorsprawlwithchildrenonthefloor，orstandontheirhead，orwhatelsesoever，inanewandaboriginalway：andthatstrongwillisalwaysinfashion，letwhowillbeunfashionable。Allthatfashiondemandsiscomposure，andself-content。Acircleofmenperfectlywell-bredwouldbeacompanyofsensiblepersons，inwhicheveryman\'snativemannersandcharacterappeared。Ifthefashionisthavenotthisquality，heisnothing。Wearesuchloversofself-reliance，thatweexcuseinamanmanysins，ifhewillshowusacompletesatisfactioninhisposition，whichasksnoleavetobe，ofmine，oranyman\'sgoodopinion。Butanydeferencetosomeeminentmanorwomanoftheworld，forfeitsallprivilegeofnobility。Heisanunderling：I
havenothingtodowithhim；Iwillspeakwithhismaster。Amanshouldnotgowherehecannotcarryhiswholesphereorsocietywithhim，——notbodily，thewholecircleofhisfriends，butatmospherically。Heshouldpreserveinanewcompanythesameattitudeofmindandrealityofrelation，whichhisdailyassociatesdrawhimto，elseheisshornofhisbestbeams，andwillbeanorphaninthemerriestclub。“IfyoucouldseeVichIanVohrwithhistailon！——“ButVichIanVohrmustalwayscarryhisbelongingsinsomefashion，ifnotaddedashonor，thenseveredasdisgrace。
Therewillalwaysbeinsocietycertainpersonswhoaremercuriesofitsapprobation，andwhoseglancewillatanytimedetermineforthecurioustheirstandingintheworld。Thesearethechamberlainsofthelessergods。Accepttheircoldnessasanomenofgracewiththeloftierdeities，andallowthemalltheirprivilege。
Theyareclearintheiroffice，norcouldtheybethusformidable，withouttheirownmerits。Butdonotmeasuretheimportanceofthisclassbytheirpretension，orimaginethatafopcanbethedispenserofhonorandshame。Theypassalsoattheirjustrate；forhowcantheyotherwise，incircleswhichexistasasortofherald\'sofficeforthesiftingofcharacter？
Asthefirstthingmanrequiresofman，isreality，so，thatappearsinalltheformsofsociety。Wepointedly，andbyname，introducethepartiestoeachother。Knowyoubeforeallheavenandearth，thatthisisAndrew，andthisisGregory；——theylookeachotherintheeye；theygraspeachother\'shand，toidentifyandsignalizeeachother。Itisagreatsatisfaction。Agentlemanneverdodges：hiseyeslookstraightforward，andheassurestheotherparty，firstofall，thathehasbeenmet。Forwhatisitthatweseek，insomanyvisitsandhospitalities？Isityourdraperies，pictures，anddecorations？Or，dowenotinsatiablyask，Wasamaninthehouse？Imayeasilygointoagreathouseholdwherethereismuchsubstance，excellentprovisionforcomfort，luxury，andtaste，andyetnotencounterthereanyAmphitryon，whoshallsubordinatetheseappendages。Imaygointoacottage，andfindafarmerwhofeelsthatheisthemanIhavecometosee，andfrontsmeaccordingly。Itwasthereforeaverynaturalpointofoldfeudaletiquette，thatagentlemanwhoreceivedavisit，thoughitwereofhissovereign，shouldnotleavehisroof，butshouldwaithisarrivalatthedoorofhishouse。Nohouse，thoughitweretheThuilleries，ortheEscurial，isgoodforanythingwithoutamaster。Andyetwearenotoftengratifiedbythishospitality。Everybodyweknowsurroundshimselfwithafinehouse，finebooks，conservatory，gardens，equipage，andallmanneroftoys，asscreenstointerposebetweenhimselfandhisguest。Doesitnotseemasifmanwasofaverysly，elusivenature，anddreadednothingsomuchasafullrencontrefronttofrontwithhisfellow？Itwereunmerciful，I
know，quitetoabolishtheuseofthesescreens，whichareofeminentconvenience，whethertheguestistoogreat，ortoolittle。Wecalltogethermanyfriendswhokeepeachotherinplay，or，byluxuriesandornamentsweamusetheyoungpeople，andguardourretirement。
Orif，perchance，asearchingrealistcomestoourgate，beforewhoseeyewehavenocaretostand，thenagainweruntoourcurtain，andhideourselvesasAdamatthevoiceoftheLordGodinthegarden。
CardinalCaprara，thePope\'slegateatParis，defendedhimselffromtheglancesofNapoleon，byanimmensepairofgreenspectacles。
Napoleonremarkedthem，andspeedilymanagedtorallythemoff：andyetNapoleon，inhisturn，wasnotgreatenoughwitheighthundredthousandtroopsathisback，tofaceapairoffreeborneyes，butfencedhimselfwithetiquette，andwithintriplebarriersofreserve：
and，asalltheworldknowsfromMadamedeStael，waswont，whenhefoundhimselfobserved，todischargehisfaceofallexpression。Butemperorsandrichmenarebynomeansthemostskilfulmastersofgoodmanners。Norentrollnorarmy-listcandignifyskulkinganddissimulation：andthefirstpointofcourtesymustalwaysbetruth，asreallyalltheformsofgood-breedingpointthatway。
Ihavejustbeenreading，inMr。Hazlitt\'stranslation，Montaigne\'saccountofhisjourneyintoItaly，andamstruckwithnothingmoreagreeablythantheself-respectingfashionsofthetime。
Hisarrivalineachplace，thearrivalofagentlemanofFrance，isaneventofsomeconsequence。Whereverhegoes，hepaysavisittowhateverprinceorgentlemanofnoteresidesuponhisroad，asadutytohimselfandtocivilization。Whenheleavesanyhouseinwhichhehaslodgedforafewweeks，hecauseshisarmstobepaintedandhungupasaperpetualsigntothehouse，aswasthecustomofgentlemen。
Thecomplementofthisgracefulself-respect，andthatofallthepointsofgoodbreedingImostrequireandinsistupon，isdeference。Ilikethateverychairshouldbeathrone，andholdaking。Ipreferatendencytostateliness，toanexcessoffellowship。Lettheincommunicableobjectsofnatureandthemetaphysicalisolationofmanteachusindependence。Letusnotbetoomuchacquainted。Iwouldhaveamanenterhishousethroughahallfilledwithheroicandsacredsculptures，thathemightnotwantthehintoftranquillityandself-poise。Weshouldmeeteachmorning，asfromforeigncountries，andspendingthedaytogether，shoulddepartatnight，asintoforeigncountries。InallthingsI
wouldhavetheislandofamaninviolate。Letussitapartasthegods，talkingfrompeaktopeakallroundOlympus。Nodegreeofaffectionneedinvadethisreligion。Thisismyrrhandrosemarytokeeptheothersweet。Loversshouldguardtheirstrangeness。Iftheyforgivetoomuch，allslidesintoconfusionandmeanness。ItiseasytopushthisdeferencetoaChineseetiquette；butcoolnessandabsenceofheatandhasteindicatefinequalities。Agentlemanmakesnonoise：aladyisserene。Proportionateisourdisgustatthoseinvaderswhofillastudioushousewithblastandrunning，tosecuresomepaltryconvenience。NotlessIdislikealowsympathyofeachwithhisneighbor\'sneeds。Mustwehaveagoodunderstandingwithoneanother\'spalates？asfoolishpeoplewhohavelivedlongtogether，knowwheneachwantssaltorsugar。Ipraymycompanion，ifhewishesforbread，toaskmeforbread，andifhewishesforsassafrasorarsenic，toaskmeforthem，andnottoholdouthisplate，asifIknewalready。Everynaturalfunctioncanbedignifiedbydeliberationandprivacy。Letusleavehurrytoslaves。Thecomplimentsandceremoniesofourbreedingshouldsignify，howeverremotely，therecollectionofthegrandeurofourdestiny。