Itislegitimateandnecessarythatwomenshouldmakeastudyofcertaintradesandoccupations。Theproductionofsweatedgoods，fromthehumanpointofview，isnotproductionatall，butwaste。Iftheemployertakesfromtheworkersweekbyweekmorethanhiswagesrestoretothem，hegraduallyreducesthemtothestateofindustrialparasites。Thewagesofthesweatedworkerareeitherbeingsupplementedbythewagesofrelativesandthegiftsofcharitableassociations，orelseherstandardoflivingissolowthatsheiscontinuallylosinghervitalityandtendingtobecomeachargeuponthecommunityinahospitalorapoorhouse。[1]
Yeteventhesweat-shops，inwhichwomancar-
192-riesonheroldbusinessofmakingclothing，hadtoberedeemed，sofarastheyhavebeenredeemed，bythevotesofmenwhopassedananti-sweat。shoplaw；bythecityfathers，who，aftermuchpleading，wereinducedtoorderaninspectionofsweat-shopsthattheymightbemadetocomplywithsanitaryregulations。Womendirectlycontrolledthesurroundingsoftheirworkaslongastheirarrangementsweredomestic，buttheycannotdothisnowunlesstheyhavethefranchise，asyettheonlymechanismdevisedbywhichacityselectsitsrepresentativeandbywhichanumberofpersonsareabletoembodytheircollectivewillinlegislation。ForahundredyearsEnglandhasbeenlegislatinguponthesubjectofinsanityworkshops，longandexhaustinghoursofwork，nightworkforwomen，occupationsinwhichpregnantwomenmaybeemployed，andhundredsofotherrestrictionswhichweareonlybeginningtoconsiderobjectsoflegislationhere。
Sofaraswomenhavebeenable，inChicagoatleast，tohelpthepoorestworkersinthesweatshops，ithasbeenaccomplishedbywomenorganizedintotradesunions。TheorganizationofSpecialOrderTailorsfoundthatitwascomparativelysimpleforanemployertogivetheskilledoperativesinaclothingfactorymoremoneybytakingitawayfromthewagesoftheseam-sewer193andbutton-holer。Thefactthatitresultedinonesetofworkersbeinghelpedattheexpenseofanothersetdidnotappealtohim，solongashewassatisfyingthedemandoftheunionwithoutincreasingthetotalcostofproduction。ButtheSpecialOrderTailors，atthesacrificeoftheirownwagesandgrowth，madeadeterminedefforttoincludeeventhesweat-shopworkersinthebenefitstheyhadslowlysecuredforthemselves。Bymeansoftheuseofthelabeltheywerefinallyabletoinsistthatnogoodsshouldbegivenoutforhome-finishingsavetowomenpresentingunioncards，andtheyraisedthewagesfromnineandelevencentsadozenforfinishinggarments，totheminimumwageoffifteencents。Theyalsomadeaprotestagainsttheexcessivesubdivisionofthelaborupongarments，apracticewhichenablesthemanufacturertousechildrenandtheleastskilledadults。Thirty-twopersonsarecommonlyemployeduponasinglecoat，anditisthepurposeoftheSpecialOrderTailorstohaveallthemachineworkperformedbyoneworker，thusreducingthenumberworkingononecoattotwelveorfourteen。Asthischangewillatthesametimedemandmoreskillonthepartoftheoperator，andwillincreasethevarietyandinterestinhiswork，thesegarment-makersaresacrificingbothtimeandmoneyforthedefenceof194Ruskinianprinciples——oneofthefewactualattemptstorecoverthe“joyofwork。“Althoughtheattemptwas，ofcourse，mixedwithadesiretopreserveatradefromtheinvasionoftheunskilled，andaconsequentloweringofwages，italsorepresentedagenuineefforttopreservetothepoorestworkersomeinterestandvalueintheworkinself。
Itismostunfair，however，toputthistaskuponthetradesunionistsandtosoconfuseitwiththeirothereffortsthatit，too，becomesacauseofwarfare。Thepoorestwomenareoftenbutuncomprehendingvictimsofthislabormovementofwhichtheyunderstandsolittle，andwhichhasbecomesomuchamatterofbattlethathelplessindividualsarelostintheconflict。
Acomplicatedsituationoccurstomeinillustration。AwomanfromtheHull-HouseDayNurserycametometwoyearsagoaskingtoborrowtwenty-fivedollars，asumherunionhadimposedasafine。Shegavesuchanincoherentaccountofherplightthatitwasevidentthatshedidnotintheleastunderstandwhatitwasallabout。Alittleinvestigationdisclosedthefollowingfacts:The“NurseryMother，“asIherecallherforpurposesofidentification，hadworkedforalongtimeinanunorganizedoverallfactory，wheretheproprietor，dealingashe195didingoodspurchasedexclusivelybyworkingmen，founditincreasinglydifficulttosellhisoverallsbecausetheydidnotbeartheunionlabel。Hefinallymadearequesttotheunionthattheemployeesinhisfactory-beorganized。Thiswasdone，hewasgiventheuseofthelabel，anduponthisbasisheprosperedforseveralmonths。
Whethertheorganizerwas“fixed“ornot，theinvestigationdidnotmakeclear；for，althoughthe“NurseryMother，“withherfellow-workers，hadpaidtheirunionduesregularly，theemployerwasnotcompelledtopaytheunionscaleofwages，butcontinuedtopaythesamewagesasbefore。
Attheendofthreemonthshisemployeesdiscoveredthattheywerenotbeingpaidtheunionscale，anddemandedthattheirwagesberaisedtothatamount。Theemployer，inthemeantimehavingextensivelyadvertisedhisuseofthelabel，concludedthathispurposehadbeenserved，andthathenolongerneededtheunionHerefused，therefore，topaytheunionscale，andastrikeensued。The“NurseryMother“wentoutwiththerest，andwithinafewdaysfoundworkinanothershop，aunionshopdoingalowergradeofmanufacturing。Atthattimetherewasnouniformscaleinthegarmenttrades，andalthoughatradeunionistworkingforunionwages，shereceivedlowerwagesthanshehadunder196thenon-unionconditionsintheoverallfactory。
Shewasnaturallymuchconfusedand，followingherinstincttogetthebestwagespossible，shewentbacktoheroldplace。Affairsransmoothlyforafewweeks，untiltheemployerdiscoveredthathewasagainlosingtradebecausehisgoodslackedthelabel，whereuponheoncemoreappliedtohavehisshopunionized。Theorganizer，comingback，promptlydiscoveredtherecreant“NurseryMother，“and，muchtoherbewilderment，shewasfinedtwenty-fivedollars。Sheunderstoodnothingclearly，norcouldshe，indeed，bemadetounderstandsolong-asshewasinthemidstofthispettywarfare。
HerlaborwasameremethodofearningmoneyquitedetachedfromherEuropeanexperience，andfailedtomakeforhertheremotestconnectionwiththecommunitywhosegenuineneedsshewassupplying。Noefforthadbeenmadetoshowhertheculturalaspectofherwork，togivehereventhefeeblestunderstandingofthefactthatshewassupplyingagenuineneedofthecommunity，andthatshewasentitledtorespectandalegitimateindustrialposition。Itwouldhavebeennecessarytomakesuchaneffortfromthehistoricstandpoint，andthiscouldbeundertakenonlybythecommunityasawholeandnotbyanyoneclassinit。Protectivelegislationwouldbebutthefirststeptowardmakinghera197morevaluableproducerandamoreintelligentcitizen。Thewholeeffortwouldimplyacloserconnectionbetweenindustryandgovernment\'andcouldbeaccomplishedintelligentlyonlyifwomenwerepermittedtoexercisethefranchise。
Acertainhealingandcorrectionwoulddoubtlessensuecouldwebutsecurefortheprotectionandeducationofindustrialworkersthatnurtureofhealthandmoralswhichwomenhavesolongreservedfortheirownfamiliesandwhichhasneverbeenutilizedasadirectingforceinindustrialaffairs。
Whenthefamilyconstitutedtheindustrialorganismoftheday，thedaughtersofthehouseholdwerecarefullytaughtinreferencetotheplacetheywouldtakeinthatorganism，butasthehouseholdartshavegoneoutsidethehome，almostnothinghasbeendonetoconnecttheyoungwomenwiththepresentgreatindustrialsystem。Thisneglecthasbeenequallytrueinretyardtothetechnicalandculturalsidesofthatsystem。
Thefailuretofittheeducationofwomentotheactualindustriallifewhichiscarriedonaboutthemhashaddisastrousresultsintwodirections。
First，industryitselfhaslackedthemodificationwhichwomenmighthavebroughttoithadtheycommittedtheentiremovementtothat198growingconcernforalargerandmoresatisfyinglifeforeachmemberofthecommunity，aconcernwhichwehavecometoregardaslegitimate。Second，themoreprosperouswomenwouldhavebeenabletounderstandandadjusttheirowndifficultiesofhouseholdmanagementinrelationtotheproduceroffactoryproducts，astheyarenowutterlyunabletodo。
Asthecensusof1900showedthatmorethanhalfofthewomenemployedin“gainfuloccupations“intheUnitedStatesareengagedinhouseholds，certainlytheirconditionsoflaborlielargelyinthehandsofwomenemployers。
AtaconferenceheldatLakePlacidbyemployersofhouseholdlabor，itwascontendedthatfuturehistoricalreviewmayshowthatthegirlswhoareto-dayindomesticservicearethereallyprogressivewomenoftheage；thattheyarethosewhoarefightingconditionswhichlimittheirfreedom，andalthoughtheyaredoingitblindly，atleasttheyaredemandingavenuesofself-expressionoutsidetheirwork；andthatthisstrugglefromconditionsdetrimentaltotheirhighestlifeistheever-recurringstoryoftheemancipationoffirstoneclassandthenanother。Itwasfurthercontendedthatinthisefforttobecomesufficientlyeducatedtobeabletounderstandtheneedsofaneducatedemployerfromanindependentstand199-point，theyarereallydoingthecommunityagreatservice，anddidtheybutreceiveco-operationinsteadofopposition，domesticservicewouldloseitssocialostracismandattractamoreintelligentclassofwomen。Andyetthiseffort，perfectlyreasonablefromthestandpointofhistoricdevelopmentanddemocratictradition，receiveslittlehelpfromtheemployinghousekeepers，becausetheyknownothingofindustrialdevelopment。
Thesituationcouldbeunderstoodonlybyviewingit，first，intherelationtorecentimmigrationand，second，inconnectionwiththefactorysystematthepresentstageofdevelopmentinAmerica。AreviewofthehistoryofdomesticserviceinafairlyprosperousAmericanfamilybeginswiththecolonialperiod，whenthedaughtersoftheneighboringfarmerscameinto“help“duringthebusyseason。ThiswasfollowedbytheIrishimmigrant，whenalmosteverykitchenhaditsNoraorBridget，whilethemistressofthehouseholdretainedthesweepinganddustingandtheSaturdaybaking。ThencamethehalcyondaysofGerman“secondgirls“andcooks，followedbytheSwedes。Thesuccessivewavesofimmigrationsupplythedemandfordomesticservice，graduallyobliteratingthefactthatasthewomenbecamemorefamiliarwith200Americancustoms，theyaswellastheirmenfolk，enteredintomoreskilledandlucrativepositions。
Intheselastyearsimmigrationconsistsinever-increasingnumbersofSouthItaliansandofRussian，Polish，andRumanianJews，noneofwhomhavetoanyappreciableextententeredintodomesticservice。TheItaliangirlsaremarriedbetweentheagesoffifteenandeighteen，andtoliveinanyhouseintownotherthanthatofherfatherseemstoanItaliangirlquiteincomprehensible。Thestrengthofthefamilytie，theneedfor“kosher“foods，thecelebrationofreligiousfestivities，thereadinesswithwhichshetakesupthesewingtradesinwhichherfatherandbrotherarealreadylargelyengaged，makesdomesticservicearareoccupationforthedaughtersoftherecentJewishimmigrants。Moreover，thesetwoclassesofimmigrantshavebeenquicklyabsorbed，as，indeed，allworkingpeopleare，bytheincreasingdemandforthelaborofyounggirlsandchildreninfactoryandworkshops。Thepaucityofthematerialfordomesticserviceisthereforerevealedatlast，andweareobligedtoconsiderthematerialfordomesticservicewhichademocracysupplies，andalsotorealizethattheadministrationofthehouseholdhassufferedbe-causeithasbecomeunnaturallyisolatedfromtherestofthecommunity。
201Theproblemsoffoodandshelterforthefamily，atanygivenmoment，mustbeconsideredinrelationtoalltheothermechanicalandindustriallifeofthatmoment，quiteastheintellectuallifeofthefamilyfinallydependsforitsvitalityuponitsrelationtotheintellectualresourcesoftherestofthecommunity。Whentheadministratorofthehouseholddeliberatelyrefusestoavailherselfofthewonderfulinventionsgoingonallabouther，shesooncomestothepointofpridingherselfuponthefactthatherhouseholdisadministeredaccordingtotraditionallinesandofbelievingthatthemorallifeofthefamilyissoenwrappedintheseoldcustomsastobeendangeredbyanyradicalchange。Becauseofthisattitudeonthepartofcontemporaryhousekeepers，thehouseholdhasfirmlywithstoodthebeneficentchangesandhealinginnovationswhichappliedscienceandeconomicswouldlongagohavebroughtaboutcouldtheyhaveworkednaturallyandunimpeded。
Thesemoralandeconomicdifficulties，whetherconnectedwiththeisolationofthehomeorwiththepartialandunsatisfactoryeffortsoftradesunions，couldbeavoidedonlyifsocietywouldfranklyrecognizetheindustrialsituationasthatwhichconcernsusall，andwouldseriouslyprepareallclassesofthecommunityfortheirrela202-tiontothesituation。Atechnicalpreparationwould，ofcourse，notbefeasible，butaculturalonewouldbepossible，sothatallpartsofthecommunitymightbeintelligentinregardtotheindustrialdevelopmentsandtransitionsgoingonaboutthem。IfAmericanwomencouldbutobtainaliberatingknowledgeofthathistoryofindustryandcommercewhichissosimilarineverycountryoftheglobe，thefactthatsomuchfactorylaborisperformedbyimmigrantswouldhelptobringthemnearertotheimmigrantwoman。Equippedwith“theinformingmind“
ontheonehandandwithexperienceontheother，wecouldthenwalktogetherthroughthemarvelousstreetsofthehumancity，nolongerconsciouswhetherwearenativesoraliens，becausewehavebecomeabsorbedinafraternalrelationarisingfromacommonexperience。
Andthisattitudeofunderstandingandrespectfortheworkerisnecessary，notonlytoappreciatewhatheproduces，buttopreservehispowerofproduction，againshowingthenecessityformakingthatsubstituteforwar——humanlabor——moreaggressiveanddemocratic。Wearetoldthattheconqueredraceseverywhere，intheirhelplessness，aregivingupthegenuinepracticeoftheirownarts。InIndia，forinstance，wheretheirartshavebeentheblossomofmanyyearsoflabor，203theconqueredracesarecastingthemasideasofnovalueinorderthattheymayconformtotheinferiorart，orrather，lackofart，oftheirconquerors。MorrisconstantlylamentedthatinsomepartsofIndiathenativeartswerequitedestroyed，andinmanyothersnearlyso；thatinallpartstheyhadmoreorlessbeguntosicken。Thislackofrespectandunderstandingoftheprimitiveartsfoundamongcoloniesofimmigrantsinamoderncosmopolitancity，producesalikeresultinthattheartslanguishanddisappear。WehavemadeaneffortatHull-Housetorecoversomethingoftheearlyindustriesfromanimmigrantneighborhood，andinalittleexhibitcalledalabormuseum，wehaveplacedinhistoricsequenceandordermethodsofspinningandweavingfromadozennationalitiesinAsiaMinorandEurope。Theresulthasbeenastrikingexhibitionoftheunityandsimilarityoftheearlierindustrialprocesses。Withinthenarrowconfinesofoneroom，theSyrian，theGreek，theItalian，theRussian，theNorwegian，theDutch，andtheIrish\'findthatthedifferencesintheirspinninghavebeenmerelyputtingthedistaffuponaframeorplacingtheoldhand-spindleinahorizontalposition。Agroupofwomenrepresentingvastdifferencesinreligion，inlanguage，intradition，andinnationality，exhibitpracticallynodifference204inthedailyartsbywhich，forathousandgenerations，theyhaveclothedtheirfamilies。WhenAmericanwomencometovisitthem，thequickestmethod，infactalmosttheonlyoneofestablishingagenuinecompanionshipwiththem，isthroughthissameindustry，unlessweexceptthatstillolderoccupation，thecareoflittlechildren。Perhapsthisexperimentmayclaimtohavemadeagenuineefforttofindthebasicexperiencesuponwhichacosmopolitancommunitymayuniteatleastontheindustrialside。TherecentdateoftheindustrialrevolutionandournearnesstoaprimitiveindustryareshownbythefactthatItalianmothersaremorewillingtohavetheirdaughtersworkinfactoriesproducingtextileandfoodstuffsthaninthosewhichproducewoodandmetal。Theyinterprettheentiresituationsosimplythatitappearstothemjustwhatitis——amerecontinuationofwoman\'straditionalworkunderchangedconditions。
AnotherexampleofournearnesstoearlymethodsisshownbythefactthatmanywomenfromSouthItalyandfromtheremoterpartsofRussiahaveneverseenaspinning-wheel，andlookuponitasanewandmarvelousinvention。
Buttheseverypeople，whoarehabituallyatsuchadisadvantagebecausetheylackcertainsuperficialqualitieswhicharetoohighlyprized，haveanopportunityinthelabormuseum，205atleastforthemoment，toassertapositioninthecommunitytowhichtheirpreviouslifeandtrainingentitlesthem，andtheyarejudgedwithsomethingofahistoricbackground。Theirveryapparentremotenessgivesindustrialprocessesapicturesquecontentandcharm。
Canwelearnourfirstlessoninmodernindustryfromthesehumblepeasantwomenwhohavenevershirkedtheprimitivelaborsuponwhichallcivilizedlifeisfounded，evenaswemustobtainourfirstlessonsinsocialmoralityfromthosewhoarebearingthebruntoftheovercrowdedandcosmopolitancitywhichisthedirectresultofmodernindustrialconditions？Ifwecontendthatthefranchiseshouldbeextendedtowomenonthegroundthatlessemphasisiscontinuallyplaceduponthemilitaryorderandmoreupontheindustrialorderofsociety，weshouldhavetoinsistthat，ifshewouldsecureheroldplaceinindustry，themodernwomanmustneedsfitherlaborstothepresentindustrialorganizationasthesimplerwomanfittedherstothemoresimpleindustrialorder。Ithasbeenpointedoutthatwomanlostherearlierplacewhenmanusurpedtheindustrialpursuitsandcreatedwealthonascaleunknownbefore。Sincethattimewomenhavebeenreducedmoreandmoretoastateofdependency，untilweseeonlyamongthe206Europeanpeasantwomenastheyworkinthefields，“theheavy，strong，enduring，patient，economicallyfunctionalrepresentativeofwhatthewomenofourdayusedtobe。“
Culturaleducationasitisatpresentcarriedoninthemostadvancedschools，istosomeextentcorrectingthepresentdetachedrelationofwomentoindustrybutasenseofresponsibilityinrelationtothedevelopmentofindustrywouldaccomplishmuchmore。Asmenearnedtheircitizenshipthroughtheirreadinessandabilitytodefendtheircity，soperhapswoman，ifshetakesacitizen\'splaceinthemodernindustrialcity，willhavetoearnitbydevotionandself-abnegationintheserviceofitscomplexneeds。
Theoldsocialproblemsweretoooftenmadeacauseofwarinthebeliefthatalldifficultiescouldbesettledbyanappealtoarms。Butcertainlythesesubtlerproblemswhichconfrontthemoderncosmopolitancity，theproblemsofraceantagonismsandeconomicadjustments，mustbesettledbyamoresearchingandgenuinemethodthanmereprowesscanpossiblyafford。
Thefirststeptowardtheirrealsolutionmustbemadeuponapastexperiencecommontothecitizensasawholeandconnectedwiththeirdailyliving。
Asmoralproblemsbecomemoreandmoreassociatedwithourcivicandindustrialorganizations，207thedemandforenlargedactivityismoreexigent。
Ifonecouldconnecttheoldmaternalanxieties，whicharereallythebasisoffamilyandtriballife，withthecandidateswhoareseekingoffices，itwouldneverbenecessarytolookaboutforothermotivepowers，andiftothiswecouldaddmaternalconcernforthesafetyanddefenceoftheindustrialworker，weshouldhaveanincreasingcodeofprotectivelegislation。
Wecertainlymayhopefortworesultsifwomenenterformallyintomunicipallife。First，theopportunitytofulfilltheirolddutiesandobligationswiththesafeguardandtheconsiderationwhichtheballotalonecansecureforthemunderthechangedconditions，and，second，theeducationwhichparticipationinactualaffairsalwaysbrings。Aswebelievethatwomanhasnorighttoallowwhatreallybelongstohertodropawayfromher，sowecontendthatabilitytoperformanobligationcomesverylargelyinproportionasthatobligationisconscientiouslyassumed。
Outofthemediaevalcityfoundeduponmilitarismtherearoseinthethirteenthcenturyaneworder，themiddleclass，whoseimportancerested，notuponbirthorarms，butuponwealth，intelligence，andorganization。
Thismiddleclassachievedasterlingsuccessinthesucceedingsixcenturiesofindustrialismbecauseitwasessential208totheexistenceanddevelopmentoftheindustrialera。Perhapswecanforecastthecareerofwoman，thecitizen，ifsheispermittedtobearanelector\'spartinthecomingperiodofhumanitarianisminwhichgovernmentmustconcernitselfwithhumanwelfare。Shewillbearhershareofcivicresponsibilitybecausesheisessentialtothenormaldevelopmentofthecityofthefuture，andbecausethedefinitionoftheloyalcitizenasonewhoisreadytoshedhisbloodforhiscountry，hasbecomeinadequateandobsolete。
EndnotesACasefortheFactoryActs。Mrs。SidneyWebb。
JaneAddams:NewerIdealsofPeace:Chapter8:PassingoftheWarVirtuesCHAPTERVIII
PASSINGOFTHEWARVIRTUESOfallthewingedwordswhichTolstoywroteduringthewarbetweenRussiaandJapan，perhapsnonearemoresignificantthanthese:“ThegreatstrifeofourtimeisnotthatnowtakingplacebetweentheJapaneseandtheRussians，northatwhichmayblazeupbetweenthewhiteandtheyellowraces，northatstrifewhichiscarriedonbymines，bombs，andbullets，butthatspiritualstrifewhich，withoutceasing，hasgoneonandisgoingonbetweentheenlightenedconsciousnessofmankindnowawaitingformanifestationandthatdarknessandthatburdenwhichsurroundsandoppressesmankind。“
Inthecuriousperiodofaccommodationinwhichwelive，itispossibleforoldhabitsandnewcompunctionstobeequallypowerful，anditisalmostamatterofpridewithusthatweneitherbreakwiththeoldnoryieldtothenew。Wecallthisattitudetolerance，whereasitisoftenmereconfusionofmind。Suchmentalconfusionisstrikinglyillustratedbyourtendencytosubstitutea210statementofthehistoricevolutionofanidealofconductinplaceoftheidealitself。Thisalmostalwaysoccurswhentheidealnolongeraccordswithourfaithfulexperienceoflifeandwhenitsimplicationsarenotjustifiedbyourlatestinformation。Inthiswaywespareourselvesthenecessityofpressingforwardtoneweridealsofconduct。
Wequotetheconvictionsandachievementsofthepastasanexcuseforourselveswhenwelacktheenergyeithertothrowoffoldmoralcodeswhichhavebecomeburdensortoattainamoralityproportionatetoourpresentsphereofactivity。
Atthepresentmomentthewarspiritattemptstojustifyitsnoisydemonstrationsbyquotingitsgreatachievementsinthepastandbydrawingattentiontothecourageouslifewhichithasevokedandfostered。Itis，however，perhapssignificantthattheadherentsofwararemoreandmorejustifyingitbyitspastrecordandremindingusofitsancientorigin。Theytellusthatitisinterwovenwitheveryfibreofhumangrowthandisattherootofallthatisnobleandcourageousinhumanlife，thatstruggleisthebasisofallprogress，thatitisnowextendedfromiindividualsandtribestonationsandraces。
Wemayadmiremuchthatisadmirableinthispastlifeofcourageouswarfare。whileatthe211sametimeweaccorditnorighttodominatethepresent，whichhastraveledoutofitsreachintoalandofnewdesires。
Wemayadmitthattheexperiencesofwarhaveequippedthemenofthepresentwithpluckandenergy，buttoinsistupontheselfsameexpressionforthatpluckandenergywouldbeasstupidamistakeasifwewouldrelegatethefull-growncitizen，respondingtomanyclaimsanddemandsuponhispowers，totheschool-yardfightsofhisboyhood，ortothecollegecontestsofhiscruderyouth。Thelittleladwhostoutlydefendshimselfontheschoolgroundmaybeworthyofmuchadmiration，butifwefindhim，adozenyearslater，thebullyingleaderofastreet-gangwhobaseshisprestigeonthefactthat“noonecanwhiphim，“ouradmirationcoolsamazingly，andwesaythatthecarryingoverofthosepuerileinstinctsintomanhoodshowsarresteddevelopmentwhichismainlyresponsibleforfillingourprisons。
Thisconfusionbetweenthecontemporaneousstageofdevelopmentandthehistoricroleofcertainqualities，isintensifiedbyourcustomofreferringtosocialevolutionasifitwereaforceandnotaprocess。
Weassumethatsocialendsmaybeobtainedwithouttheapplicationofsocialenergies，althoughweknowinourheartsthatthebestresultsofcivilizationhavecomeabout212onlythroughhumanwillandeffort。Topointtotheachievementofthepastasaguaranteeforcontinuingwhathassincebecomeshockingtousisstupidbusiness；itistoforgetthatprogressitselfdependsuponadaptation，uponanicebalancebetweencontinuityandchange。Letusbyallmeansacknowledgeandpreservethatwhichhasbeengoodinwarfareandinthespiritofwarfare；letusgatherittogetherandincorporateitinournationalfibre。Letus，however，notbeguiltyforamomentofshuttingoureyestothatwhichformanycenturiesmusthavebeendisquietingtothemoralsense，butwhichisgraduallybecomingimpossible，notonlybecauseofourincreasingsensibilities，butbecausegreatconstructiveplansandhumanizedinterestshavecapturedourhopesandwearefindingthatwarisanimplementtooclumsyandbarbarictosubserveourpurpose。Wehavecometorealizethatthegreattaskofpushingforwardsocialjusticecouldbeenormouslyacceleratedifprimitivemethodsaswellasprimitiveweaponswereonceforallabolished。
Thepastmayhavebeeninvolvedinwarandsufferinginordertobringforthanewandbeneficentcourage，aninvincibleardorforconservingandhealinghumanlife，forunderstandingandelaboratingit。Toobtainthiscourage213istodistinguishbetweenasocialorderfoundeduponlawenforcedbyauthorityandthatothersocialorderwhichincludeslibertyofindividualactionandcomplexityofgroupdevelopment。Thelattersocialorderwouldnotsuppresstheleastgermofpromise，ofgrowthandvariety，butwouldnurtureallintoafullandvariedlife。Itisnotaneasyundertakingtoobtainitanditcannotbecarriedforwardwithoutconsciousandwell-definedeffort。Thetaskthatisreallybeforeusisfirsttoseetoit，thattheoldvirtuesbequeathedbywararenotretainedaftertheyhavebecomeasocialdeterrentandthatsocialprogressisnotcheckedbyacertaincontemptforhumannaturewhichisbuttheinheritedresultofconquest。Second，wemustactupontheassumptionthatspontaneousandfraternalactionasvirileandwidespreadaswaritselfistheonlymethodbywhichsubstitutesforthewarvirtuesmaybediscovered。
Itwascontendedinthefirstchapterofthisbookthatsocialmoralityisdevelopedthroughsentimentandaction。Inthisparticularagewecanlivethetruthwhichhasbeenapprehendedbyourcontemporaries，thattruthwhichisespeciallyourown，onlybyestablishingnoblerandwisersocialrelationsandbydiscoveringsocialbondsbetterfittedtoourrequirements。
Warfarein214thepasthasdonemuchtobringmentogether。
Asenseofcommondangerandthestirringappealtoactionforacommonpurpose，easilyopenthechannelsofsympathythroughwhichwepartakeofthelifeaboutus。Buttherearecertainlyothermethodsofopeningthosechannels。Asociallifetobehealthymustbeconsciouslyandfullyadjustedtothemarchofsocialneeds，andaswemayeasilymakeamistakebyforgettingthatenlargedopportunitiesareeverdemandinganenlargedmorality，sowewillfailinthetaskofsubstitutionifwedonotdemandsocialsympathyinalargermeasureandofaqualitybetteradaptedtothecontemporaneoussituation。
Perhapstheonepointatwhichthisundertakingismostneededisinregardtoourconceptionofpatriotism，which，althoughasgenuineaseverbefore，istoomuchdressedinthetrappingsofthepastandcontinuallycarriesusbacktoitsbeginningsinmilitaryprowessanddefence。Tohavebeenabletotracetheoriginanddevelopmentofpatriotismandthentorestcontentwiththat，andtofailtoinsistthatitshallrespondtothestimulusofalargerandmorevariedenvironmentwithwhichwearenowconfronted，isaconfessionofweakness；itexhibitslackofmoralenterpriseandofnationalvigor。
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Wehaveallseenthebreakdownofvillagestandardsofmoralitywhentheconditionsofagreatcityareencountered。Todo“thegoodIyingnextathand“maybeasufficientformulawhenthevillageidlerandhisneedychildrenlivebutafewdoorsdownthestreet，butthesamedictummaybetotallymisleadingwhenthevillagerbecomesacityresidentandfindshisnext-doorneighborsprosperousandcomfortable，whilethepoorandoverburdenedlivemanyblocksawaywherehewouldneverseethematall，unlesshewerestirredbyaspiritofsocialenterprisetogoforthandfindtheminthemidstoftheirmeagrelivingandtheirlargerneeds。Thespiritofvillagegossip，penetratingandkeenasitis，maybedependedupontobringtothenoticeofthekindheartedvillagerallcasesofsuffering——thatsomeoneisneeded“tositupallnight“withasickneighbor，orthatthevillageloaferhasbeendrunkagainandbeatenhiswife；butinacitydividedsocuriouslyintotheregionsofthewell-to-doandthecongestedquartersoftheimmigrant，theconscientiouspersoncannolongerrelyupongossip。Thereisnointercourse，notevenascatteredone，betweenthetwo，savewhatthedailypaperbrings，withitsinvinciblepropensitytoreportthegossipofpovertyandcrime，perhapsahealthiertendencythanweimagine。Themanwhohasmovedfrom216thevillagetothecosmopolitancityandwhowouldcontinueevenhisformershareofbeneficentactivitymustbestirhimselftokeepinformedastosocialneedsandtomakenewchannelsthroughwhichhissympathymayflow。Withoutsomesuchconsciouseffort，hissympathywillfinallybecomestratifiedalongthelineofhissocialintercourseandhewillbeunablereallytocareforanypeoplebuthis“ownkind。“
Americanconceptionsofpatriotismhavemoved，sotospeak，fromtheNewEnglandvillageintohugecosmopolitancities。Theyfindthemselvesbewilderedbythechangeandhavenotonlyfailedtomaketheadjustment，buttheveryeffortinthatdirectionislookeduponwithdeepsuspicionbytheiroldvillageneighbors。Unlessourconceptionofpatriotismisprogressive，itcannothopetoembodytherealaffectionandtherealinterestofthenation。Weknowfullwellthatthepatriotismofcommondescentisthemerepatriotismoftheclan——theearlypatriotismofthetribe——andthat，whilethepossessionofaliketerritoryisanadvanceuponthatfirstconception，bothofthemareunworthytobethepatriotismofagreatcosmopolitannation。Weshallnothavemadeanygenuineadvanceuntilwehavegrownimpatientofapatriotismfoundeduponmilitaryprowessanddefence，becausethisreallygetsinthewayand217preventsthegrowthofthatbeneficentandprogressivepatriotismwhichweneedfortheunderstandingandhealingofourcurrentnationaldifficulties。
Toseekourpatriotisminsomeageotherthanourownistoacceptacodethatistotallyinadequatetohelpusthroughtheproblemswhichcurrentlifedevelops。Wecontinuetofoundourpatriotismuponwarandtocontrastconquestwithnurture，militarismwithindustrialism，callingthelatterpassiveandinertandtheformeractiveandaggressive，withoutreallyfacingthesituationasitexists。Wetremblebeforeourownconvictions，andareafraidtofindnewermanifestationsofcourageanddaringlestwetherebylosethevirtuesbequeathedtousbywar。Itisapitifulacknowledgmentthatwehavelostthemalreadyandthatweshallhavetogiveupthewaysofwar，iffornootherreasonthantopreservethefinerspiritofcourageanddetachmentwhichithasengenderedanddeveloped。
Wecomeatlasttothepracticalquestionastohowthesesubstitutesforthewarvirtuesmaybefound。Howmaywe，thechildrenofanindustrialandcommercialage，findthecourageandsacrificewhichbelongtoourindustrialism。WemaybeginwithAugustComte\'sassertionthatmanseekstoimprovehispositionintwodifferent218ways，bythedestructionofobstaclesandbytheconstructionofmeans，or，designatedbytheirmostobvioussocialresults，ifhiscontentioniscorrect，bymilitaryactionandbyindustrialaction，andthatthetwomustlongcontinuesidebyside。Thenwefindourselvesaskingwhatmaybedonetomakemorepicturesquethoseliveswhicharespentinamonotonousandwearingtoil，comparedtowhichthecampisexcitingandthebarrackscomfortable。Howshallitbemadetoseemasmagnificentpatientlytocorrectthewrongsofindustrialismastodobattlefortherightsofthenation？ThistransitionoughtnottobesodifficultinAmerica，fortobeginwith，ournationallifeinAmericahasbeenlargelyfoundeduponoursuccessininventionandengineering，inmanufacturingandcommerce。Ourprosperityhasresteduponconstructivelaborandmaterialprogress，bothoftheminstrikingcontrasttowarfare。
Thereisanelementofalmostgrimhumorinthenation\'srevertingatlasttotheoutwornmethodsofbattle-shipsanddefendedharbors。Wemayadmitthatidlemenneedwartokeepalivetheircourageandendurance，butwehavefewidlemeninanationengagedinindustrialism。Weconstantlyseesubordinationofsensationtosentimentinhundredsofcareerswhicharenotmilitary；thethousandsofminers219inPennsylvaniadoubtlessendureeveryyearmorebodilypainandperilthanthesamenumberofmeninEuropeanbarracks。
Industriallifeaffordsampleopportunityforendurance，discipline，andasenseofdetachment，ifthestruggleisreallyputuponthehighestlevelofindustrialefficiency。Butbecauseourindustriallifeisnotonthislevel，weconstantlytendtodropthenewerandlessdevelopedidealsfortheolderonesofwarfare，weignorethefactthatwarsoreadilythrowsbacktheidealswhichtheyoungarenourishingintothemoldofthosewhichtheoldshouldbeoutgrowing。Itluresyoungmennottodevelop，buttoexploit；itturnsthemfromthecourageandtoilofindustrytothebraveryandenduranceofwar，andleadsthemtoforgetthatcivilizationisthesubstitutionoflawforwar。Itincitestheirambitions，nottoirrigate，tomakefertileandsanitary，thebarrenplainofthesavage，buttofillitwithmilitarypostsandtaxgatherers，toceasefrompushingforwardindustrialactionintonewfieldsandtofallbackuponmilitaryaction。
Wemayillustratethisbythemostbeneficentactsofwar，whenthemilitaryspiritclaimingtocarryforwardcivilizationinvadesacountryforthepurposeofbringingitintothezoneofthecivilizedworld。Militarismenforceslawand220orderandinsistsuponobedienceanddiscipline，assumingthatitwillultimatelyestablishrighteousnessandfosterprogress。
Inordertocarryoutthisgoodintention，itfirstofallclearsthedecksofimpedimenta，althoughintheprocessitmayextinguishthemostpreciousbeginningsofself-governmentandthenucleusofself-help，whichthewiseofthenativecommunityhavelongbeenanxiouslyhoarding。
Itisthemilitaryidea，restingcontentasitdoeswiththepassiveresultsoforderanddiscipline，whichconfessesatotallyinadequateconceptionofthevalueandpowerofhumanlife。Thechargeofobtainingnegativeresultscouldwithgreatcandorhebroughtagainstmilitarism，whilethestrenuoustask，thevigorousanddifficultundertaking，involvingtheuseofthemosthighlydevelopedhumanpowers，canbeclaimedforindustrialism。
Itisreallyhumanconstructivelaborwhich\'mustgivethenewlyinvadedcountryasenseofitsplaceinthelifeofthecivilizedworld，someideaoftheeffectiveoccupationswhichitmayperform。Inordertoaccomplishthisitsenergymustbefreedanditsresourcesdeveloped。Militarismundertakestosetinorder，tosuppressandtogovern，ifnecessarytodestroy，whileindustrialismundertakestoliberatelatentforces，to221reconcilethemtonewconditions，todemonstratethattheirarousedactivitiescannolongerfollowcaprice，butmustfitintoalargerorderoflife。Tocallthislatterundertaking，demandingevernewpowersofinsight，patience，andfortitude，lessdifficult，lessmanly，lessstrenuous，thanthefirst，isonthefaceofitabsurd。Itisthesoldierwhoisinadequatetothedifficulttask，whostrewshiswayswithblundersandlostopportunities，whocannotjustifyhisvocationbytheresults，andwhoisobligedtopleadguiltytoalackofrationalmethod。
OfBritishgovernmentintheEmpire，anEnglishmanhasrecentlywritten，“WeareobligedinpracticetomakeachoicebetweengoodorderandjusticeadministeredautocraticallyinaccordancewithBritishstandardsontheonehand，anddelicate，costly，doubtful，anddisorderlyexperimentsinself-governmentonBritishlinesupontheother，andwehavepracticallyeverywheredecidedupontheformeralternative。Itis，ofcourse，lessdifficult。“[1]HadourAmericanidealsofpatriotismandmoralityininternationalrelationskeptpacewithourexperience，hadwefollowedupourwidecommercialrelationswithanadequateethicalcode，wecanimagineabodyofyoungAmericans，“theflowerofouryouth，“
222asweliketosay，proudlydecliningcommercialadvantagesfoundeduponforcedmilitaryoccupationandwell-meaninggovernmentthattheydeclinedtoacceptopeningsonanysuchtermsasthese，thattheiridealsofpatriotismandofgenuinegovernmentdemandedtheplayoftheirmoralprowessandtheirconstructiveintelligence。CertainlyinAmericawehaveachancetoemploysomethingmoreactiveandvirile，moreinventive，moreinlinewithourtemperamentandtradition，thanthemeredesiretoincreasecommercialrelationsbyarmedoccupationasothergovernmentshavedone。Adifferentconductisrequiredfromademocracythanfromthemereorder-keeping，bridge-building，tax-gatheringRoman，orfromtheconscientiousBritoncarryingtheblessingsofanestablishedgovernmentandenlargedcommercetoallquartersoftheglobe。
Ithasbeenthetime-honoredcustomtoattributeunjustwarstotheselfishambitionofrulerswhoremorselesslysacrificetheirsubjectstosatisfytheirgreed。But，asLeckyhasrecentlypointedout，itremainstobeseenwhetherornotdemocraticrulewilldiminishwar。Immoderateanduncontrolleddesiresareattherootofmostnationalaswellasofmostindividualcrimes，andalargenumberofpersonsmaybemovedbyunworthyambitionsquiteaseasilyasafew。Ifthe223electorateofademocracyaccustomthemselvestotakethecommercialviewoflife，toconsidertheextensionoftradeasthetestofanationalprosperity，itbecomescomparativelyeasyformereextensionofcommercialopportunitytoassumeamoralaspectandtoreceivethemoralsanction。Unrestrictedcommercialismisanexcellentpreparationforgovernmentalaggression。Thenationwhichisaccustomedtocondonethequestionablebusinessmethodsofarichmanbecauseofhissuccess，willfindnodifficultyinobscuringthemoralissuesinvolvedinanyundertakingthatissuccessful。Itbecomeseasytodenythemoralbasisofself-governmentandtosubstitutemilitarism。Thesoldierformerlylookeddownuponthemerchantwhomhenowobeys，ashestilllooksdownuponthelaborerasamanwhoisengagedinabusinessinferiortohisown，assomeonewhoisdullandpassiveandineffective。Whenourpubliceducationsucceedsinfreeingthecreativeenergyanddevelopingtheskillwhichtheadvanceofindustrydemands，thisattitudemustdisappear，andaspectaclesuchasthatrecentlyseeninLondonamongtheidlemenreturnedfromserviceinSouthAfrica，whorefusedtoworkthroughacontemptuousattitudetowardsthe“slowlife“ofthelaborer，willbecomeimpossible。
Wehaveasyetfailedtouncovertherelativedifficultyand224requisitetrainingforthetwomethodsoflife。
Itisdifficulttoillustrateonanationalscalethesubstitutionoftheidealsoflaborforthoseofwarfare。
Attheriskofbeingabsurd，andwiththecertaintyofpushinganillustrationbeyonditslegitimatelimits，Iamventuringtotypifythissubstitutionbytheonemanwhomthecivilizedworldhasmostcloselyassociatedwithmilitaryideals，thepresentEmperorofGermany。WemaycertainlybelievethattheGermanEmperorisaconscientiousman，whomeanstodohisdutytoallhissubjects；thatheregardshimself，notonlyasgeneralandchiefofthearmy，butalsoasthefosteringfatherofthehumblepeople。Letusimaginethequiteimpossiblethingthatfortenyearshedoesnotreviewanytroops，doesnotattendanyparades，doesnotwearauniform，norheartheclangoftheswordashewalks，butthatduringthesetenyearsheliveswiththepeasants“whodrivethepainfulplow，“thatheconstantlyconverseswiththem，andsubjectshimselftotheiralternatinghopesandfearsastotheresultoftheharvest，atbestsoinadequateforsupplyingtheirwantsandforpayingtheirtaxes。LetusimaginethattheGermanEmperorduringthesehalcyonyears，inadditiontothecompanionshipofthehumble，readsonlythefolk-lore，theminorpoetry225andtheplaintivesongsinwhichGermanliteratureissorich，untilhecomestoseeeachmanofthefieldashedailygoesforthtohistoil“withasoldiertiedtohisback，“exhaustedbythedoublestrainofhisburdenandhiswork。
LetusimaginethisEmperorgoingthroughsomesuchprofoundmoralchangeasbefellCountTolstoywhenhequittedhismilitaryserviceintheCaucasusandlivedwiththepeasantsonhisestate，withthisdifferencethat，insteadoffeelingdirectlyresponsibleforavillageofhumblefolk，heshouldcometofeelresponsibleforallthetoilersofthe“Fatherland“andfortheinternationalresultsoftheGermanarmy。Letusimaginethatinhisself-surrendertothehumblestofhispeople，therewouldgraduallygrowupinhissubconsciousness，forcesmoreidealthananywhichhadpossessedhimbefore；thathisinterestsandthoughtswouldgraduallyshiftfromwarandthemanoeuvresandextensionsofthearmy，totheunceasingtoil，thepermanentpatience，whichlieatthebottomofallnationalexistence；
thatthelifeofthecommonpeople，whichissoinfiniteinitsmoralsuggestiveness，wouldopenuptohimnewmoralregions，wouldstirnewenergieswithinhim，untiltherewouldtakeplaceoneofthosestrangealterationsinpersonalityofwhichhundredsofexamplesarere-
226-corded。Underaglowofgenerousindignation，magnanimity，loyaltytohispeople，apassionofself-surrendertohisnewideals，wecanimaginethattheimperialtemperamentwouldwastenotimeinpipingsandregret，butthat，hisenergiesbeingenlistedinanovermasteringdesiretofreethepeoplefromtheburdenofthearmy，hewoulddrivevigorouslyinthedirection-ofhisnewideals。Itisimpossibletoimaginehim“passive“underthisconversiontotheneweridealsofpeace。
HewouldnomorebepassivethanSt。Paulwasafterhisconversion。HewouldregardthefourmillionmeninEuropeshutupinbarracks，fedinidlenessbytoilingpeasants，asanactualwrongandoppression。Theywouldallhavetobefreedandreturnedtonormallifeandoccupation——notthroughthecomparativelyeasymethodofstorminggarrisons，inwhichhehashadtraining，butthroughconvictiononthepartofrulersandpeopleofthewrongandfollyofbarrackidlenessandmilitaryglitter。ThefreeingoftheChristiansfromtheoppressionsoftheTurks，oftheSpaniardsfromtheMoslems，couldoffernomorestrenuoustask——always，however，withtheaddeddifficultyandcomplicationthatthechangeinthepeoplemustbeamoralchangeanalogoustotheonewhichhadalreadytakenplacewithinhimself；thathemustbedebarred227fromtheuseofweapons，towhichhisearlierlifehadmadehimfamiliar；thathishightask，whileenormousinitsproportion，wasstillmostdelicateinitscharacter，andmustbeundertakenwithouttheguaranteeofprecedent，andwithoutanysuretyofsuccess。“Smittenwiththegreatvisionofsocialrighteousness，“assomanyofhiscontemporarieshavebeen，hecouldnotpermithimselftobeblindedortotakerefugeinglitteringgeneralities，but，evenasSt。Paularosefromhisvisionandwentonhiswayinanewdeterminationneveragainchanged，sohewouldhavetogoforthtoamission，imperialindeedinitsmagnitude，but“over-imperial“
inthesweepofitsconsequencesandinthedifficultyofitsaccomplishment。
CertainlycountingallthehoursoftheEmperor\'slifespentincampandcourtdominatedbymilitarypompandambition，hehasgivenmorethantenyearstomilitaryenvironmentandmuchlessthantenyearstothebulkofhispeople，anditwouldnotbeimpossibletoimaginesuchaconversionduetothereactionofenvironmentandinterest。Suchachangehavingtakenplace，shouldweholdhimroyalintemperorworthyofthetraditionsofknight-errantry，ifhewereheldbackbycommercialconsiderations，ifhehesitatedbecausetheKruppCompanycouldsellnomoregunsandwouldbethrownoutofbusiness？Weshould228saytothisEmperorwhomourimaginationshaveevoked，Wereyourenthusiasmsgenuineenough，wereyourinsightsabsolutelytrue，youwouldseeofhowlittleconsequencethesethingsreallyare，andhoweasilyadjusted。LettheKruppfactories，withtheirtremendousresourcesinmachineryandmen，proceedtomanufacturedredgingmachinesforthereclaimingofthewastelandinPosen；letthemmakenewinventionstorelievethedrudgeryofthepeasant，agriculturalimplementsadequatetoGermany\'sagriculturalresourcesandpossibilities。Theywillfindneedforallthepowerofinventionwhichtheycancomrnand，allthemanufacturingandcommercialabilitywhichtheynowemploy。Itispartofyournewvocationtoadjusttheindustriesnowtributarytothestandingarmiesandorganizationofwarfare，tousefulandbeneficentoccupations；totransformandreadjustalltheirdependentindustries，fromthemanufacturingofcannonandwar-shipstothatofgoldbraidandepaulets。Itisyourmissiontoreviveandincreaseagriculture，industry，andcommerce，bydivertingalltheenergywhichisnowdirectedtothefeeding，clothing，andarmingoftheidle，intothelegitimateandnormalchannelsoflife。
Itiscertainlynotmoredifficulttoimaginesuchachangeoccurringtoanentirepeoplethaninthe229mindandpurposeofoneman——infact，suchchangesaregoingonallaboutus。
Theadvanceofconstructivelaborandthesubsidenceanddisappearanceofdestructivewarfareisagenuinelineofprogression。Oneseesmuchofprotectionandsomethingofconstructionintheofficeofwar，astheRomanbridgessurvivedthroughoutEuropelongafterthelegionswhichbuiltthemandcrossedthemfornewconquestshadpassedoutofmind。Also，intherisingtideoflaborthereisalargeadmixtureofwarfare，ofthepurelymilitantspiritwhichissometimessodominantthatitthrowstheentiremovementintoconfusionandleadsthelaborertorenouncehisbirthright；
butneverthelessthedesireforbattleisbecomingconstantlymorerestrictedinarea。Itstillswaysinregionswheremenofuntamedbloodaredwelling，andamongmenwho，becausetheyregardthemselvesasasuperiorrace，imaginethattheyarefreefromtheordinarymoralrestraints；butitsterritoryconstantlygrowssmalleranditsmanifestationsmoreguarded。Doubtlesswarwillexistformanygenerationsamongsemi-savagetribes，anditwillalsobreakoutinthosenationswhichmayberousedanddominatedbytheunrestrictedcommercialspirit；buttheordinarylifeofmanwillgo230onwithoutit，asitbecomestransmittedintoadesirefornormalhumanrelationship。
Itisdifficulttopredictatwhatmomenttheconvictionthatwarisfoolishorwastefulorunjustifiablemaydescendupontheearth，anditisalsoimpossibletoestimateamonghowmanygroupsofpeoplethisconvictionhasalreadybecomeestablished。
TheDoukhoborsareareligioussectinRussiawhosecreedemphasizestheteachingofnonresistance。Astoryistoldofoneoftheiryoungmenwho，becauseofhisrefusaltoentertheRussianarmy，wasbroughtfortrialbeforeajudge，whoreasonedwithhimconcerningthefollyofhiscourseandinreturnreceivedahomilyupontheteachingsofJesus。“Quiterightyouare，“answeredthejudge，“fromthepointofabstractvirtue，butthetimehasnotyetcometoputintopracticetheliteralsayingsofChrist。““Thetimemaynothavecomeforyou，yourHonor，“wasthereply，“butthetimehascomeforus。“WhocantellatwhathourvastnumbersofRussianpeasantsuponthoseRussiansteppeswilldecidethatthetimehascomeforthemtorenouncewarfare，evenastheirprototype，themujik，CountTolstoy，hasalreadydecidedthatithascomeforhim？Consciousasthepeasantsareofreligiousmotive，theywill231meetacheerfulmartyrdomfortheirconvictions，assomanyoftheDoukhoborshavedone。Itmay，however，beeasytooverestimatethischangedtemperbecauseofthesimpleyetdramaticformulationgivenbyTolstoytothenonresistingspirit。HowfarTolstoyisreallythemouthpieceofagreatmoralchangegoingoninthelifeoftheRussianpeasantandhowfarhespeaksmerelyforhimself，itis，ofcourse，impossibletostate。
Ifonlyafewpeasantsareexperiencingthischange，hisgeniushascertainlydonemuchtomaketheirpositiondefinite。Themanwhoassumesthatanewdegreeofvirtueispossible，therebymakesitrealandtangibletothosewholongtopossessitbutlackcourage。Tolstoyatleastisreadytopredictthatinthegreataffairsofnationaldisarmament，itmayeasilybetruethattheRussianpeasantswilltakethefirststeps。
Theirarmedrebellionmayeasilybeovercomebyarmedtroops，butwhatcanbedonewiththeirpermanentpatience，theirinsatiablehungerforholiness？Allidealismhasitsprudentialaspects，and，ashasbeenpointedoutbyMr。Perris，[2]nootherformofrevolutionissofittedtoanagriculturalpeopleasthiscontinuedoutburstofpassiveresistanceamongwholecommunities，not232intheory，butinpractice。Thispeasantmove-
mentgoesoninspiteofpersecution，perfectlyspontaneous，self-reliant，colossalinthesilentconfidenceandpowerofendurance。InthisdayofMaximgunsandhighexplosives，theoldmethodofrevoltwouldbeimpossibletoanagriculturalpeople，butthenon-resistantstrikeagainstmilitaryserviceliesdirectlyinlinewiththetemperamentandcapacityoftheRussianpeople。That“thegovernmentcannotputthewholepopulationinprison，and，ifitcould，itwouldstillbewithoutmaterialforanarmy，andwithoutmoneyforitssupport，“isanalmostirrefutableargument。
Weseehere，atleast，thebeginningsofasentimentthatshall，ifsufficientlydeveloped，makewarimpossibletoanentirepeople，aconvictionofsinmanifestingitselfthroughoutanation。
Whatevermayhavebeentrueoftherevolutionistofthepastwhenhisspikewasonacertainlevelofequalitywiththebayonetoftheregularsoldier，andhisenthusiasmanddaringcould，inlargemeasure，overcomethedifference，itiscertainlytruenowthatsuchsimplearmsasarevolutionistcouldcommand，wouldbeutterlyfutileagainsttheequipmentoftheregularsoldier。Tocontinuetheuseofarmedforcemeans，underthesecircumstances，thatwemustreferthepossi233-bilitiesofallsocialandindustrialadvancetotheconsentoftheownersoftheMaximguns。Wemustdenytothehumblethepossibilityoftheinitiationofprogressivemovementsemployingrevolutionor，atleast，wemustdeferalladvanceuntilthehumblemanycanpersuadethepowerfulfewoftherighteousnessoftheircause，andwemustthrowouttheworkingclassfromparticipationinthebeginningsofsocialrevolutions。
Tolstoywouldmakenon-resistanceaggressive。Hewouldcarryoverintothereservoirsofmoralinfluenceallthestrengthwhichisnowspentincoercionandresistance。Itisanexperimentwhichinitsfullnesshasneverbeentriedinhumanhistory，anditisworthyofagenius。Asmoralinfluencehaseveralargerplaceinindividualrelationshipandasphysicalforcebecomesdailymorerestrictedinarea，soTolstoywould“speedup“
theprocessincollectiverelationshipsandresetthewholeofinternationallifeuponthebasisofgoodwillandintelligentunderstanding。Itdoesnotmatterthathehasenteredthesenewmoralfieldsthroughthenarrowgatewayofpersonalexperience；thathesetsforthhisconvictionswiththelimitationsoftheRussiangovernmentalenvironment；thatheisregardedatthismomentbytheRussianrevolutionistsasaquietistandreactionary。
Hehasneverthelessreacheddown234intothemorallifeofthehumblepeopleandformulatedforthemasforusthesecretoftheirlongpatienceandunremittinglabor。Therefore，intheteachingsofTolstoy，asinthelifeofthepeasants，coextensivewiththedoctrineofnonresistance，stressislaiduponproductivelabor。ThepeasantBandereff，fromwhomTolstoyclaimstohavelearnedmuch，hasnotonlyproclaimedhimselfasagainstwar，buthaswrittenamarvelousbookentitled“BreadLabor，“expressingoncemorethestrikingantithesis，theeternalcontrastbetweenwarandlabor，andbetweenthosewhoabhortheoneandeveradvocatetheother。
Warontheonehand——plaindestruction，VonMoltkecalledit——representsthelifeofthegarrisonandthetax-gatherer，theRomanemperorandhisdegeneratepeople，livinguponthefruitsoftheirconquest。Labor，ontheotherhand，representsproductiveeffort，holdingcarefullywhathasbeengarneredbytheoutputofbrainandmuscle，guardingtheharvestjealouslybecauseitisthepreciousbreadmenliveby。
Itisquitepossiblethatwehavecommittedthetime-honoredfollyoflookingforasuddenchangeinmen\'sattitudetowardwar，evenasthepooralchemistswastedtheirlivesinsearchingforamagicfluidanddidnothingtodiscoverthegreatlawsgoverningchemicalchangesandreactions，235theknowledgeofwhichwouldhavedevelopeduntoldwealthbeyondtheircrudedreamsoftransmutedgold。
Thefinalmoralreactionmayatlastcome，accompaniedbydeepremorse，tootardytoreclaimallthehumanlifewhichhasbeenspentandthetreasurewhichhasbeenwasted，oritmaycomewithagreatsenseofjoythatallvoluntarydestructionofhumanlife，allthedeliberatewastingofthefruitsoflabor，havebecomeathingofthepast，andthatwhateverthefuturecontainsforus，itwillatleastbefreefromwar。WemayatlastcomprehendthetruthofthatwhichRuskinhasstatedsomanytimes，thatweworshipthesoldier，notbecausehegoesforthtoslay，buttobeslain。
Thatthisworldpeacemovementshouldbearisingfromthehumblestwithoutthesanctionandinsomecaseswiththeexplicitindifference，ofthechurchfoundedbythePrinceofPeace，issimplyanotherexampleofthestrangepathsofmoralevolution。
TosomeofusitseemsclearthatmarkedmanifestationsofthismovementarefoundintheimmigrantquartersofAmericancities。TheprevioussurveyoftheimmigrantsituationwouldindicatethatallthepeoplesoftheworldhavebecomepartoftheAmericantribunal，andthattheir236senseofpity，theirclamorforpersonalkindness，theirinsistenceupontherighttojoininourprogress，cannolongerbedisregarded。Theburdensandsorrowsofmenhaveunexpectedlybecomeintelligentandurgenttothisnation，anditisonlybyacceptingthemwithsomemagnanimitythatwecandevelopthelargersenseofjusticewhichisbecomingworld-wideandislyingambush，asitwere，tomanifestitselfingovernmentalrelations。Menofallnationsaredeterminingupontheabolitionofdegradingpoverty，disease，andintellectualweakness，withtheirresultingindustrialinefficiency，andaremakingadeterminedefforttoconserveeventhefeeblestcitizentotheState。Tojoininthisdeterminedeffortistobreakthroughnationalbondsandtounlockthelatentfellowshipbetweenmanandman。Inapoliticalcampaignmenwillgothrougheverypossiblehardshipinresponsetocertainpoliticalloyalties；inamomentofnationaldangermenwillsacrificeeverypersonaladvantage。Itisbutnecessarytomakethisfellowshipwider，toextenditsscopewithoutloweringitsintensity。Thoseemotionswhichstirthespirittodeedsofselfsurrenderandtohighenthusiasm，areamongtheworld\'smostpreciousassets。Thatthisemotionhassooftenbecomeassociatedwithwar，bynomeansprovesthatitcannotbeusedforotherends。
237Thereissomethingactiveandtangibleinthisnewinternationalism，althoughitisdifficulttomakeitclear，andinourstrivingforanewwordwithwhichtoexpressthisnewandimportantsentiment，wearedriventotheratherabsurdphraseof“cosmicpatriotism。“
Whateveritmaybecalled，itmayyetbestrongenoughtomovemassesofmenoutoftheirnarrownationalconsiderationsandcautionsintonewreachesofhumaneffortandaffection。Religionhaslongagotaughtthatonlyastheindividualcanestablishasenseofunionwithapowerforrighteousnessnothimself，canheexperiencepeace；anditmaybepossiblethatthenationswillbecalledtoasimilarexperience。
TheInternationalPeaceConferenceheldinBostonin1904wasopenedbyahugemeetinginwhichmenofinfluenceandmodernthoughtfromfourcontinents，gavereasonsfortheirbeliefinthepassingofwar。Butnonewassomodern，sofundamentalandsotrenchant，astheaddresswhichwasreadfromtheprophetIsaiah。Hefoundedthecauseofpeaceuponthecauseofrighteousness，notonlyasexpressedinpoliticalrelations，butalsoinindustrialrelations。Hecontendedthatpeacecouldbesecuredonlyasmenabstainedfromthegainsofoppressionandrespondedtothecauseofthepoor；thatswords238wouldfinallybebeatenintoplowsharesandpruning-hooks，notbecausemenresolvedtobepeaceful，butbecauseallthemetaloftheearthwouldbeturnedtoitsproperusewhenthepoorandtheirchildrenshouldbeabundantlyfed。Itwasasiftheancientprophetforesawthatunderanenlightenedindustrialismpeacewouldnolongerbeanabsenceofwar，buttheunfoldingofworldwideprocessesmakingforthenurtureofhumanlife。Hepredictedthemomentwhichhascometousnowthatpeaceisnolongeranabstractdogmabuthasbecomearisingtideofmoralenthusiasmslowlyengulfingallprideofconquestandmakingwarimpossible。
EndnotesImperialism，byJohnA。Hobson。Page128。
TheGrandMujik，G。H。Perris