Thepicturerepresentsafieldwhichisbeingdeeplytilledbyanimplement，andthewholesomeair，theassociatedideaofhardwork，andthebluish-
blackclodsofearthmakeapleasantimpressiononhim。Hethengoesonandseesaworkoneducationlyingopen……andissurprisedthatsomuchattentionisdevotedinittothesexualfeelingsofchildren，whichmakeshimthinkofme。
Hereisaprettywater-dreamofafemalepatient，whichwasturnedtospecialaccountinthecourseoftreatment。
Atherusualholidayresortonthe……Lake，sheflingsherselfintothedarkwaterataplacewherethepalemoonisreflectedinthewater。
Dreamsofthissortareparturitiondreams；theirinterpretationiseffectedbyreversingthefactrecordedinthemanifestdream-content；
thus，insteadofflingingoneselfintothewater，readcomingoutofthewater-thatis，beingborn。*TheplacefromwhichoneisbornmayberecognizedifonethinksofthehumoroussenseoftheFrenchlalune。Thepalemoonthusbecomesthewhitebottom，whichthechildsoonguessestobetheplacefromwhichitcame。Nowwhatcanbethemeaningofthepatient’swishingtobebornataholidayresort？Iaskedthedreamerthis，andsherepliedwithouthesitation:\"Hasn’tthetreatmentmademeasthoughIwerebornagain？\"Thusthedreambecomesaninvitationtocontinuethetreatmentatthissummerresort-thatis，tovisitherthere；perhapsitalsocontainsaverybashfulallusiontothewishtobecomeamotherherself。*2-
*Forthemythologicalmeaningofwater-birth，seeRank:DerMythusvonderGeburtdesHelden1909。
*2ItwasnotforalongtimethatIlearnedtoappreciatethesignificanceofthephantasiesandunconsciousthoughtsrelatingtolifeinthewomb。Theycontaintheexplanationofthecuriousdread，feltbysomanypeople，ofbeingburiedalive，aswellastheprofoundestunconsciousreasonforthebeliefinalifeafterdeath，whichrepresentsonlytheprojectionintothefutureofthismysteriouslifebeforebirth。Theactofbirth，moreover，isthefirstexperienceattendedbyanxiety，andisthus，thesourceandmodeloftheaffectofanxiety-
Anotherdreamofparturition，withitsinterpretation，ItakefromapaperbyE。Jones。\"Shestoodattheseashorewatchingasmallboy，whoseemedtobehers，wadingintothewater。Thishedidtillthewatercoveredhimandshecouldonlyseehisheadbobbingupanddownnearthesurface。Thescenethenchangedtothecrowdedtohallofanhotel。Herhusbandlefther，andshe’enteredintoconversationwith’astranger。
\"Thesecondhalfofthedreamwasdiscoveredintheanalysistorepresentflightfromherhusband，andtheenteringintointimaterelationswithathirdperson，behindwhomwasplainlyindicatedMr。X’sbrother，mentionedinaformerdream。Thefirstpartofthedreamwasafairlyevidentbirth-phantasy。Indreams，asinmythology，thedeliveryofachildfromtheuterinewatersiscommonlyrepresented，bywayofdistortion，astheentryofthechildintowater；amongmanyotherinstances，thebirthsofAdonis，Osiris，Moses，andBacchusarewell-knownillustrationsofthis。
Thebobbingupanddownoftheheadinthewateratoncerecalledtothepatientthesensationofquickeningwhichshehadexperiencedinheronlypregnancy。Thinkingoftheboygoingintothewaterinducedareverieinwhichshesawherselftakinghimoutofthewater，carryinghimintothenursery，washinganddressinghim，andinstallinghiminherhousehold。
\"Thesecondhalfofthedream，therefore，representsthoughtsconcerningtheelopement，whichbelongedtothefirsthalfoftheunderlyinglatentcontent；thefirsthalfofthedreamcorrespondedwiththesecondhalfofthelatentcontent，thebirthphantasy。Besidesthisinversionintheorder，furtherinversionstookplaceineachhalfofthedream。
Inthefirsthalfthechildenteredthewater，andthenhisheadbobbed；
intheunderlyingdream-thoughtsthequickeningoccurredfirst，andthenthechildleftthewateradoubleinversion。Inthesecondhalfherhusbandlefther；inthedream-thoughtssheleftherhusband。\"
AnotherparturitiondreamisrelatedbyAbraham-thedreamofayoungwomanexpectingherfirstconfinement:Frontonepointoftheflooroftheroomasubterraneanchannelleadsdirectlyintothewaterpathofparturition-amnioticfluid。Sheliftsupatrapinthefloor，andthereimmediatelyappearsacreaturedressedinbrownishfur，whichalmostresemblesaseal。Thiscreaturechangesintothedreamer’syoungerbrother，towhomherrelationhasalwaysbeenmaterialincharacter。
Rankhasshownfromanumberofdreamsthatparturition-dreamsemploythesamesymbolsasmicturition-dreams。Theeroticstimulusexpressesitselfinthesedreamsasinurethralstimulus。Thestratificationofmeaninginthesedreamscorrespondswithachanceinthesignificanceofthesymbolsincechildhood。
WemayhereturnbacktotheinterruptedthemeseechapterIII
ofthepartplayedbyorganic，sleep-disturbingstimuliindream-formation。
Dreamswhichhavecomeintoexistenceundertheseinfluencesnotonlyrevealquitefranklythewish-fulfillingtendency，andthecharacterofconvenience-dreams，buttheyveryoftendisplayaquitetransparentsymbolismaswell，sincewakingnotinfrequentlyfollowsastimuluswhosesatisfactioninsymbolicdisguisehasalreadybeenvainlyattemptedinthedream。Thisistrueofemissiondreamsaswellasthoseevokedbytheneedtourinateordefecate。
Thepeculiarcharacterofemissiondreamspermitsusdirectlytounmaskcertainsexualsymbolsalreadyrecognizedastypical，butneverthelessviolentlydisputed，anditalsoconvincesusthatmanyanapparentlyinnocentdream-situationismerelythesymbolicpreludetoacrudelysexualscene。
This，however，findsdirectrepresentation，asarule，onlyinthecomparativelyinfrequentemissiondreams，whileitoftenenoughturnsintoananxiety-dream，whichlikewiseleadstowaking。
Thesymbolismofdreamsduetourethralstimulusisespeciallyobvious，andhasalwaysbeendivined。HippocrateshadalreadyadvancedthetheorythatadisturbanceofthebladderwasindicatedifonedreamtoffountainsandspringsHavelockEllis。Scherner，whohasstudiedthemanifoldsymbolismoftheurethralstimulus，agreesthat\"thepowerfulurethralstimulusalwaysturnsintothestimulationofthesexualsphereanditssymbolicimagery……Thedreamduetourethralstimulusisoftenatthesametimetherepresentativeofthesexualdream。\"
O。Rank，whoseconclusionsinhispaperonDieSymbolschichtungimWecktraumIhaveherefollowed，arguesveryplausiblythatalargenumberof\"dreamsduetourethralstimulus\"arereallycausedbysexualstimuli，whichatfirstseektogratifythemselvesbywayofregressiontotheinfantileformofurethralerotism。Thosecasesareespeciallyinstructiveinwhichtheurethralstimulusthusproducedleadstowakingandtheemptyingofthebladder，whereupon，inspiteofthisrelief，thedreamiscontinued，andexpressesitsneedinundisguisedlyeroticimages。*-
*\"Thesamesymbolicrepresentationswhichintheinfantilesenseconstitutethebasisofthevesicaldreamappearintherecentsenseinpurelysexualsignificance:water=urine=semen=amnioticfluid；ship=topumpshipurinate=seed-capsule；gettingwet=enuresis=coitus=pregnancy；swimming=fullbladder=dwelling-placeoftheunborn；rain=urination=symboloffertilization:travelingjourneying-alighting
=gettingoutofbed=havingsexualintercoursehoneymoonjourney；urinating=sexualejaculation\"Rank，I，c-
Inaquiteanalogousmannerdreamsduetointestinalstimulusdisclosethepertinentsymbolism，andthusconfirmtherelation，whichisalsoamplyverifiedbyethno-psychology，ofgoldandfeces。*\"Thus，forexample，awoman，atatimewhensheisunderthecareofaphysicianonaccountofanintestinaldisorder，dreamsofadiggerforhiddentreasurewhoisburyingatreasureinthevicinityofalittlewoodenshedwhichlookslikearuralprivy。Asecondpartofthedreamhasasitscontenthowshewipestheposteriorofherchild，alittlegirl，whohassoiledherself。\"-
*Freud，\"CharacterandAnalErotism，\"CollectedPapers，II；Rank，DieSymbolschictung，etc。；Dattner，Intern。Zeitschr。f。Psych。i1913；
ReikIntern。Zeitschr。，iii1915-
Dreamsofrescueareconnectedwithparturitiondreams。Torescue，especiallytorescuefromthewater，is，whendreamedbyawoman，equivalenttogivingbirth；thissenseis，however，modifiedwhenthedreamerisaman。*-
*ForsuchadreamseePfister，\"EinFallvonpsychoanalytischerSeelensorgeundSeelenheilung，\"inEvangelischeFreiheit1909。Concerningthesymbolof\"rescuing，\"seemypaper，\"TheFutureProspectsofPsycho-AnalyticTherapy\"p。123above。Also\"ContributiontotheTheoryofLove，I:A
SpecialTypeofObjectChoiceinMen\"inCollectedPapers，iv。AlsoRank，\"BeilegezurRettungs-phantasie，\"intheZentralblattfurPsychoanalysei1910，p。331；Reik；\"ZurRettungssymbolic，\"ibid。，p。299-
Robbers，burglars，andghosts，ofwhichweareafraidbeforegoingtobed，andwhichsometimesevendisturboursleep，originateinoneandthesamechildishreminiscence。Theyarethenightlyvisitorswhohavewakedthechildinordertosetitonthechamber，sothatitmaynotwetthebed，orhaveliftedthecoverletinordertoseeclearlyhowthechildisholdingitshandswhilesleeping。Ihavebeenabletoinduceanexactrecollectionofthenocturnalvisitorintheanalysisofsomeoftheseanxietydreams。Therobberswerealwaysthefather；theghostsmoreprobablycorrespondtofemalepersonsinwhitenight-gowns。
OntoChapter6，SectionF
Freud’s*TheInterpretationofDreams*ChapSix，SectionsFandGBacktoTableofContentsforTheInterpretationofDreamsVI。THEDREAM-WORKcontinuedF。Examples-ArithmeticandSpeechinDreamsBeforeIproceedtoassigntoitsproperplacethefourthofthefactorswhichcontroltheformationofdreams，Ishallciteafewexamplesfrommycollectionofdreams，partlyforthepurposeofillustratingtheco-operationofthethreefactorswithwhichwearealreadyacquainted，andpartlyforthepurposeofadducingevidenceforcertainunsupportedassertionswhichhavebeenmade，orofbringingoutwhatnecessarilyfollowsfromthem。
Ithas，ofcourse，beendifficultintheforegoingaccountofthedream-worktodemonstratemyconclusionsbymeansofexamples。Examplesinsupportofisolatedstatementsareconvincingonlywhenconsideredinthecontextofaninterpretationofadreamasawhole；whentheyarewrestedfromtheircontext，theylosetheirvalue；ontheotherhand，adream-interpretation，evenwhenitisbynomeansprofound，soonbecomessoextensivethatitobscuresthethreadofthediscussionwhichitisintendedtoillustrate。
ThistechnicalconsiderationmustbemyexcuseifInowproceedtomixtogetherallsortsofthingswhichhavenothingincommonexcepttheirreferencetothetextoftheforegoingchapter。
Weshallfirstconsiderafewexamplesofverypeculiarorunusualmethodsofrepresentationindreams。Aladydreamedasfollows:Aservant-girlisstandingonaladderasthoughtocleanthewindows，andhaswithherachimpanzeeandagorillacatlatercorrected，angoracat。Shethrowstheanimalsontothedreamer；thechimpanzeenestlesuptoher，andthisisverydisgusting。Thisdreamhasaccomplisheditspurposebyaverysimplemeans，namely，bytakingamerefigureofspeechliterally，andrepresentingitinaccordancewiththeliteralmeaningofitswords。Monkey，likethenamesofanimalsingeneral，isanopprobriousepithet，andthesituationofthedreammeansmerelytohurlinvectives。Thissamecollectionwillsoonfurnishuswithfurtherexamplesoftheemploymentofthissimpleartificeinthedream-work。
Anotherdreamproceedsinaverysimilarmanner:Awomanwithachildwhichhasaconspicuouslydeformedcranium；thedreamerhasheardthatthechildacquiredthisdeformityowingtoitspositioninitsmother’swomb。Thedoctorsaysthatthecraniummightbegivenabettershapebymeansofcompression，butthatthiswouldinjurethebrain。Shethinksthatbecauseitisaboyitwon’tsuffersomuchfromdeformity。Thisdreamcontainsaplasticrepresentationoftheabstractconcept:Childishimpressions，withwhichthedreamerhasbecomefamiliarinthecourseofthetreatment。
Inthefollowingexamplethedream-workfollowsratheradifferentcourse。ThedreamcontainsarecollectionofanexcursiontotheHilmteich，nearGraz:Thereisaterriblestormoutside；amiserablehotel-thewaterisdrippingfromthewalls，andthebedsaredamp。ThelatterpartofthecontentwaslessdirectlyexpressedthanIgiveit。Thedreamsignifiessuperfluous。Theabstractideaoccurringinthedream-thoughtsisfirstmadeequivocalbyacertainabuseoflanguage；ithasperhapsbeenreplacedbyoverflowing，orbyfluidandsuper-fluid-fluous，andhasthenbeenbroughttorepresentationbyanaccumulationoflikeimpressions。Waterwithin，waterwithout，waterinthebedsintheformofdampness-everythingfluidandsuperfluid。Thatforthepurposesofdream-representationthespellingismuchlessconsideredthanthesoundofwordsoughtnottosurpriseuswhenwerememberthatrhymeexercisesasimilarprivilege。
Thefactthatlanguagehasatitsdisposalagreatnumberofwordswhichwereoriginallyusedinapictorialandconcretesense，butareatpresentusedinacolourlessandabstractfashion，has，incertainothercases，madeitveryeasyforthedreamtorepresentitsthoughts。Thedreamhasonlytorestoretothesewordstheirfullsignificance，ortofollowtheirchangeofmeaningalittlewayback。Forexample，amandreamsthathisfriend，whoisstrugglingtogetoutofaverytightplace，callsuponhimforhelp。Theanalysisshowsthatthetightplaceisahole，andthatthedreamersymbolicallyusestheseverywordstohisfriend:\"Becareful，oryou’llgetyourselfintoahole。\"*Anotherdreamerclimbsamountainfromwhichheobtainsanextraordinarilyextensiveview。Heidentifieshimselfwithhisbrother，whoiseditingareviewdealingwiththeFarEast。
*EnglishExample-TR。
InadreaminDerGruneHeinrich，aspiritedhorseisplungingaboutinafieldofthefinestoats，everygrainofwhichisreally\"asweetalmond，araisinandanewpenny\"wrappedinredsilkandtiedwithabitofpig’sbristle。\"Thepoetorthedreamerimmediatelyfurnishesthemeaningofthisdream，forthehorsefelthimselfpleasantlytickled，sothatheexclaimed:\"Theoatsareprickingme\"\"Ifeelmyoats\"。
IntheoldNorsesagasaccordingtoHenzenprolificuseismadeindreamsofcolloquialismsandwittyexpressions；onescarcelyfindsadreamwithoutadoublemeaningoraplayuponwords。
Itwouldbeaspecialundertakingtocollectsuchmethodsofrepresentationandtoarrangetheminaccordancewiththeprinciplesuponwhichtheyarebased。Someoftherepresentationsarealmostwitty。Theygiveonetheimpressionthatonewouldhaveneverguessedtheirmeaningifthedreamerhimselfhadnotsucceededinexplainingit。
1。Amandreamsthatheisaskedforaname，which，however，hecannotrecall。Hehimselfexplainsthatthismeans:\"Ishouldn’tdreamofit。\"
2。Afemalepatientrelatesadreaminwhichallthepersonsconcernedweresingularlylarge。\"Thatmeans，\"sheadds，\"thatitmustdealwithanepisodeofmyearlychildhood，foratthattimeallgrown-uppeoplenaturallyseemedtomeimmenselylarge。\"Sheherselfdidnotappearinthedream。
Thetranspositionintochildhoodisexpresseddifferentlyinotherdreams-bythetranslationoftimeintospace。Oneseespersonsandscenesasthoughatagreatdistance，attheendofalongroad，orasthoughonewerelookingatthemthroughthewrongendofapairofopera-glasses。
3。Amanwhoinwakinglifeshowsaninclinationtoemployabstractandindefiniteexpressions，butwhootherwisehashiswitsabouthim，dreams，inacertainconnection，thathereachesarailwaystationjustasatrainiscomingin。Butthentheplatformmovestowardsthetrain，whichstandsstill；anabsurdinversionoftherealstateofaffairs。Thisdetail，again，isnothingmorethananindicationtotheeffectthatsomethingelseinthedreammustbeinverted。Theanalysisofthesamedreamleadstorecollectionsofpicture-booksinwhichmenwererepresentedstandingontheirheadsandwalkingontheirhands。
4。Thesamedreamer，onanotheroccasion，relatesashortdreamwhichalmostrecallsthetechniqueofarebus。Hisunclegiveshimakissinanautomobile。Heimmediatelyaddstheinterpretation，whichwouldneverhaveoccurredtome:itmeansauto-erotism。Inthewakingstatethismighthavebeensaidinjest。
5。AtaNewYear’sEvedinnerthehost，thepatriarchofthefamily，usheredintheNewYearwithaspeech。Oneofhissons-in-law，alawyer，wasnotinclinedtotaketheoldmanseriously，especiallywheninthecourseofhisspeechheexpressedhimselfasfollows:\"WhenIopentheledgerfortheOldYearandglanceatitspagesIseeeverythingontheassetsideandnothing，thanktheLord，onthesideofliability；allyouchildrenhavebeenagreatasset，noneofyoualiability。\"OnhearingthistheyounglawyerthoughtofX，hiswife’sbrother，whowasacheatandaliar，andwhomhehadrecentlyextricatedfromtheentanglementsofthelaw。Thatnight，inadream。hesawtheNewYear’scelebrationoncemore，andheardthespeech，orrathersawit。Insteadofspeaking，theoldmanactuallyopenedtheledger，andonthesidemarkedassetshesawhisnameamongstothers，butontheotherside，markedliability，therewasthenameofhisbrother-in-law，X。However，thewordliabilitywaschangedintoLie-Ability，whichheregardedasX’smaincharacteristic。
*
*ReportedbyBrillinhisFundamentalConceptionsofPsychoanalysis。
6。Adreamertreatsanotherpersonforabrokenbone。Theanalysisshowsthatthefracturerepresentsabrokenmarriagevow，etc。
7。Inthedream-contentthetimeofdayoftenrepresentsacertainperiodofthedreamer’schildhood。Thus，forexample，5:15a。m。meanstoonedreamertheageoffiveyearsandthreemonths；whenhewasthatage，ayoungerbrotherwasborn。
8。Anotherrepresentationofageinadream:Awomaniswalkingwithtwolittlegirls；thereisadifferenceoffifteenmonthsintheirages。Thedreamercannotthinkofanyfamilyofheracquaintanceinwhichthisisthecase。Sheherselfinterpretsittomeanthatthetwochildrenrepresentherownperson，andthatthedreamremindsherthatthetwotraumaticeventsofherchildhoodwereseparatedbythisperiodoftime31/2and43/4years。
9。Itisnotastonishingthatpersonswhoareundergoingpsycho-
analytictreatmentfrequentlydreamofit，andarecompelledtogiveexpressionintheirdreamstoallthethoughtsandexpectationsarousedbyit。Theimagechosenforthetreatmentisasarulethatofajourney，usuallyinamotor-car，thisbeingamodernandcomplicatedvehicle；inthereferencetothespeedofthecarthepatient’sironicalhumourisgivenfreeplay。
Iftheunconscious，asanelementofwakingthought，istoberepresentedinthedream，itisreplaced，appropriatelyenough，bysubterraneanlocalities，whichatothertimes，whenthereisnoreferencetoanalytictreatment，haverepresentedthefemalebodyorthewomb。Belowinthedreamveryoftenreferstothegenitals，anditsopposite，above，totheface，mouthorbreast。Bywildbeaststhedream-workusuallysymbolizespassionateimpulses；
thoseofthedreamer，andalsothoseofotherpersonsofwhomthedreamerisafraid；orthus，bymeansofaveryslightdisplacement，thepersonswhoexperiencethesepassions。Fromthisitisnotveryfartothetotemisticrepresentationofthedreadedfatherbymeansofviciousanimals，dogs，wildhorses，etc。Onemightsaythatwildbeastsservetorepresentthelibido，fearedbytheego，andcombatedbyrepression。Eventheneurosisitself，thesickperson，isoftenseparatedfromthedreamerandexhibitedinthedreamasanindependentperson。
Onemaygosofarastosaythatthedream-workmakesuseofallthemeansaccessibletoitforthevisualrepresentationofthedream-thoughts，whethertheseappearadmissibleorinadmissibletowakingcriticism，andthusexposesitselftothedoubtaswellasthederisionofallthosewhohaveonlyhearsayknowledgeofdream-interpretation，buthaveneverthemselvespractisedit。Stekel’sbook，DieSprachedesTraumes，isespeciallyrichinsuchexamples，butIavoidcitingillustrationsfromthisworkastheauthor’slackofcriticaljudgmentandhisarbitrarytechniquewouldmakeeventheunprejudicedobserverfeeldoubtful。
10。FromanessaybyV。Tausk\"KleiderundFarbeninDienstederTraumdarstellung，\"inInterna。Zeitschr。furPs。A。，ii[1914]:
aAdreamsthatheseeshisformergovernesswearingadressofblacklustre，whichfitscloselyoverherbuttocks。Thatmeanshedeclaresthiswomantobelustful。
bCinadreamseesagirlontheroadtoXbathedinawhitelightandwearingawhiteblouse。
ThedreamerbegananaffairwithaMissWhiteonthisroad。
11。InananalysiswhichIcarriedoutintheFrenchlanguageIhadtointerpretadreaminwhichIappearedasanelephant。InaturallyhadtoaskwhyIwasthusrepresented:\"Vousmetrompez，\"answeredthedreamerTrompe=trunk。
Thedream-workoftensucceedsinrepresentingveryrefractorymaterial，suchaspropernames，bymeansoftheforcedexploitationofveryremoterelations。InoneofmydreamsoldBruckehassetmeatask。
Imakeapreparation，andpicksomethingoutofitwhichlookslikecrumpledtinfoil。Ishallreturntothisdreamlater。Thecorrespondingassociation，whichisnoteasytofind，isstanniol，andnowIknowthatIhaveinmindthenameoftheauthorStannius，whichappearedonthetitle-pageofatreatiseonthenervoussystemoffishes，whichinmyyouthIregardedwithreverence。Thefirstscientificproblemwhichmyteachersetmedidactuallyrelatetothenervoussystemofafish-theAmmocoetes。Obviously，thisnamecouldnotbeutilizedinthepicture-puzzle。
HereImustnotfailtoincludeadreamwithacuriouscontent，whichisworthnotingalsoasthedreamofachild，andwhichisreadilyexplainedbyanalysis:Aladytellsme:\"IcanrememberthatwhenIwasachildIrepeatedlydreamedthatGodworeaconicalpaperhatonHishead。
Theyoftenusedtomakemewearsuchahatattable，sothatIshouldn’tbeabletolookattheplatesoftheotherchildrenandseehowmuchtheyhadreceivedofanyparticulardish。SinceIhadheardthatGodwasomniscient，thedreamsignifiedthatIkneweverythinginspiteofthehatwhichI
wasmadetowear。\"
Whatthedream-workconsistsin，anditsunceremonioushandlingofitsmaterial，thedream-thoughts，maybeshowninaninstructivemannerbythenumbersandcalculationswhichoccurindreams。Superstition，bytheway，regardsnumbersashavingaspecialsignificanceindreams。I
shallthereforegiveafewexamplesofthiskindfrommycollection。
1。Fromthedreamofalady，shortlybeforetheendofhertreatment:
Shewantstopayforsomethingorother；herdaughtertakes3
florins65kreuzerfromherpurse；butthemothersays:\"Whatareyoudoing？
Itcostsonly21kreuzer。\"Thisfragmentofthedreamwasintelligiblewithoutfurtherexplanationowingtomyknowledgeofthedreamer’scircumstances。
Theladywasaforeigner，whohadplacedherdaughteratschoolinVienna，andwasabletocontinuemytreatmentaslongasherdaughterremainedinthecity。Inthreeweeksthedaughter’sscholasticyearwouldend，andthetreatmentwouldthenstop。Onthedaybeforethedreamtheprincipaloftheschoolhadaskedherwhethershecouldnotdecidetoleavethechildatschoolforanotheryear。Shehadthenobviouslyreflectedthatinthiscaseshewouldbeabletocontinuethetreatmentforanotheryear。Now，thisiswhatthedreamrefersto，forayearisequalto365days；thethreeweeksremainingbeforetheendofthescholasticyear，andofthetreatment，areequivalentto21daysthoughnottosomanyhoursoftreatment。
Thenumerals，whichinthedream-thoughtsrefertoperiodsoftime，aregivenmoneyvaluesinthedream，andsimultaneouslyadeepermeaningfindsexpression-fortimeismoney。365kreuzer，ofcourse，are3florins65
kreuzer。Thesmallnessofthesumswhichappearinthedreamisaself-
evidentwish-fulfilment；thewishhasreducedboththecostofthetreatmentandtheyear’sschoolfees。
2。Inanotherdreamthenumeralsareinvolvedinevenmorecomplexrelations。Ayounglady，whohasbeenmarriedforsomeyears，learnsthatanacquaintanceofhers，ofaboutthesameage，EliseL，hasjustbecomeengaged。Thereuponshedreams:Sheissittinginthetheatrewithherhusbandandonesideofthestallsisquiteempty。HerhusbandtellsherthatEliseLandherfiancehadalsowishedtocometothetheatre，butthattheyonlycouldhaveobtainedpoorseats；threefor1florin50kreuzer，andofcoursetheycouldnottakethose。Shethinkstheydidn’tlosemuch，either。
Whatistheoriginofthe1florin50kreuzer？Areallyindifferentincidentofthepreviousday。Thedreamer’ssister-in-lawhadreceived150florinsasapresentfromherhusband，andhastenedtogetridofthembybuyingsomejewellery。Letusnotethat150florinsis100times1florin50kreuzer。Butwhencethe3inconnectionwiththeseatsinthetheatre？
Thereisonlyoneassociationforthis，namely，thatthefianceisthreemonthsyoungerthanherself。Whenwehaveascertainedthesignificanceofthefactthatonesideofthestallsisemptywehavethesolutionofthedream。Thisfeatureisanundisguisedallusiontoalittleincidentwhichhadgivenherhusbandagoodexcuseforteasingher。Shehaddecidedtogotothetheatrethatweek；shehadbeencarefultoobtainticketsafewdaysbeforehand，andhadhadtopaytheadvancebooking-fee。Whentheygottothetheatretheyfoundthatonesideofthehousewasalmostempty；sothatshecertainlyneednothavebeeninsuchahurry。
Ishallnowsubstitutethedream-thoughtsforthedream:\"Itsurelywasnonsensetomarrysoearly；therewasnoneedformybeinginsuchahurry。FromEliseL’sexampleIseethatIshouldhavegotahusbandjustthesame-andoneahundredtimesbetter-IfIhadonlywaitedantithesistothehasteofhersister-in-law，Icouldhaveboughtthreesuchmenforthemoneythedowry！\"-Ourattentionisdrawntothefactthatthenumeralsinthisdreamhavechangedtheirmeaningsandtheirrelationstoamuchgreaterextentthaninthe。onepreviouslyconsidered。Thetransforminganddistortingactivityofthedreamhasinthiscasebeengreater-afactwhichweinterpretasmeaningthatthesedream-thoughtshadtoovercomeanunusualdegreeofendo-psychicresistancebeforetheyattainedtorepresentation。
Andwemustnotoverlookthefactthatthedreamcontainsanabsurdelement，namely，thattwopersonsareexpectedtotakethreeseats。ItwillthrowsomelightonthequestionoftheinterpretationofabsurdityindreamsifIremarkthatthisabsurddetailofthedream-contentisintendedtorepresentthemoststronglyemphasizedofthedream-thoughts:\"Itwasnonsensetomarrysoearly。\"Thefigure3，whichoccursinaquitesubordinaterelationbetweenthetwopersonscomparedthreemonths’differenceintheirages，hasthusbeenadroitlyutilizedtoproducetheideaofnonsenserequiredbythedream。Thereductionoftheactual150florinsto1florin50kreuzercorrespondstothedreamer’sdisparagementofherhusbandinhersuppressedthoughts。
3。Anotherexampledisplaysthearithmeticalpowersofdreams，whichhavebroughtthemintosuchdisrepute。Amandreams:HeissittingintheB’shousetheB’sareafamilywithwhichhewasformerlyacquainted，andhesays:\"Itwasnonsensethatyoudidn’tgivemeAmyformywife。\"
Thereupon，heasksthegirl:\"Howoldareyou？\"Answer:\"Iwasbornin1882。\"\"Ah，thenyouare28yearsold。\"
Sincethedreamwasdreamedintheyear1898，thisisobviouslybadarithmetic，andtheinabilityofthedreamertocalculatemay，ifitcannotbeotherwiseexplained，belikenedtothatofageneralparalytic。
Mypatientwasoneofthosemenwhocannothelpthinkingabouteverywomantheysee。Thepatientwhoforsomemonthscamenextafterhiminmyconsulting-roomwasayounglady；hemetthisladyafterhehadconstantlyaskedabouther，andhewasveryanxioustomakeagoodimpressiononher。Thiswastheladywhoseageheestimatedat28。Somuchforexplainingtheresultofhisapparentcalculation。But1882wastheyearinwhichhehadmarried。
Hehadbeenunabletorefrainfromenteringintoconversationwiththetwootherwomenwhomhemetatmyhouse-thetwobynomeansyouthfulmaidswhoalternatelyopenedthedoortohim-andashedidnotfindthemveryresponsive，hehadtoldhimselfthattheyprobablyregardedhimaselderlyandserious。
Bearinginmindtheseexamples，andothersofasimilarnaturetofollow，wemaysay:Thedream-workdoesnotcalculateatall，whethercorrectlyorincorrectly；itonlystringstogether，intheformofasum，numeralswhichoccurinthedream-thoughts，andwhichmayserveasallusionstomaterialwhichisinsusceptibleofrepresentation。Itthusdealswithfigures，asmaterialforexpressingitsintentions，justasitdealswithallotherconcepts，andwithnamesandspeecheswhichareonlyverbalimages。
Forthedream-workcannotcomposeanewspeech。Nomatterhowmanyspeeches；andanswers，whichmayinthemselvesbesensibleorabsurd，mayoccurindreams，analysisshowsusthatthedreamhastakenfromthedream-thoughtsfragmentsofspeecheswhichhavereallybeendeliveredorheard，andhasdealtwiththeminthemostarbitraryfashion。Ithasnotonlytornthemfromtheircontextandmutilatedthem，acceptingonefragmentandrejectinganother，butithasoftenfittedthemtogetherinanovelmanner，sothatthespeechwhichseemscoherentinadreamisdissolvedbyanalysisintothreeorfourcomponents。Inthisnewapplicationofthewordsthedreamhasoftenignoredthemeaningwhichtheyhadinthedream-thoughts，andhasdrawnanentirelynewmeaningfromthem。*Uponcloserinspection，themoredistinctandcompactingredientsofthedream-speechmaybedistinguishedfromothers，whichserveasconnectives，andhaveprobablybeensupplied，justaswesupplyomittedlettersandsyllablesinreading。Thedream-speechthushasthestructureofbreccia，inwhichthelargerpiecesofvariousmaterialareheldtogetherbyasolidifiedcohesivemedium。
*AnalysesofothernumericaldreamshavebeengivenbyJung，Marcinowskiandothers。Suchdreamsofteninvolveverycomplicatedarithmeticaloperations，whicharenonethelesssolvedbythedreamerwithastonishingconfidence。
Cf。alsoErnestJones，\"UberunbewussteZahlenbehandlung，\"Zentralb。furPsychoanalyse，4，ii，[1912]，p。241。
Neurosisbehavesinthesamefashion。Iknowapatientwho-involuntarilyandunwillingly-hearshallucinatessongsorfragmentsofsongswithoutbeingabletounderstandtheirsignificanceforherpsychiclife。Sheiscertainlynotaparanoiac。Analysisshowsthatbyexercisingacertainlicenseshegavethetextofthesesongsafalseapplication。\"Oh，thoublissfulone！Oh，thouhappyone！\"ThisisthefirstlineofChristmascarol，butbynotcontinuingittotheword，Christmastide，sheturnsitintoabridalsong，etc。Thesamemechanismofdistortionmayoperate，withouthallucination，merelyinassociation。
Strictlyspeaking，ofcourse，thisdescriptioniscorrectonlyforthosedream-speecheswhichhavesomethingofthesensorycharacterofaspeech，andaredescribedasspeeches。Theothers，whichhavenot，asitwere，beenperceivedasheardorspokenwhichhavenoaccompanyingacousticormotoremphasisinthedreamaresimplythoughts，suchasoccurinourwakinglife，andfindtheirwayunchangedintomanyofourdreams。Ourreading，too，seemstoprovideanabundantandnoteasilytraceablesourcefortheindifferentspeech-materialofdreams。Butanythingthatisatallconspicuousasaspeechinadreamcanbereferredtoactualspeecheswhichhavebeenmadeorheardbythedreamer。
Wehavealreadyfoundexamplesofthederivationofsuchdream-
speechesintheanalysesofdreamswhichhavebeencitedforotherpurposes。
Thus，intheinnocentmarket-dreamchapterV。，A。wherethespeech:Thatisnolongertobehadservestoidentifymewiththebutcher，whileafragmentoftheotherspeech:Idon’tknowthat，Idon’ttakethat，preciselyfulfilsthetaskofrenderingthedreaminnocent。Onthepreviousday，thedreamer，replyingtosomeunreasonabledemandonthepartofhercook，hadwavedherasidewiththewords:Idon’tknowthat，behaveyourselfproperly，andsheafterwardstookintothedreamthefirst，indifferent-soundingpartofthespeechinordertoalludetothelatterpart，whichfittedwellintothephantasyunderlyingthedream，butwhichmightalsohavebetrayedit。
Hereisoneofmanyexampleswhichallleadtothesameconclusion:
Alargecourtyardinwhichdeadbodiesarebeingburned。Thedreamersays，\"I’mgoing，Ican’tstandthesightofit。\"Notadistinctspeech。
Thenhemeetstwobutcherboysandasks，\"Well，didittastegood？\"Andoneofthemanswers，\"No，itwasn’tgood。\"Asthoughithadbeenhumanflesh。
Theinnocentoccasionofthisdreamisasfollows:Aftertakingsupperwithhiswife，thedreamerpaysavisittohisworthybutbynomeansappetizingneighbour。Thehospitableoldladyisjustsittingdowntoherownsupper，andpresseshimamongmenacomposite，sexuallysignificantwordisusedjocoselyintheplaceofthiswordtotasteit。Hedeclines，sayingthathehasnoappetite。Shereplies:\"Goonwithyou，youcanmanageitallright，\"orsomethingofthekind。Thedreameristhusforcedtotasteandpraisewhatisofferedhim。\"Butthat’sgood！\"Whenheisaloneagainwithhiswife，hecomplainsofhisneighbour’simportunity，andofthequalityofthefoodwhichhehastasted。\"Ican’tstandthesightofit，\"aphrasethatinthedream，too，doesnotemergeasanactualspeech，isathoughtrelatingtothephysicalcharmsoftheladywhoinviteshim，whichmaybetranslatedbythestatementthathehasnodesiretolookather。
Theanalysisofanotherdream-whichIwillciteatthisstageforthesakeofaverydistinctspeech，whichconstitutesitsnucleus，butwhichwillbeexplainedonlywhenwecometoevaluatetheaffectsindreams-ismoreinstructive。Idreamveryvividly:IhavegonetoBrucke’slaboratoryatnight，andonhearingagentleknockingatthedoor，IopenittothedeceasedProfessorFleischl，whoentersinthecompanyofseveralstrangers，andaftersayingafewwordssitsdownathistable。Thenfollowsaseconddream:MyfriendFlhascometoVienna，unobtrusively，inJuly；
Imeethiminthestreet，inconversationwithmydeceasedfriendP，andIgowiththemsomewhere，andtheysitdownfacingeachotherasthoughatasmalltable，whileIsitfacingthematthenarrowendofthetable。
Flspeaksofhissister，andsays:\"Inthree-quartersofanhourshewasdead，\"andthensomethinglike\"Thatisthethreshold。\"AsPdoesnotunderstandhim，Flturnstome，andasksmehowmuchIhavetoldPofhisaffairs。
Atthis，overcomebystrangeemotions，ItrytotellFlthatPcannotpossiblyknowanything，ofcourse，becauseheisnotalive。Butnoticingthemistakemyself，Isay:\"Nonvixit。\"ThenIlooksearchinglyatP，andundermygazehebecomespaleandblurred，andhiseyesturnasicklyblue-
andatlasthedissolves。Irejoicegreatlyatthis；InowunderstandthatErnstFleischl，too，isonlyanapparition，arevenant，andIfindthatitisquitepossiblethatsuchapersonshouldexistonlysolongasonewisheshimto，andthathecanbemadetodisappearbythewishofanotherperson。
Thisveryprettydreamunitessomanyoftheenigmaticalcharacteristicsofthedream-content-thecriticismmadeinthedreamitself，inasmuchasImyselfnoticemymistakeinsayingNonvixitinsteadofNonvivit，theunconstrainedintercoursewithdeceasedpersons，whomthedreamitselfdeclarestobedead，theabsurdityofmyconclusion，andtheintensesatisfactionwhichitgivesme-that\"Iwouldgivemylife\"toexpoundthecompletesolutionoftheproblem。ButinrealityIamincapableofdoingwhatI
dointhedream，i。e。，ofsacrificingsuchintimatefriendstomyambition。
AndifIattemptedtodisguisethefacts，thetruemeaningofthedream，withwhichIamperfectlyfamiliar，wouldbespoiled。Imustthereforebecontenttoselectafewoftheelementsofthedreamforinterpretation，somehere，andsomeatalaterstage。
ThesceneinwhichIannihilatePwithaglanceformsthecentreofthedream。Hiseyesbecomestrangeandweirdlyblue，andthenhedissolves。
Thissceneisanunmistakableimitationofascenethatwasactuallyexperienced。
IwasademonstratoratthePhysiologicalInstitute；Iwasondutyinthemorning，andBruckelearnedthatonseveraloccasionsIhadbeenunpunctualinmyattendanceatthestudents’laboratory。Onemorning，therefore，hearrivedatthehourofopening，andwaitedforme。Whathesaidtomewasbriefandtothepoint；butitwasnotwhathesaidthatmattered。Whatoverwhelmedmewastheterriblegazeofhisblueeyes，beforewhichImeltedaway-asPdoesinthedream，forPhasexchangedroleswithme，muchtomyrelief。Anyonewhorememberstheeyesofthegreatmaster，whichwerewonderfullybeautifuleveninhisoldage，andhaseverseenhimangered，willreadilyimaginetheemotionsoftheyoungtransgressoronthatoccasion。
ButforalongwhileIwasunabletoaccountfortheNonvixitwithwhichIpasssentenceinthedream。Finally，Irememberedthatthereasonwhythesetwowordsweresodistinctinthedreamwasnotbecausetheywereheardorspoken，butbecausetheywereseen。ThenIknewatoncewheretheycamefrom。OnthepedestalofthestatueoftheEmperorjosephintheViennaHofburgareinscribedthefollowingbeautifulwords:
Salutipatriaevixitnondiusedtotus。*
*Theinscriptioninfactreads:
Salutipublicaevixitnondiusedtotus。
[Helivedforthesafetyofthepublic，notforalongtime，butalways。]Themotiveofthemistake:patriae[fatherland]forpublicae，hasprobablybeencorrectlydivinedbyWittels。
FromthisinscriptionIhadtakenwhatfittedoneinimicaltrainofthoughtinmydream-thoughts，andwhichwasintendedtomean:\"Thatfellowhasnothingtosayinthematter，heisnotreallyalive。\"AndInowrecalledthatthedreamwasdreamedafewdaysaftertheunveilingofthememorialtoFleischl，inthecloistersoftheUniversity，uponwhichoccasionI
hadoncemoreseenthememorialtoBrucke，andmusthavethoughtwithregretintheunconscioushowmygiftedfriendP，withallhisdevotiontoscience，hadbyhisprematuredeathforfeitedhisjustclaimtoamemorialinthesehalls。SoIsetupthismemorialtohiminthedream；JosefismyfriendP’sbaptismalname。*
*Asanexampleofover-determination:Myexcuseforcominglatewasthatafterworkinglateintothenight，inthemorningIhadtomakethelongjourneyfromKaiser-Josef-StrassetoWahringerStrasse。
Accordingtotherulesofdream-interpretation，Ishouldstillnotbejustifiedinreplacingnonvivit，whichIneed，bynonvixit，whichisplacedatmydisposalbytherecollectionoftheKaiserJosefmemorial。
Someotherelementofthedream-thoughtsmusthavecontributedtomakethispossible。SomethingnowcallsmyattentiontothefactthatinthedreamscenetwotrainsofthoughtrelatingtomyfriendPmeet，onehostile，theotheraffectionate-theformeronthesurface，thelattercoveredup-
andbotharegivenrepresentationinthesamewords:nonvixit。AsmyfriendPhasdeservedwellofscience，Ierectamemorialtohim；ashehasbeenguiltyofamaliciouswishexpressedattheendofthedream，Iannihilatehim。Ihavehereconstructedasentencewithaspecialcadence，andindoingsoImusthavebeeninfluencedbysomeexistingmodel。ButwherecanIfindasimilarantithesis，asimilarparallelbetweentwooppositereactionstothesameperson，bothofwhichcanclaimtobewhollyjustified，andwhichneverthelessdonotattempttoaffectoneanother？Onlyinonepassagewhich，however，makesaprofoundimpressionuponthereader-Brutus’sspeechofjustificationinShakespeare’sJuliusCaesar:\"AsCaesarlovedme，Iweepforhim；ashewasfortunate，Irejoiceatit；ashewasvaliant。
Ihonourhim；butashewasambitious，Islewhim。\"Havewenotherethesameverbalstructure，andthesameantithesisofthought，asinthedream-thoughts？
SoIamplayingBrutusinmydream。IfonlyIcouldfindinmydream-thoughtsanothercollateralconnectiontoconfirmthis！Ithinkitmightbethefollowing:MyfriendFlcomestoViennainJuly。Thisdetailisnotthecaseinreality。Tomyknowledge，myfriendhasneverbeeninViennainJuly。ButthemonthofJulyisnamedafterJuliusCaesar，andmightthereforeverywellfurnishtherequiredallusiontotheintermediatethought-thatIamplayingthepartofBrutus。*-
*Andalso，Caesar=Kaiser。
Strangelyenough，IoncedidactuallyplaythepartofBrutus。WhenIwasaboyoffourteen，IpresentedthescenebetweenBrutusandCaesarinSchiller’spoemtoanaudienceofchildren:withtheassistanceofmynephew，whowasayearolderthanI，andwhohadcometousfromEngland-
andwasthusarevenant-forinhimIrecognizedtheplaymateofmyearlychildhood。Untiltheendofmythirdyearwehadbeeninseparable；wehadlovedeachotherandfoughteachotherand，asIhavealreadyhinted，thischildishrelationhasdeterminedallmylaterfeelingsinmyintercoursewithpersonsofmyownage。MynephewJohnhassincethenhadmanyincarnations，whichhaverevivifiedfirstoneandthenanotheraspectofacharacterthatisineradicablyfixedinmyunconsciousmemory。Attimeshemusthavetreatedmeverybadly，andImusthaveopposedmytyrantcourageously，forinlateryearsIwasoftentoldofashortspeechinwhichIdefendedmyselfwhenmyfather-hisgrandfather-calledmetoaccount:\"WhydidyouhitJohn？\"\"Ihithimbecausehehitme。\"Itmustbethischildishscenewhichcausesnonvivittobecomenonvixit，forinthelanguageoflaterchildhoodstrikingisknownaswichsenGerman:wichsen=topolish，towax，i。e。，tothrash；andthedream-workdoesnotdisdaintotakeadvantageofsuchassociations。MyhostilitytowardsmyfriendP，whichhassolittlefoundationinreality-hewasgreatlymysuperior，andmightthereforehavebeenaneweditionofmyoldplaymate-maycertainlybetracedtomycomplicatedrelationswithJohnduringourchildhood。Ishall，asI
havesaid，returntothisdreamlateron。
G。AbsurdDreams-IntellectualPerformancesinDreamsI。Hitherto，inourinterpretationofdreams，wehavecomeupontheelementofabsurdityinthedream-contentsofrequentlythatwemustnolongerpostponetheinvestigationofitscauseanditsmeaning。Weremember，ofcourse，thattheabsurdityofdreamshasfurnishedtheopponentsofdream-interpretationwiththeirchiefargumentforregardingthedreamasmerelythemeaninglessproductofanattenuatedandfragmentaryactivityofthepsyche。
Iwillbeginwithafewexamplesinwhichtheabsurdityofthedream-contentisapparentonly，disappearingwhenthedreamismorethoroughlyexamined。Thesearecertaindreamswhich-accidently，onebeginsbythinking-
areconcernedwiththedreamer’sdeadfather。
1。Hereisthedreamofapatientwhohadlosthisfathersixyearsbeforethedateofthedream:
Hisfatherhadbeeninvolvedinaterribleaccident。Hewastravellingbythenightexpresswhenthetrainwasderailed，theseatsweretelescoped，andhisheadwascrushedfromsidetoside。Thedreamerseeshimlyingonhisbed；fromhislefteyebrowawoundrunsverticallyupwards。Thedreamerissurprisedthathisfathershouldhavemetwithanaccidentsinceheisdeadalready，asthedreameraddsinrelatinghisdream。Hisfather’seyesaresoclear。
Accordingtotheprevailingstandardsofdream-criticism，thisdream-contentwouldbeexplainedasfollows:Atfirst，whilethedreamerispicturinghisfather’saccident，hehasforgottenthathisfatherhasalreadybeenmanyyearsinhisgrave；inthecourseofthedreamthismemoryawakens，sothatheissurprisedathisowndreamevenwhileheisdreamingit。Analysis，however，tellsusthatitisquitesuperfluoustoseekforsuchexplanations。Thedreamerhadcommissionedasculptortomakeabustofhisfather，andhehadinspectedthebusttwodaysbeforethedream。
ItisthiswhichseemstohimtohavecometogrieftheGermanwordmeansgonewrongormetwithanaccident。Thesculptorhasneverseenhisfather，andhashadtoworkfromphotographs。Ontheverydaybeforethedreamthesonhadsentanoldfamilyservanttothestudioinordertoseewhetherhe，too，wouldpassthesomejudgmentuponthemarblebust-namely，thatitwastoonarrowbetweenthetemples。Andnowfollowsthememory-materialwhichhascontributedtotheformationofthedream:Thedreamer’sfatherhadahabit，wheneverhewasharassedbybusinesscaresordomesticdifficulties，ofpressinghistemplesbetweenhishands，asthoughhisheadwasgrowingtoolargeandbewastryingtocompressit。Whenthedreamerwasfouryearsold，hewaspresentwhenapistolwasaccidentallydischarged，andhisfather’seyeswereblackenedhiseyesaresoclear。Whenhisfatherwasthoughtfulordepressed，hehadadeepfurrowinhisforeheadjustwherethedreamshowshiswound。Thefactthatinthedreamthiswrinkleisreplacedbyawoundpointstothesecondoccasionforthedream。Thedreamerhadtakenaphotographofhislittledaughter；theplatehadfallenfromhishand，andwhenhepickeditupitrevealedacrackwhichranlikeaverticalfurrowacrossthechild’sforehead，extendingasfarastheeyebrow。Hecouldnothelpfeelingasuperstitiousforeboding，foronthedaybeforehismother’sdeaththenegativeofherportraithadbeencracked。
Thus，theabsurdityofthisdreamissimplytheresultofacarelessnessofverbalexpression，whichdoesnotdistinguishbetweenthebustorthephotographandtheoriginal。Weareallaccustomedtomakingremarkslike:
\"Don’tyouthinkit’sexactlyyourfather？\"Theappearanceofabsurdityinthisdreammight，ofcourse，havebeeneasilyavoided。Ifitwerepermissibletoformanopiniononthestrengthofasinglecase，onemightbetemptedtosaythatthissemblanceofabsurdityisadmittedorevendesired。II。HereisanotherexampleofthesamekindfrommyowndreamsIlostmyfatherintheyear1896:
Afterhisdeath，myfatherhasplayedapartinthepoliticallifeoftheMagyars，andhasunitedthemintoapoliticalwhole；andhereIsee，indistinctly，alittlepicture:anumberofmen，asthoughintheReichstag；amanisstandingononeortwochairs；thereareothersroundabouthim。IrememberthatonhisdeathbedhelookedsolikeGaribaldi，andIamgladthatthispromisehasreallycometrue。
Certainlythisisabsurdenough。ItwasdreamedatthetimewhentheHungarianswereinastateofanarchy，owingtoParliamentaryobstruction，andwerepassingthroughthecrisisfromwhichKolomanSzellsubsequentlydeliveredthem。Thetrivialcircumstancethatthescenesbeheldindreamsconsistofsuchlittlepicturesisnotwithoutsignificancefortheelucidationofthiselement。Thecustomaryvisualdream-representationsofourthoughtspresentimagesthatimpressusasbeinglife-size；mydream-picture，however，isthereproductionofawood-cutinsertedinthetextofanillustratedhistoryofAustria，representingMariaTheresaintheReichstagofPressburg-
thefamoussceneofMoriamurproregenostro。*LikeMariaTheresa，myfather，inmydream，issurroundedbythemultitude；butheisstandingononeortwochairsStuhlen，andisthus，likeaStuhlrichterpresidingjudge。Hehasunitedthem；heretheintermediaryisthephrase:\"Weshallneednojudge。\"Thoseofuswhostoodaboutmyfather’sdeath-beddidactuallynoticethathelookedverylikeGaribaldi。Hehadapost-mortemriseoftemperature；hischeeksshoneredderandredder……involuntarilywecontinue:\"Andbehindhim，inunsubstantialradiance，laythatwhichsubduesusall-thecommonfate。\"
*[Wedieforourking。]IhaveforgotteninwhatauthorIfoundareferencetoadreamwhichwasoverrunwithunusuallysmallfigures，thesourceofwhichprovedtobeoneoftheengravingsofJacquesCallot，whichthedreamerhadexaminedduringtheday。Theseengravingscontainanenormousnumberofverysmallfigures；awholeseriesofthemdealswiththehorrorsoftheThirtyYearsWar。
Thisupliftingofourthoughtspreparesusforthefactthatweshallhavetodealwiththiscommonfate。Thepost-mortemriseintemperaturecorrespondstothewordsafterhisdeathinthedream-content。Themostagonizingofhisafflictionshadbeenacompleteparalysisoftheintestinesobstructionduringthelastfewweeksofhislife。Allsortsofdisrespectfulthoughtsassociatethemselveswiththis。Oneofmycontemporaries，wholosthisfatherwhilestillattheGymnasium-uponwhichoccasionIwasprofoundlymoved，andtenderedhimmyfriendship-oncetoldme，derisively，ofthedistressofarelativewhosefatherhaddiedinthestreet，andhadbeenbroughthome，whenitappeared，uponundressingthecorpse，thatatthemomentofdeath，orpost-mortem，anevacuationofthebowelsStuhlentleerung
hadtakenplace。Thedaughterwasdeeplydistressedbythiscircumstance，becausethisuglydetailwouldinevitablyspoilhermemoryofherfather。
Wehavenowpenetratedtothewishthatisembodiedinthisdream。Tostandafterone’sdeathbeforeone’schildrengreatandundefiled:whowouldnotwishthat？Whatnowhasbecomeoftheabsurdityofthisdream？Theappearanceofabsurditywasdueonlytothefactthataperfectlypermissiblefigureofspeech，inwhichweareaccustomedtoignoreanyabsurditythatmayexistasbetweenitscomponents，hasbeenfaithfullyrepresentedinthedream。Hereagainwecanhardlydenythattheappearanceofabsurdityisdesiredandhasbeenpurposelyproduced。
Thefrequencywithwhichdeadpersonsappearinourdreamsaslivingandactiveandassociatingwithushasevokedundueastonishment，andsomecuriousexplanations，whichaffordconspicuousproofofourmisunderstandingofdreams。Andyettheexplanationofthesedreamsiscloseathand。Howoftenithappensthatwesaytoourselves:\"Ifmyfatherwerestillalive，whatwouldhesaytothis？\"Thedreamcanexpressthisifinnootherwaythanbyhispresenceinadefinitesituation。Thus，forinstance，ayoungmanwhosegrandfatherhaslefthimagreatinheritancedreamsthattheoldmanisalive，andcallshisgrandsontoaccount，reproachinghimforhislavishexpenditure。Whatweregardasanobjectiontothedreamonaccountofourbetterknowledgethatthemanisalreadydead，isinrealitytheconsolingthoughtthatthedeadmandoesnotneedtolearnthetruth，orsatisfactionoverthefactthathecannolongerhaveasayinthematter。
Anotherformofabsurdityfoundindreamsofdeceasedrelativesdoesnotexpressscornandderision；itservestoexpresstheextremestrepudiation，therepresentationofasuppressedthoughtwhichonewouldliketobelievetheverylastthingonewouldthinkof。Dreamsofthiskindappeartobecapableofsolutiononlyifwerememberthatadreammakesnodistinctionbetweendesireandreality。Forexample，amanwhonursedhisfatherduringhislastillness，andwhofelthisdeathverykeenly，dreamedsometimeafterwardsthefollowingsenselessdream:Hisfatherwasagainliving，andconversingwithhimasusual，butandthiswastheremarkablethinghehadneverthelessdied，thoughhedidnotknowit。Thisdreamisintelligibleif，afterhehadneverthelessdied，weinsertinconsequenceofthedreamer’swish，andifafterbuthedidnotknowit，weaddthatthedreamerhadentertainedthiswish。Whilenursinghim，thesonhadoftenwishedthathisfatherwasdead；thatis，hehadhadthereallycompassionatethoughtthatitwouldbeagoodthingifdeathwouldatlastputanendtohissufferings。Whilehewasmourninghisfather’sdeath，eventhiscompassionatewishbecameanunconsciousreproach，asthoughithadreallycontributedtoshortenthesickman’slife。Bytheawakeningoftheearliestinfantilefeelingsagainsthisfather，itbecamepossibletoexpressthisreproachasadream；anditwaspreciselybecauseoftheextremeantithesisbetweenthedream-instigatorandtheday-thoughtsthatthisdreamhadtoassumesoabsurdaform。*
*Cf。\"FormulationsregardingtheTwoPrinciplesinMentalFunctioning，\"
CollectedPapers，IV。
Asageneralthing，thedreamsofadeceasedpersonofwhomthedreamerhasbeenfondconfronttheinterpreterwithdifficultproblems，thesolutionofwhichisnotalwayssatisfying。Thereasonforthismaybesoughtintheespeciallypronouncedambivalenceoffeelingwhichcontrolstherelationofthedreamertothedeadperson。Insuchdreamsitisquiteusualforthedeceasedpersontobetreatedatfirstasliving；thenitsuddenlyappearsthatheisdead；andinthecontinuationofthedreamheisoncemoreliving。Thishasaconfusingeffect。Iatlastdivinedthatthisalternationofdeathandlifeisintendedtorepresenttheindifferenceofthedreamer\"Itisallonetomewhetherheisaliveordead\"。Thisindifference，ofcourse，isnotreal，butwished；itspurposeistohelpthedreamertodenyhisveryintenseandoftencontradictoryemotionalattitudes，andsoitbecomesthedream-representationofhisambivalence。Forotherdreamsinwhichonemeetswithdeceasedpersonsthefollowingrulewilloftenbeaguide:Ifinthedreamthedreamerisnotremindedthatthedeadpersonisdead，hesetshimselfonaparwiththedead；hedreamsofhisowndeath。
Thesuddenrealizationorastonishmentinthedream\"buthehaslongbeendead！\"isaprotestagainstthisidentification，andrejectsthemeaningthatthedreamerisdead。ButIwilladmitthatIfeelthatdream-interpretationisfarfromhavingelicitedallthesecretsofdreamshavingthiscontent。III。IntheexamplewhichIshallnowcite，Icandetectthedream-workintheactofpurposelymanufacturinganabsurdityforwhichthereisnooccasionwhateverinthedream-material。ItistakenfromthedreamwhichIhadasaresultofmeetingCountThunjustbeforegoingawayonaholiday。
Iamdrivinginacab，andItellthedrivertodrivetoarailwaystation。
\"Ofcourse，Ican’tdrivewithyouontherailwaytrackitself，\"Isay，afterthedriverhadreproachedme，asthoughIhadwornhimout；atthesametime，itseemsasthoughIhadalreadymadewithhimajourneythatoneusuallymakesbytrain。Ofthisconfusedandsenselessstoryanalysisgivesthefollowingexplanation:DuringthedayIhadhiredacabtotakemetoaremotestreetinDornbach。Thedriver，however，didnotknowtheway，andsimplykeptondriving，inthemannerofsuchworthypeople，untilIbecameawareofthefactandshowedhimtheway，indulginginafewderisiveremarks。FromthisdriveratrainofthoughtledtothearistocraticpersonagewhomIwastomeetlateron。Forthepresent，Iwillonlyremarkthatonethingthatstrikesusmiddle-classplebeiansaboutthearistocracyisthattheyliketoputthemselvesinthedriver’sseat。DoesnotCountThunguidetheAustriancarofState？Thenextsentenceinthedream，however，referstomybrother，whomIthusalsoidentifywiththecab-driver。I
hadrefusedtogotoItalywithhimthisyearOfcourse，Ican’tdrivewithyouontherailwaytrackitself，andthisrefusalwasasortofpunishmentforhisaccustomedcomplaintthatIusuallywearhimoutonthistourthisfindsitswayintothedreamunchangedbyrushinghimtooquicklyfromplacetoplace，andmakinghimseetoomanybeautifulthingsinasingleday。Thateveningmybrotherhadaccompaniedmetotherailwaystation，butshortlybeforethecarriagehadreachedtheWesternstationoftheMetropolitanRailwayhehadjumpedoutinordertotakethetraintoPurkersdorf。
Isuggestedtohimthathemightremainwithmealittlelonger，ashedidnottraveltoPurkersdorfbytheMetropolitanbutbytheWesternRailway。
Thisiswhy，inmydream，Imadeinthecabajourneywhichoneusuallymakesbytrain。Inreality，however，itwastheotherwayabout:whatI
toldmybrotherwas:\"ThedistancewhichyoutravelontheMetropolitanRailwayyoucouldtravelinmycompanyontheWesternRailway\"ThewholeconfusionofthedreamisthereforeduetothefactthatinmydreamI
replace\"MetropolitanRailway\"bycab，which，tobesure，doesgoodserviceinbringingthedriverandmybrotherintoconjunction。Ithenelicitfromthedreamsomenonsensewhichishardlydisentangledbyelucidation，andwhichalmostconstitutesacontradictionofmyearlierspeechofcourse，Icannotdrivewithyouontherailwaytrackitself。ButasIhavenoexcusewhateverforconfrontingtheMetropolitanRailwaywiththecab，Imustintentionallyhavegiventhewholeenigmaticalstorythispeculiarforminmydream。
Butwithwhatintention？Weshallnowlearnwhattheabsurdityinthedreamsignifies，andthemotiveswhichadmitteditorcreatedit。
Inthiscasethesolutionofthemysteryisasfollows:InthedreamI
needanabsurdity，andsomethingincomprehensible，inconnectionwithdrivingFahren=riding，drivingbecauseinthedream-thoughtsIhaveacertainopinionthatdemandsrepresentation。Oneevening，atthehouseofthewittyandhospitableladywhoappears，inanothersceneofthesamedream，asthehousekeeper，IheardtworiddleswhichIcouldnotsolve:Astheywereknowntotheothermembersoftheparty，Ipresentedasomewhatludicrousfigureinmyunsuccessfulattemptstofindthesolutions。TheyweretwopunsturningonthewordsNachkommentoobeyorders-offspringandVorfahrentodrive-forefathers，ancestry。Theyran，Ibelieve，asfollows:
ThecoachmandoesitAtthemaster’sbehests；
Everyonehasit；
Inthegraveitrests。
Vorfahren
Aconfusingdetailwasthatthefirsthalvesofthetworiddleswereidentical:
ThecoachmandoesitAtthemaster’sbehests；
Noteveryonehasit，Inthecradleitrests。
Nachkommen
WhenIsawCountThundriveupvorfahreninstate，andfellintotheFigaro-likemood，inwhichonefindsthatthesolemeritofsucharistocraticgentlemenisthattheyhavetakenthetroubletobeborntobecomeNachkommen，thesetworiddlesbecameintermediarythoughtsforthedream-work。Asaristocratsmayreadilybereplacedbycoachmen，andsinceitwasoncethecustomtocallacoachmanHerrSchwagerbrother-in-law，theworkofcondensationcouldinvolvemybrotherinthesamerepresentation。Butthedream-thoughtatworkinthebackgroundisasfollows:Itisnonsensetobeproudofone’sancestorsVorfahren。IwouldratherbeanancestorVorfahrmyself。
Onaccountofthisopinion，itisnonsense，wehavethenonsenseinthedream。Andnowthelastriddleinthisobscurepassageofthedreamissolved-namelythatIhavedrivenbeforevorhergefahren，vorgefaltren
withthisdriver。
Thus，adreamismadeabsurdifthereoccursinthedream-thoughts，asoneoftheelementsofthecontents，theopinion:\"Thatisnonsense\"；
and，ingeneral，ifcriticismandderisionarethemotivesofoneofthedreamer’sunconscioustrainsofthought。Hence，absurdityisoneofthemeansbywhichthedream-workrepresentscontradiction；anothermeansistheinversionofmaterialrelationbetweenthedream-thoughtsandthedream-content；anotheristheemploymentofthefeelingofmotorinhibition。
Buttheabsurdityofadreamisnottobetranslatedbyasimpleno；itisintendedtoreproducethetendencyofthedream-thoughtstoexpresslaughterorderisionsimultaneouslywiththecontradiction。Onlywiththisintentiondoesthedream-workproduceanythingridiculous。Hereagainittransformsapartofthelatentcontentintoamanifestform。*
*Herethedream-workparodiesthethoughtwhichitqualifiesasridiculous，inthatitcreatessomethingridiculousinrelationtoit。HeinedoesthesamethingwhenhewishestoderidethebadrhymesoftheKingofBavaria。
Hedoesitbyusingevenworserhymes:
HerrLudwigisteingrosserPoetUndsingter，sosturztApolloVorihmaufdieKnieundbittetundfleht，Haltein，ichwerdesonsttoll，oh！
Asamatteroffact，wehavealreadycitedaconvincingexampleofthissignificanceofanabsurddream。Thedreaminterpretedwithoutanalysis
oftheWagnerianperformancewhichlasteduntil7。45a。m。，andinwhichtheorchestraisconductedfromatower，etc。seethischapter，D。，isobviouslysaving:Itisacrazyworldandaninsanesociety。Hewhodeservesathingdoesn’tgetit，andhewhodoesn’tcareforitdoesgetit。Inthiswaythedreamercomparesherfatewiththatofhercousin。Thefactthatdreamsofadeadfatherwerethefirsttofurnishuswithexamplesofabsurdityindreamsisbynomeansaccidental。Theconditionsforthecreationofabsurddreamsareheregroupedtogetherinatypicalfashion。
Theauthoritypropertothefatherhasatanearlyageevokedthecriticismofthechild，andthestrictdemandswhichhehasmadehavecausedthechild，inself-defence，topayparticularlycloseattentiontoeveryweaknessofhisfather’s；butthepietywithwhichthefather’spersonalityissurroundedinourthoughts，especiallyafterhisdeath，intensifiesthecensorshipwhichpreventstheexpressionofthiscriticismfrombecomingconscious。IV。Hereisanotherabsurddreamofadeceasedfather:
Ireceiveacommunicationfromthetowncouncilofmynativecityconcerningthecostofaccommodationinthehospitalintheyear1851。
ThiswasnecessitatedbyaseizurefromwhichIwassuffering。Imakefunofthematterfor，inthefirstplace，Iwasnotyetbornin1851，andinthesecondplace，myfather，towhomthecommunicationmightrefer，isalreadydead。Igotohimintheadjoiningroom，whereheislyinginbed，andtellhimaboutit。Tomysurpriseheremembersthatintheyear1851hewasoncedrinkandhadtobelockeduporconfined。ItwaswhenhewasworkingforthefirmofT。\"Thenyou，too，usedtodrink？\"Iask。
\"Youmarriedsoonafter？\"IreckonthatIwasbornin1856，whichseemstometobeimmediatelyafterwards。
Inthelightoftheforegoingexposition，weshalltranslatetheinsistencewithwhichthisdreamexhibitsitsabsurditiesasasuresignofaparticularlyembitteredandpassionatepolemicinthedream-thoughts。
Allthegreater，then，isourastonishmentwhenweperceivethatinthisdreamthepolemiciswagedopenly，andthatmyfatherisdenotedasthepersonwhoismadealaughing-stock。Suchfranknessseemstocontradictourassumptionofacensorshipcontrollingthedream-work。Theexplanationisthatherethefatherisonlyaninterposedfigure，whilethequarrelisreallywithanotherperson，whoappearsinthedreamonlyinasingleallusion。Whereasadreamusuallytreatsofrevoltagainstotherpersons，behindwhomthefatherisconcealed，hereitistheotherwayabout:thefatherservesasthemanofstrawtorepresentanother，andhencethedreamdarestoconcernitselfopenlywithapersonwhoisusuallyhallowed，becausethereispresentthecertainknowledgethatheisnotinrealityintended。
Welearnofthisconditionofaffairsbyconsideringtheoccasionofthedream。ItwasdreamedafterIhadheardthatanoldercolleague，whosejudgmentwasconsideredinfallible，hadexpresseddisapprovalandastonishmentonhearingthatoneofmypatientshadalreadybeenundergoingpsychoanalytictreatmentatmyhandsforfiveyears。Theintroductorysentencesofthedreamalludeinatransparentlydisguisedmannertothefactthatthiscolleaguehadforatimetakenoverthedutieswhichmyfathercouldnolongerperformstatementofexpenses，accommodationinthehospital；
andwhenourfriendlyrelationsbegantoalterfortheworseIwasthrownintothesameemotionalconflictasthatwhicharisesinthecaseofamisunderstandingbetweenfatherandsonbyreasonofthepartplayedbythefather，andhisearlierfunctions。Thedream-thoughtsnowbitterlyresentthereproachthatIamnotmakingbetterprogress，whichextendsitselffromthetreatmentofthispatienttootherthings。Doesmycolleagueknowanyonewhocangetonanyfaster？Doeshenotknowthatconditionsofthissortareusuallyincurableandlastforlife？Whatarefourorfiveyearsincomparisontoawholelifetime，especiallywhenlifehasbeenmadesomucheasierforthepatientduringthetreatment？
Theimpressionofabsurdityinthisdreamisbroughtaboutlargelybythefactthatsentencesfromdifferentdivisionsofthedream-thoughtsarestrungtogetherwithoutanyreconcilingtransition。Thus，thesentence，Igotohimittheadjoiningroom，etc。，leavesthesubjectfromwhichtheprecedingsentencesaretaken，andfaithfullyreproducesthecircumstancesunderwhichItoldmyfatherthatIwasengagedtobemarried。Thusthedreamistryingtoremindmeofthenobledisinterestednesswhichtheoldmanshowedatthattime，andtocontrastthiswiththeconductofanothernewly-introducedperson。Inowperceivethatthedreamisallowedtomakefunofmyfatherbecauseinthedream-thoughts，inthefullrecognitionofhismerits，heisheldupasanexampletoothers。Itisinthenatureofeverycensorshipthatoneispermittedtotelluntruthsaboutforbiddenthingsratherthanthetruth。Thenextsentence，totheeffectthatmyfatherremembersthathewasoncedrink，andwaslockedupinconsequence，containsnothingthatreallyrelatestomyfatheranymore。ThepersonwhoisscreenedbyhimishereanolessimportantpersonagethanthegreatMeynert，inwhosefootstepsIfollowedwithsuchveneration，andwhoseattitudetowardsme，afterashortperiodoffavouritism，changedintooneofundisguisedhostility。Thedreamrecallstomehisownstatementthatinhisyouthhehadatonetimeformedthehabitofintoxicatinghimselfwithchloroform，withtheresultthathehadtoenterasanatorium；andalsomysecondexperiencewithhim，shortlybeforehisdeath。Ihadanembitteredliterarycontroversywithhiminreferencetomasculinehysteria，theexistenceofwhichhedenied，andwhenIvisitedhimduringhislastillness，andaskedhimhowhefelt，hedescribedhisconditionatsomelength，andconcludedwiththewords:\"Youknow，Ihavealwaysbeenoneoftheprettiestcasesofmasculinehysteria。\"Thus，tomysatisfaction，andtomyastonishment，headmittedwhathesolongandsostubbornlydenied。
ButthefactthatinthissceneofmydreamIcanusemyfathertoscreenMeynertisexplainednotbyanydiscoveredanalogybetweenthetwopersons，butbythefactthatitisthebriefyetperfectlyadequaterepresentationofaconditionalsentenceinthedream-thoughtswhich，iffullyexpanded，wouldreadasfollows:\"Ofcourse，ifIbelongedtothesecondgeneration，ifIwerethesonofaprofessororaprivycouncillor，Ishouldhaveprogressedmorerapidly。\"InmydreamImakemyfatheraprofessorandaprivycouncillor。
Themostobviousandmostannoyingabsurdityofthedreamliesinthetreatmentofthedate1851，whichseemstometobeindistinguishablefrom1856，asthoughadifferenceoffiveyearsmeantnothingwhatever。Butitisjustthisoneofthedream-thoughtsthatrequiresexpression。Fourorfiveyears-thatispreciselythelengthoftimeduringwhichIenjoyedthesupportofthecolleaguementionedattheoutset；butitisalsothedurationoftimeIkeptmyfiancewaitingbeforeImarriedher；andbyacoincidencethatiseagerlyexploitedbythedream-thoughts，itisalsothetimeI
havekeptmyoldestpatientwaitingforacompletecure。\"Whatarefiveyears？\"askthedream-thoughts。\"Thatisnotimeatalltome，thatisn’tworthconsideration。Ihavetimeenoughaheadofme，andjustaswhatyouwouldn’tbelievecametrueatlast，soIshallaccomplishthisalso。\"Moreover，thenumber51，whenconsideredapartfromthenumberofthecentury，isdeterminedinyetanothermannerandinanoppositesense；forwhichreasonitoccursseveraltimesoverinthedream。Itistheageatwhichmanseemsparticularlyexposedtodanger；theageatwhichIhaveseencolleaguesdiesuddenly，amongthemonewhohadbeenappointedafewdaysearliertoaprofessorshipforwhichhehadlongbeenwaiting。V。Anotherabsurddreamwhichplayswithfigures:
Anacquaintanceofmine，HerrM，hasbeenattackedinanessaybynolessapersonthanGoetheand，asweallthink，withunjustifiablevehemence。HerrMis，ofcourse，crushedbythisattack。Hecomplainsofitbitterlyatadinner-party；buthisvenerationforGoethehasnotsufferedasaresultofthispersonalexperience。Itrytoelucidatethetemporalrelationsalittle，astheyseemimprobabletome。Goethediedin1832；
sincehisattackuponMmust，ofcourse，havetakenplaceearlier，Mwasatthetimequiteayoungman。Itseemsplausibletomethathewas18
yearsold。ButIdonotknowexactlywhatthedateofthepresentyearis，andsothewholecalculationlapsesintoobscurity。Theattack，bytheway，iscontainedinGoethe’swell-knownessayon\"Nature。\"
Weshallsoonfindthemeansofjustifyingthenonsenseofthisdream。HerrM，withwhomIbecameacquaintedatadinner-party，hadrecentlyaskedmetoexaminehisbrother，whoshowedsignsofgeneralparalysis。