Farfromimaginingthatcatsexist’inorder’tocatchmicewell，Darwinismsupposesthatcatsexist’because’theycatchmicewell——mousingbeingnottheend，butthecondition，oftheirexistence。Andifthecattypehaslongpersistedasweknowit，theinterpretationofthefactuponDarwinianprincipleswouldbe，notthatthecatshaveremainedinvariable，butthatsuchvarietiesashaveincessantlyoccurredhavebeen，onthewhole，lessfittedtogetonintheworldthantheexistingstock。
Ifweapprehendthespiritofthe’OriginofSpecies’rightly，then，nothingcanbemoreentirelyandabsolutelyopposedtoTeleology，asitiscommonlyunderstood，thantheDarwinianTheory。SofarfrombeingaTeleologistinthefullestsenseoftheword，wewoulddenythatheisaTeleologistintheordinarysenseatall。andweshouldsaythat，apartfromhismeritsasanaturalist，hehasrenderedamostremarkableservicetophilosophicalthoughtbyenablingthestudentofNaturetorecognise，totheirfullestextent，thoseadaptationstopurposewhicharesostrikingintheorganicworld，andwhichTeleologyhasdonegoodserviceinkeepingbeforeourminds，withoutbeingfalsetothefundamentalprinciplesofascientificconceptionoftheuniverse。TheapparentlydivergingteachingsoftheTeleologistandoftheMorphologistarereconciledbytheDarwinianhypothesis。
Butleavingourownimpressionsofthe’OriginofSpecies，’andturningtothosepassagesespeciallycitedbyProfessorKolliker，wecannotadmitthattheybeartheinterpretationheputsuponthem。Darwin，ifwereadhimrightly，does’not’affirmthateverydetailinthestructureofananimalhasbeencreatedforitsbenefit。Hiswordsarep。199：——
Theforegoingremarksleadmetosayafewwordsontheprotestlatelymadebysomenaturalistsagainsttheutilitariandoctrinethateverydetailofstructurehasbeenproducedforthegoodofitspossessor。
Theybelievethatverymanystructureshavebeencreatedforbeautyintheeyesofman，orformerevariety。Thisdoctrine，iftrue，wouldbeabsolutelyfataltomytheory——yetIfullyadmitthatmanystructuresareofnodirectusetotheirpossessor。
Andaftersundryillustrationsandqualifications，heconcludesp。
200：——
Henceeverydetailofstructureineverylivingcreaturemakingsomelittleallowanceforthedirectactionofphysicalconditionsmaybeviewedeitherashavingbeenofspecialusetosomeancestralform，orasbeingnowofspecialusetothedescendantsofthisform——eitherdirectly，orindirectly，throughthecomplexlawsofgrowth。
Butitisonethingtosay，Darwinically，thateverydetailobservedinananimal’sstructureisofusetoit，orhasbeenofusetoitsancestors。andquiteanothertoaffirm，teleologically，thateverydetailofananimal’sstructurehasbeencreatedforitsbenefit。Ontheformerhypothesis，forexample，theteethofthefoetalBalaenahaveameaning。onthelatter，none。Sofarasweareaware，thereisnotaphraseinthe’OriginofSpecies’，inconsistentwithProfessorKolliker’sposition，thatvarietiesariseirrespectivelyofthenotionofpurpose，orofutility，accordingtogenerallawsofNature，andmaybeeitheruseful，orhurtful，orindifferent。
Onthecontrary，Mr。DarwinwritesSummaryofChap。V。：——
Ourignoranceofthelawsofvariationisprofound。Notinonecaseoutofahundredcanwepretendtoassignanyreasonwhythisorthatpartvariesmoreorlessfromthesamepartintheparents……Theexternalconditionsoflife，asclimateandfood，etc。，seemtohaveinducedsomeslightmodifications。Habit，inproducingconstitutionaldifferences，anduse，instrengthening，anddisuse，inweakeninganddiminishingorgans，seemtohavebeenmorepotentintheireffects。
Andfinally，asiftopreventallpossiblemisconception，Mr。DarwinconcludeshisChapteronVariationwiththesepregnantwords：——
Whateverthecausemaybeofeachslightdifferenceintheoffspringfromtheirparents——andacauseforeachmustexist——itisthesteadyaccumulation，throughnaturalselectionofsuchdifferences，whenbeneficialtotheindividual，thatgivesrisetoallthemoreimportantmodificationsofstructurewhichtheinnumerablebeingsonthefaceoftheearthareenabledtostrugglewitheachother，andthebestadaptedtosurvive。
Wehavedweltatlengthuponthissubject，becauseofitsgreatgeneralimportance，andbecausewebelievethatProfessorKolliker’scriticismsonthisheadarebaseduponamisapprehensionofMr。Darwin’sviews——substantiallytheyappeartoustocoincidewithhisown。TheotherobjectionswhichProfessorKollikerenumeratesanddiscussesarethefollowing*：——
[footnote]*SpacewillnotallowustogiveProfessorKolliker’sargumentsindetail。ourreaderswillfindafullandaccurateversionoftheminthe’Reader’forAugust13thand20th，1864。
1。Notransitionalformsbetweenexistingspeciesareknown。andknownvarieties，whetherselectedorspontaneous，nevergosofarastoestablishnewspecies。
TothisProfessorKollikerappearstoattachsomeweight。Hemakesthesuggestionthattheshort-facedtumblerpigeonmaybeapathologicalproduct。
2。Notransitionalformsofanimalsaremetwithamongtheorganicremainsofearlierepochs。
Uponthis，ProfessorKollikerremarksthattheabsenceoftransitionalformsinthefossilworld，thoughnotnecessarilyfataltoDarwin’sviews，weakenshiscase。
3。Thestruggleforexistencedoesnottakeplace。
Tothisobjection，urgedbyPelzeln，Kolliker，veryjustly，attachesnoweight。
4。Atendencyoforganismstogiverisetousefulvarieties，andanaturalselection，donotexist。
Thevarietieswhicharefoundariseinconsequenceofmanifoldexternalinfluences，anditisnotobviouswhytheyall，orpartially，shouldbeparticularlyuseful。Eachanimalsufficesforitsownends，isperfectofitskind，andneedsnofurtherdevelopment。Should，however，avarietybeusefulandevenmaintainitself，thereisnoobviousreasonwhyitshouldchangeanyfurther。ThewholeconceptionoftheimperfectionoforganismsandthenecessityoftheirbecomingperfectedisplainlytheweakestsideofDarwin’sTheory，anda’pisaller’NothbehelfbecauseDarwincouldthinkofnootherprinciplebywhichtoexplainthemetamorphoseswhich，asIalsobelieve，haveoccurred。
HereagainwemustventuretodissentcompletelyfromProfessorKolliker’sconceptionofMr。Darwin’shypothesis。Itappearstoustobeoneofthemanypeculiarmeritsofthathypothesisthatitinvolvesnobeliefinanecessaryandcontinualprogressoforganisms。
Again，Mr。Darwin，ifwereadhimaright，assumesnospecialtendencyoforganismstogiverisetousefulvarieties，andknowsnothingofneedsofdevelopment，ornecessityofperfection。Whathesaysis，insubstance：Allorganismsvary。Itisinthehighestdegreeimprobablethatanygivenvarietyshouldhaveexactlythesamerelationstosurroundingconditionsastheparentstock。Inthatcaseitiseitherbetterfittedwhenthevariationmaybecalleduseful，orworsefitted，tocopewiththem。Ifbetter，itwilltendtosupplanttheparentstock。ifworse，itwilltendtobeextinguishedbytheparentstock。
Ifasishardlyconceivablethenewvarietyissoperfectlyadaptedtotheconditionsthatnoimprovementuponitispossible，——itwillpersist，because，thoughitdoesnotceasetovary，thevarietieswillbeinferiortoitself。
If，asismoreprobable，thenewvarietyisbynomeansperfectlyadaptedtoitsconditions，butonlyfairlywelladaptedtothem，itwillpersist，solongasnoneofthevarietieswhichitthrowsoffarebetteradaptedthanitself。
Ontheotherhand，assoonasitvariesinausefulway，i。e。whenthevariationissuchastoadaptitmoreperfectlytoitsconditions，thefreshvarietywilltendtosupplanttheformer。
SofarfromagradualprogresstowardsperfectionforminganynecessarypartoftheDarwiniancreed，itappearstousthatitisperfectlyconsistentwithindefinitepersistenceinoneestate，orwithagradualretrogression。Suppose，forexample，areturnoftheglacialepochandaspreadofpolarclimatalconditionsoverthewholeglobe。Theoperationofnaturalselectionunderthesecircumstanceswouldtend，onthewhole，totheweedingoutofthehigherorganismsandthecherishingofthelowerformsoflife。CryptogamicvegetationwouldhavetheadvantageoverPhanerogamic。HydrozoaoverCorals。CrustaceaoverInsecta，andAmphipodaandIsopodaoverthehigherCrustacea。
CetaceansandSealsoverthePrimates。thecivilizationoftheEsquimauxoverthatoftheEuropean。
5。Pelzelnhasalsoobjectedthatifthelaterorganismshaveproceededfromtheearlier，thewholedevelopmentalseries，fromthesimplesttothehighest，couldnotnowexist。insuchacasethesimplerorganismsmusthavedisappeared。
TothisProfessorKollikerreplies，withperfectjustice，thattheconclusiondrawnbyPelzelndoesnotreallyfollowfromDarwin’spremisses，andthat，ifwetakethefactsofPalaeontologyastheystand，theyrathersupportthanopposeDarwin’stheory。
6。GreatweightmustbeattachedtotheobjectionbroughtforwardbyHuxley，otherwiseawarmsupporterofDarwin’shypothesis，thatweknowofnovarietieswhicharesterilewithoneanother，asistheruleamongsharplydistinguishedanimalforms。
IfDarwinisright，itmustbedemonstratedthatformsmaybeproducedbyselection，which，likethepresentsharplydistinguishedanimalforms，areinfertile，whencoupledwithoneanother，andthishasnotbeendone。
Theweightofthisobjectionisobvious。butourignoranceoftheconditionsoffertilityandsterility，thewantofcarefullyconductedexperimentsextendingoverlongseriesofyears，andthestrangeanomaliespresentedbytheresultsofthecross-fertilizationofmanyplants，shouldall，asMr。Darwinhasurged，betakenintoaccountinconsideringit。
Theseventhobjectionisthatwehavealreadydiscussed’supra’，p。
178。
Theeighthandlaststandsasfollows：——
8。ThedevelopmentaltheoryofDarwinisnotneededtoenableustounderstandtheregularharmoniousprogressofthecompleteseriesoforganicformsfromthesimplertothemoreperfect。
TheexistenceofgenerallawsofNatureexplainsthisharmony，evenifweassumethatallbeingshavearisenseparatelyandindependentofoneanother。Darwinforgetsthatinorganicnature，inwhichtherecanbenothoughtofgeneticconnexionofforms，exhibitsthesameregularplan，thesameharmony，astheorganicworld。andthat，tociteonlyoneexample，thereisasmuchanaturalsystemofmineralsasofplantsandanimals。
WedonotfeelquitesurethatweseizeProfessorKolliker’smeaninghere，butheappearstosuggestthattheobservationofthegeneralorderandharmonywhichpervadeinorganicnature，wouldleadustoanticipateasimilarorderandharmonyintheorganicworld。Andthisisnodoubttrue，butitbynomeansfollowsthattheparticularorderandharmonyobservedamongthemshouldbethatwhichwesee。Surelythestripesofdunhorses，andtheteethofthefoetal’Balaena’，arenotexplainedbytheexistenceofgenerallawsofNature。Mr。
Darwinendeavourstoexplaintheexactorderoforganicnaturewhichexists。notthemerefactthatthereissomeorder。
Andwithregardtotheexistenceofanaturalsystemofminerals。theobviousreplyisthattheremaybeanaturalclassificationofanyobjects——ofstonesonasea-beach，orofworksofart。anaturalclassificationbeingsimplyanassemblageofobjectsingroups，soastoexpresstheirmostimportantandfundamentalresemblancesanddifferences。NodoubtMr。Darwinbelievesthatthoseresemblancesanddifferencesuponwhichournaturalsystemsorclassificationsofanimalsandplantsarebased，areresemblancesanddifferenceswhichhavebeenproducedgenetically，butwecandiscovernoreasonforsupposingthathedeniestheexistenceofnaturalclassificationsofotherkinds。
And，afterall，isitquitesocertainthatageneticrelationmaynotunderlietheclassificationofminerals？Theinorganicworldhasnotalwaysbeenwhatweseeit。Ithascertainlyhaditsmetamorphoses，and，veryprobably，alongEntwickelungsgeschichteoutofanebularblastema。Whoknowshowfarthatamountoflikenessamongsetsofminerals，invirtueofwhichtheyarenowgroupedintofamiliesandorders，maynotbetheexpressionofthecommonconditionstowhichthatparticularpatchofnebulousfog，whichmayhavebeenconstitutedbytheiratoms，andofwhichtheymaybe，inthestrictestsense，thedescendants，wassubjected？
Itwillbeobviousfromwhathaspreceded，thatwedonotagreewithProfessorKollikerinthinkingtheobjectionswhichhebringsforwardsoweightyastobefataltoDarwin’sview。Butevenifthecasewereotherwise，weshouldbeunabletoaccepttheTheoryofHeterogeneousGenerationwhichisofferedasasubstitute。Thattheoryisthusstated：——
Thefundamentalconceptionofthishypothesisis，that，undertheinfluenceofagenerallawofdevelopment，thegermsoforganismsproduceothersdifferentfromthemselves。Thismighthappen1bythefecundatedovapassing，inthecourseoftheirdevelopment，underparticularcircumstances，intohigherforms。2bytheprimitiveandlaterorganismsproducingotherorganismswithoutfecundation，outofgermsoreggsParthenogenesis。
Infavourofthishypothesis，ProfessorKollikeradducesthewell-knownfactsofAgamogenesis，oralternategeneration。theextremedissimilarityofthemalesandfemalesofmanyanimals。andofthemales，females，andneutersofthoseinsectswhichliveincolonies：
andhedefinesitsrelationstotheDarwiniantheoryasfollows：——
ItisobviousthatmyhypothesisisapparentlyverysimilartoDarwin’s，inasmuchasIalsoconsiderthatthevariousformsofanimalshaveproceededdirectlyfromoneanother。Myhypothesisofthecreationoforganismsbyheterogeneousgeneration，however，isdistinguishedveryessentiallyfromDarwin’sbytheentireabsenceoftheprincipleofusefulvariationsandtheirnaturalselection：andmyfundamentalconceptionisthis，thatagreatplanofdevelopmentliesatthefoundationoftheoriginofthewholeorganicworld，impellingthesimplerformstomoreandmorecomplexdevelopments。Howthislawoperates，whatinfluencesdeterminethedevelopmentoftheeggsandgerms，andimpelthemtoassumeconstantlynewforms，Inaturallycannotpretendtosay。butIcanatleastadducethegreatanalogyofthealternationofgenerations。Ifa’Bipinnaria’，a’Brachialaria’，a’Pluteus’，iscompetenttoproducetheEchinoderm，whichissowidelydifferentfromit。ifahydroidpolypecanproducethehigherMedusa。
ifthevermiformTrematode’nurse’candevelopwithinitselftheveryunlike’Cercaria’，itwillnotappearimpossiblethattheegg，orciliatedembryo，ofasponge，foronce，underspecialconditions，mightbecomeahydroidpolype，ortheembryoofaMedusa，anEchinoderm。
Itisobvious，fromtheseextracts，thatProfessorKolliker’shypothesisisbaseduponthesupposedexistenceofacloseanalogybetweenthephenomenaofAgamogenesisandtheproductionofnewspeciesfrompre-existingones。Butistheanalogyarealone？Wethinkthatitisnot，and，bythehypothesis，cannotbe。
ForwhatarethephenomenaofAgamogenesis，statedgenerally？Animpregnatedeggdevelopsintoanasexualform，A。thisgivesrise，asexually，toasecondformorforms，B，moreorlessdifferentfromA。Bmaymultiplyasexuallyagain。inthesimplercases，however，itdoesnot，but，acquiringsexualcharacters，producesimpregnatedeggsfromwhenceA，oncemore，arises。
NocaseofAgamogenesisisknowninwhich，’whenAdifferswidelyfromB’，itisitselfcapableofsexualpropagation。NocasewhateverisknowninwhichtheprogenyofB，bysexualgeneration，isotherthanareproductionofA。
ButifthisbeatruestatementofthenatureoftheprocessofAgamogenesis，howcanitenableustocomprehendtheproductionofnewspeciesfromalreadyexistingones？LetussupposeHyaenastohaveprecededDogs，andtohaveproducedthelatterinthisway。ThentheHyenawillrepresentA，andtheDog，B。ThefirstdifficultythatpresentsitselfisthattheHyenamustbeasexual，ortheprocesswillbewhollywithoutanalogyintheworldofAgamogenesis。Butpassingoverthisdifficulty，andsupposingamaleandfemaleDogtobeproducedatthesametimefromtheHyaenastock，theprogenyofthepair，iftheanalogyofthesimplerkindsofAgamogenesis*istobefollowed，shouldbealitter，notofpuppies，butofyoungHyenas。FortheAgamogeneticseriesisalways，aswehaveseen，A：B：A：B，etc……
whereas，fortheproductionofanewspecies，theseriesmustbeA：B：
B：B，etc。Theproductionofnewspecies，orgenera，istheextremepermanentdivergencefromtheprimitivestock。AllknownAgamogeneticprocesses，ontheotherhand，endinacompletereturntotheprimitivestock。HowthenistheproductionofnewspeciestoberenderedintelligiblebytheanalogyofAgamogenesis？
[footnote]*If，onthecontrary，wefollowtheanalogyofthemorecomplexformsofAgamogenesis，suchasthatexhibitedbysome’Trematoda’andbythe’Aphides’，theHyaenamustproduce，asexually，abroodofasexualDogs，fromwhichothersexlessDogsmustproceed。Attheendofacertainnumberoftermsoftheseries，theDogswouldacquiresexesandgenerateyoung。buttheseyoungwouldbe，notDogs，butHyaenas。Infact，wehave’demonstrated’，inAgamogeneticphenomena，thatinevitablerecurrencetotheoriginaltype，whichis’asserted’tobetrueofvariationsingeneral，byMr。Darwin’sopponents。andwhich，iftheassertioncouldbechangedintoademonstrationwould，infact，befataltohishypothesis。
TheotheralternativeputbyProfessorKolliker——thepassageoffecundatedovainthecourseoftheirdevelopmentintohigherforms——would，ifitoccurred，bemerelyanextremecaseofvariationintheDarwiniansense，greaterindegreethan，butperfectlysimilarinkindto，thatwhichoccurredwhenthewell-knownAnconRamwasdevelopedfromanordinaryEwe’sovum。IndeedwehavealwaysthoughtthatMr。DarwinhasunnecessarilyhamperedhimselfbyadheringsostrictlytohisfavouriteNaturanonfacitsaltum。Wegreatlysuspectthatshedoesmakeconsiderablejumpsinthewayofvariationnowandthen，andthatthesesaltationsgiverisetosomeofthegapswhichappeartoexistintheseriesofknownforms。
StronglyandfreelyaswehaveventuredtodisagreewithProfessorKolliker，wehavealwaysdonesowithregret，andwetrustwithoutviolatingthatrespectwhichisdue，notonlytohisscientificeminenceandtothecarefulstudywhichhehasdevotedtothesubject，buttotheperfectfairnessofhisargumentation，andthegenerousappreciationoftheworthofMr。Darwin’slabourswhichhealwaysdisplays。ItwouldbesatisfactorytobeabletosayasmuchforM。
Flourens。
ButthePerpetualSecretaryoftheFrenchAcademyofSciencesdealswithMr。DarwinasthefirstNapoleonwouldhavetreatedanideologue。
andwhiledisplayingapainfulweaknessoflogicandshallownessofinformation，assumesatoneofauthority，whichalwaystouchesupontheludicrous，andsometimespassesthelimitsofgoodbreeding。
Forexamplep。56：——
M。Darwincontinue：’Aucunedistinctionabsoluen’aeteetnepoutetreetablieentrelesesp_cesetlesvarietes。’Jevousaidejaditquevousvoustrompiez。unedistinctionabsolueseparelesvarietesd’aveclesespeces。
Jevousaidejadit。moi，M。leSecretaireperpetueldel’AcademiedesSciences：etvous’Quin’etesrien，PasmemeAcademicien。’
whatdoyoumeanbyassertingthecontrary？BeingdevoidoftheblessingsofanAcademyinEngland，weareunaccustomedtoseeourablestmentreatedinthisfashion，evenbyaPerpetualSecretary。
Oragain，consideringthatifthereisanyonequalityofMr。Darwin’sworktowhichfriendsandfoeshavealikebornewitness，itishiscandourandfairnessinadmittinganddiscussingobjections，whatistobethoughtofM。Flourens’assertion，thatM。Darwinnecitequelesauteursquipartagentsesopinions。P。
40。
Oncemorep。65：——
Enfinl’ouvragedeM。Darwinaparu。Onnepeutqu’etrefrappedutalentdel’auteur。Maisqued’ideesobscures，qued’ideesfausses！
Queljargonmetaphysiquejetemalaproposdansl’histoirenaturelle，quitombedanslegalimatiasdesqu’ellesortdesideesclaires，desideesjustes！Quellangagepretentieuxetvide！Quellespersonificationspuerilesetsurannees！Olucidite！Osoliditedel’espritFrancais，quedevenez-vous？
Obscureideas，metaphysicaljargon，pretentiousandemptylanguage，puerileandsuperannuatedpersonifications。Mr。DarwinhasmanyandhotopponentsonthissideoftheChannelandinGermany，butwedonotrecollecttohavefoundpreciselythesesinsinthelongcatalogueofthosehithertolaidtohischarge。Itisworthwhile，therefore，toexamineintothesediscoverieseffectedsolelybytheaidofthelucidityandsolidityofthemindofM。Flourens。
AccordingtoM。Flourens，Mr。Darwin’sgreaterroristhathehaspersonifiedNaturep。10，andfurtherthathehasimaginedanaturalselection：heimaginesafterwardsthatthispowerofselectionpouvoird’_lirewhichhegivestoNatureissimilartothepowerofman。Thesetwosuppositionsadmitted，nothingstopshim：
heplayswithNatureashelikes，andmakesherdoallhepleases。
P。6。
AndthisisthewayM。Flourensextinguishesnaturalselection：
Voyonsdoncencoreunefois，cequ’ilpeutyavoirdefondedanscequ’onnommeelectionnaturelle。
L’electionnaturellen’estsousunautrenomquelanature。Pourunetreorganise，lanaturen’estquel’organisation，niplusnimoins。
Ilfaudradoncaussipersonnifierl’organisation，etdirequel’organisationchoisitl’organisation。L’electionnaturelleestcetteformesubstantielledontonjouaitautrefoisavectantdefacilite。
Aristotedisaitque’Sil’artdebatiretaitdanslebois，cetartagiraitcommelanature。’Alaplacedel’artdebatirM。Darwinmetl’electionnaturelle，etc’esttoutun：l’unn’estpaspluschimeriquequel’autre。P。31。
AndthisisreallyallthatM。FlourenscanmakeofNaturalSelection。
Wehavegiventheoriginal，infearlestatranslationshouldberegardedasatravesty。butwiththeoriginalbeforethereader，wemaytrytoanalysethepassage。Foranorganizedbeing，Natureisonlyorganization，neithermorenorless。
Organizedbeingsthenhaveabsolutelynorelationtoinorganicnature：aplantdoesnot，dependonsoilorsunshine，climate，depthintheocean，heightaboveit。thequantityofsalinemattersinwaterhavenoinfluenceuponanimallife。thesubstitutionofcarbonicacidforoxygeninouratmospherewouldhurtnobody！ThattheseareabsurditiesnooneshouldknowbetterthanM。Flourens。buttheyarelogicaldeductionsfromtheassertionjustquoted，andfromthefurtherstatementthatnaturalselectionmeansonlythatorganizationchoosesandselectsorganization。
ForifitbeonceadmittedwhatnosanemandeniesthatthechancesoflifeofanygivenorganismareincreasedbycertainconditionsAanddiminishedbytheiroppositesB，thenitismathematicallycertainthatanychangeofconditionsinthedirectionofAwillexerciseaselectiveinfluenceinfavourofthatorganism，tendingtoitsincreaseandmultiplication，whileanychangeinthedirectionofBwillexerciseaselectiveinfluenceagainstthatorganism，tendingtoitsdecreaseandextinction。
Or，ontheotherhand，conditionsremainingthesame，letagivenorganismvaryandnoonedoubtsthattheydovaryintwodirections：
intooneformabetterfittedtocopewiththeseconditionsthantheoriginalstock，andasecondblesswelladaptedtothem。Thenitisnolesscertainthattheconditionsinquestionmustexerciseaselectiveinfluenceinfavourofaandagainstb，sothatawilltendtopredominance，andbtoextirpation。
ThatM。Flourensshouldbeunabletoperceivethelogicalnecessityofthesesimplearguments，whichlieatthefoundationofallMr。Darwin’sreasoning。thatheshouldconfoundanirrefragabledeductionfromtheobservedrelationsoforganismstotheconditionswhichliearoundthem，withametaphysicalformesubstantielle，orachimericalpersonificationofthepowersofNature，wouldbeincredible，wereitnotthatotherpassagesofhisworkleavenoroomfordoubtuponthesubject。
Onimagineune’electionnaturelle’que，pourplusdemenagement，onmeditetreinconsciente，sanss’apercevoirquelecontre-senslitteralestprecisementla：’electioninconsciente’。P。52。
J’aidejaditcequ’ilfautpenserde’l’electionnaturelle’。Ou’l’electionnaturelle’n’estrien，ouc’estlanature：maislanaturedouee’d’election’，maislanaturepersonnifiee：derniereerreurduderniersiecle：Lexixefaitplusdepersonnifications。P。53。
M。Flourenscannotimagineanunconsciousselection——itisforhimacontradictioninterms。DidM。Flourensevervisitoneoftheprettiestwatering-placesoflabelleFrance，theBaied’Arcachon？Ifso，hewillprobablyhavepassedthroughthedistrictoftheLandes，andwillhavehadanopportunityofobservingtheformationofdunes
onagrandscale。Whatarethesedunes？ThewindsandwavesoftheBayofBiscayhavenotmuchconsciousness，andyettheyhavewithgreatcareselected，fromamonganinfinityofmassesofsilexofallshapesandsizes，whichhavebeensubmittedtotheiraction，allthegrainsofsandbelowacertainsize，andhaveheapedthembythemselvesoveragreatarea。Thissandhasbeenunconsciouslyselectedfromamidstthegravelinwhichitfirstlaywithasmuchprecisionasifmanhadconsciouslyselecteditbytheaidofasieve。PhysicalGeologyisfullofsuchselections——ofthepickingoutofthesoftfromthehard，ofthesolublefromtheinsoluble，ofthefusiblefromtheinfusible，bynaturalagenciestowhichwearecertainlynotinthehabitofascribingconsciousness。
Butthatwhichwindandseaaretoasandybeach，thesumofinfluences，whichwetermtheconditionsofexistence，istolivingorganisms。
Theweakaresiftedoutfromthestrong。Afrostynightselectsthehardyplantsinaplantationfromamongthetenderonesaseffectuallyasifitwerethewind，andthey，thesandandpebbles，ofourillustration。or，ontheotherhand，asiftheintelligenceofagardenerhadbeenoperativeincuttingtheweakerorganismsdown。Thethistle，whichhasspreadoverthePampas，tothedestructionofnativeplants，hasbeenmoreeffectuallyselectedbytheunconsciousoperationofnaturalconditionsthanifathousandagriculturistshadspenttheirtimeinsowingit。
ItisoneofMr。Darwin’smanygreatservicestoBiologicalsciencethathehasdemonstratedthesignificanceofthesefacts。Hehasshownthat——givenvariationandgivenchangeofconditions——theinevitableresultistheexerciseofsuchaninfluenceuponorganismsthatoneishelpedandanotherisimpeded。onetendstopredominate，anothertodisappear。andthusthelivingworldbearswithinitself，andissurroundedby，impulsestowardsincessantchange。
Butthetruthsjuststatedareascertainasanyotherphysicallaws，quiteindependentlyofthetruth，orfalsehood，ofthehypothesiswhichMr。Darwinhasbaseduponthem。andthatM。Flourens，missingthesubstanceandgraspingatashadow，shouldbeblindtotheadmirableexpositionofthem，whichMr。Darwinhasgiven，andseenothingtherebutaderniereerreurduderniersiecle——apersonificationofNature——leadsusindeedtocrywithhim：Olucidite！Osoliditedel’espritFrancais，quedevenez-vous？
M。Flourenshas，infact，utterlyfailedtocomprehendthefirstprinciplesofthedoctrinewhichheassailssorudely。Hisobjectionstodetailsareoftheoldsort，sobatteredandhackneyedonthissideoftheChannel，thatnotevenaQuarterlyReviewercouldbeinducedtopickthemupforthepurposeofpeltingMr。Darwinoveragain。WehaveCuvierandthemummies。M。RoulinandthedomesticatedanimalsofAmerica。thedifficultiespresentedbyhybridismandbyPalaeontology。
Darwinisma’rifacciamento’ofDeMailletandLamarck。Darwinismasystemwithoutacommencement，anditsauthorboundtobelieveinM。
Pouchet，etc。etc。Howoneknowsitallbyheart，andwithwhatreliefonereadsatp。65——
JelaisseM。Darwin！
ButwecannotleaveM。Flourenswithoutcallingourreaders’attentiontohiswonderfultenthchapter，DelaPreexistencedesGermesetdel’Epigenese，whichopensthus：——
Spontaneousgenerationisonlyachimaera。Thispointestablished，twohypothesesremain：thatof’pre-existence’andthatof’epigenesis’。Theoneofthesehypotheseshasaslittlefoundationastheother。P。163。
Thedoctrineof’epigenesis’isderivedfromHarvey：followingbyocularinspectionthedevelopmentofthenewbeingintheWindsordoes，hesaweachpartappearsuccessively，andtakingthemomentof’appearance’forthemomentof’formation’heimagined’epigenesis’。
P。165。
Onthecontrary，saysM。Flourensp。167，Thenewbeingisformedatastroke’toutd’uncoup’asawhole，instantaneously。itisnotformedpartbypart，andatdifferenttimes。
Itisformedatonceatthesingle’individual’momentatwhichtheconjunctionofthemaleandfemaleelementstakesplace。
ItwillbeobservedthatM。Flourensuseslanguagewhichcannotbemistaken。Forhim，thelaboursofvonBaer，ofRathke，ofCoste，andtheircontemporariesandsuccessorsinGermany，France，andEngland，arenon-existent：and，asDarwinimaginanaturalselection，soHarveyimaginathatdoctrinewhichgiveshimanevengreaterclaimtothevenerationofposteritythanhisbetterknowndiscoveryofthecirculationoftheblood。
Languagesuchasthatwehavequotedis，infact，sopreposterous，soutterlyincompatiblewithanythingbutabsoluteignoranceofsomeofthebestestablishedfacts，thatweshouldhavepasseditoverinsilencehaditnotappearedtoaffordsomecluetoM。Flourens’
unhesitating，’apriori’，repudiationofallformsofthedoctrineofprogressivemodificationoflivingbeings。Hewhosemindremainsuninfluencedbyanacquaintancewiththephenomenaofdevelopment，mustindeedlackoneofthechiefmotivestowardstheendeavourtotraceageneticrelationbetweenthedifferentexistingformsoflife。ThosewhoareignorantofGeology，findnodifficultyinbelievingthattheworldwasmadeasitis。andtheshepherd，untutoredinhistory，seesnoreasontoregardthegreenmoundswhichindicatethesiteofaRomancamp，asaughtbutpartandparceloftheprimevalhill-side。SoM。
Flourens，whobelievesthatembryosareformedtoutd’uncoup，
naturallyfindsnodifficultyinconceivingthatspeciescameintoexistenceinthesameway。
***
EVIDENCE
ASTO
MAN’SPLACEINNATURE
1863
[p196-entirepageisillustrationwithcaptionasfollows]
SkeletonsoftheGIBBON。ORANG。CHIMPANZEE。GORILLA。MAN。
’PhotographicallyreducedfromDiagramsofthenaturalsizeexceptthatoftheGibbon，whichwastwiceaslargeasnature，drawnbyMr。WaterhouseHawkinsfromspecimensintheMuseumoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons。
ONTHENATURALHISTORYOFTHE
MAN-LIKEAPES
Ancienttraditions，whentestedbythesevereprocessesofmoderninvestigation，commonlyenoughfadeawayintomeredreams：butitissingularhowoftenthedreamturnsouttohavebeenahalf-wakingone，presagingareality。Ovidforeshadowedthediscoveriesofthegeologist：theAtlantiswasanimagination，butColumbusfoundawesternworld：andthoughthequaintformsofCentaursandSatyrshaveanexistenceonlyintherealmsofart，creaturesapproachingmanmorenearlythantheyinessentialstructure，andyetasthoroughlybrutalasthegoat’sorhorse’shalfofthemythicalcompound，arenownotonlyknown，butnotorious。
IhavenotmetwithanynoticeofoneoftheseMAN-LIKEAPESofearlierdatethanthatcontainedinPigafetta’s’DescriptionoftheKingdomofCongo，’*drawnupfromthenotesofaPortuguesesailor，EduardoLopez，andpublishedin1598。ThetenthchapterofthisworkisentitledDeAnimalibusquaeinhacprovinciareperiuntur，andcontainsabriefpassagetotheeffectthatintheSongancountry，onthebanksoftheZaire，therearemultitudesofapes，whichaffordgreatdelighttothenoblesbyimitatinghumangestures。Asthismightapplytoalmostanykindofapes，Ishouldhavethoughtlittleofit，hadnotthebrothersDeBry，whoseengravingsillustratethework，thoughtfit，intheireleventh’Argumentum，’tofiguretwooftheseSimiaemagnatumdeliciae。SomuchoftheplateascontainstheseapesisfaithfullycopiedinthewoodcutFig。1，anditwillbeobservedthattheyaretail-less，long-armed，andlarge-eared。andaboutthesizeofChimpanzees。Itmaybethattheseapesareasmuchfigmentsoftheimaginationoftheingeniousbrothersasthewinged，two-legged，crocodile-headeddragonwhichadornsthesameplate。or，ontheotherhand，itmaybethattheartistshaveconstructedtheirdrawingsfromsomeessentiallyfaithfuldescriptionofaGorillaoraChimpanzee。
And，ineithercase，thoughthesefiguresareworthapassingnotice，theoldesttrustworthyanddefiniteaccountsofanyanimalofthiskinddatefromthe17thcentury，andareduetoanEnglishman。
[FOOTNOTE]*REGNUMCONGO：hocestVERADESCRIPTIOREGNI
AFRICANIQUODTAMABINCOLISQUAMLUSITANISCONGUS
APPELLATUR，perPhilippumPigafettam，olimexEdoardoLopezacroamatislinguaItalicaexcerpta，numLatiosermonedonataabAugust。Cassiod。Reinio。Iconibusetimaginibusrerummemorabiliumquasivivis，operaetindustriaJoan。TheodorietJoan。IsraelisdeBry，fratrumexornata。Francofurti，MDXCVIII。
FIG。1——SIMIAEMAGNATUMDELICIAE——DeBry，1598。
Thefirsteditionofthatmostamusingoldbook，’PurchashisPilgrimage，’waspublishedin1613，andthereinaretobefoundmanyreferencestothestatementsofonewhomPurchastermsAndrewBattellmyneereneighbour，dwellingatLeighinEssexwhoservedunderManuelSilveraPerera，GovernorundertheKingofSpaine，athiscityofSaintPaul，andwithhimwentfarreintothecountreyofAngola。andagain，myfriend，AndrewBattle，wholivedinthekingdomofCongomanyyeares，andwho，uponsomequarellbetwixtthePortugalsamongwhomhewasasergeantofabandandhim，livedeightorninemonethsinthewoodes。Fromthisweather-beatenoldsoldier，PurchaswasamazedtohearofakindeofGreatApes，iftheymightsobeetermed，oftheheightofaman，buttwiceasbiggeinfeatureoftheirlimmes，withstrengthproportionable，hairieallover，otherwisealtogetherlikemenandwomenintheirwholebodilyshape。*Theylivedonsuchwildefruitsasthetreesandwoodsyielded，andinthenighttimelodgedonthetrees。
[footnote]*Exceptthisthattheirleggeshadnocalves——[Ed。1626。]Andinamarginalnote，ThesegreatapesarecalledPongo’s。
Thisextractis，however，lessdetailedandclearinitsstatementsthanapassageinthethirdchapterofthesecondpartofanotherwork——’PurchashisPilgrimes，’publishedin1625，bythesameauthor——whichhasbeenoften，thoughhardlyeverquiterightly，cited。
Thechapterisentitled，ThestrangeadventuresofAndrewBattell，ofLeighinEssex，sentbythePortugalsprisonertoAngola，wholivedthereandintheadioiningregionsneereeighteeneyeeres。Andthesixthsectionofthischapterisheaded——OftheProvincesofBongo，Calongo，Mayombe，Manikesocke，Motimbas：oftheApeMonsterPongo，theirhunting：Idolatries。anddiversotherobservations。
ThisprovinceCalongotowardtheeastborderethuponBongo，andtowardthenorthuponMayombe，whichisnineteenleaguesfromLongoalongthecoast。
ThisprovinceofMayombeisallwoodsandgroves，soover-grownethatamanmaytravailetwentiedaysintheshadowwithoutanysunneorheat。
Hereisnokindofcornenorgraine，sothatthepeoplelivethonelyuponplantanesandrootsofsundriesorts，verygood。andnuts。noranykindeoftamecattell，norhens。
Buttheyhavegreatstoreofelephant’sflesh，whichtheygreatlyesteeme，andmanykindsofwildbeasts。andgreatstoreoffish。Hereisagreatsandybay，twoleaguestothenorthwardofCapeNegro，*
whichistheportofMayombe。SometimesthePortugalsladelogwoodinthisbay。Hereisagreatriver，calledBanna：inthewinterithathnobarre，becausethegenerallwindscauseagreatsea。Butwhenthesunnehathhissouthdeclination，thenaboatmaygoein。forthenitissmoothbecauseoftheraine。Thisriverisverygreat，andhathmanyilandsandpeopledwellinginthem。Thewoodsaresocoveredwithbaboones，monkies，apesandparrots，thatitwillfeareanymantotravaileinthemalone。Herearealsotwokindsofmonsters，whicharecommoninthesewoods，andverydangerous。
[footnote]*’Purchas’note’——CapeNegroisin16degreessouthoftheline。
ThegreatestofthesetwomonstersiscalledPongointheirlanguage，andthelesseriscalledEngeco。ThisPongoisinallproportionlikeaman。butthatheismorelikeagiantinstaturethanaman。forheisverytall，andhathaman’sface，hollow-eyed，withlonghaireuponhisbrowes。Hisfaceandearesarewithouthaire，andhishandsalso。
Hisbodieisfullofhaire，butnotverythicke。anditisofadunnishcolour。
Hedifferethnotfromamanbutinhislegs。fortheyhavenocalfe。
Heegoethalwaiesuponhislegs，andcarriethhishandsclaspedinthenapeofhisneckewhenhegoethupontheground。Theysleepeinthetrees，andbuildsheltersfortheraine。Theyfeeduponfruitthattheyfindinthewoods，anduponnuts，fortheyeatenokindofflesh。
Theycannotspeake，andhavenounderstandingmorethanabeast。Thepeopleofthecountrie，whentheytravaileinthewoodsmakefireswheretheysleepeinthenight。andinthemorningwhentheyaregone，thePongoeswillcomeandsitaboutthefiretillitgoethout。fortheyhavenounderstandingtolaythewoodtogether。Theygoemanytogetherandkillmanynegroesthattravaileinthewoods。Manytimestheyfallupontheelephantswhichcometofeedwheretheybe，andsobeatethemwiththeirclubbedfists，andpiecesofwood，thattheywillrunneroaringawayfromthem。ThosePongoesarenevertakenalivebecausetheyaresostrong，thattenmencannotholdoneofthem。butyettheytakemanyoftheiryoungoneswithpoisonedarrowes。
TheyoungPongohangethonhismother’sbellywithhishandsfastclaspedabouther，sothatwhenthecountriepeoplekillanyofthefemalestheytaketheyoungone，whichhangethfastuponhismother。
Whentheydieamongthemselves，theycoverthedeadwithgreatheapsofboughsandwood，whichiscommonlyfoundintheforest。*
[footnote]*Purchas’marginalnote，p。982：——ThePongoagiantape。Hetoldmeinconferencewithhim，thatoneofthesepongoestookeanegroboyofhiswhichlivedamonethwiththem。Fortheyhurtnotthosewhichtheysurpriseatunawares，excepttheylookonthem。whichheavoyded。Hesaidtheirhighthwaslikeaman’s，buttheirbignessetwiceasgreat。Isawthenegroboy。Whattheothermonstershouldbehehathforgottentorelate。andthesepaperscametomyhandsincehisdeath，which，otherwise，inmyoftenconferences，Imighthavelearned。PerhapshemeaneththePigmyPongokillersmentioned。
ItdoesnotappeardifficulttoidentifytheexactregionofwhichBattellspeaks。LongoisdoubtlessthenameoftheplaceusuallyspelledLoangoonourmaps。MayombestillliessomenineteenleaguesnorthwardfromLoango，alongthecoast。andCilongoorKilonga，Manikesocke，andMotimbasareyetregisteredbygeographers。TheCapeNegroofBattell，however，cannotbethemodernCapeNegroin16
degreesS。，sinceLoangoitselfisin4degreesS。latitude。Ontheotherhand，thegreatrivercalledBannacorrespondsverywellwiththeCammaandFernandVas，ofmoderngeographers，whichformagreatdeltaonthispartoftheAfricancoast。
NowthisCammacountryissituatedaboutadegreeanda-halfsouthoftheEquator，whileafewmilestothenorthofthelineliestheGaboon，andadegreeorsonorthofthat，theMoneyRiver——bothwellknowntomodernnaturalistsaslocalitieswherethelargestofman-likeApeshasbeenobtained。Moreover，atthepresentday，thewordEngeco，orN’schego，isappliedbythenativesoftheseregionstothesmallerofthetwogreatApeswhichinhabitthem。sothattherecanbenorationaldoubtthatAndrewBattellspokeofthatwhichheknewofhisownknowledge，or，atanyrate，byimmediatereportfromthenativesofWesternAfrica。TheEngeco，however，isthatothermonsterwhosenatureBattellforgottorelate，whilethenamePongo——appliedtotheanimalwhosecharactersandhabitsaresofullyandcarefullydescribed——seemstohavediedout，atleastinitsprimitiveformandsignification。Indeed，thereisevidencethatnotonlyinBattell’stime，butuptoaveryrecentdate，itwasusedinatotallydifferentsensefromthatinwhichheemploysit。
Forexample，thesecondchapterofPurchas’work，whichIhavejustquoted，containsADescriptionandHistoricallDeclarationoftheGoldenKingdomofGuinea，etc。etc。TranslatedfromtheDutch，andcomparedalsowiththeLatin，whereinitisstatedp。986that——
TheRiverGaboonlyethaboutfifteenmilesnorthwardfromRiodeAngra，andeightmilesnorthwardfromCapedeLopeGonsalvesCapeLopez，andisrightundertheEquinoctialline，aboutfifteenemilesfromSt。
Thomas，andisagreatland，wellandeasilytobeknowne。Atthemouthoftheriverthereliethasand，threeorfourefathomsdeepe，whereonitbeatethmightilywiththestreamewhichrunnethoutoftheriverintothesea。Thisriver，inthemouththereof，isatleastfourmilesbroad。butwhenyouareabouttheIlandcalled’Pongo’，itisnotabovetwomilesbroad……Onbothsidestherivertherestandethmanytrees……TheIlandcalled’Pongo’，whichhathamonstroushighhill。
FIG2——TheOrangofTulpius，1641。
TheFrenchnavalofficers，whoselettersareappendedtothelateM。
IsidoreGeoff。SaintHilaire’sexcellentessayontheGorilla*，noteinsimilartermsthewidthoftheGaboon，thetreesthatlineitsbanksdowntothewater’sedge，andthestrongcurrentthatsetsoutofit。
Theydescribetwoislandsinitsestuary——onelow，calledPerroquet。
theotherhigh，presentingthreeconicalhills，calledConiquet。andoneofthem，M。Franquet，expresslystatesthat，formerly，theChiefofConiquetwascalled’Meni-Pongo’，meaningtherebyLordof’Pongo’。andthatthe’N’Pongues’as，inagreementwithDr。Savage，heaffirmsthenativescallthemselvestermtheestuaryoftheGaboonitself’N’Pongo’。
[footnote]*’ArchivesduMuseum’，tomex。
Itissoeasy，indealingwithsavages，tomisunderstandtheirapplicationsofwordstothings，thatoneisatfirstinclinedtosuspectBattellofhavingconfoundedthenameofthisregion，wherehisgreatermonsterstillabounds，withthenameoftheanimalitself。
Butheissorightaboutothermattersincludingthenameofthelessermonsterthatoneislothtosuspecttheoldtravelleroferror。and，ontheotherhand，weshallfindthatavoyagerofahundredyears’laterdatespeaksofthenameBoggoe，asappliedtoagreatApe，bytheinhabitantsofquiteanotherpartofAfrica——SierraLeone。
ButImustleavethisquestiontobesettledbyphilologersandtravellers。andIshouldhardlyhavedweltsolonguponitexceptforthecuriouspartplayedbythisword’Pongo’inthelaterhistoryoftheman-likeApes。
ThegenerationwhichsucceededBattellsawthefirstoftheman-likeApeswhichwaseverbroughttoEurope，or，atanyrate，whosevisitfoundahistorian。InthethirdbookofTulpius’’ObservationesMedicae’，publishedin1641，the56thchapterorsectionisdevotedtowhathecalls’Satyrusindicus’，calledbytheIndiansOrang-autangorMan-of-the-Woods，andbytheAfricansQuoiasMorrou。Hegivesaverygoodfigure，evidentlyfromthelife，ofthespecimenofthisanimal，nostramemoriaexAngoladelatum，presentedtoFrederickHenryPrinceofOrange。Tulpiussaysitwasasbigasachildofthreeyearsold，andasstoutasoneofsixyears：andthatitsbackwascoveredwithblackhair。ItisplainlyayoungChimpanzee。
Inthemeanwhile，theexistenceofother，Asiatic，man-likeApesbecameknown，butatfirstinaverymythicalfashion。ThusBontius1658
givesanaltogetherfabulousandridiculousaccountandfigureofananimalwhichhecallsOrang-outang。andthoughhesaysvidiEgocujuseffigiemhicexhibeo，thesaideffigiesseeFig。6forHoppius’
copyofitisnothingbutaveryhairywomanofrathercomelyaspect，andwithproportionsandfeetwhollyhuman。ThejudiciousEnglishanatomist，Tyson，wasjustifiedinsayingofthisdescriptionbyBontius，IconfessIdomistrustthewholerepresentation。
Itistothelastmentionedwriter，andhiscoadjutorCowper，thatweowethefirstaccountofaman-likeapewhichhasanypretensionstoscientificaccuracyandcompleteness。Thetreatiseentitled，’Orang-outang，siveHomoSylvestris’。ortheAnatomyofaPygmiecomparedwiththatofa’Monkey’，an’Ape’，anda’Man’，publishedbytheRoyalSocietyin1699，is，indeed，aworkofremarkablemerit，andhas，insomerespects，servedasamodeltosubsequentinquirers。ThisPygmie，TysontellsuswasbroughtfromAngola，inAfrica。butwasfirsttakenagreatdealhigherupthecountry。itshairwasofacoal-blackcolourandstrait，andwhenitwentasaquadrupedonallfour，’twasawkwardly。notplacingthepalmofthehandflattotheground，butitwalk’duponitsknuckles，asIobservedittodowhenweakandhadnotstrengthenoughtosupportitsbody——Fromthetopoftheheadtotheheelofthefoot，inastraitline，itmeasuredtwenty-sixinches。
FIGS。3and4——The’Pygmie’reducedfromTyson’sfigures1and2，1699。
Thesecharacters，evenwithoutTyson’sgoodfiguresFigs。3and4，wouldhavebeensufficienttoprovehisPygmietobeayoungChimpanzee。ButtheopportunityofexaminingtheskeletonoftheveryanimalTysonanatomisedhavingmostunexpectedlypresenteditselftome，Iamabletobearindependenttestimonytoitsbeingaveritable’Troglodytesniger’*，thoughstillveryyoung。AlthoughfullyappreciatingtheresemblancesbetweenhisPygmieandMan，Tysonbynomeansoverlookedthedifferencesbetweenthetwo，andheconcludeshismemoirbysummingupfirst，thepointsinwhichtheOurang-outangorPygmiemoreresembledaManthanApesandMonkeysdo，underforty-sevendistinctheads。andthengiving，inthirty-foursimilarbriefparagraphs，therespectsinwhichtheOurang-outangorPygmiediffer’dfromaManandresembledmoretheApeandMonkeykind。
[footnote]*IamindebtedtoDr。Wright，ofCheltenham，whosepaleontologicallaboursaresowellknown，forbringingthisinterestingrelictomyknowledge。Tyson’sgranddaughter，itappears，marriedDr。Allardyce，aphysicianofreputeinCheltenham，andbrought，aspartofherdowry，theskeletonofthe’Pygmie。’Dr。AllardycepresentedittotheCheltenhamMuseum，and，throughthegoodofficesofmyfriendDr。Wright，theauthoritiesoftheMuseumhavepermittedmetoborrow，whatis，perhapsitsmostremarkableornament。
Afteracarefulsurveyoftheliteratureofthesubjectextantinhistime，ourauthorarrivesattheconclusionthathisPygmieisidenticalneitherwiththeOrangsofTulpiusandBontius，norwiththeQuoiasMorrouofDapperorratherofTulpius，theBarrisofd’Arcos，norwiththePongoofBattell。butthatitisaspeciesofapeprobablyidenticalwiththePygmiesoftheAncients，and，saysTyson，thoughitdoessomuchresemblea’Man’inmanyofitsparts，morethananyoftheapekind，oranyother’animal’intheworld，thatIknowof：yetbynomeansdoIlookuponitastheproductofa’mixt’generation——’tisa’Brute-Animalsuigeneris’，andaparticular’speciesofApe’。
ThenameofChimpanzee，bywhichoneoftheAfricanApesisnowsowellknown，appearstohavecomeintouseinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcentury，buttheonlyimportantadditionmade，inthatperiod，toouracquaintancewiththeman-likeapesofAfricaiscontainedin’ANewVoyagetoGuinea’，byWilliamSmith，whichbearsthedate1744。
IndescribingtheanimalsofSierraLeone，p。51，thiswritersays：——
Ishallnextdescribeastrangesortofanimal，calledbythewhitemeninthiscountryMandrill*，butwhyitissocalledIknownot，nordidIeverhearthenamebefore，neithercanthosewhocallthemsotell，exceptitbefortheirnearresemblanceofahumancreature，thoughnothingatalllikeanApe。Theirbodies，whenfullgrown，areasbigincircumferenceasamiddle-sizedman’s——theirlegsmuchshorter，andtheirfeetlarger。theirarmsandhandsinproportion。Theheadismonstrouslybig，andthefacebroadandflat，withoutanyotherhairbuttheeyebrows。thenoseverysmall，themouthwide，andthelipsthin。Theface，whichiscoveredbyawhiteskin，ismonstrouslyugly，beingalloverwrinkledaswitholdage。theteethbroadandyellow。
thehandshavenomorehairthantheface，butthesamewhiteskin，thoughalltherestofthebodyiscoveredwithlongblackhair，likeabear。Theynevergouponallfours，likeapes。butcry，whenvexedorteased，justlikechildren……
[footnote]*Mandrillseemstosignifyaman-likeape，
thewordDrillorDrilhavingbeenancientlyemployedinEnglandtodenoteanApeorBaboon。ThusinthefiftheditionofBlount’sGlossographia，oraDictionaryinterpretingthehardwordsofwhatsoeverlanguagenowusedinourrefinedEnglishtongue……veryusefulforallsuchasdesiretounderstandwhattheyread，publishedin1681，I
find，Dril——astone-cutter’stoolwherewithheboreslittleholesinmarble，etc。AlsoalargeovergrownApeandBaboon，socalled。DrillisusedinthesamesenseinCharleton’sOnomasticonZoicon，1668。ThesingularetymologyofthewordgivenbyBuffonseemshardlyaprobableone。
FIG。5——FacsimileofWilliamSmith’sfigureoftheMandrill，1744。
WhenIwasatSherbro，oneMr。Cummerbus，whomIshallhaveoccasionhereaftertomention，mademeapresentofoneofthesestrangeanimals，whicharecalledbythenativesBoggoe：itwasashe-cub，ofsixmonths’age，buteventhenlargerthanaBaboon。Igaveitinchargetooneoftheslaves，whoknewhowtofeedandnurseit，beingaverytendersortofanimal。butwheneverIwentoffthedeckthesailorsbegantoteazeit——somelovedtoseeitstearsandhearitcry。
othershateditssnottynose。onewhohurtit，beingcheckedbythenegrothattookcareofit，toldtheslavehewasveryfondofhiscountry-woman，andaskedhimifheshouldnotlikeherforawife？Towhichtheslaveveryreadilyreplied，’No，thisnomywife。thisawhitewoman——thisfitwifeforyou。’Thisunluckywitofthenegro’s，I
fancy，hasteneditsdeath，fornextmorningitwasfounddeadunderthewindlass。
WilliamSmith’s’Mandrill，’or’Boggoe，’ashisdescriptionandfiguretestify，was，withoutdoubt，aChimpanzee。
FIG。6——TheAnthropomorphaofLinnaeus。
Linnaeusknewnothing，ofhisownobservation，oftheman-likeApesofeitherAfricaorAsia，butadissertationbyhispupilHoppiusinthe’AmoenitatesAcademicae’VI。’Anthropomorpha’mayberegardedasembodyinghisviewsrespectingtheseanimals。
Thedissertationisillustratedbyaplate，ofwhichtheaccompanyingwoodcut，Fig，6，isareducedcopy，Thefiguresareentitledfromlefttoright1。’TroglodytaBontii’。2。’LuciferAldrovandi’。3。
’SatyrusTulpii’。4。’PygmaeusEdwardi’。ThefirstisabadcopyofBontius’fictitious’Ourang-outang，’inwhoseexistence，however，Linnaeusappearstohavefullybelieved。forinthestandardeditionofthe’SystemaNaturae’，itisenumeratedasasecondspeciesofHomo。
H。nocturnus。’LuciferAldrovandi’isacopyofafigureinAldrovandus，’DeQuadrupedibusdigitatisviviparis’，Lib。2，p。249
1645，entitledCercopithecusformaerarae’Barbilius’vocatusetoriginemachinaducebat。Hoppiusisofopinionthatthismaybeoneofthatcat-tailedpeople，ofwhomNicolausKopingaffirmsthattheyeataboat’screw，gubernatornavisandall！Inthe’SystemaNaturae’
Linnaeuscallsitinanote，’Homocaudatus’，andseemsinclinedtoregarditasathirdspeciesofman。AccordingtoTemminck，’SatyrusTulpii’isacopyofthefigureofaChimpanzeepublishedbyScotinin1738，whichIhavenotseen。Itisthe’Satyrusindicus’ofthe’SystemaNaturae’，andisregardedbyLinnaeusaspossiblyadistinctspeciesfrom’Satyrussylvestris’。Thelast，named’PygmaeusEdwardi’，iscopiedfromthefigureofayoungManoftheWoods，ortrueOrang-Utan，giveninEdwards’’GleaningsofNaturalHistory’1758。
Buffonwasmorefortunatethanhisgreatrival。NotonlyhadhetherareopportunityofexaminingayoungChimpanzeeinthelivingstate，buthebecamepossessedofanadultAsiaticman-likeApe——thefirstandthelastadultspecimenofanyoftheseanimalsbroughttoEuropeformanyyears。WiththevaluableassistanceofDaubenton，Buffongaveanexcellentdescriptionofthiscreature，which，fromitssingularproportions，hetermedthelong-armedApe，orGibbon。Itisthemodern’Hylobateslar’。
Thuswhen，in1766，Buffonwrotethefourteenthvolumeofhisgreatwork，hewaspersonallyfamiliarwiththeyoungofonekindofAfricanman-likeApe，andwiththeadultofanAsiaticspecies——whiletheOrang-UtanandtheMandrillofSmithwereknowntohimbyreport。
Furthermore，theAbbePrevosthadtranslatedagooddealofPurchas’
PilgrimsintoFrench，inhis’HistoiregeneraledesVoyages’1748，andthereBuffonfoundaversionofAndrewBattell’saccountofthePongoandtheEngeco。AllthesedataBuffonattemptstoweldtogetherintoharmonyinhischapterentitledLesOrang-outangsoulePongoetleJocko。Tothistitlethefollowingnoteisappended：——
Orang-outangnomdecetanimalauxIndesorientales：PongonomdecetanimalaLowandoProvincedeCongo。
Jocko，Enjocko，nomdecetanimalaCongoquenousavonsadopte。’En’
estl’articlequenousavonsretranche。
ThusitwasthatAndrewBattell’sEngecobecamemetamorphosedintoJocko，and，inthelattershape，wasspreadallovertheworld，inconsequenceoftheextensivepopularityofBuffon’sworks。TheAbbePrevostandBuffonbetweenthem，however，didagooddealmoredisfigurementtoBattell’ssoberaccountthan’cuttingoffanarticle。’
ThusBattell’sstatementthatthePongoscannotspeake，andhavenounderstandingmorethanabeast，isrenderedbyBuffonqu’ilnepeutparler’quoiqu’ilaitplusd’entendementquelesautresanimaux’。andagain，Purchas’affirmation，Hetoldmeinconferencewithhim，thatoneofthesePongostookeanegroboyofhiswhichlivedamonethwiththem，standsintheFrenchversion，unpongoluienlevaunpetitnegrequipassaun’an’entierdanslasocietedecesanimaux。
AfterquotingtheaccountofthegreatPongo，Buffonjustlyremarks，thatallthe’Jockos’and’Orangs’hithertobroughttoEuropewereyoung。andhesuggeststhat，intheiradultcondition，theymightbeasbigasthePongoor’greatOrang’。sothat，provisionally，heregardedtheJockos，Orangs，andPongosasallofonespecies。Andperhapsthiswasasmuchasthestateofknowledgeatthetimewarranted。ButhowitcameaboutthatBuffonfailedtoperceivethesimilarityofSmith’s’Mandrill’tohisown’Jocko，’andconfoundedtheformerwithsototallydifferentacreatureastheblue-facedBaboon，isnotsoeasilyintelligible。
TwentyyearslaterBuffonchangedhisopinion，*andexpressedhisbeliefthattheOrangsconstitutedagenuswithtwospecies，——alargeone，thePongoofBattell，andasmallone，theJocko：thatthesmalloneJockoistheEastIndianOrang。andthattheyounganimalsfromAfrica，observedbyhimselfandTulpius，aresimplyyoungPongos。
[footnote]*’HistoireNaturelle’，Suppl。tome7eme，1789。
Inthemeanwhile，theDutchnaturalist，Vosmaer，gave，in1778，averygoodaccountandfigureofayoungOrang，broughtalivetoHolland，andhiscountryman，thefamousanatomist，PeterCamper，published1779anessayontheOrang-UtanofsimilarvaluetothatofTysonontheChimpanzee。Hedissectedseveralfemalesandamale，allofwhich，fromthestateoftheirskeletonandtheirdentition，hejustlysupposestohavebeenyoung。However，judgingbytheanalogyofman，heconcludesthattheycouldnothaveexceededfourfeetinheightintheadultcondition。Furthermore，heisveryclearastothespecificdistinctnessofthetrueEastIndianOrang。
TheOrang，sayshe，differsnotonlyfromthePigmyofTysonandfromtheOrangofTulpiusbyitspeculiarcolouranditslongtoes，butalsobyitswholeexternalform。Itsarms，itshands，anditsfeetarelonger，whilethethumbs，onthecontrary，aremuchshorter，andthegreattoesmuchsmallerinproportion。*Andagain，ThetrueOrang，thatistosay，thatofAsia，thatofBorneo，isconsequentlynotthePithecus，ortaillessApe，whichtheGreeks，andespeciallyGalen，havedescribed。ItisneitherthePongonortheJocko，northeOrangofTulpius，northePigmyofTyson，——’itisananimalofapeculiarspecies’，asIshallproveintheclearestmannerbytheorgansofvoiceandtheskeletoninthefollowingchaptersl。c。p。64。
[footnote]*Camper，’Oeuvres’，i。p。56。
Afewyearslater，M。Radermacher，whoheldahighofficeintheGovernmentoftheDutchdominionsinIndia，andwasanactivememberoftheBatavianSocietyofArtsandSciences，published，inthesecondpartoftheTransactionsofthatSociety，*aDescriptionoftheIslandofBorneo，whichwaswrittenbetweentheyears1779and1781，and，amongmuchotherinterestingmatter，containssomenotesupontheOrang。ThesmallsortofOrang-Utan，viz。thatofVosmaerandofEdwards，hesays，isfoundonlyinBorneo，andchieflyaboutBanjermassing，Mampauwa，andLandak。OfthesehehadseensomefiftyduringhisresidenceintheIndies。butnoneexceeded21/2feetinlength。Thelargersort，oftenregardedasachimaera，continuesRadermacher，wouldperhapslonghaveremainedso，haditnotbeenfortheexertionsoftheResidentatRembang，M。Palm，who，onreturningfromLandaktowardsPontiana，shotone，andforwardedittoBataviainspirit，fortransmissiontoEurope。
[footnote]*VerhandelingenvanhetBataviaaschGenootschap。
TweedeDeel。DerdeDruk。1826。
Palm’sletterdescribingthecapturerunsthus：——HerewithIsendyourExcellency，contrarytoallexpectationsincelongagoIofferedmorethanahundredducatstothenativesforanOrang-UtanoffourorfivefeethighanOrangwhichIheardofthismorningabouteighto’clock。
ForalongtimewedidourbesttotakethefrightfulbeastaliveinthedenseforestabouthalfwaytoLandak。Weforgoteventoeat，soanxiouswerewenottolethimescape。butitwasnecessarytotakecarethathedidnotrevengehimself，ashekeptcontinuallybreakingoffheavypiecesofwoodandgreenbranches，anddashingthematus。
Thisgamelastedtillfouro’clockintheafternoon，whenwedeterminedtoshoothim。inwhichIsucceededverywell，andindeedbetterthanI
evershotfromaboatbefore。forthebulletwentjustintothesideofhischest，sothathewasnotmuchdamaged。Wegothimintotheprowstillliving，andboundhimfast，andnextmorninghediedofhiswounds。AllPontianacameonboardtoseehimwhenwearrived。Palmgiveshisheightfromtheheadtotheheelas49inches。
FIG。7——ThePongoSkull，sentbyRadermachertoCamper，afterCamper’soriginalsketches，asreproducedbyLucae。
AveryintelligentGermanofficer，BaronVonWurmb，whoatthistimeheldapostintheDutchEastIndiaservice，andwasSecretaryoftheBatavianSociety，studiedthisanimal，andhiscarefuldescriptionofit，entitledBeschrijvingvanderGrooteBorneoscheOrang-outangofdeOost-IndischePongo，iscontainedinthesamevolumeoftheBatavianSociety’sTransactions。AfterVonWurmbhaddrawnuphisdescriptionhestates，inaletterdatedBatavia，Feb。18，1781，*thatthespecimenwassenttoEuropeinbrandytobeplacedinthecollectionofthePrinceofOrange。unfortunately，hecontinues，wehearthattheshiphasbeenwrecked。VonWurmbdiedinthecourseoftheyear1781，theletterinwhichthispassageoccursbeingthelasthewrote。butinhisposthumouspapers，publishedinthefourthpartoftheTransactionsoftheBatavianSociety，thereisabriefdescription，withmeasurements，ofafemalePongofourfeethigh。
[footnote]BriefedesHerrnv。WurmbunddesH。BaronvonWollzogen。Gotha，1794。
Dideitheroftheseoriginalspecimens，onwhichVonWurmb’sdescriptionsarebased，everreachEurope？Itiscommonlysupposedthattheydid。butIdoubtthefact。For，appendedtothememoir’Del’Ourang-outang，’inthecollectededitionofCamper’sworks，tomei。，pp。64-66，isanotebyCamperhimself，referringtoVonWurmb’spapers，andcontinuingthus：——Heretofore，thiskindofapehadneverbeenknowninEurope。Radermacherhashadthekindnesstosendmetheskullofoneoftheseanimals，whichmeasuredfifty-threeinches，orfourfeetfiveinches，inheight。IhavesentsomesketchesofittoM。
SoemmeringatMayence，whicharebettercalculated，however，togiveanideaoftheformthanoftherealsizeoftheparts。
ThesesketcheshavebeenreproducedbyFischerandbyLucae，andbeardate1783，Soemmeringhavingreceivedthemin1784。HadeitherofVonWurmb’sspecimensreachedHolland，theywouldhardlyhavebeenunknownatthistimetoCamper，who，however，goesontosay——Itappearsthatsincethis，somemoreofthesemonstershavebeencaptured，foranentireskeleton，verybadlysetup，whichhadbeensenttotheMuseumofthePrinceofOrange，andwhichIsawonlyonthe27thofJune，1784，wasmorethanfourfeethigh。Iexaminedthisskeletonagainonthe19thDecember，1785，afterithadbeenexcellentlyputtorightsbytheingeniousOnymus。
Itappearsevident，then，thatthisskeleton，whichisdoubtlessthatwhichhasalwaysgonebythenameofWurmb’sPongo，isnotthatoftheanimaldescribedbyhim，thoughunquestionablysimilarinallessentialpoints。
Camperproceedstonotesomeofthemostimportantfeaturesofthisskeleton。promisestodescribeitindetailby-and-bye。andisevidentlyindoubtastotherelationofthisgreat’Pongo’tohispetitOrang。
Thepromisedfurtherinvestigationswerenevercarriedout。andsoithappenedthatthePongoofVonWurmbtookitsplacebythesideoftheChimpanzee，Gibbon，andOrangasafourthandcolossalspeciesofman-likeApe。AndindeednothingcouldlookmuchlessliketheChimpanzeesortheOrangs，thenknown，thanthePongo。forallthespecimensofChimpanzeeandOrangwhichhadbeenobservedweresmallofstature，singularlyhumaninaspect，gentleanddocile。whileWurmb’sPongowasamonsteralmosttwicetheirsize，ofvaststrengthandfierceness，andverybrutalinexpression。itsgreatprojectingmuzzle，armedwithstrongteeth，beingfurtherdisfiguredbytheoutgrowthofthecheeksintofleshylobes。
Eventually，inaccordancewiththeusualmaraudinghabitsoftheRevolutionaryarmies，the’Pongo’skeletonwascarriedawayfromHollandintoFrance，andnoticesofit，expresslyintendedtodemonstrateitsentiredistinctnessfromtheOranganditsaffinitywiththebaboons，weregiven，in1798，byGeoffroySt。HilaireandCuvier。
EveninCuvier’s’TableauElementaire’，andinthefirsteditionofhisgreatwork，the’RegneAnimal’，the’Pongo’isclassedasaspeciesofBaboon。However，soearlyas1818，itappearsthatCuviersawreasontoalterthisopinion，andtoadopttheviewsuggestedseveralyearsbeforebyBlumenbach，*andafterhimbyTilesius，thattheBorneanPongoissimplyanadultOrang。In1824，Rudolphidemonstrated，bytheconditionofthedentition，morefullyandcompletelythanhadbeendonebyhispredecessors，thattheOrangsdescribeduptothattimewereallyounganimals，andthattheskullandteethoftheadultwouldprobablybesuchasthoseseeninthePongoofWurmb。Inthesecondeditionofthe’RegneAnimal’1829，Cuvierinfers，fromthe’proportionsofalltheparts’and’thearrangementsoftheforaminaandsuturesofthehead，’thatthePongoistheadultoftheOrang-Utan，’atleastofaverycloselyalliedspecies，’andthisconclusionwaseventuallyplacedbeyondalldoubtbyProfessorOwen’sMemoirpublishedinthe’ZoologicalTransactions’for1835，andbyTemminckinhis’MonographiesdeMammalogie’。Temminck’smemoirisremarkableforthecompletenessoftheevidencewhichitaffordsastothemodificationwhichtheformoftheOrangundergoesaccordingtoageandsex。TiedemannfirstpublishedanaccountofthebrainoftheyoungOrang，whileSandifort，MullerandSchlegel，describedthemusclesandthevisceraoftheadult，andgavetheearliestdetailedandtrustworthyhistoryofthehabitsofthegreatIndianApeinastateofnature。andasimportantadditionshavebeenmadebylaterobservers，weareatthismomentbetteracquaintedwiththeadultoftheOrang-Utan，thanwiththatofanyoftheothergreaterman-likeApes。
[footnote]*SeeBlumenbach，’AbbildungenNaturhistorichenGegenstande，No。12，1810。andTilesius，NaturhistoricheFruchtedererstenKaiserlich-RussischenErdumsegelung’，p。
115，1813。
ItiscertainlythePongoofWurmb。*anditisascertainlynotthePongoofBattell，seeingthattheOrang-UtanisentirelyconfinedtothegreatAsiaticislandsofBorneoandSumatra。
[footnote]*Speakingbroadlyandwithoutprejudicetothequestion，whethertherebemorethanonespeciesofOrang。
AndwhiletheprogressofdiscoverythusclearedupthehistoryoftheOrang，italsobecameestablishedthattheonlyotherman-likeApesintheeasternworldwerethevariousspeciesofGibbon——Apesofsmallerstature，andthereforeattractinglessattentionthantheOrangs，thoughtheyarespreadoveramuchwiderrangeofcountry，andarehencemoreaccessibletoobservation。
Althoughthegeographicalareainhabitedbythe’Pongo’andEngecoofBattellissomuchnearertoEuropethanthatinwhichtheOrangandGibbonarefound，ouracquaintancewiththeAfricanApeshasbeenofslowergrowth。indeed，itisonlywithinthelastfewyearsthatthetruthfulstoryoftheoldEnglishadventurerhasbeenrenderedfullyintelligible。Itwasnotuntil1835thattheskeletonoftheadultChimpanzeebecameknown，bythepublicationofProfessorOwen’sabove-mentionedveryexcellentmemoir’OntheosteologyoftheChimpanzeeandOrang’，inthe’ZoologicalTransactions’——amemoirwhich，bytheaccuracyofitsdescriptions，thecarefulnessofitscomparisons，andtheexcellenceofitsfigures，madeanepochinthehistoryofourknowledgeofthebonyframework，notonlyoftheChimpanzee，butofalltheanthropoidApes。
Bytheinvestigationshereindetailed，itbecameevidentthattheoldChimpanzeeacquiredasizeandaspectasdifferentfromthoseoftheyoungknowntoTyson，toBuffon，andtoTraill，asthoseoftheoldOrangfromtheyoungOrang。andthesubsequentveryimportantresearchesofMessrs。SavageandWyman，theAmericanmissionaryandanatomist，havenotonlyconfirmedthisconclusion，buthaveaddedmanynewdetails。*
[footnote]*SeeObservationsontheexternalcharactersandhabitsoftheTroglodytesniger，byThomasN。Savage，M。D。，andonitsorganizationbyJeffriesWyman，M。D。，’BostonJournalofNaturalHistory’，vol。iv。，1843-4。andExternalcharacters，habits，andosteologyofTroglodytesGorilla，bythesameauthors，’ibid’。，vol。v。，1847。
OneofthemostinterestingamongthemanyvaluablediscoveriesmadebyDr。ThomasSavageisthefact，thatthenativesintheGabooncountryatthepresentday，applytotheChimpanzeeaname——Enche-eko——whichisobviouslyidenticalwiththeEngekoofBattell。adiscoverywhichhasbeenconfirmedbyalllaterinquirers。Battell’slessermonster
beingthusprovedtobeaveritableexistence，ofcourseastrongpresumptionarosethathisgreatermonster，the’Pongo，’wouldsoonerorlaterbediscovered。And，indeed，amoderntraveller，Bowdich，had，in1819，foundstrongevidence，amongthenatives，oftheexistenceofasecondgreatApe，calledthe’Ingena，’fivefeethigh，andfouracrosstheshoulders，thebuilderofarudehouse，ontheoutsideofwhichitslept。