FN560AnaccountofwhatpassedatNorwichmaystillbeseeninseveralcollectionsontheoriginalbroadside。SeealsotheFourthCollectionofPapers，1688。
FN561Clarke’sLifeofJames，ii。233。；MS。MemoiroftheHarleyfamilyintheMackintoshCollection。
FN562Citters，Dec。9/191688。LetteroftheBishopofBristoltothePrinceofOrange，Dec5。1688，inDalrymple。
FN563Citters，Nov27/Dec71688；Clarendon’sDiary，Dec。11。；
SongonLordLovelace’sentryintoOxford，1688；Burnet，i。793。
FN564Clarendon’sDiary，Dec。2，3，4，5。1688。
FN565WhittlesExactDiary；Eachard’sHistoryoftheRevelation。
FN566Citters，Nov。20/30Dec。9/191688。
FN567Clarendon’sDiary，Dec。6，7。1688。
FN568Clarendon’sDiary，Dec。7。1688。
FN569HistoryoftheDesertion；Citters，Dec。9/191688；ExactDiary；Oldmixon，760。
FN570SeeaveryinterestingnoteonthefifthcantoofSirWalterScott’sRokeby。
FN571MyaccountofwhatpassedatHungerfordistakenfromClarendon’sDiary，Dec。8，9。1688；Burnet，i。794；thePaperdeliveredtothePrincebytheCommissioners，andthePrince’sAnswer；SirPatrickHume’sDiary；CittersDec。9/19
FN572Clarke’sLifeofJames，ii。237。Burnet，strangetosay，hadnotheard，orhadforgotten，thattheprincewasbroughtbacktoLondon，i。796。
FN573Clarke’sLifeofJames，ii。246。；Pered’Orleans，Revolutionsd’Angleterre，xi。；MadamedeSevigne，Dec。14/24。
1688；Dangeau，Memoires，Dec。13/23。AstoLauzun，seetheMemoirsofMademoiselleandoftheDukeofSt。Simon，andtheCharactersofLabruyere。
FN574HistoryoftheDesertion；Clarke’sLifeOfJames。ii。251。
Orig。Mem。；Mulgrave’sAccountoftheRevolution；Burnet，i。795
FN575HistoryoftheDesertion；Mulgrave’sAccountoftheRevolution；Fachard’sHistoryoftheRevolution。
FN576LondonGazette，Dec。13。1688。
FN577Clarke’sLifeofJames，ii。259。；Mulgrave’sAccountoftheRevolution；LeggePapersintheMackintoshCollection。
FN578LondonGazette，Dec。131688；Barillon，Dec。14/24。；
Citters，samedate；Luttrell’sDiary；Clarke’sLifeofJames，ii。
256。Orig。Mem；EllisCorrespondence，Dec。13。；ConsultationoftheSpanishCouncilofState，Jan。19/29，1689。ItappearsthatRonquillocomplainedbitterlytohisgovernmentofhislosses；
\"SirviendolesolodeconsueloelhabertenidoprevenciondepoderconsumirElSantisimo。\"
FN579LondonGazette，Dec。131688；Luttrell’sDiary；Mulgrave’sAccountoftheRevolution；ConsultationoftheSpanishCouncilofState，Jan。19/291689。Somethingwassaidaboutreprisals:buttheSpanishcounciltreatedthesuggestionwithcontempt。
\"Habiendosidoestehechoporunfurordepueblo，sinconsentimientodelgobiernoyantescontrasuvoluntad，comolohamostradolasatisfaccionquelehandadoylehanprometido，parecequenohayjuiciohumanoquepuedeaconsejarquesepaseasemejanteremedio。\"
FN580North’sLifeofGuildford，220。；Jeffreys’Elegy；
Luttrell’sDiary；Oldmixon，762。Oldmixonwasinthecrowd，andwas，Idoubtnot，oneofthemostfuriousthere。Hetellsthestorywell。EllisCorrespondence；Barnet，i。797。andOnslow’snote。
FN581Adda，Dec。9/19；Citters，Dec。18/28
FN582Citters，Dec。14/24。1688；Luttrell’sDiary；EllisCorrespondence；Oldmixon，761。；Speke’sSecretHistoryoftheRevolution；Clarke’sLifeofJames，ii。257。；Eachard’sHistoryoftheRevolution；HistoryoftheDesertion。
FN583Clarke’sLifeofJames，ii。258。
FN584SecretHistoryoftheRevolution。
FN585Clarendon’sDiary，Dec。13。1688；Citters，Dec14/24；
Eachard’sHistoryoftheRevolution。
FN586Citters，Dec。14/24688；Luttrell’sDiary。
FN587Clarke’sLifeofJamesii。251。Orig。Mem。；LetterprintedinTindal’sContinuationofRapin。ThiscuriousletterisintheHarl。MSS。6852。
FN588Reresbywastold，byaladywhomhedoesnotname，thattheKinghadnointentionofwithdrawingtillhereceivedaletterfromHalifax，whowasthenatHungerford。Theletter，shesaid，informedHisMajestythat，ifhestaid，hislifewouldbeindanger。Thisiscertainlyamereromance。TheKing，beforetheCommissionersleftLondon，hadtoldBarillonthattheirembassywasamerefeint，andhadexpressedafullresolutiontoleavethecountry。ItisclearfromReresby’sownnarrativethatHalifaxthoughthimselfshamefullyused。
FN589Harl。MS。255。
FN590HalifaxMS。；Citters，Dec。18/28。1688。
FN591Mulgrave’sAccountoftheRevolution。
FN592Seehisproclamation，datedfromSt。Germains，April20。
1692。
FN593Clarke’sLifeofJames，ii。261。Orig。Mem。
FN594Clarendon’sDiary，Dec。16。1688；Barnet，i。800。
FN595Clarke’sLifeofJames，ii。262。Orig。Mem。；Barnet，i。
799IntheHistoryoftheDesertion（1689），itisaffirmedthattheshoutsonthisoccasionwereutteredmerelybysomeidleboys，andthatthegreatbodyofthepeoplelookedoninsilence。
Oldmixon，whowasinthecrowd，saysthesame；andRalph，whoseprejudiceswereverydifferentfromOldmixon’s，tellsusthattheinformationwhichhehadreceivedfromarespectableeyewitnesswastothesameeffect。Thetruthprobablyisthatthesignsofjoywereinthemselvesslight，butseemedextraordinarybecauseaviolentexplosionofpublicindignationhadbeenexpected。
Barillonmentionsthattherehadbeenacclamationsandsomebonfires，butadds，\"LepeopledanslefondestpourlePrinced’Orange。\"Dec。17/271688。
FN596LondonGazette，Dec。16。1688；Mulgrave’sAccountoftheRevolution；HistoryoftheDesertion；Burnet，i。799。；Evelyn’sDiary，Dec。13。17。1688。
FN597Clarke’sHistoryofJames，ii。262。Orig。Mem。
FN598Barillon，Dec。17/271681；Clarke’sLifeofJames，ii。
271。
FN599Mulgrave’sAccountoftheRevolution；Clarendon’sDiary，Dec。16。1688。
FN600Burneti。800。；Clarendon’sDiary，Dec。171688；Citters，Dec。18/28。1688。
FN601Burnet，i。800。；ConductoftheDuchessofMarlborough；
Mulgrave’sAccountoftheRevolution。Clarendonsaysnothingofthisundertheproperdate；butseehisDiary，August19。1689。
FN602Harte’sLifeofGustavusAdolphus。
FN603Clarke’sLifeofJamesii。264。mostlyfromOrig。Mem。；
Mulgrave’sAccountoftheRevolution；RapindeThoyras。ItmustberememberedthatintheseeventsRapinwashimselfanactor。
FN604Clarke’sLifeofJames，ii。265。Orig。Mem。；Mulgrave’sAccountoftheRevolution；Burnet，i，801。；Citters，Dec。18/28。
1688。
FN605Citters，Dec。18/28。1688；Evelyn’sDiary，samedate；
Clarke’sLifeofJames，ii。266，267。Orig。Mem。
FN606CittersDec。18/281688，FN607Luttrell’sDiary；Evelyn’sDiary；Clarendon’sDiary，Dec。
18。1688；RevolutionPolitics。
FN608FourthCollectionofpapersrelatingtothepresentjunctureofaffairsinEngland，1688；Burnet，i。802，803。；
Calamy’sLifeandTimesofBaxter，chap。xiv。
FN609Burnet，i。803。
FN610GazettedeFrance，Jan26/Feb51689。
FN611HistoryoftheDesertion；Clarendon’sDiary，Dec。21。
1688；Burnet，i。803。andOnslow’snote。
FN612Clarendon’sDiary，Dec。21。1688；Citters，samedate。
FN613Clarendon’sDiary，Dec。21，22。1688；Clarke’sLifeofJames，ii。268。270。Orig。Mem。
FN614Clarendon，Dec。23，1688；Clarke’sLifeofJames，ii。271。
273。275。Orig。Mem。
FN615Citters，Jan。1/11。1689；WitsenMS。quotedbyWagenaar，booklx。
FN616Halifax’snotes；LansdowneMS。255。；Clarendon’sDiary，Dec。24。1688；LondonGazette，Dec。31。
FN617Citters，Dec28/Jan41688。
FN618Theobjectorwasdesignatedincontemporarybooksandpamphletsonlybyhisinitials；andtheseweresometimesmisinterpreted。EachardattributesthecaviltoSirRobertSouthwell。ButIhavenodoubtthatOldmixonisrightinputtingitintothemouthofSawyer。
FN619HistoryoftheDesertion；LifeofWilliam，1703；Citters，Dec28/Jan71688/9
FN620LondonGazette，Jan。3。7。1688/9。
FN621LondonGazette，Jan。1017。1688/9；Luttrell’sDiary；
LeggePapers；Citters，1/114/1411/21。1689；Ronquillo，Jan。
15/25Feb23/Mar5；ConsultationoftheSpanishCouncilofState。
March26/April5
FN622Burnet，i，。802；Ronquillo，Jan。2/12Feb。8/18。1689。TheoriginalsofthesedespatcheswereentrustedtomebythekindnessofthelateLadyHollandandofthepresentLordHolland。PromthelatterdespatchIwillquoteaveryfewwords:
\"LatemadeS。M。BritanicaaseguirimprudentesconsejosperdioalosCatolicosaquellaquietudenquelesdexoCarlossegundo。
V。E。asegureasuSantidadquemassacaredelPrincipeparalosCatolicosquepudierasacardelRey。\"
FN623OnDecember13/23。1688，theAdmiralofCastilegavehisopinionthus:\"EstamateriaesdecalidadquenopuededexardepadecernuestrasagradareligionoelserviciodeV。M。；porque，sie1PrincipedeOrangetienebuenossuccesos，nosaseguraremosdeFranceses，peropeligraralareligion。\"TheCouncilwasmuchpleasedonFebruary16/26byaletterofthePrince，inwhichhepromised\"quelosCatolicosqueseportarenconprudencianoseanmolestados，ygocenlibertaddeconciencia，porsercontrasudictamenelforzarnicastigarporestarazonanadie。\"
FN624InthechapterofLaBruyere，entitled\"SurlesJugemens，\"
isapassagewhichdeservestoberead，asshowinginwhatlightourrevolutionappearedtoaFrenchmanofdistinguishedabilities。
FN625MyaccountofthereceptionofJamesandhiswifeinFranceistakenchieflyfromthelettersofMadamedeSevigneandtheMemoirsofDangeau。
FN626AlbevilletoPreston，Nov23/Dec31688，intheMackintoshCollection。
FN627\"’TishiernuHosanna:maar’tzal，veelligt，haastKruisthemkruisthem，zyn。\"Witsen，MS。inWagenaar，booklxi。Itisanoddcoincidencethat，averyfewyearsbefore，RichardDuke，aTorypoet，oncewellknown，butnowscarcelyrememberedexceptbyJohnson’sbiographicalsketch，hadusedexactlythesameillustrationaboutJames\"WasnotofoldtheJewishrabble’scry，Hosannahfirst，andaftercrucify？\"
TheReview。
DespatchoftheDutchAmbassadorsExtraordinary，Jan。8/18。1689；
Citters，samedate。
FN628LondonGazette，Jan。7。1688/9。
FN629TheSixthCollectionofPapers，1689；Wodrow，III。xii。4。
App。150，151；FaithfulContendingsDisplayed；Burnet，i。804。
FN630PerthtoLadyErrol，Dec。29。1688；toMelfort，Dec。21。
1688；SixthCollectionofPapers，1689。
FN631Burnet，i。805。；SixthCollectionofPapers，1689。
FN632Albeville，Nov。9/19。1688。
FN633SeethepamphletentitledLettertoaMemberoftheConvention，andtheanswer，1689；Burnet，i。809。
FN634LettertotheLordsoftheCouncil，Jan。4/14。1688/9；
Clarendon’sDiary，Jan9/19
FN635Itseemsincrediblethatanymanshouldreallyhavebeenimposeduponbysuchnonsense。IthereforethinkitrighttoquoteSancroft’swords，whicharestillextantinhisownhandwriting:
\"ThepoliticalcapacityorauthorityoftheKing，andhisnameinthegovernment，areperfectandcannotfail；buthispersonbeinghumanandmortal，andnototherwiseprivilegedthantherestofmankind，issubjecttoallthedefectsandfailingsofit。Hemaythereforebeincapableofdirectingthegovernmentanddispensingthepublictreasure，&c。eitherbyabsence，byinfancy，lunacy，deliracy，orapathy，whetherbynatureorcasualinfirmity，orlastly，bysomeinvincibleprejudicesofmind，contractedandfixedbyeducationandhabit，withunalterableresolutionssuperinduced，inmatterswhollyinconsistentandincompatiblewiththelaws，religion，peace，andtruepolicyofthekingdom。
Inallthesecases（Isay）theremustbesomeoneormorepersonsappointedtosupplysuchdefect，andvicariouslytohim，andbyhispowerandauthority，todirectpublicaffairs。AndthisdoneIsayfurther，thatallproceedings，authorities，commissions，grants，&c。issuedasformerly，arelegalandvalidtoallintents，andthepeople’sallegianceisthesamestill，theiroathsandobligationsnowaythwarted……SolongasthegovernmentmovesbytheKingsauthority，andinhisname，allthosesacredtiesandsettledformsofproceedingsarekept，andnoman’sconscienceburthenedwithanythingheneedsscrupletoundertake。\"——TannerMS。；Doyly’sLifeofSancroft。ItwasnotaltogetherwithoutreasonthatthecreaturesofJamesmadethemselvesmerrywiththegoodArchbishop’sEnglish。
FN636Evelyn，Jan。15。1688/9。
FN637Clarendon’sDiary，Dee。241688；Burnet，i。819。；
ProposalshumblyofferedinbehalfofthePrincessofOrange，Jan。28。1688/9。
FN638Burnet，i。389。，andthenotesofSpeakerOnslow。
FN639Evelyn’sDiary，Sept。26。1672，Oct。12。1679，July13。
1700；Seymour’sSurveyofLondon。
FN640Burnet，i。388。；andSpeakerOnslow’snote。
FN641Citters，Jan22/Feb11689；Grey’sDebates。
FN642Lords’andCommons’Journals，Jan。22。1688；CittersandClarendon’sDiaryofthesamedate。
FN643Lords’Journals，Jan。25。1683；Clarendon’sDiary，Jan。
23。25。
FN644Commons’Journals，Jan。28。1688/9；Grey’sDebates，CittersJan29/Feb8IfthereportinGrey’sDebatesbecorrect，CittersmusthavebeenmisinformedastoSawyer’sspeech。
FN645Lords’andCommons’Journals，Jan。29。1688/9
FN646Clarendon’sDiary，Jan。21。1688/9；Burnet，i。810；
Doyly’sLifeofSancroft；
FN647SeetheActofUniformity。
FN648Stat。2Hen。7。c。I。:LordCoke’sInstitutes，partiii。
chapi。；TrialofCookforhightreason，intheCollectionofStateTrials；Burnet，i。873。andSwift’snote。
FN649LordsJournalsJan。29。1688/9；Clarendon’sDiary；
Evelyn’sDiary；Citters；Eachard’sHistoryoftheRevolution；
Barnet，i。813。；HistoryoftheReestablishmentoftheGovernment，1689。ThenumbersoftheContentsandNotContentsarenotgiveninthejournals，andaredifferentlyreportedbydifferentwriters。IhavefollowedClarendon，whotookthetroubletomakeoutlistsofthemajorityandminority。
FN650Grey’sDebates；Evelyn’sDiary；LifeofArchbishopSharp，byhisson；ApologyfortheNewSeparation，inalettertoDr。
JohnSharp，ArchbishopofYork，1691。
FN651Lords’Journals，Jan。30。1689/8；Clarendon’sDiary。
FN652Dartmouth’snoteonBurneti。393。DartmouthsaysthatitwasfromFagelthattheLordsextractedthehint。Thiswasaslipofthepenverypardonableinahastymarginalnote；butDalrympleandothersoughtnottohavecopiedsopalpableablunder。FageldiedinHolland，onthe5thofDecember1688，whenWilliamwasatSalisburyandJamesatWhitehall。Therealpersonwas，Isuppose，Dykvelt，Bentinck，orZulestein，mostprobablyDykvelt。
FN653BoththeserviceandBurnet’ssermonarestilltobefoundinourgreatlibraries，andwillrepaythetroubleofperusal。
FN654Lords’Journals，Jan。31。1688/9。
FN655Citters，Feb。5/15。1689；Clarendon’sDiary，Feb。2。ThestoryisgreatlyexaggeratedintheworkentitledRevolutionPolitics，aneminentlyabsurdbook，yetofsomevalueasarecordofthefoolishreportsoftheday。GreysDebates。
FN656TheletterofJames，datedJan24/Feb31689，willbefoundinKennet。ItismostdisingenuouslygarbledinClarke’sLifeofJames。SeeClarendon’sDiary，Feb。2。4。；Grey’sDebates；
Lords’Journals，Feb。2。4。1688/9。
FN657Ithasbeenassertedbyseveralwriters，and，amongothers，byRalphandbyM。Mazure，thatDanbysignedthisprotest。Thisisamistake。ProbablysomepersonwhoexaminedthejournalsbeforetheywereprintedmistookDerbyforDanby。Lords’
Journals，Feb。4。1688/9。Evelyn，afewdaysbefore，wroteDerby，bymistake，forDanby。Diary，Jan。29。1688/9
FN658Commons’Journals，Feb。5。1688/9
FN659Burnet，i。819。
FN660Clarendon’sDiary，Jan。1，4，8，9，10，11，12，13，14，1688/9；Burnet，i。807。
FN661Clarendon’sDiary，Feb，5。168/9；DuchessofMarlborough’sVindication；Mulgrave’sAccountoftheRevolution。
FN662Burnet，i。820。Burnetsaysthathehasnotrelatedtheeventsofthisstirringtimeinchronologicalorder。Ihavethereforebeenforcedtoarrangethembyguess:butIthinkthatIcanscarcelybewronginsupposingthattheletterofthePrincessofOrangetoDanbyarrived，andthatthePrince’sexplanationofhisviewswasgiven，betweenThursdaythe31stofJanuary，andWednesdaythe6thofFebruary。
FN663Mulgrave’sAccountoftheRevolution。Inthefirstthreeeditions，Itoldthisstoryincorrectly。ThefaultwaschieflymyownbutpartlyBurnet’s，bywhosecarelessuseofthepronoun_he_，Iwasmisled。Burnet，i。818
FN664Commons’Journals，Feb。6。1688/9
FN665SeetheLords’andCommons’JournalsofFeb。6。1688/9andtheReportoftheConference。
FN666Lords’Journals，Feb。6。1688/9；Clarendon’sDiary；
Burnet，i。822。andDartmouth’snote；Citters，Feb。8/18，。IhavefollowedClarendonastothenumbers。Somewritersmakethemajoritysmallerandsomelarger。
FN667LordsJournals，Feb。6，7。1688/9；Clarendon’sDiary。
FN668CommonsJournals，Jan。29。，Feb。2。1688/9。
FN669Commons’Journal’s，Feb，2。1683。
FN670Grey’sDebates；Burnet，i。822。
FN671Commons’Journals，Feb。4。8。11，12。；Lords’Journals，Feb。9。11。12，1688/9
FN672LondonGazette，Feb。14。1688/9；Citters，Feb。12/22。
FN673DuchessofMarlborough’sVindication；ReviewoftheVindication；Burnet，i。781。825。andDartmouth’snote；Evelyn’sDiary，Feb。21。1688/9。
FN674Lords’andCommons’Journals，Feb。141688/9；Citters，Feb。15/25。CittersputsintoWilliam’smouthstrongerexpressionsofrespectfortheauthorityofParliamentthanappearinthejournals；butitisclearfromwhatPowlesaidthatthereportinthejournalswasnotstrictlyaccurate。
FN675LondonGazette，Feb。14。1688/9；Lords’andCommons’
Journals，Feb。13。；Citters，Feb15/25；Evelyn，Feb。21。
EndTheHistoryofEnglandfromtheAccessionofJamestheSecondVolumeIII
（ChaptersXI—XVI）
byThomasBabingtonMacaulayCHAPTERXI
WilliamandMaryproclaimedinLondon——RejoicingsthroughoutEngland；RejoicingsinHolland——DiscontentoftheClergyandoftheArmy——ReactionofPublicFeeling——TemperoftheTories——
TemperoftheWhigs——MinisterialArrangements——WilliamhisownMinisterforForeignAffairs——Danby——Halifax——NottinghamShrewsburyTheBoardofAdmiralty；theBoardofTreasury——TheGreatSeal——TheJudges——TheHousehold——SubordinateAppointments——
TheConventionturnedintoaParliament——TheMembersofthetwoHousesrequiredtotaketheOathsQuestionsrelatingtotheRevenue——AbolitionoftheHearthMoney——RepaymentoftheExpensesoftheUnitedProvinces——MutinyatIpswich——ThefirstMutinyBill——SuspensionoftheHabeasCorpusAct——UnpopularityofWilliam——PopularityofMary——TheCourtremovedfromWhitehalltoHamptonCourt——TheCourtatKensington；William’sforeignFavourites——GeneralMaladministration——DissensionsamongMeninOffice——DepartmentofForeignAffairs——ReligiousDisputes——TheHighChurchParty——TheLowChurchParty——William’sViewsconcerningEcclesiasticalPolity——Burnet，BishopofSalisbury——
Nottingham’sViewsconcerningEcclesiasticalPolity——TheTolerationBill——TheComprehensionBill——TheBillforsettlingtheOathsofAllegianceandSupremacy——TheBillforsettlingtheCoronationOath——TheCoronation——Promotions——TheCoalitionagainstFrance；theDevastationofthePalatinate——WardeclaredagainstFranceTHERevolutionhadbeenaccomplished。ThedecreesoftheConventionwereeverywherereceivedwithsubmission。London，trueduringfiftyeventfulyearstothecauseofcivilfreedomandofthereformedreligion，wasforemostinprofessingloyaltytothenewSovereigns。GarterKingatarms，aftermakingproclamationunderthewindowsofWhitehall，rodeinstatealongtheStrandtoTempleBar。HewasfollowedbythemacesofthetwoHouses，bythetwoSpeakers，HalifaxandPowle，andbyalongtrainofcoachesfilledwithnoblemenandgentlemen。ThemagistratesoftheCitythrewopentheirgatesandjoinedtheprocession。FourregimentsofmilitialinedthewayupLudgateHill，roundSaintPaul’sCathedral，andalongCheapside。Thestreets，thebalconies，andtheveryhousetopswerecrowdedwithgazers。AllthesteeplesfromtheAbbeytotheTowersentforthajoyousdin。
Theproclamationwasrepeated，withsoundoftrumpet，infrontoftheRoyalExchange，amidsttheshoutsofthecitizens。
IntheeveningeverywindowfromWhitechapeltoPiccadillywaslightedup。Thestateroomsofthepalacewerethrownopen，andwerefilledbyagorgeouscompanyofcourtiersdesiroustokissthehandsoftheKingandQueen。TheWhigsassembledthere，flushedwithvictoryandprosperity。Therewereamongthemsomewhomightbepardonedifavindictivefeelingmingledwiththeirjoy。Themostdeeplyinjuredofallwhohadsurvivedtheeviltimeswasabsent。LadyRussell，whileherfriendswerecrowdingthegalleriesofWhitehall，remainedinherretreat，thinkingofonewho，ifhehadbeenstillliving，wouldhaveheldnoundistinguishedplaceintheceremoniesofthatgreatday。Butherdaughter，whohadafewmonthsbeforebecomethewifeofLordCavendish，waspresentedtotheroyalpairbyhismothertheCountessofDevonshire。Aletterisstillextantinwhichtheyoungladydescribedwithgreatvivacitytheroarofthepopulace，theblazeinthestreets，thethronginthepresencechamber，thebeautyofMary，andtheexpressionwhichennobledandsoftenedtheharshfeaturesofWilliam。Butthemostinterestingpassageisthatinwhichtheorphangirlavowedthesterndelightwithwhichshehadwitnessedthetardypunishmentofherfather’smurderer。1
TheexampleofLondonwasfollowedbytheprovincialtowns。
DuringthreeweekstheGazetteswerefilledwithaccountsofthesolemnitiesbywhichthepublicjoymanifesteditself，cavalcadesofgentlemenandyeomen，processionsofSheriffsandBailiffsinscarletgowns，mustersofzealousProtestantswithorangeflagsandribands，salutes，bonfires，illuminations，music，balls，dinners，guttersrunningwithaleandconduitsspoutingclaret。2
StillmorecordialwastherejoicingamongtheDutch，whentheylearnedthatthefirstministeroftheirCommonwealthhadbeenraisedtoathrone。OntheverydayofhisaccessionhehadwrittentoassuretheStatesGeneralthatthechangeinhissituationhadmadenochangeintheaffectionwhichheboretohisnativeland，andthathisnewdignitywould，hehoped，enablehimtodischargehisolddutiesmoreefficientlythanever。Thatoligarchicalparty，whichhadalwaysbeenhostiletothedoctrinesofCalvinandtotheHouseofOrange，mutteredfaintlythatHisMajestyoughttoresigntheStadtholdership。Butallsuchmutteringsweredrownedbytheacclamationsofapeopleproudofthegeniusandsuccessoftheirgreatcountryman。Adayofthanksgivingwasappointed。InallthecitiesoftheSevenProvincesthepublicjoymanifesteditselfbyfestivitiesofwhichtheexpensewaschieflydefrayedbyvoluntarygifts。Everyclassassisted。Thepoorestlabourercouldhelptosetupanarchoftriumph，ortobringsedgetoabonfire。EventheruinedHuguenotsofFrancecouldcontributetheaidoftheiringenuity。
Oneartwhichtheyhadcarriedwiththemintobanishmentwastheartofmakingfireworks；andtheynow，inhonourofthevictoriouschampionoftheirfaith，lightedupthecanalsofAmsterdamwithshowersofsplendidconstellations。3
TosuperficialobserversitmightwellseemthatWilliamwas，atthistime，oneofthemostenviableofhumanbeings。Hewasintruthoneofthemostanxiousandunhappy。Hewellknewthatthedifficultiesofhistaskwereonlybeginning。Alreadythatdawnwhichhadlatelybeensobrightwasovercast；andmanysignsportendedadarkandstormyday。
Itwasobservedthattwoimportantclassestooklittleornopartinthefestivitiesbywhich，alloverEngland，theinaugurationofthenewgovernmentwascelebrated。VeryseldomcouldeitherapriestorasoldierbeseenintheassemblageswhichgatheredroundthemarketcrosseswheretheKingandQueenwereproclaimed。Theprofessionalpridebothoftheclergyandofthearmyhadbeendeeplywounded。ThedoctrineofnonresistancehadbeendeartotheAnglicandivines。Itwastheirdistinguishingbadge。Itwastheirfavouritetheme。Ifwearetojudgebythatportionoftheiroratorywhichhascomedowntous，theyhadpreachedaboutthedutyofpassiveobedienceatleastasoftenandaszealouslyasabouttheTrinityortheAtonement。4Theirattachmenttotheirpoliticalcreedhadindeedbeenseverelytried，andhad，duringashorttime，wavered。ButwiththetyrannyofJamesthebitterfeelingwhichthattyrannyhadexcitedamongthemhadpassedaway。Theparsonofaparishwasnaturallyunwillingtojoininwhatwasreallyatriumphoverthoseprincipleswhich，duringtwenty—eightyears，hisflockhadheardhimproclaimoneveryanniversaryoftheMartyrdomandoneveryanniversaryoftheRestoration。
Thesoldiers，too，werediscontented。TheyhatedPoperyindeed；
andtheyhadnotlovedthebanishedKing。Buttheykeenlyfeltthat，intheshortcampaignwhichhaddecidedthefateoftheircountry，theirshadbeenaningloriouspart。Fortyfineregiments，aregulararmysuchashadneverbeforemarchedtobattleundertheroyalstandardofEngland，hadretreatedprecipitatelybeforeaninvader，andhadthen，withoutastruggle，submittedtohim。Thatgreatforcehadbeenabsolutelyofnoaccountinthelatechange，haddonenothingtowardskeepingWilliamout，andhaddonenothingtowardsbringinghimin。Theclowns，who，armedwithpitchforksandmountedoncarthorses，hadstraggledinthetrainofLovelaceorDelamere，hadborneagreaterpartintheRevolutionthanthosesplendidhouseholdtroops，whoseplumedhats，embroideredcoats，andcurvettingchargerstheLondonershadsooftenseenwithadmirationinHydePark。Themortificationofthearmywasincreasedbythetauntsoftheforeigners，tauntswhichneitherordersnorpunishmentscouldentirelyrestrain。5Atseveralplacestheangerwhichabraveandhighspiritedbodyofmenmight，insuchcircumstances，beexpectedtofeel，showeditselfinanalarmingmanner。AbattalionwhichlayatCirencesterputoutthebonfires，huzzaedforKingJames，anddrankconfusiontohisdaughterandhisnephew。ThegarrisonofPlymouthdisturbedtherejoicingsoftheCountyofCornwall:blowswereexchanged，andamanwaskilledinthefray。6
Theillhumouroftheclergyandofthearmycouldnotbutbenoticedbythemostheedless；fortheclergyandthearmyweredistinguishedfromotherclassesbyobviouspeculiaritiesofgarb。\"Blackcoatsandredcoats，\"saidavehementWhigintheHouseofCommons，\"arethecursesofthenation。\"7Butthediscontentwasnotconfinedtotheblackcoatsandtheredcoats。
TheenthusiasmwithwhichmenofallclasseshadwelcomedWilliamtoLondonatChristmashadgreatlyabatedbeforethecloseofFebruary。Thenewkinghad，attheverymomentatwhichhisfameandfortunereachedthehighestpoint，predictedthecomingreaction。Thatreactionmight，indeed，havebeenpredictedbyalesssagaciousobserverofhumanaffairs。Foritistobechieflyascribedtoalawascertainasthelawswhichregulatethesuccessionoftheseasonsandthecourseofthetradewinds。Itisthenatureofmantooverratepresentevil，andtounderratepresentgood；tolongforwhathehasnot，andtobedissatisfiedwithwhathehas。Thispropensity，asitappearsinindividuals，hasoftenbeennoticedbothbylaughingandbyweepingphilosophers。ItwasafavouritethemeofHoraceandofPascal，ofVoltaireandofJohnson。Toitsinfluenceonthefateofgreatcommunitiesmaybeascribedmostoftherevolutionsandcounterrevolutionsrecordedinhistory。Ahundredgenerationshaveelapsedsincethefirstgreatnationalemancipation，ofwhichanaccounthascomedowntous。Wereadinthemostancientofbooksthatapeoplebowedtothedustunderacruelyoke，scourgedtotoilbyhardtaskmasters，notsuppliedwithstraw，yetcompelledtofurnishthedailytaleofbricks，becamesickoflife，andraisedsuchacryofmiseryaspiercedtheheavens。Theslaveswerewonderfullysetfree:atthemomentoftheirliberationtheyraisedasongofgratitudeandtriumph:but，inafewhours，theybegantoregrettheirslavery，andtomurmuragainsttheleaderwhohaddecoyedthemawayfromthesavouryfareofthehouseofbondagetothedrearywastewhichstillseparatedthemfromthelandflowingwithmilkandhoney。SincethattimethehistoryofeverygreatdelivererhasbeenthehistoryofMosesretold。DowntothepresenthourrejoicingslikethoseontheshoreoftheRedSeahaveeverbeenspeedilyfollowedbymurmuringslikethoseattheWatersofStrife。8Themostjustandsalutaryrevolutionmustproducemuchsuffering。
Themostjustandsalutaryrevolutioncannotproduceallthegoodthathadbeenexpectedfromitbymenofuninstructedmindsandsanguinetempers。Eventhewisestcannot，whileitisstillrecent，weighquitefairlytheevilswhichithascausedagainsttheevilswhichithasremoved。Fortheevilswhichithascausedarefelt；andtheevilswhichithasremovedarefeltnolonger。
ThusitwasnowinEngland。Thepublicwas，asitalwaysisduringthecoldfitswhichfollowitshotfits，sullen，hardtoplease，dissatisfiedwithitself，dissatisfiedwiththosewhohadlatelybeenitsfavourites。Thetrucebetweenthetwogreatpartieswasatanend。Separatedbythememoryofallthathadbeendoneandsufferedduringaconflictofhalfacentury，theyhadbeen，duringafewmonths，unitedbyacommondanger。Butthedangerwasover:theunionwasdissolved；andtheoldanimositybrokeforthagaininallitsstrength。
Jameshadduringthelastyearofhisreign，beenevenmorehatedbytheToriesthanbytheWhigs；andnotwithoutcausefortheWhigshewasonlyanenemy；andtotheTorieshehadbeenafaithlessandthanklessfriend。Buttheoldroyalistfeeling，whichhadseemedtobeextinctinthetimeofhislawlessdomination，hadbeenpartiallyrevivedbyhismisfortunes。Manylordsandgentlemen，whohad，inDecember，takenarmsforthePrinceofOrangeandaFreeParliament，muttered，twomonthslater，thattheyhadbeendrawnin；thattheyhadtrustedtoomuchtoHisHighness’sDeclaration；thattheyhadgivenhimcreditforadisinterestednesswhich，itnowappeared，wasnotinhisnature。TheyhadmeanttoputonKingJames，forhisowngood，somegentleforce，topunishtheJesuitsandrenegadeswhohadmisledhim，toobtainfromhimsomeguaranteeforthesafetyofthecivilandecclesiasticalinstitutionsoftherealm，butnottouncrownandbanishhim。Forhismaladministration，grossasithadbeen，excuseswerefound。Wasitstrangethat，drivenfromhisnativeland，whilestillaboy，byrebelswhowereadisgracetotheProtestantname，andforcedtopasshisyouthincountrieswheretheRomanCatholicreligionwasestablished，heshouldhavebeencaptivatedbythatmostattractiveofallsuperstitions？Wasitstrangethat，persecutedandcalumniatedashehadbeenbyanimplacablefaction，hisdispositionshouldhavebecomesternerandmoreseverethanithadoncebeenthought，andthat，whenthosewhohadtriedtoblasthishonourandtorobhimofhisbirthrightwereatlengthinhispower，heshouldnothavesufficientlytemperedjusticewithmercy？Astotheworstchargewhichhadbeenbroughtagainsthim，thechargeoftryingtocheathisdaughtersoutoftheirinheritancebyfatheringasupposititiouschild，onwhatgroundsdiditrest？Merelyonslightcircumstances，suchasmightwellbeimputedtoaccident，ortothatimprudencewhichwasbuttoomuchinharmonywithhischaracter。DideverthemoststupidcountryjusticeputaboyinthestockswithoutrequiringstrongerevidencethanthatonwhichtheEnglishpeoplehadpronouncedtheirKingguiltyofthebasestandmostodiousofallfrauds？Somegreatfaultshehaddoubtlesscommitted，nothingcouldbemorejustorconstitutionalthanthatforthosefaultshisadvisersandtoolsshouldbecalledtoaseverereckoning；nordidanyofthoseadvisersandtoolsmorerichlydeservepunishmentthantheRoundheadsectarieswhoseadulationhadencouragedhimtopersistinthefatalexerciseofthedispensingpower。ItwasafundamentallawofthelandthattheKingcoulddonowrong，andthat，ifwrongweredonebyhisauthority，hiscounsellorsandagentswereresponsible。Thatgreatrule，essentialtoourpolity，wasnowinverted。Thesycophants，whowerelegallypunishable，enjoyedimpunity:theKing，whowasnotlegallypunishable，waspunishedwithmercilessseverity。WasitpossiblefortheCavaliersofEngland，thesonsofthewarriorswhohadfoughtunderRupert，nottofeelbittersorrowandindignationwhentheyreflectedonthefateoftheirrightfulliegelord，theheirofalonglineofprinces，latelyenthronedinsplendouratWhitehall，nowanexile，asuppliant，amendicant？HiscalamitieshadbeengreaterthaneventhoseoftheBlessedMartyrfromwhomhesprang。Thefatherhadbeenslainbyavowedandmortalfoes:theruinofthesonhadbeentheworkofhisownchildren。Surelythepunishment，evenifdeserved，shouldhavebeeninflictedbyotherhands。Andwasitaltogetherdeserved？Hadnottheunhappymanbeenratherweakandrashthanwicked？Hadhenotsomeofthequalitiesofanexcellentprince？
Hisabilitieswerecertainlynotofahighorder:buthewasdiligent:hewasthrifty:hehadfoughtbravely:hehadbeenhisownministerformaritimeaffairs，andhad，inthatcapacity，acquittedhimselfrespectably:hehad，tillhisspiritualguidesobtainedafatalascendencyoverhismind，beenregardedasamanofstrictjustice；and，tothelast，whenhewasnotmisledbythem，hegenerallyspoketruthanddealtfairly。Withsomanyvirtueshemight，ifhehadbeenaProtestant，nay，ifhehadbeenamoderateRomanCatholic，havehadaprosperousandgloriousreign。Perhapsitmightnotbetoolateforhimtoretrievehiserrors。Itwasdifficulttobelievethathecouldbesodullandperverseasnottohaveprofitedbytheterribledisciplinewhichhehadrecentlyundergone；and，ifthatdisciplinehadproducedtheeffectswhichmightreasonablybeexpectedfromit，Englandmightstillenjoy，underherlegitimateruler，alargermeasureofhappinessandtranquillitythanshecouldexpectfromtheadministrationofthebestandablestusurper。
Weshoulddogreatinjusticetothosewhoheldthislanguage，ifwesupposedthattheyhad，asabody，ceasedtoregardPoperyanddespotismwithabhorrence。SomezealotsmightindeedbefoundwhocouldnotbearthethoughtofimposingconditionsontheirKing，andwhowerereadytorecallhimwithoutthesmallestassurancethattheDeclarationofIndulgenceshouldnotbeinstantlyrepublished，thattheHighCommissionshouldnotbeinstantlyrevived，thatPetreshouldnotbeagainseatedattheCouncilBoard，andthatthefellowsofMagdaleneshouldnotagainbeejected。Butthenumberofthesemenwassmall。Ontheotherhand，thenumberofthoseRoyalists，who，ifJameswouldhaveacknowledgedhismistakesandpromisedtoobservethelaws，werereadytorallyroundhim，wasverylarge。Itisaremarkablefactthattwoableandexperiencedstatesmen，whohadborneachiefpartintheRevolution，franklyacknowledged，afewdaysaftertheRevolutionhadbeenaccomplished，theirapprehensionthataRestorationwascloseathand。\"IfKingJameswereaProtestant，\"
saidHalifaxtoReresby，\"wecouldnotkeephimoutfourmonths。\"
\"IfKingJames，\"saidDanbytothesamepersonaboutthesametime，\"wouldbutgivethecountrysomesatisfactionaboutreligion，whichhemighteasilydo，itwouldbeveryhardtomakeheadagainsthim。\"9HappilyforEngland，Jameswas，asusual，hisownworstenemy。Nowordindicatingthathetookblametohimselfonaccountofthepast，orthatheintendedtogovernconstitutionallyforthefuture，couldbeextractedfromhim。
Everyletter，everyrumour，thatfounditswayfromSaintGermainstoEnglandmademenofsensefearthat，if，inhispresenttemper，heshouldberestoredtopower，thesecondtyrannywouldbeworsethanthefirst。ThustheTories，asabody，wereforcedtoadmit，veryunwillingly，thattherewas，atthatmoment，nochoicebutbetweenWilliamandpublicruin。Theytherefore，withoutaltogetherrelinquishingthehopethathewhowasKingbyrightmightatsomefuturetimebedisposedtolistentoreason，andwithoutfeelinganythinglikeloyaltytowardshimwhowasKinginpossession，discontentedlyenduredthenewgovernment。
Itmaybedoubtedwhetherthatgovernmentwasnot，duringthefirstmonthsofitsexistence，inmoredangerfromtheaffectionoftheWhigsthanfromthedisaffectionoftheTories。Enmitycanhardlybemoreannoyingthanquerulous，jealous，exactingfondness；andsuchwasthefondnesswhichtheWhigsfeltfortheSovereignoftheirchoice。Theywereloudinhispraise。Theywerereadytosupporthimwithpurseandswordagainstforeignanddomesticfoes。Buttheirattachmenttohimwasofapeculiarkind。LoyaltysuchashadanimatedthegallantgentlemenwhofoughtforCharlestheFirst，loyaltysuchashadrescuedCharlestheSecondfromthefearfuldangersanddifficultiescausedbytwentyyearsofmaladministration，wasnotasentimenttowhichthedoctrinesofMiltonandSidneywerefavourable；norwasitasentimentwhichaprince，justraisedtopowerbyarebellion，couldhopetoinspire。TheWhigtheoryofgovernmentisthatkingsexistforthepeople，andnotthepeopleforthekings；
thattherightofakingisdivineinnoothersensethanthatinwhichtherightofamemberofparliament，ofajudge，ofajuryman，ofamayor，ofaheadborough，isdivine；that，whilethechiefmagistrategovernsaccordingtolaw，heoughttobeobeyedandreverenced；that，whenheviolatesthelaw，heoughttobewithstood；andthat，whenheviolatesthelawgrossly，systematicallyandpertinaciously，heoughttobedeposed。OnthetruthoftheseprinciplesdependedthejusticeofWilliam’stitletothethrone。Itisobviousthattherelationbetweensubjectswhoheldtheseprinciples，andarulerwhoseaccessionhadbeenthetriumphoftheseprinciples，musthavebeenaltogetherdifferentfromtherelationwhichhadsubsistedbetweentheStuartsandtheCavaliers。TheWhigslovedWilliamindeed:buttheylovedhimnotasaKing，butasapartyleader；anditwasnotdifficulttoforeseethattheirenthusiasmwouldcoolfastifheshouldrefusetobethemereleaderoftheirparty，andshouldattempttobeKingofthewholenation。Whattheyexpectedfromhiminreturnfortheirdevotiontohiscausewasthatheshouldbeoneofthemselves，astanchandardentWhig；thatheshouldshowfavourtononebutWhigs；thatheshouldmakealltheoldgrudgesoftheWhigshisown；andtherewasbuttoomuchreasontoapprehendthat，ifhedisappointedthisexpectation，theonlysectionofthecommunitywhichwaszealousinhiscausewouldbeestrangedfromhim。10
Suchwerethedifficultiesbywhich，atthemomentofhiselevation，hefoundhimselfbeset。Wheretherewasagoodpathhehadseldomfailedtochooseit。Butnowhehadonlyachoiceamongpathseveryoneofwhichseemedlikelytoleadtodestruction。Fromonefactionhecouldhopefornocordialsupport。Thecordialsupportoftheotherfactionhecouldretainonlybybecominghimselfthemostfactiousmaninhiskingdom，aShaftesburyonthethrone。IfhepersecutedtheTories，theirsulkinesswouldinfalliblybeturnedintofury。IfheshowedfavourtotheTories，itwasbynomeanscertainthathewouldgaintheirgoodwill；anditwasbuttooprobablethathemightlosehisholdontheheartsoftheWhigs。Somethinghoweverhemustdo:somethinghemustrisk:aPrivyCouncilmustbeswornin:allthegreatoffices，politicalandjudicial，mustbefilled。Itwasimpossibletomakeanarrangementthatwouldpleaseeverybody，anddifficulttomakeanarrangementthatwouldpleaseanybody；butanarrangementmustbemade。
Whatisnowcalledaministryhedidnotthinkofforming。IndeedwhatisnowcalledaministrywasneverknowninEnglandtillhehadbeensomeyearsonthethrone。UnderthePlantagenets，theTudors，andtheStuarts，therehadbeenministers；buttherehadbeennoministry。TheservantsoftheCrownwerenot，asnow，boundinfrankpledgeforeachother。Theywerenotexpectedtobeofthesameopinionevenonquestionsofthegravestimportance。
Oftentheywerepoliticallyandpersonallyhostiletoeachother，andmadenosecretoftheirhostility。Itwasnotyetfelttobeinconvenientorunseemlythattheyshouldaccuseeachotherofhighcrimes，anddemandeachother’sheads。NomanhadbeenmoreactiveintheimpeachmentoftheLordChancellorClarendonthanCoventry，whowasaCommissioneroftheTreasury。NomanhadbeenmoreactiveintheimpeachmentoftheLordTreasurerDanbythanWinnington，whowasSolicitorGeneral。AmongthemembersoftheGovernmenttherewasonlyonepointofunion，theircommonhead，theSovereign。Thenationconsideredhimastheproperchiefoftheadministration，andblamedhimseverelyifhedelegatedhishighfunctionstoanysubject。ClarendonhastoldusthatnothingwassohatefultotheEnglishmenofhistimeasaPrimeMinister。
Theywouldrather，hesaid，besubjecttoanusurperlikeOliver，whowasfirstmagistrateinfactaswellasinname，thantoalegitimateKingwhoreferredthemtoaGrandVizier。OneofthechiefaccusationswhichthecountrypartyhadbroughtagainstCharlestheSecondwasthathewastooindolentandtoofondofpleasuretoexaminewithcarethebalancesheetsofpublicaccountantsandtheinventoriesofmilitarystores。James，whenhecametothecrown，haddeterminedtoappointnoLordHighAdmiralorBoardofAdmiralty，andtokeeptheentiredirectionofmaritimeaffairsinhisownhands；andthisarrangement，whichwouldnowbethoughtbymenofallpartiesunconstitutionalandperniciousinthehighestdegree，wasthengenerallyapplaudedevenbypeoplewhowerenotinclinedtoseehisconductinafavourablelight。HowcompletelytherelationinwhichtheKingstoodtohisParliamentandtohisministershadbeenalteredbytheRevolutionwasnotatfirstunderstoodevenbythemostenlightenedstatesmen。Itwasuniversallysupposedthatthegovernmentwould，asintimepast，beconductedbyfunctionariesindependentofeachother，andthatWilliamwouldexerciseageneralsuperintendenceoverthemall。ItwasalsofullyexpectedthataprinceofWilliam’scapacityandexperiencewouldtransactmuchimportantbusinesswithouthavingrecoursetoanyadviser。
Therewerethereforenocomplaintswhenitwasunderstoodthathehadreservedtohimselfthedirectionofforeignaffairs。Thiswasindeedscarcelymatterofchoice:for，withthesingleexceptionofSirWilliamTemple，whomnothingwouldinducetoquithisretreatforpubliclife，therewasnoEnglishmanwhohadprovedhimselfcapableofconductinganimportantnegotiationwithforeignpowerstoasuccessfulandhonourableissue。ManyyearshadelapsedsinceEnglandhadinterferedwithweightanddignityintheaffairsofthegreatcommonwealthofnations。TheattentionoftheablestEnglishpoliticianshadlongbeenalmostexclusivelyoccupiedbydisputesconcerningthecivilandecclesiasticalconstitutionoftheirowncountry。ThecontestsaboutthePopishPlotandtheExclusionBill，theHabeasCorpusActandtheTestAct，hadproducedanabundance，itmightalmostbesaidaglut，ofthosetalentswhichraisementoeminenceinsocietiestornbyinternalfactions。AlltheContinentcouldnotshowsuchskilfulandwaryleadersofparties，suchdexterousparliamentarytacticians，suchreadyandeloquentdebaters，aswereassembledatWestminister。Butaverydifferenttrainingwasnecessarytoformagreatministerforforeignaffairs；andtheRevolutionhadonasuddenplacedEnglandinasituationinwhichtheservicesofagreatministerforforeignaffairswereindispensabletoher。
Williamwasadmirablyqualifiedtosupplythatinwhichthemostaccomplishedstatesmenofhiskingdomweredeficient。Hehadlongbeenpreeminentlydistinguishedasanegotiator。HewastheauthorandthesouloftheEuropeancoalitionagainsttheFrenchascendency。Theclue，withoutwhichitwasperiloustoenterthevastandintricatemazeofContinentalpolitics，wasinhishands。HisEnglishcounsellors，therefore，howeverableandactive，seldom，duringhisreign，venturedtomeddlewiththatpartofthepublicbusinesswhichhehadtakenashispeculiarprovince。11
TheinternalgovernmentofEnglandcouldbecarriedononlybytheadviceandagencyofEnglishministers。ThoseministersWilliamselectedinsuchamannerasshowedthathewasdeterminednottoproscribeanysetofmenwhowerewillingtosupporthisthrone。OnthedayafterthecrownhadbeenpresentedtohimintheBanquetingHouse，thePrivyCouncilwasswornin。
MostoftheCouncillorswereWhigs；butthenamesofseveraleminentToriesappearedinthelist。12Thefourhighestofficesinthestatewereassignedtofournoblemen，therepresentativesoffourclassesofpoliticians。
InpracticalabilityandofficialexperienceDanbyhadnosuperioramonghiscontemporaries。TothegratitudeofthenewSovereignshehadastrongclaim；foritwasbyhisdexteritythattheirmarriagehadbeenbroughtaboutinspiteofdifficultieswhichhadseemedinsuperable。TheenmitywhichhehadalwaysbornetoFrancewasascarcelylesspowerfulrecommendation。HehadsignedtheinvitationofthethirtiethofJune，hadexcitedanddirectedthenortherninsurrection，andhad，intheConvention，exertedallhisinfluenceandeloquenceinoppositiontotheschemeofRegency。YettheWhigsregardedhimwithunconquerabledistrustandaversion。Theycouldnotforgetthathehad，inevildays，beenthefirstministerofthestate，theheadoftheCavaliers，thechampionofprerogative，thepersecutorofdissenters。Eveninbecomingarebel，hehadnotceasedtobeaTory。IfhehaddrawntheswordagainsttheCrown，hehaddrawnitonlyindefenceoftheChurch。Ifhehad，intheConvention，donegoodbyopposingtheschemeofRegency，hehaddoneharmbyobstinatelymaintainingthatthethronewasnotvacant，andthattheEstateshadnorighttodeterminewhoshouldfillit。TheWhigswerethereforeofopinionthatheoughttothinkhimselfamplyrewardedforhisrecentmeritsbybeingsufferedtoescapethepunishmentofthoseoffencesforwhichhehadbeenimpeachedtenyearsbefore。He，ontheotherhand，estimatedhisownabilitiesandservices，whichweredoubtlessconsiderable，attheirfullvalue，andthoughthimselfentitledtothegreatplaceofLordHighTreasurer，whichhehadformerlyheld。Buthewasdisappointed。William，onprinciple，thoughtitdesirabletodividethepowerandpatronageoftheTreasuryamongseveralCommissioners。HewasthefirstEnglishKingwhonever，fromthebeginningtotheendofhisreign，trustedthewhitestaffinthehandsofasinglesubject。DanbywasofferedhischoicebetweenthePresidencyoftheCouncilandaSecretaryshipofState。HesullenlyacceptedthePresidency，and，whiletheWhigsmurmuredatseeinghimplacedsohigh，hardlyattemptedtoconcealhisangeratnothavingbeenplacedhigher。13
Halifax，themostillustriousmanofthatsmallpartywhichboastedthatitkeptthebalanceevenbetweenWhigsandTories，tookchargeofthePrivySeal，andcontinuedtobeSpeakeroftheHouseofLords。14HehadbeenforemostinstrictlylegaloppositiontothelateGovernment，andhadspokenandwrittenwithgreatabilityagainstthedispensingpower:buthehadrefusedtoknowanythingaboutthedesignofinvasion:hehadlaboured，evenwhentheDutchwereinfullmarchtowardsLondon，toeffectareconciliation；andhehadneverdesertedJamestillJameshaddesertedthethrone。But，fromthemomentofthatshamefulflight，thesagaciousTrimmer，convincedthatcompromisewasthenceforthimpossible，hadtakenadecidedpart。HehaddistinguishedhimselfpreeminentlyintheConvention:norwasitwithoutapeculiarproprietythathehadbeenappointedtothehonourableofficeoftenderingthecrown，inthenameofalltheEstatesofEngland，tothePrinceandPrincessofOrange；forourRevolution，asfarasitcanbesaidtobearthecharacterofanysinglemind，assuredlybearsthecharacterofthelargeyetcautiousmindofHalifax。TheWhigs，however，werenotinatempertoacceptarecentserviceasanatonementforanoldoffence；andtheoffenceofHalifaxhadbeengraveindeed。Hehadlongbeforebeenconspicuousintheirfrontrankduringahardfightforliberty。Whentheywereatlengthvictorious，whenitseemedthatWhitehallwasattheirmercy，whentheyhadanearprospectofdominionandrevenge，hehadchangedsides；andfortunehadchangedsideswithhim。InthegreatdebateontheExclusionBill，hiseloquencehadstruckthemdumb，andhadputnewlifeintotheinertanddespondingpartyoftheCourt。Itwastruethat，thoughhehadlefttheminthedayoftheirinsolentprosperity，hehadreturnedtotheminthedayoftheirdistress。
But，nowthattheirdistresswasover，theyforgotthathehadreturnedtothem，andrememberedonlythathehadleftthem。15
ThevexationwithwhichtheysawDanbypresidingintheCouncil，andHalifaxbearingthePrivySeal，wasnotdiminishedbythenewsthatNottinghamwasappointedSecretaryofState。Someofthosezealouschurchmenwhohadneverceasedtoprofessthedoctrineofnonresistance，whothoughttheRevolutionunjustifiable，whohadvotedforaRegency，andwhohadtothelastmaintainedthattheEnglishthronecouldneverbeonemomentvacant，yetconceivedittobetheirdutytosubmittothedecisionoftheConvention。Theyhadnot，theysaid，rebelledagainstJames。TheyhadnotselectedWilliam。But，nowthattheysawonthethroneaSovereignwhomtheyneverwouldhaveplacedthere，theywereofopinionthatnolaw，divineorhuman，boundthemtocarrythecontestfurther。Theythoughtthattheyfound，bothintheBibleandintheStatuteBook，directionswhichcouldnotbemisunderstood。TheBibleenjoinsobediencetothepowersthatbe。TheStatuteBookcontainsanactprovidingthatnosubjectshallbedeemedawrongdoerforadheringtotheKinginpossession。Onthesegroundsmany，whohadnotconcurredinsettingupthenewgovernment，believedthattheymightgiveittheirsupportwithoutoffencetoGodorman。OneofthemosteminentpoliticiansofthisschoolwasNottingham。AthisinstancetheConventionhad，beforethethronewasfilled，madesuchchangesintheoathofallegianceasenabledhimandthosewhoagreedwithhimtotakethatoathwithoutscruple。\"Myprinciples，\"hesaid，\"donotpermitmetobearanypartinmakingaKing。ButwhenaKinghasbeenmade，myprinciplesbindmetopayhimanobediencemorestrictthanhecanexpectfromthosewhohavemadehim。\"Henow，tothesurpriseofsomeofthosewhomostesteemedhim，consentedtositinthecouncil，andtoacceptthesealsofSecretary。WilliamdoubtlesshopedthatthisappointmentwouldbeconsideredbytheclergyandtheTorycountrygentlemenasasufficientguaranteethatnoevilwasmeditatedagainsttheChurch。EvenBurnet，whoatalaterperiodfeltastrongantipathytoNottingham，owned，insomememoirswrittensoonaftertheRevolution，thattheKinghadjudgedwell，andthattheinfluenceoftheTorySecretary，honestlyexertedinsupportofthenewSovereigns，hadsavedEnglandfromgreatcalamities。16
TheotherSecretarywasShrewsbury。17Nomansoyounghadwithinlivingmemoryoccupiedsohighapostinthegovernment。Hehadbutjustcompletedhistwenty—eighthyear。Nobody，however，exceptthesolemnformalistsattheSpanishembassy，thoughthisyouthanobjectiontohispromotion。18Hehadalreadysecuredforhimselfaplaceinhistorybytheconspicuouspartwhichhehadtakeninthedeliveranceofhiscountry。Histalents，hisaccomplishments，hisgracefulmanners，hisblandtemper，madehimgenerallypopular。BytheWhigsespeciallyhewasalmostadored。
Nonesuspectedthat，withmanygreatandmanyamiablequalities，hehadsuchfaultsbothofheadandofheartaswouldmaketherestofalifewhichhadopenedunderthefairestauspicesburdensometohimselfandalmostuselesstohiscountry。
ThenavaladministrationandthefinancialadministrationwereconfidedtoBoards。HerbertwasFirstCommissioneroftheAdmiralty。Hehadinthelatereigngivenupwealthanddignitieswhenhefoundthathecouldnotretainthemwithhonourandwithagoodconscience。HehadcarriedthememorableinvitationtotheHague。HehadcommandedtheDutchfleetduringthevoyagefromHelvoetsluystoTorbay。Hischaracterforcourageandprofessionalskillstoodhigh。Thathehadhadhisfolliesandviceswaswellknown。Buthisrecentconductinthetimeofseveretrialhadatonedforall，andseemedtowarrantthehopethathisfuturecareerwouldbeglorious。AmongthecommissionerswhosatewithhimattheAdmiraltyweretwodistinguishedmembersoftheHouseofCommons，WilliamSacheverell，aveteranWhig，whohadgreatauthorityinhisparty，andSirJohnLowther，anhonestandverymoderateTory，whoinfortuneandparliamentaryinterestwasamongthefirstoftheEnglishgentry。19
Mordaunt，oneofthemostvehementoftheWhigs，wasplacedattheheadoftheTreasury；why，itisdifficulttosay。Hisromanticcourage，hisflightywit，hiseccentricinvention，hisloveofdesperaterisksandstartlingeffects，werenotqualitieslikelytobeofmuchusetohiminfinancialcalculationsandnegotiations。Delamere，amorevehementWhig，ifpossible，thanMordaunt，satesecondattheboard，andwasChancelloroftheExchequer。TwoWhigmembersoftheHouseofCommonswereintheCommission，SirHenryCapel，brotherofthatEarlofEssexwhodiedbyhisownhandintheTower，andRichardHampden，sonofthegreatleaderoftheLongParliament。ButtheCommissioneronwhomthechiefweightofbusinesslaywasGodolphin。Thisman，taciturn，clearminded，laborious，inoffensive，zealousfornogovernmentandusefultoeverygovernment，hadgraduallybecomeanalmostindispensablepartofthemachineryofthestate。
Thoughachurchman，hehadprosperedinaCourtgovernedbyJesuits。ThoughhehadvotedforaRegency，hewastherealheadofatreasuryfilledwithWhigs。Hisabilitiesandknowledge，whichhadinthelatereignsuppliedthedeficienciesofBellasyseandDover，werenowneededtosupplythedeficienciesofMordauntandDelamere。20
ThereweresomedifficultiesindisposingoftheGreatSeal。TheKingatfirstwishedtoconfideittoNottingham，whosefatherhadborneitduringseveralyearswithhighreputation。21
Nottingham，however，declinedthetrust；anditwasofferedtoHalifax，butwasagaindeclined。BoththeseLordsdoubtlessfeltthatitwasatrustwhichtheycouldnotdischargewithhonourtothemselvesorwithadvantagetothepublic。Inoldtimes，indeed，theSealhadbeengenerallyheldbypersonswhowerenotlawyers。
Evenintheseventeenthcenturyithadbeenconfidedtotwoeminentmen，whohadneverstudiedatanyInnofCourt。DeanWilliamshadbeenLordKeepertoJamestheFirst。ShaftesburyhadbeenLordChancellortoCharlestheSecond。Butsuchappointmentscouldnolongerbemadewithoutseriousinconvenience。Equityhadbeengraduallyshapingitselfintoarefinedscience，whichnohumanfacultiescouldmasterwithoutlongandintenseapplication。EvenShaftesbury，vigorousaswashisintellect，hadpainfullyfelthiswantoftechnicalknowledge；22and，duringthefifteenyearswhichhadelapsedsinceShaftesburyhadresignedtheSeal，technicalknowledgehadconstantlybeenbecomingmoreandmorenecessarytohissuccessors。NeitherNottinghamtherefore，thoughhehadastockoflegallearningsuchasisrarelyfoundinanypersonwhohasnotreceivedalegaleducation，norHalifax，though，inthejudicialsittingsoftheHouseofLords，thequicknessofhisapprehensionandthesubtletyofhisreasoninghadoftenastonishedthebar，venturedtoacceptthehighestofficewhichanEnglishlaymancanfill。
AftersomedelaytheSealwasconfidedtoacommissionofeminentlawyers，withMaynardattheirhead。23
Thechoiceofjudgesdidhonourtothenewgovernment。EveryPrivyCouncillorwasdirectedtobringalist。Thelistswerecompared；andtwelvemenofconspicuousmeritwereselected。24
TheprofessionalattainmentsandWhigprinciplesofPollexfengavehimpretensionstothehighestplace。ButitwasrememberedthathehadheldbriefsfortheCrown，intheWesterncounties，attheassizeswhichfollowedthebattleofSedgemoor。Itseemsindeedfromthereportsofthetrialsthathedidaslittleashecoulddoifheheldthebriefsatall，andthathelefttotheJudgesthebusinessofbrowbeatingwitnessesandprisoners。
NeverthelesshisnamewasinseparablyassociatedinthepublicmindwiththeBloodyCircuit。He，therefore，couldnotwithproprietybeputattheheadofthefirstcriminalcourtintherealm。25AfteractingduringafewweeksasAttorneyGeneral，hewasmadeChiefJusticeoftheCommonPleas。SirJohnHolt，ayoungman，butdistinguishedbylearning，integrity，andcourage，becameChiefJusticeoftheKing’sBench。SirRobertAtkyns，aneminentlawyer，whohadpassedsomeyearsinruralretirement，butwhosereputationwasstillgreatinWestminsterHall，wasappointedChiefBaron。Powell，whohadbeendisgracedonaccountofhishonestdeclarationinfavouroftheBishops，againtookhisseatamongthejudges。TrebysucceededPollexfenasAttorneyGeneral；andSomerswasmadeSolicitor。26
TwoofthechiefplacesintheRoyalhouseholdwerefilledbytwoEnglishnoblemeneminentlyqualifiedtoadornacourt。ThehighspiritedandaccomplishedDevonshirewasnamedLordSteward。NomanhaddonemoreorriskedmoreforEnglandduringthecrisisofherfate。Inretrievingherlibertieshehadretrievedalsothefortunesofhisownhouse。HisbondforthirtythousandpoundswasfoundamongthepaperswhichJameshadleftatWhitehall，andwascancelledbyWilliam。27
DorsetbecameLordChamberlain，andemployedtheinfluenceandpatronageannexedtohisfunctions，ashehadlongemployedhisprivatemeans，inencouraginggeniusandinalleviatingmisfortune。Oneofthefirstactswhichhewasunderthenecessityofperformingmusthavebeenpainfultoamanofsogenerousanature，andofsokeenarelishforwhateverwasexcellentinartsandletters。DrydencouldnolongerremainPoetLaureate。ThepublicwouldnothavebornetoseeanyPapistamongtheservantsoftheirMajesties；andDrydenwasnotonlyaPapist，butanapostate。HehadmoreoveraggravatedtheguiltofhisapostasybycalumniatingandridiculingtheChurchwhichhehaddeserted。Hehad，itwasfacetiouslysaid，treatedherasthePaganpersecutorsofoldtreatedherchildren。Hehaddressedherupintheskinofawildbeast，andthenbaitedherforthepublicamusement。28Hewasremoved；buthereceivedfromtheprivatebountyofthemagnificentChamberlainapensionequaltothesalarywhichhadbeenwithdrawn。ThedeposedLaureate，however，aspoorofspiritasrichinintellectualgifts，continuedtocomplainpiteously，yearafteryear，ofthelosseswhichhehadnotsuffered，tillatlengthhiswailingsdrewforthexpressionsofwellmeritedcontemptfrombraveandhonestJacobites，whohadsacrificedeverythingtotheirprincipleswithoutdeigningtoutteronewordofdeprecationorlamentation。29
IntheRoyalhouseholdwereplacedsomeofthoseDutchnobleswhostoodhighestinthefavouroftheKing。BentinckhadthegreatofficeofGroomoftheStole，withasalaryoffivethousandpoundsayear。Zulesteintookchargeoftherobes。TheMasteroftheHorsewasAuverquerque，agallantsoldier，whounitedthebloodofNassautothebloodofHorn，andwhoworewithjustprideacostlyswordpresentedtohimbytheStatesGeneralinacknowledgmentofthecouragewithwhichhehad，onthebloodydayofSaintDennis，savedthelifeofWilliam。
TheplaceofViceChamberlaintotheQueenwasgiventoamanwhohadjustbecomeconspicuousinpubliclife，andwhosenamewillfrequentlyrecurinthehistoryofthisreign。JohnHowe，or，ashewasmorecommonlycalled，JackHowe，hadbeensentuptotheConventionbytheboroughofCirencester。Hisappearancewasthatofamanwhosebodywaswornbytheconstantworkingsofarestlessandacridmind。Hewastall，lean，pale，withahaggardeagerlook，expressiveatonceofflightinessandofshrewdness。
Hehadbeenknown，duringseveralyears，asasmallpoet；andsomeofthemostsavagelampoonswhichwerehandedaboutthecoffeehouseswereimputedtohim。ButitwasintheHouseofCommonsthatbothhispartsandhisillnatureweremostsignallydisplayed。Beforehehadbeenamemberthreeweeks，hisvolubility，hisasperity，andhispertinacityhadmadehimconspicuous。Quickness，energy，andaudacity，united，soonraisedhimtotherankofaprivilegedman。Hisenemies，andhehadmanyenemies，saidthatheconsultedhispersonalsafetyeveninhismostpetulantmoods，andthathetreatedsoldierswithacivilitywhichhenevershowedtoladiesortoBishops。Butnomanhadinlargermeasurethatevilcouragewhichbravesandevencourtsdisgustandhatred。Nodecenciesrestrainedhim:hisspitewasimplacable:hisskillinfindingoutthevulnerablepartsofstrongmindswasconsummate。Allhisgreatcontemporariesfelthisstingintheirturns。OnceitinflictedawoundwhichderangedeventhesterncomposureofWilliam，andconstrainedhimtoutterawishthathewereaprivategentleman，andcouldinviteMr。HowetoashortinterviewbehindMontagueHouse。Asyet，however，Howewasreckonedamongthemoststrenuoussupportersofthenewgovernment，anddirectedallhissarcasmsandinvectivesagainstthemalcontents。30
Thesubordinateplacesineverypublicofficeweredividedbetweenthetwoparties:buttheWhigshadthelargershare。Somepersons，indeed，whodidlittlehonourtotheWhigname，werelargelyrecompensedforserviceswhichnogoodmanwouldhaveperformed。WildmanwasmadePostmasterGeneral。AlucrativesinecureintheExcisewasbestowedonFerguson。ThedutiesoftheSolicitoroftheTreasurywerebothveryimportantandveryinvidious。Itwasthebusinessofthatofficertoconductpoliticalprosecutions，tocollecttheevidence，toinstructthecounselfortheCrown，toseethattheprisonerswerenotliberatedoninsufficientbail，toseethatthejurieswerenotcomposedofpersonshostiletothegovernment。InthedaysofCharlesandJames，theSolicitorsoftheTreasuryhadbeenwithtoomuchreasonaccusedofemployingallthevilestartificesofchicaneryagainstmenobnoxioustotheCourt。Thenewgovernmentoughttohavemadeachoicewhichwasaboveallsuspicion。
UnfortunatelyMordauntandDelamerepitcheduponAaronSmith，anacrimoniousandunprincipledpolitician，whohadbeenthelegaladviserofTitusOatesinthedaysofthePopishPlot，andwhohadbeendeeplyimplicatedintheRyeHousePlot。RichardHampden，amanofdecidedopinionsbutofmoderatetemper，objectedtothisappointment。Hisobjectionshoweverwereoverruled。TheJacobites，whohatedSmithandhadreasontohatehim，affirmedthathehadobtainedhisplacebybullyingtheLordsoftheTreasury，andparticularlybythreateningthat，ifhisjustclaimsweredisregarded，hewouldbethedeathofHampden。31
Someweekselapsedbeforeallthearrangementswhichhavebeenmentionedwerepubliclyannounced:andmeanwhilemanyimportanteventshadtakenplace。AssoonasthenewPrivyCouncillorshadbeenswornin，itwasnecessarytosubmittothemagraveandpressingquestion。CouldtheConventionnowassembledbeturnedintoaParliament？TheWhigs，whohadadecidedmajorityintheLowerHouse，wereallfortheaffirmative。TheTories，whoknewthat，withinthelastmonth，thepublicfeelinghadundergoneaconsiderablechange，andwhohopedthatageneralelectionwouldaddtotheirstrength，wereforthenegative。TheymaintainedthattotheexistenceofaParliamentroyalwritswereindispensablynecessary。TheConventionhadnotbeensummonedbysuchwrits:theoriginaldefectcouldnotnowbesupplied:theHouseswerethereforemereclubsofprivatemen，andoughtinstantlytodisperse。
Itwasansweredthattheroyalwritwasmerematterofform，andthattoexposethesubstanceofourlawsandlibertiestoserioushazardforthesakeofaformwouldbethemostsenselesssuperstition。WherevertheSovereign，thePeersspiritualandtemporal，andtheRepresentativesfreelychosenbytheconstituentbodiesoftherealmweremettogether，therewastheessenceofaParliament。SuchaParliamentwasnowinbeing；andwhatcouldbemoreabsurdthantodissolveitataconjuncturewheneveryhourwasprecious，whennumerousimportantsubjectsrequiredimmediatelegislation，andwhendangers，onlytobeavertedbythecombinedeffortsofKing，Lords，andCommons，menacedtheState？AJacobiteindeedmightconsistentlyrefusetorecognisetheConventionasaParliament。Forheheldthatithadfromthebeginningbeenanunlawfulassembly，thatallitsresolutionswerenullities，andthattheSovereignswhomithadsetupwereusurpers。Butwithwhatconsistencycouldanyman，whomaintainedthatanewParliamentoughttobeimmediatelycalledbywritsunderthegreatsealofWilliamandMary，questiontheauthoritywhichhadplacedWilliamandMaryonthethrone？ThosewhoheldthatWilliamwasrightfulKingmustnecessarilyholdthatthebodyfromwhichhederivedhisrightwasitselfarightfulGreatCounciloftheRealm。Thosewho，thoughnotholdinghimtoberightfulKing，conceivedthattheymightlawfullyswearallegiancetohimasKinginfact，mightsurely，onthesameprinciple，acknowledgetheConventionasaParliamentinfact。ItwasplainthattheConventionwasthefountainheadfromwhichtheauthorityofallfutureParliamentsmustbederived，andthatonthevalidityofthevotesoftheConventionmustdependthevalidityofeveryfuturestatute。Andhowcouldthestreamrisehigherthanthesource？WasitnotabsurdtosaythattheConventionwassupremeinthestate，andyetanullity；alegislatureforthehighestofallpurposes，andyetnolegislatureforthehumblestpurposes；competenttodeclarethethronevacant，tochangethesuccession，tofixthelandmarksoftheconstitution，andyetnotcompetenttopassthemosttrivialActfortherepairingofapierorthebuildingofaparishchurch？
Theseargumentswouldhavehadconsiderableweight，evenifeveryprecedenthadbeenontheotherside。Butintruthourhistoryaffordedonlyoneprecedentwhichwasatallinpoint；andthatprecedentwasdecisiveinfavourofthedoctrinethatroyalwritsarenotindispensablynecessarytotheexistenceofaParliament。
NoroyalwrithadsummonedtheConventionwhichrecalledCharlestheSecond。YetthatConventionhad，afterhisRestoration，continuedtositandtolegislate，hadsettledtherevenue，hadpassedanActofamnesty，hadabolishedthefeudaltenures。Theseproceedingshadbeensanctionedbyauthorityofwhichnopartyinthestatecouldspeakwithoutreverence。Halehadborneaconsiderableshareinthem，andhadalwaysmaintainedthattheywerestrictlylegal。Clarendon，littleashewasinclinedtofavouranydoctrinederogatorytotherightsoftheCrown，ortothedignityofthatsealofwhichhewaskeeper，haddeclaredthat，sinceGodhad，atamostcriticalconjuncture，giventhenationagoodParliament，itwouldbetheheightoffollytolookfortechnicalflawsintheinstrumentbywhichthatParliamentwascalledtogether。WoulditbepretendedbyanyTorythattheConventionof1660hadamorerespectableoriginthantheConventionof1689？WasnotaletterwrittenbythefirstPrinceoftheBlood，attherequestofthewholepeerage，andofhundredsofgentlemenwhohadrepresentedcountiesandtowns，atleastasgoodawarrantasavoteoftheRump？