andlo！Imustdieforit。\"Shecomplainedoftheinsolenceofthejudges，oftheferocityofthegaoler，andofthetyrannyofhim，thegreatoneofall，towhosepleasuresheandsomanyothervictimshadbeensacrificed。Insofarastheyhadinjuredherself，sheforgavethem:but，inthattheywereimplacableenemiesofthatgoodcausewhichwouldyetreviveandflourish，sheleftthemtothejudgmentoftheKingofKings。Tothelastshepreservedatranquilcourage，whichremindedthespectatorsofthemostheroicdeathsofwhichtheyhadreadinFox。WilliamPenn，forwhomexhibitionswhichhumanemengenerallyavoidseemtohavehadastrongattraction，hastenedfromCheapside，wherehehadseenCornishhanged，toTyburn，inordertoseeElizabethGauntburned。Heafterwardsrelatedthat，whenshecalmlydisposedthestrawaboutherinsuchamannerastoshortenhersufferings，allthebystandersburstintotears。Itwasmuchnoticedthat，whilethefoulestjudicialmurderwhichhaddisgracedeventhosetimeswasperpetrating，atempestburstforth，suchashadnotbeenknownsincethatgreathurricanewhichhadragedroundthedeathbedofOliver。TheoppressedPuritansreckonedup，notwithoutagloomysatisfactionthehouseswhichhadbeenblowndown，andtheshipswhichhadbeencastaway，andderivedsomeconsolationfromthinkingthatheavenwasbearingawfultestimonyagainsttheiniquitywhichafflictedtheearth。SincethatterribledaynowomanhassuffereddeathinEnglandforanypoliticaloffence。470
ItwasnotthoughtthatGoodenoughhadyetearnedhispardon。Thegovernmentwasbentondestroyingavictimofnohighrank，asurgeonintheCity，namedBateman。HehadattendedShaftesburyprofessionally，andhadbeenazealousExclusionist。HemaypossiblyhavebeenprivytotheWhigplot；butitiscertainthathehadnotbeenoneoftheleadingconspirators；for，inthegreatmassofdepositionspublishedbythegovernment，hisnameoccursonlyonce，andthennotinconnectionwithanycrimeborderingonhightreason。Fromhisindictment，andfromthescantyaccountwhichremainsofhistrial，itseemsclearthathewasnotevenaccusedofparticipatinginthedesignofmurderingtheroyalbrothers。Themalignitywithwhichsoobscureaman，guiltyofsoslightanoffence，washunteddown，whiletraitorsfarmorecriminalandfarmoreeminentwereallowedtoransomthemselvesbygivingevidenceagainsthim，seemedtorequireexplanation；andadisgracefulexplanationwasfound。WhenOates，afterhisscourging，wascarriedintoNewgateinsensible，and，asallthought，inthelastagony，hehadbeenbledandhiswoundshadbeendressedbyBateman。Thiswasanoffencenottobeforgiven。Batemanwasarrestedandindicted。Thewitnessesagainsthimweremenofinfamouscharacter，men，too，whowereswearingfortheirownlives。Noneofthemhadyetgothispardon；anditwasapopularsaying，thattheyfishedforprey，liketamecormorants，withropesroundtheirnecks。Theprisoner，stupefiedbyillness，wasunabletoarticulate，ortounderstandwhatpassed。Hissonanddaughterstoodbyhimatthebar。Theyreadaswellastheycouldsomenoteswhichhehadsetdown，andexaminedhiswitnesses。Itwastolittlepurpose。Hewasconvicted，hanged，andquartered。471
Never，notevenunderthetyrannyofLaud，hadtheconditionofthePuritansbeensodeplorableasatthattime。Neverhadspiesbeensoactivelyemployedindetectingcongregations。Neverhadmagistrates，grandjurors，rectorsandchurchwardensbeensomuchonthealert。ManyDissenterswerecitedbeforetheecclesiasticalcourts。Othersfounditnecessarytopurchasetheconnivanceoftheagentsofthegovernmentbypresentsofhogsheadsofwine，andofglovesstuffedwithguineas。Itwasimpossiblefortheseparatiststopraytogetherwithoutprecautionssuchasareemployedbycoinersandreceiversofstolengoods。Theplacesofmeetingwerefrequentlychanged。
Worshipwasperformedsometimesjustbeforebreakofdayandsometimesatdeadofnight。Roundthebuildingwherethelittleflockwasgatheredsentinelswerepostedtogivethealarmifastrangerdrewnear。Theministerindisguisewasintroducedthroughthegardenandthebackyard。Insomehousesthereweretrapdoorsthroughwhich，incaseofdanger，hemightdescend。
WhereNonconformistslivednextdoortoeachother，thewallswereoftenbrokenopen，andsecretpassagesweremadefromdwellingtodwelling。Nopsalmwassung；andmanycontrivanceswereusedtopreventthevoiceofthepreacher，inhismomentsoffervour，frombeingheardbeyondthewalls。Yet，withallthiscare，itwasoftenfoundimpossibletoeludethevigilanceofinformers。InthesuburbsofLondon，especially，thelawwasenforcedwiththeutmostrigour。Severalopulentgentlemenwereaccusedofholdingconventicles。Theirhouseswerestrictlysearched，anddistresseswereleviedtotheamountofmanythousandsofpounds。Thefiercerandboldersectaries，thusdrivenfromtheshelterofroofs，metintheopenair，anddeterminedtorepelforcebyforce。AMiddlesexjusticewhohadlearnedthatanightlyprayermeetingwasheldinagravelpitabouttwomilesfromLondon，tookwithhimastrongbodyofconstables，brokeinupontheassembly，andseizedthepreacher。
Butthecongregation，whichconsistedofabouttwohundredmen，soonrescuedtheirpastor。andputthemagistrateandhisofficerstoflight。472This，however，wasnoordinaryoccurrence。
IngeneralthePuritanspiritseemedtobemoreeffectuallycowedatthisconjuncturethanatanymomentbeforeorsince。TheTorypamphleteersboastedthatnotonefanaticdaredtomovetongueorpenindefenceofhisreligiousopinions。Dissentingministers，howeverblamelessinlife，howevereminentforlearningandabilities，couldnotventuretowalkthestreetsforfearofoutrages，whichwerenotonlynotrepressed，butencouraged，bythosewhosedutyitwastopreservethepeace。Somedivinesofgreatfamewereinprison。AmongthesewasRichardBaxter。
Others，whohad，duringaquarterofacentury，borneupagainstoppression，nowlostheart，andquittedthekingdom。AmongthesewasJohnHowe。Greatnumbersofpersonswhohadbeenaccustomedtofrequentconventiclesrepairedtotheparishchurches。Itwasremarkedthattheschismaticswhohadbeenterrifiedintothisshowofconformitymighteasilybedistinguishedbythedifficultywhichtheyhadinfindingoutthecollect，andbytheawkwardmannerinwhichtheybowedatthenameofJesus。473
Throughmanyyearstheautumnof1685wasrememberedbytheNonconformistsasatimeofmiseryandterror。Yetinthatautumnmightbediscernedthefirstfaintindicationsofagreatturnoffortune；andbeforeeighteenmonthshadelapsed，theintolerantKingandtheintolerantChurchwereeagerlybiddingagainsteachotherforthesupportofthepartywhichbothhadsodeeplyinjured。
ENDOFVOL。I。
1Inthis，andinthenextchapter，Ihaveveryseldomthoughtitnecessarytociteauthorities:for，inthesechapters，Ihavenotdetailedeventsminutely，orusedreconditematerials；andthefactswhichImentionareforthemostpartsuchthatapersontolerablywellreadinEnglishhistory，ifnotalreadyapprisedofthem，willatleastknowwheretolookforevidenceofthem。InthesubsequentchaptersIshallcarefullyindicatethesourcesofmyinformation。
2ThisisexcellentlyputbyMr。HallaminthefirstchapterofhisConstitutionalHistory。
3SeeaverycuriouspaperwhichStrypebelievedtobeinGardiner’shandwriting。EcclesiasticalMemorials，Book1。，Chap。
xvii。
4TheseareCranmer’sownwords。SeetheAppendixtoBurnet’sHistoryoftheReformation，Part1。BookIII。No。21。Question9。
5ThePuritanhistorian，Neal，aftercensuringthecrueltywithwhichshetreatedthesecttowhichhebelonged，concludesthus:\"However，notwithstandingalltheseblemishes，QueenElizabethstandsuponrecordasawiseandpoliticprincess，fordeliveringherkingdomfromthedifficultiesinwhichitwasinvolvedatheraccession，。forpreservingtheProtestantreformationagainstthepotentattemptsofthePope，theEmperor，andKingofSpainabroad，andtheQueenofScotsandherPopishsubjectsathome……Shewasthegloryoftheageinwhichshelived，andwillbetheadmirationofposterity。\"——HistoryofthePuritans，PartI。Chap。viii。
6Onthissubject，BishopCooper’slanguageisremarkablyclearandstrong。Hemaintains，inhisAnswertoMartinMarprelate，printedin1589，thatnoformofchurchgovernmentisdivinelyordained；thatProtestantcommunities，inestablishingdifferentforms，haveonlymadealegitimateuseoftheirChristianliberty；andthatepiscopacyispeculiarlysuitedtoEngland，becausetheEnglishconstitutionismonarchical。\"AllthoseChurches，\"saystheBishop，\"inwhichtheGospell，inthesedaies，aftergreatdarknesse，wasfirstrenewed，andthelearnedmenwhomGodsenttoinstructthem，IdoubtnotbuthavebeendirectedbytheSpiriteofGodtoretainethisliberty，that，inexternalgovernmentandotheroutwardorders；theymightchoosesuchastheythoughtinwisedomeandgodlinessetobemostconvenientforthestateoftheircountreyanddispositionoftheirpeople。Whythenshouldthislibertythatothercountreyshaveusedunderaniecolourbewrestedfromus？Ithinkitthereforegreatpresumptionandboldnessethatsomeofournation，andthose，whatevertheymaythinkofthemselves，notofthegreatestwisedomeandskill，shouldtakeuponthemtocontrollethewholerealme，andtobindebothprinceandpeopleinrespectofconsciencetoalterthepresentstate，andtiethemselvestoacertainplatformedevisedbysomeofourneighbours。which，inthejudgmentofmanywiseandgodlypersons，ismostunfitforthestateofaKingdome。\"
7Strype’sLifeofGrindal，AppendixtoBookII。No。xvii。
8Canon55，of1603。
9JosephHall，thendeanofWorcester，andafterwardsbishopofNorwich，wasoneofthecommissioners。Inhislifeofhimself，hesays:\"Myunworthinesswasnamedforoneoftheassistantsofthathonourable，grave，andreverendmeeting。\"Tohighchurchmenthishumilitywillseemnotalittleoutofplace。
10ItwasbytheActofUniformity，passedaftertheRestoration，thatpersonsnotepiscopallyordainedwere，forthefirsttime，madeincapableofholdingbenefices。NomanwasmorezealousforthislawthanClarendon。Yethesays:\"Thiswasnew；
fortherehadbeenmany，andatpresentthereweresome，whopossessedbeneficeswithcureofsoulsandotherecclesiasticalpromotions，whohadneverreceivedordersbutinFranceorHolland；andthesemenmustnowreceivenewordination，whichhadbeenalwaysheldunlawfulintheChurch，orbythisactofparliamentmustbedeprivedoftheirlivelihoodwhichtheyenjoyedinthemostflourishingandpeaceabletimeoftheChurch。\"
11Peckard’sLifeofFerrar；TheArminianNunnery，oraBriefDescriptionofthelateerectedmonasticalPlacecalledtheArminianNunnery，atLittleGiddinginHuntingdonshire，1641。
12ThecorrespondenceofWentworthseemstomefullytobearoutwhatIhavesaidinthetext。TotranscribeallthepassageswhichhaveledmetotheconclusionatwhichIhavearrived，wouldbeimpossible，norwoulditbeeasytomakeabetterselectionthanhasalreadybeenmadebyMr。Hallam。Imay，howeverdirecttheattentionofthereaderparticularlytotheveryablepaperwhichWentworthdrewuprespectingtheaffairsofthePalatinate。ThedateisMarch31，1637。
13TheseareWentworth’sownwords。SeehislettertoLaud，datedDec。16，1634。
14SeehisreporttoCharlesfortheyear1639。
15SeehislettertotheEarlofNorthumberland，datedJuly30，1638。
16HowlittlecompassionforthebearhadtodowiththematterissufficientlyprovedbythefollowingextractfromapaperentitledAperfectDiurnalofsomePassagesofParliament，andfromotherPartsoftheKingdom，fromMondayJuly24th，toMondayJuly31st，1643。\"UpontheQueen’scomingfromHolland，shebroughtwithher，besidesacompanyofsavage—likeruffians，acompanyofsavagebears，towhatpurposeyoumayjudgebythesequel。ThosebearswereleftaboutNewark，andwerebroughtintocountrytownsconstantlyontheLord’sdaytobebaited，suchisthereligionthosehererelatedwouldsettleamongstus；and，ifanywentabouttohinderorbutspeakagainsttheirdamnableprofanations，theywerepresentlynotedasRoundheadsandPuritans，andsuretobeplunderedforit。ButsomeofColonelCromwell’sforcescomingbyaccidentintoUppinghamtown，inRutland，ontheLord’sday，foundthesebearsplayingthereintheusualmanner，and，intheheightoftheirsport，causedthemtobeseizedupon，tiedtoatreeandshot。\"Thiswasbynomeansasolitaryinstance。ColonelPride，whenSheriffofSurrey，orderedthebeastsinthebeargardenofSouthwarktobekilled。
Heisrepresentedbyaloyalsatiristasdefendingtheactthus:
\"Thefirstthingthatisuponmyspiritsisthekillingofthebears，forwhichthepeoplehateme，andcallmeallthenamesintherainbow。ButdidnotDavidkillabear？DidnottheLordDeputyIretonkillabear？Didnotanotherlordofourskillfivebears？\"—LastSpeechandDyingWordsofThomaspride。
17SeePenn’sNewWitnessesprovedOldHeretics，andMuggleton’sworks，passim。
18Iamhappytosay，that，sincethispassagewaswritten，theterritoriesbothoftheRajahofNagporeandoftheKingofOudehavebeenaddedtotheBritishdominions。（1857。）
19ThemostsensiblethingsaidintheHouseofCommons，onthissubject，camefromSirWilliamCoventry:\"Ourancestorsneverdiddrawalinetocircumscribeprerogativeandliberty。\"
20HalifaxwasundoubtedlytherealauthoroftheCharacterofaTrimmer，which，foratime，wentunderthenameofhiskinsman，SirWilliamCoventry。
21North’sExamen，231，574。
22ApeerwhowaspresenthasdescribedtheeffectofHalifax’soratoryinwordswhichIwillquote，because，thoughtheyhavebeenlonginprint，theyareprobablyknowntofewevenofthemostcuriousanddiligentreadersofhistory。
\"OfpowerfuleloquenceandgreatpartsweretheDuke’senemieswhodidasserttheBill；butanobleLordappearedagainstitwho，thatday，inalltheforceofspeech，inreason，inargumentsofwhatcouldconcernthepublicortheprivateinterestsofmen，inhonour，inconscience，inestate，didoutdohimselfandeveryotherman；andinfinehisconductandhispartswerebothvictorious，andbyhimallthewitandmaliceofthatpartywasoverthrown。\"
ThispassageistakenfromamemoirofHenryEarlofPeterborough，inavolumeentitled\"SuccinctGenealogies，byRobertHalstead，\"fol。1685。ThenameofHalsteadisfictitious。
TherealauthorsweretheEarlofPeterboroughhimselfandhischaplain。Thebookisextremelyrare。Onlytwenty—fourcopieswereprinted，twoofwhicharenowintheBritishMuseum。OfthesetwoonebelongedtoGeorgetheFourth，andtheothertoMr。
Grenville。
23Thisismentionedinthecuriousworkentitled\"RagguagliodellasolenneComparsafattainRomagliottodiGennaio，1687，dall’illustrissimoeteccellentissimosignorContediCastlemaine。\"
24North’sExamen，69。
25LordPreston，whowasenvoyatParis，wrotethencetoHalifaxasfollows:\"IfindthatyourLordshipliesstillunderthesamemisfortuneofbeingnofavouritetothiscourt；andMonsieurBarillondarenotdoyouthehonortoshineuponyou，sincehismasterfrowneth。Theyknowverywellyourlordship’squalificationswhichmakethemfearandconsequentlyhateyou；
andbeassured，mylord，ifalltheirstrengthcansendyoutoRufford，itshallbeemployedforthatend。Twothings，Ihear，theyparticularlyobjectagainstyou，yoursecrecy，andyourbeingincapableofbeingcorrupted。AgainstthesetwothingsI
knowtheyhavedeclared。\"ThedateoftheletterisOctober5，N。
S。1683
26Duringtheintervalwhichhaselapsedsincethischapterwaswritten，Englandhascontinuedtoadvancerapidlyinmaterialprosperity，Ihaveleftmytextnearlyasitoriginallystood；
butIhaveaddedafewnoteswhichmayenablethereadertoformsomenotionoftheprogresswhichhasbeenmadeduringthelastnineyears；and，ingeneral，Iwoulddesirehimtorememberthatthereisscarcelyadistrictwhichisnotmorepopulous，orasourceofwealthwhichisnotmoreproductive，atpresentthanin1848。（1857。）
27ObservationsontheBillsofMortality，byCaptainJohnGraunt（SirWilliamPetty），chap。xi。
28\"ShedothcomprehendFullfifteenhundredthousandwhichdospendTheirdayswithin。’’
GreatBritain’sBeauty，1671。
29IsaacVossius，DeMagnitudineUrbiumSinarum，1685。Vossius，aswelearnfromSaintEvremond，talkedonthissubjectoftenerandlongerthanfashionablecirclescaredtolisten。
30King’sNaturalandPoliticalObservations，1696Thisvaluabletreatise，whichoughttobereadastheauthorwroteit，andnotasgarbledbyDavenant，willbefoundinsomeeditionsofChalmers’sEstimate。
31Dalrymple’sAppendixtoPartII。BookI，Thepracticeofreckoningthepopulationbysectswaslongfashionable。GulliversaysoftheKingofBrobdignag；\"Helaughedatmyoddarithmetic，ashewaspleasedtocallit，inreckoningthenumbersofourpeoplebyacomputationdrawnfromtheseveralsectsamongusinreligionandpolitics。\"
32PrefacetothePopulationReturnsof1831。
33Statutes14Car。II。c。22。；18&19Car。II。c。3。，29&30
Car。II。c。2。
34NicholsonandBourne，DiscourseontheAncientStateoftheBorder，1777。
35Gray’sJournalofaTourintheLakes，Oct。3，1769。
36North’sLifeofGuildford；Hutchinson’sHistoryofCumberland，ParishofBrampton。
37SeeSirWalterScott’sJournal，Oct。7，1827，inhisLifebyMr。Lockhart。
38Dalrymple，AppendixtoPartII。BookI。Thereturnsofthehearthmoneyleadtonearlythesameconclusion。ThehearthsintheprovinceofYorkwerenotasixthofthehearthsofEngland。
39Idonot，ofcourse，pretendtostrictaccuracyhere；butI
believethatwhoeverwilltakethetroubletocomparethelastreturnsofhearthmoneyinthereignofWilliamtheThirdwiththecensusof1841，willcometoaconclusionnotverydifferentfrommine。
40ThereareinthePepysianLibrarysomeballadsofthatageonthechimneymoney。Iwillgiveaspecimenortwo:
\"Thegoodolddameswhenevertheythechimneymanespied，Untotheirnookstheyhasteaway，theirpotsandpipkinshide。
Thereisnotoneolddameinten，andsearchthenationthrough，But，ifyoutalkofchimneymen，willspareacurseortwo。\"
Again:
\"Likeplunderingsoldiersthey’denterthedoor，Andmakeadistressonthegoodsofthepoor。
Whilefrightedpoorchildrendistractedlycried；
Thisnothingabatedtheirinsolentpride。\"
IntheBritishMuseumtherearedoggrelversescomposedonthesamesubjectandinthesamespirit:
\"Or，ifthroughpovertyitbenotpaidForcrueltytotearawaythesinglebed，Onwhichthepoormanrestshiswearyhead，Atoncedepriveshimofhisrestandbread。\"
Itakethisopportunitythefirstwhichoccurs，ofacknowledgingmostgratefulthekindandliberalmannerinwhichtheMasterandVicemasterofMagdaleiCollege，Cambridge，gavemeaccesstothevaluablecollectionsofPepys。
41MychiefauthoritiesforthisfinancialstatementwillbefoundintheCommons’Journal，March1，andMarch20，1688—9。
42See，forexample，thepictureofthemoundatMarlborough，inStukeley’sDinerariumCuriosum。
43Chamberlayne’sStateofEngland，1684。
4413and14Car。II。c。3；15Car。II。c。4。Chamberlayne’sStateofEngland，1684。
45Dryden，inhisCymonandIphigenia，expressed，withhisusualkeennessandenergy，thesentimentswhichhadbeenfashionableamongthesycophantsofJamestheSecond:—
\"Thecountryringsaroundwithloudalarms，Andrawinfieldstherudemilitiaswarms；
Mouthswithouthands，maintainedatvastexpense，Stoutonceamonththeymarch，ablusteringband，Andever，butintimeofneedathand。
Thiswasthemornwhen，issuingontheguard，Drawnupinrankandfile，theystoodpreparedOfseemingarmstomakeashortessay。
Thenhastentobedrunk，thebusinessoftheday。\"
46MostofthematerialswhichIhaveusedforthisaccountoftheregulararmywillbefoundintheHistoricalRecordsofRegiments，publishedbycommandofKingWilliamtheFourth，andunderthedirectionoftheAdjutantGeneral。SeealsoChamberlayne’sStateofEngland，1684；AbridgmentoftheEnglishMilitaryDiscipline，printedbyespecialcommand，1688；ExerciseofFoot，bytheirMajesties’command，1690。
47IrefertoadespatchofBonrepauxtoSeignelay，datedFeb。
8/18。1686。ItwastranscribedforMr。FoxfromtheFrencharchives，duringthepeaceofAmiens，and，withtheothermaterialsbroughttogetherbythatgreatman，wasentrustedtomebythekindnessofthelateLadyHolland，andofthepresentLordHolland。Ioughttoaddthat，eveninthemidstofthetroubleswhichhavelatelyagitatedParis，Ifoundnodifficultyinobtaining，fromtheliberalityofthefunctionariesthere，extractssupplyingsomechasmsinMr。Fox’scollection。（1848。）
48Myinformationrespectingtheconditionofthenavy，atthistime，ischieflyderivedfromPepys。Hisreport，presentedtoCharlestheSecondinMay，1684，hasnever，Ibelieve，beenprinted。ThemanuscriptisatMagdaleneCollegeCambridge。AtMagdaleneCollegeisalsoavaluablemanuscriptcontainingadetailedaccountofthemaritimeestablishmentsofthecountryinDecember1684。Pepys’s\"MemoirsrelatingtotheStateoftheRoyalNavyforTenYearsdeterminedDecember，1688，\"andhisdiaryandcorrespondenceduringhismissiontoTangier，areinprint。Ihavemadelargeuseofthem。SeealsoSheffield’sMemoirs，Teonge’sDiary，Aubrey’sLifeofMonk，theLifeofSirCloudesleyShovel，1708，Commons’Journals，March1andMarch20。
1688—9。
49Chamberlayne’sStateofEngland，1684；Commons’Journals，March1，andMarch20，1688—9。In1833，itwasdetermined，afterfullenquiry，thatahundredandseventythousandbarrelsofgunpowdershouldconstantlybekeptinstore。
50ItappearsfromtherecordsoftheAdmiralty，thatFlagofficerswereallowedhalfpayin1668，Captainsoffirstandsecondratesnottill1674。
51WarrantintheWarOfficeRecords；datedMarch26，1678。
52Evelyn’sDiary。Jan。27，1682。Ihaveseenaprivyseal，datedMay17。1683，whichconfirmsEvelyn’stestimony。
53JamestheSecondsentEnvoystoSpain，Sweden，andDenmark；
yetinhisreignthediplomaticexpenditurewaslittlemorethan30，000？ayear。SeetheCommons’Journals，March20，1688—9。
Chamberlayne’sStateofEngland，1684。
54Carte’sLifeofOrmond。
55Pepys’sDiary，Feb。14，1668—9。
56SeetheReportoftheBathandMontaguecase，whichwasdecidedbyLordKeeperSomers，inDecember，1693。
57Duringthreequartersofayear，beginningfromChristmas，1689，therevenuesoftheseeofCanterburywerereceivedbyanofficerappointedbythecrown。Thatofficer’saccountsarenowintheBritishMuseum。（LansdowneMSS。885。）Thegrossrevenueforthethreequarterswasnotquitefourthousandpounds；andthedifferencebetweenthegrossandthenetrevenuewasevidentlysomethingconsiderable。
58King’sNaturalandPoliticalConclusions。DavenantontheBalanceofTrade。SirW。Templesays，\"TherevenuesofaHouseofCommonshaveseldomexceededfourhundredthousandpounds。\"
Memoirs，ThirdPart。
59Langton’sConversationswithChiefJusticeHale，1672。
60Commons’Journals，April27，1689；Chamberlayne’sStateofEngland，1684。
61SeetheTravelsoftheGrandDukeCosmo。
62King’sNaturalandPoliticalConclusions。DavenantontheBalanceofTrade。
63SeetheItinerariumAngliae，1675，byJohnOgilby，CosmographerRoyal。Hedescribesgreatpartofthelandaswood，fen，heathonbothsides，marshonbothsides。Insomeofhismapstheroadsthroughenclosedcountryaremarkedbylines，andtheroadsthroughunenclosedcountrybydots。Theproportionofunenclosedcountry，which，ifcultivated，musthavebeenwretchedlycultivated，seemstohavebeenverygreat。FromAbingdontoGloucester，forexample，adistanceoffortyorfiftymiles，therewasnotasingleenclosure，andscarcelyoneenclosurebetweenBiggleswadeandLincoln。
64LargecopiesofthesehighlyinterestingdrawingsareinthenoblecollectionbequeathedbyMr。GrenvilletotheBritishMuseum。SeeparticularlythedrawingsofExeterandNorthampton。
65Evelyn’sDiary，June2，1675。
66SeeWhite’sSelborne；Bell’sHistoryofBritishQuadrupeds，Gentleman’sRecreation，1686；Aubrey’sNaturalHistoryofWiltshire，1685；Morton’sHistoryofNorthamptonshire，1712；
Willoughby’sOrnithology，byRay，1678；Latham’sGeneralSynopsisofBirds；andSirThomasBrowne’sAccountofBirdsfoundinNorfolk。
67King’sNaturalandPoliticalConclusions。DavenantontheBalanceofTrade。
68SeetheAlmanacksof1684and1685。
69SeeMr。M’Culloch’sStatisticalAccountoftheBritishEmpire，PartIII。chap。i。sec。6。
70KingandDavenantasbeforeTheDukeofNewcastleonHorsemanship；Gentleman’sRecreation，1686。The\"dappledFlandersmares\"weremarksofgreatnessinthetimeofPope，andevenlater。
Thevulgarproverb，thatthegreymareisthebetterhorse，originated，Isuspect，inthepreferencegenerallygiventothegreymaresofFlandersoverthefinestcoachhorsesofEngland。
71SeeacuriousnotebyTonkin，inLordDeDunstanville’seditionofCarew’sSurveyofCornwall。
72Borlase’sNaturalHistoryofCornwall，1758。Thequantityofcoppernowproduced，Ihavetakenfromparliamentaryreturns。
Davenant，in1700，estimatedtheannualproduceofalltheminesofEnglandatbetweensevenandeighthundredthousandpounds73PhilosophicalTransactions，No。53。Nov。1669，No。66。Dec。
1670，No。103。May1674，No156。Feb。1683—4
74Yarranton，England’sImprovementbySeaandLand，1677；
Porter’sProgressoftheNation。Seealsoaremarkablyperspicnoushistory，insmallcompassoftheEnglishironworks，inMr。M’Culloch’sStatisticalAccountoftheBritishEmpire。
75SeeChamberlayne’sStateofEngland，1684，1687，Angliae，Metropolis，1691；M’Culloch’sStatisticalAccountoftheBritishEmpirePartIII。chap。ii。（editionof1847）。In1845thequantityofcoalbroughtintoLondonappeared，bytheParliamentaryreturns，tobe3，460，000tons。（1848。）In1854thequantityofcoalbroughtintoLondonamountedto4，378，000tons。
（1857。）
76Mynotionofthecountrygentlemanoftheseventeenthcenturyhasbeenderivedfromsourcestoonumeroustoberecapitulated。Imustleavemydescriptiontothejudgmentofthosewhohavestudiedthehistoryandthelighterliteratureofthatage。
77Intheeighteenthcenturythegreatincreaseinthevalueofbeneficesproducedachange。Theyoungersonsofthenobilitywerealluredbacktotheclericalprofession。WarburtoninalettertoHurd，datedthe6thofJuly，1762，mentionsthischange。whichwasthenrecent。\"OurgrandeeshaveatlastfoundtheirwaybackintotheChurch。Ionlywondertheyhavebeensolongaboutit。Butbeassuredthatnothingbutanewreligiousrevolution，tosweepawaythefragmentsthatHenrytheEighthleftafterbanquetinghiscourtiers，willdrivethemoutagain。\"
78SeeHeylin’sCyprianusAnglicus。
79Eachard，CausesoftheContemptoftheClergy；Oldham，SatireaddressedtoaFriendabouttoleavetheUniversity；
Tatler，255，258。ThattheEnglishclergywerealowbornclass，isremarkedintheTravelsoftheGrandDukeCosmo，AppendixA。
80\"Acausidico，medicastro，ipsaqueartificumfarragine，ecclesiaerectorautvicariuscontemnituretfitludibrio。
Gentisetfamiliaenitorsacrisordinibuspollutuscensetur:
foeminisquenatalitioinsignibusunicuminculcatursaepiuspraeceptum，nemodestiaenaufragiumfaciant，aut，（quodidemauribustamdelicatulissonat，）neclericosenuptasdaripatiantur。\"——AngliaeNotitia，byT。Wood，ofNewCollegeOxford1686。
81Clarendon’sLife，ii。21。
82Seetheinjunctionsof1559，InBishopSparrow’sCollection。
JeremyCollier，inhisEssayonPride，speaksofthisinjunctionwithabitternesswhichprovesthathisownpridehadnotbeeneffectuallytamed。
83RogerandAbigailinFletcher’sScornfulLady，BullandtheNurseinVanbrugh’sRelapse，SmirkandSusaninShadwell’sLancashireWitches，areinstances。
84Swift’sDirectionstoServants。InSwift’sRemarksontheClericalResidenceBill，hedescribesthefamilyofanEnglishvicarthus:\"HiswifeislittlebetterthanaGoody，inherbirth，education，ordress……Hisdaughtersshallgotoservice，orbesentapprenticetothesempstressofthenexttown。\"
85EveninTomJones，publishedtwogenerationslater。Mrs。
Seagrim，thewifeofagamekeeper，andMrs。Honour，awaitingwoman，boastoftheirdescentfromclergymen，\"Itistobehoped，\"saysFielding，\"suchinstanceswillinfutureages，whensomeprovisionismadeforthefamiliesoftheinferiorclergy，appearstrangerthantheycanbethoughtatpresent。
86ThisdistinctionbetweencountryclergyandtownclergyisstronglymarkedbyEachard，andcannotbutbeobservedbyeverypersonwhohasstudiedtheecclesiasticalhistoryofthatage。
87Nelson’sLifeofBull。Astotheextremedifficultywhichthecountryclergyfoundinprocuringbooks，seetheLifeofThomasBray，thefounderoftheSocietyforthePropagationoftheGospel。
88\"Ihavefrequentlyheardhim（Dryden）ownwithpleasure，thatifhehadanytalentforEnglishproseitwasowingtohishavingoftenreadthewritingsofthegreatArchbishopTillotson。\"——Congreve’sDedicationofDryden’sPlays。
89IhavetakenDavenant’sestimate，whichisalittlelowerthanKing’s。
90Evelvn’sDiary，June27。1654；Pepys’sDiary，June13。1668；
RogerNorth’sLivesofLordKeeperGuildford，andofSirDudleyNorth；Petty’sPoliticalArithmetic。IhavetakenPetty’sfacts，but，indrawinginferencesfromthem，IhavebeenguidedbyKingandDavenant，who，thoughnotablermenthanhe，hadtheadvantageofcomingafterhim。AstothekidnappingforwhichBristolwasinfamous，seeNorth’sLifeofGuildford，121，216，andtheharangueofJeffreysonthesubject，intheImpartialHistoryofhisLifeandDeath，printedwiththeBloodyAssizes。
Hisstylewas，asusual，coarse，butIcannotreckonthereprimandwhichhegavetothemagistratesofBristolamonghiscrimes。
91Fuller’sWorthies；Evelyn’sDiary，Oct。17，1671；JournalofT。Browne，sonofSirThomasBrowne，Jan。1663—4；Blomefield’sHistoryofNorfolk；HistoryoftheCityandCountyofNorwich，2
vols。1768。
92ThepopulationofYorkappears，fromthereturnofbaptismsandburialsinDrake’sHistory，tohavebeenabout13，000in1730。Exeterhadonly17，000inhabitantsin1801。ThepopulationofWorcesterwasnumberedjustbeforethesiegein1646。SeeNash’sHistoryofWorcestershire。Ihavemadeallowancefortheincreasewhichmustbesupposedtohavetakenplaceinfortyyears。In1740，thepopulationofNottinghamwasfound，byenumeration，tobejust10，000。SeeDering’sHistory。ThepopulationofGloucestermayreadilybeinferredfromthenumberofhouseswhichKingfoundinthereturnsofhearthmoney，andfromthenumberofbirthsandburialswhichisgiveninAtkyns’sHistory。ThepopulationofDerbywas4，000in1712。SeeWolley’sMS。History，quotedinLyson’sMagnaBritannia。ThepopulationofShrewsburywasascertained，in1695，byactualenumeration。AstothegaietiesofShrewsbury，seeFarquhar’sRecruitingOfficer。
Farquhar’sdescriptionisborneoutbyaballadinthePepysianLibrary，ofwhichtheburdenis\"Shrewsburyforme。\"
93Blome’sBritannia，1673；Aikin’sCountryroundManchester；
ManchesterDirectory，1845:Baines，HistoryoftheCottonManufacture。ThebestinformationwhichIhavebeenabletofind，touchingthepopulationofManchesterintheseventeenthcenturyiscontainedinapaperdrawnupbytheReverendR。Parkinson，andpublishedintheJournaloftheStatisticalSocietyforOctober1842。
94Thoresby’sDucatusLeodensis；Whitaker’sLoidisandElmete；
Wardell’sMunicipalHistoryoftheBoroughofLeeds。（1848。）In1851Leedshad172，000Inhabitants。（1857。）
95Hunter’sHistoryofHallamshire。（1848。）In1851thepopulationofSheffieldhadincreasedto135，000。（1857。）
96Blome’sBritannia，1673；Dugdale’sWarwickshire，North’sExamen，321；PrefacetoAbsalomandAchitophel；Hutton’sHistoryofBirmingham；Boswell’sLifeofJohnson。In1690theburialsatBirminghamwere150，thebaptisms125。Ithinkitprobablethattheannualmortalitywaslittlelessthanoneintwenty—five。InLondonitwasconsiderablygreater。AhistorianofNottingham，halfacenturylater，boastedoftheextraordinarysalubrityofhistown，wheretheannualmortalitywasoneinthirty。SeeDoring’sHistoryofNottingham。（1848。）In1851thepopulationofBirminghamhadincreasedto222，000。（1857。）
97Blome’sBritannia；Gregson’sAntiquitiesoftheCountyPalatineandDuchyofLancaster，PartII。；PetitionfromLiverpoolinthePrivyCouncilBook，May10，1686。In1690theburialsatLiverpoolwere151，thebaptisms120。In1844thenetreceiptofthecustomsatLiverpoolwas4，366，526？1s。8d。
（1848。）In1851Liverpoolcontained375，000inhabitants，（1857。）
98Atkyne’sGloucestershire。
99MagnaBritannia；Grose’sAntiquities；NewBrighthelmstoneDirectory。
100TourinDerbyshire，byThomasBrowne，sonofSirThomas。
101MemoiresdeGrammont；Hasted’sHistoryofKent；TunbridgeWells，aComedy，1678；Causton’sTunbridgialia，1688；Metellus，apoemonTunbridgeWells，1693。
102SeeWood’sHistoryofBath，1719；Evelyn’sDiary，June27，1654；Pepys’sDiary，June12，1668；Stukeley’sItinerariumCuriosum；Collinson’sSomersetshire；Dr。Peirce’sHistoryandMemoirsoftheBath，1713，BookI。chap。viii。obs。2，1684。I
haveconsultedseveraloldmapsandpicturesofBath，particularlyonecuriousmapwhichissurroundedbyviewsoftheprincipalbuildings。ItDearsthedateof1717。
103AccordingtoKing530，000。（1848。）In1851thepopulationofLondonexceeded，2，300，000。（1857。）
104Macpherson’sHistoryofCommerce；Chalmers’sEstimate；
Chamberlayne’sStateofEngland，1684。ThetonnageofthesteamersbelongingtotheportofLondonwas，attheendof1847，about60，000tons。Thecustomsoftheport，from1842to1845，verynearlyaveraged11，000，000？（1848。）In1854thetonnageofthesteamersoftheportofLondonamountedto138，000tons，withoutreckoningvesselsoflessthanfiftytons。（1857。）
105Lyson’sEnvironsofLondon。ThebaptismsatChelsea，between1680and1690，wereonly42ayear。
106Cowley，DiscourseofSolitude。
107ThefullestandmosttrustworthyinformationaboutthestateofthebuildingsofLondonatthistimeistobederivedfromthemapsanddrawingsintheBritishMuseumandinthePepysianLibrary。ThebadnessofthebricksintheoldbuildingsofLondonisparticularlymentionedintheTravelsoftheGrandDukeCosmo。
ThereisanaccountoftheworksatSaintPaul’sinWard’sLondonSpy。Iamalmostashamedtoquotesuchnauseousbalderdash；butI
havebeenforcedtodescendevenlower，ifpossible，insearchofmaterials。
108Evelyn’sDiary，Sept。20。1672。
109RogerNorth’sLifeofSirDudleyNorth。
110North’sExamen。ThisamusingwriterhaspreservedaspecimenofthesublimerapturesinwhichthePindaroftheCityindulged:
—
\"TheworshipfulsirJohnMoor！
Afteragethatnameadore！
111Chamberlayne’sStateofEngland，1684；AnglieMetropolis，1690；Seymour’sLondon，1734。
112North’sExamen，116；Wood，Ath。Ox。Shaftesbury；TheDukeofB。’sLitany。
113TravelsoftheGrandDukeCosmo。
114Chamberlayne’sStateofEngland，1684；Pennant’sLondon；
Smith’sLifeofNollekens。
115Evelyn’sDiary，Oct。10，1683，Jan。19，1685—6。
116Stat。1Jac。II。c。22；Evelyn’sDiary，Dec，7，1684。
117OldGeneralOglethorpe，whodiedin1785，usedtoboastthathehadshotbirdshereinAnne’sreign。SeePennant’sLondon，andtheGentleman’sMagazineforJuly，1785。
118ThepestfieldwillbeseeninmapsofLondonaslateastheendofGeorgetheFirst’sreign。
119SeeaverycuriousplanofCoventGardenmadeabout1690，andengravedforSmith’sHistoryofWestminster。SeealsoHogarth’sMorning，paintedwhilesomeofthehousesinthePiazzawerestilloccupiedbypeopleoffashion。
120LondonSpy，TomBrown’scomicalViewofLondonandWestminster；Turner’sPropositionsfortheemployingofthePoor，1678；DailyCourantandDailyJournalofJune7，1733；CaseofMichaelv。Allestree，in1676，2Levinz，p。172。MichaelhadbeenrunoverbytwohorseswhichAllestreewasbreakinginLincoln’sInnFields。Thedeclarationsetforththatthedefendant\"portadeuxchivalsungovernableenuncoach，etimprovide，incante，etabsquedebitaconsiderationeineptitudinislocilaeuxdrivepureuxfairetractableetaptpurancoach，quelschivals，purceoque，perleurferocite，nepoientestrerule，curresurleplaintiffetlenoie。\"
121Stat。12Geo。I。c。25；Commons’Journals，Feb。25，March2，1725—6；LondonGardener，1712；EveningPost，March，23，1731。I
havenotbeenabletofindthisnumberoftheEveningPost；I
thereforequoteitonthefaithofMr。Malcolm，whomentionsitinhisHistoryofLondon。
122LettressurlesAnglois，writtenearlyinthereignofWilliamtheThird；Swift’sCityShower；Gay’sTrivia。Johnsonusedtorelateacuriousconversationwhichhohadwithhismotheraboutgivingandtakingthewall。
123Oldham’sImitationofthe3dSatireofJuvenal，1682；
Shadwell’sScourers，1690。Manyotherauthoritieswillreadilyoccurtoallwhoareacquaintedwiththepopularliteratureofthatandthesucceedinggeneration。ItmaybesuspectedthatsomeoftheTityreTus，likegoodCavaliers，brokeMilton’swindowsshortlyaftertheRestoration。IamconfidentthathewasthinkingofthosepestsofLondonwhenhedictatedthenoblelines:
\"Andinluxuriouscities，whenthenoiseOfriotascendsabovetheirloftiesttowers，Andinjuryandoutrage，andwhennightDarkensthestreets，thenwanderforththesonsOfBelial，flownWithinnocenceandwine。\"
124Seymour’sLondon。
125AngliaeMetropolis，1690，Sect。17，entitled，\"Ofthenewlights\"；Seymour’sLondon。
126Stowe’sSurveyofLondon；Shadwell’sSquireofAlsatia；
Ward’sLondonSpy；Stat。8&9Gul。III。cap。27。
127SeeSirRogerNorth’saccountofthewayinwhichWrightwasmadeajudge，andClarendon’saccountofthewayinwhichSirGeorgeSavilewasmadeapeer。
128ThesourcesfromwhichIhavedrawnmyinformationaboutthestateoftheCourtaretoonumeroustorecapitulate。AmongthemaretheDespatchesofBarillon，VanCitters，Ronquillo，andAdda，theTravelsoftheGrandDukeCosmo，theworksofRogerNorth，theDiaresofPepys，Evelyn，andTeonge，andtheMemoirsofGrammontandReresby。
129Thechiefpeculiarityofthisdialectwasthat，inalargeclassofwords，theOwaspronouncedlikeA。ThusLordwaspronouncedLard。SeeVanbrugh’sRelapse。LordSunderlandwasagreatmasterofthiscourttune，asRogerNorthcallsit；andTitusOatesaffecteditinthehopeofpassingforafinegentleman。Examen，77，254。
130LettressurlesAnglois；TomBrown’sTour；Ward’sLondonSpy；TheCharacterofaCoffeeHouse，1673；RulesandOrdersoftheCoffeeHouse，1674；CoffeeHousesvindicated，1675；ASatyragainstCoffee；North’sExamen，138；LifeofGuildford，152；LifeofSirDudleyNorth，149；LifeofDr。Radcliffe，publishedbyCurllin1715。TheliveliestdescriptionofWill’sisintheCityandCountryMouse。ThereisaremarkablepassageabouttheinfluenceofthecoffeehouseoratorsinHalstead’sSuccinctGenealogies，printedin1685。
131Centuryofinventions，1663，No。68。
132North’sLifeofGuildford，136。
133Thoresby’sDiaryOct。21，1680，Aug。3，1712。
134Pepys’sDiary，June12and16，1668。
135Ibid。Feb。28，1660。
136Thoresby’sDiary，May17，1695。
137Ibid。Dec。27，1708。
138TourinDerbyshire，byJ。Browne，sonofSirThomasBrowne，1662；Cotton’sAngler，1676。
139CorrespondenceofHenryEarlofClarendon，Dec。30，1685，Jan。1，1686。
140Postlethwaite’sDictionary，Roads；HistoryofHawkhurst，intheBibliothecaTopographicaBritannica。
141AnnalsofQueenAnne，1703，Appendix，No。3。
14215Car。II。c。1。
143TheevilsoftheoldsystemarestrikinglysetforthinmanypetitionswhichappearintheCommons’Journalof1725/6。HowfierceanoppositionwasofferedtothenewsystemmaybelearnedfromtheGentleman’sMagazineof1749。
144Postlethwaite’sDict。，Roads。
145LoidisandElmete；Marshall’sRuralEconomyofEngland，In1739RodericRandomcamefromScotlandtoNewcastleonapackhorse。
146Cotton’sEpistletoJ。Bradshaw。
147AnthonyaWood’sLifeofhimself。
148Chamberlayne’sStateofEngland，1684。Seealsothelistofstagecoachesandwaggonsattheendofthebook，entitledAngliaeMetropolis，1690。
149JohnCresset’sReasonsforsuppressingStageCoaches，1672。
Thesereason。wereafterwardsinsertedinatract，entitled\"TheGrandConcernofEnglandexplained，1673。\"Cresset’sattackonstagecoachescalledforthsomeanswerswhichIhaveconsulted。
150Chamberlayne’sStateofEngland，1684；North’sExamen，105；
Evelyn’sDiary，Oct。9，10，1671。
151SeetheLondonGazette，May14，1677，August4，1687，Dec。
5，1687。ThelastconfessionofAugustinKing，whowasthesonofaneminentdivine，andhadbeeneducatedatCambridgebutwashangedatColchesterinMarch，1688，ishighlycurious。
152Aimwell。Praysir，han’tIseenyourfaceatWill’scoffeehouse？Gibbet。Yes。sir，andatWhite’stoo。——Beaux’
Stratagem。
153Gent’sHistoryofYork。Anothermarauderofthesamedescription，namedBiss，washangedatSalisburyin1695。InaballadwhichisinthePepysianLibrary，heisrepresentedasdefendinghimselfthusbeforetheJudge:
\"Whatsayyounow，myhonouredLordWhatharmwasthereinthis？
Rich，wealthymiserswereabhorredBybrave，freeheartedBiss。\"
154Pope’sMemoirsofDuval，publishedimmediatelyaftertheexecution。Oates’sEikwgbasilikh，PartI。
155SeetheprologuetotheCanterburyTales，Harrison’sHistoricalDescriptionoftheIslandofGreatBritain，andPepys’saccountofhistourinthesummerof1668。TheexcellenceoftheEnglishinnsisnoticedintheTravelsoftheGrandDukeCosmo。
156Stat。12Car。II。c。36；Chamberlayne’sStateofEngland，1684；AngliaeMetropolis，1690；LondonGazette，June22，1685，August15，1687。
157Lond。Gaz。，Sept。14，1685。
158Smith’sCurrentintelligence，March30，andApril3，1680。
159AngliasMetropolis，1690。
160Commons’Journals，Sept。4，1660，March1，1688—9；
Chamberlayne，1684；DavenantonthePublicRevenue，DiscourseIV。
161Ihaveleftthetextasitstoodin1848。Intheyear1856
thegrossreceiptofthePostOfficewasmorethan2，800，000？；
andthenetreceiptwasabout1，200，000？Thenumberoflettersconveyedbypostwas478，000，000。（1857）。
162LondonGazette，May5，and17，1680。
163Thereisaverycurious，and，Ishouldthink，uniquecollectionofthesepapersintheBritishMuseum。
164Forexample，thereisnotawordintheGazetteabouttheimportantparliamentaryproceedingsofNovember，1685，oraboutthetrialandacquittaloftheSevenBishops。
165RogerNorth’sLifeofDr。JohnNorth。Onthesubjectofnewsletters，seetheExamen，133。
166ItakethisopportunityofexpressingmywarmgratitudetothefamilyofmydearandhonouredfriendsirJamesMackintoshforconfidingtomethematerialscollectedbyhimatatimewhenhemeditatedaworksimilartothatwhichIhaveundertaken。I
haveneverseen，andIdonotbelievethatthereanywhereexists，withinthesamecompass，sonobleacollectionofextractsfrompublicandprivatearchivesThejudgmentwithwhichsirJamesingreatmassesoftherudestoreofhistory，selectedwhatwasvaluable，andrejectedwhatwasworthless，canbefullyappreciatedonlybyonewhohastoiledafterhiminthesamemine。
167LifeofThomasGent。Acompletelistofallprintinghousesin1724willbefoundinNichols’sLiteraryAnecdotaeoftheeighteenthcentury。Therehadthenbeenagreatincreasewithinafewyearsinthenumberofpresses，andyettherewerethirty—fourcountiesinwhichtherewasnoprinter，oneofthosecountiesbeingLancashire。
168Observator，Jan。29，and31，1685；Calamy’sLifeofBaxter；
NonconformistMemorial。
169Cottonseems，fromhisAngler，tohavefoundroomforhiswholelibraryinhishallwindow；andCottonwasamanofletters。EvenwhenFranklinfirstvisitedLondonin1724，circulatinglibrarieswereunknownthere。Thecrowdatthebooksellers’shopsinLittleBritainismentionedbyRogerNorthinhislifeofhisbrotherJohn。
170Oneinstancewillsuffice。QueenMary，thedaughterofJames，hadexcellentnaturalabilities，hadbeeneducatedbyaBishop，wasfondofhistoryandpoetryandwasregardedbyveryeminentmenasasuperiorwoman。Thereis，inthelibraryattheHague，asuperbEnglishBiblewhichwasdeliveredtoherwhenshewascrownedinWestminsterAbbey。Inthetitlepagearethesewordsinherownhand，\"ThisbookwasgiventheKingandI，atourcrownation。MarieR。\"
171RogerNorthtellsusthathisbrotherJohn，whowasGreekprofessoratCambridge，complainedbitterlyofthegeneralneglectoftheGreektongueamongtheacademicalclergy。
172Butler，inasatireofgreatasperity，says，\"For，thoughtosmelterwordsofGreekAndLatinbetherhetoriqueOfpedantscounted，andvainglorious，TosmatterFrenchismeritorious。\"
173ThemostoffensiveinstancewhichIrememberisinapoemonthecoronationofCharlestheSecondbyDryden，whocertainlycouldnotpleadpovertyasanexcuseforborrowingwordsfromanyforeigntongue:—
\"HitherinsummereveningsyourepairTotastethefraicheurofthecoolerair。\"
174JeremyCollierhascensuredthisodiouspracticewithhisusualforceandkeenness。
175ThecontrastwillbefoundinSirWalterScott’seditionofDryden。
176SeetheLifeofSouthern。byShiels。
177SeeRochester’sTrialofthePoets。
178SomeAccountoftheEnglishStage。
179LifeofSouthern，byShiels。
180Ifanyreaderthinksmyexpressionstoosevere，IwouldadvisehimtoreadDryden’sEpiloguetotheDukeofGuise，andtoobservethatitwasspokenbyawoman。
181SeeparticularlyHarrington’sOceana。
182SeeSprat’sHistoryoftheRoyalSociety。
183Cowley’sOdetotheRoyalSociety。
184\"Thenweupontheglobe’slastvergeshallgo，Andviewtheoceanleaningonthesky；
Fromthenceourrollingneighboursweshallknow，Andonthelunarworldsecretlypry。’
AnnusMirabilis，164
185North’sLifeofGuildford。
186Pepys’sDiary，May30，1667。
187Butlerwas，Ithink，theonlymanofrealgeniuswho，betweentheRestorationandtheRevolutionshowedabitterenmitytothenewphilosophy，asitwasthencalled。SeetheSatireontheRoyalSociety，andtheElephantintheMoon。
188TheeagernesswithwhichtheagriculturistsofthatagetriedexperimentsandintroducedimprovementsiswelldescribedbyAubrey。SeetheNaturalhistoryofWiltshire，1685。
189Sprat’sHistoryoftheRoyalSociety。
190Walpole’sAnecdotesofPainting，LondonGazette，May31，1683；North’sLifeofGuildford。
191ThegreatpricespaidtoVarelstandVerrioarementionedinWalpole’sAnecdotesofPainting。
192Petty’sPoliticalArithmetic。
193Stat5Eliz。c。4；Archaeologia，vol。xi。
194PlainandeasyMethodshowinghowtheofficeofOverseerofthePoormaybemanaged，byRichardDunning；1stedition，1685；
2dedition，1686。
195Cullum’sHistoryofHawsted。
196RugglesonthePoor。
197See，inThurloe’sStatePapers，thememorandumoftheDutchDeputiesdatedAugust2—12，1653。
198TheoratorwasMr。JohnBasset，memberforBarnstaple。SeeSmith’sMemoirsofWool，chapterlxviii。
199ThisballadisintheBritishMuseum。Thepreciseyearisnotgiven；buttheImprimaturofRogerLestrangefixesthedatesufficientlyformypurpose。Iwillquotesomeofthelines。Themasterclothierisintroducedspeakingasfollows:
\"Informeragesweusedtogive，Sothatourworkfolkslikefarmersdidlive；
Butthetimesarechanged，wewillmakethemknow。
**********
\"Wewillmakethemtoworkhardforsixpenceaday，Thoughashillingtheydeserveiftheykindtheirjustpay；
Ifatalltheymurmurandsay’tistoosmall，Webidthemchoosewhetherthey’llworkatall。
Andthusweforgainallourwealthandestate，Bymanypoormenthatworkearlyandlate。
Thenheyfortheclothingtrade！Itgoesonbrave；
Wescornfortotoylandmoyl，noryettoslave。
Ourworkmendoworkhard，butweliveatease，Wegowhenwewill，andwecomewhenweplease。\"
200Chamberlayne’sStateofEngland；Petty’sPoliticalArithmetic，chapterviii。；Dunning’sPlainandEasyMethod；
Firmin’sPropositionfortheEmployingofthePoor。ItoughttobeobservedthatFirminwasaneminentphilanthropist。
201KinginhisNaturalandPoliticalConclusionsroughlyestimatedthecommonpeopleofEnglandat880，0O0families。Ofthesefamilies440，000，accordingtohimateanimalfoodtwiceaweek。Theremaining440，000，ateitnotatall，oratmostnotoftenerthanonceaweek。
202FourteenthReportofthePoorLawCommissioners，AppendixB。
No。2，AppendixC。No1，1848。OfthetwoestimatesofthepoorratementionedinthetextonewasformedbyArthurMoore，theother，someyearslater，byRichardDunning。Moore’sestimatewillbefoundinDavenant’sEssayonWaysandMeans；Dunning’sinSirFredericEden’svaluableworkonthepoor。KingandDavenantestimatethepaupersandbeggarsin1696，attheincrediblenumberof1，330，000outofapopulationof5，500，000。In1846thenumberofpersonswhoreceivedreliefappearsfromtheofficialreturnstohavebeenonly1，332，089outofapopulationofabout17，000，000。Itoughtalsotobeobservedthat，inthosereturns，apaupermustveryoftenbereckonedmorethanonce。
IwouldadvisethereadertoconsultDeFoe’spamphletentitled\"GivingAlmsnoCharity，\"andtheGreenwichtableswhichwillbefoundinMr。M’Culloch’sCommercialDictionaryundertheheadPrices。
203Thedeathswere23，222。Petty’sPoliticalArithmetic。
204Burnet，i。560。
205Muggleton’sActsoftheWitnessesoftheSpirit。
206TomBrowndescribessuchasceneinlineswhichIdonotventuretoquote。
207Ward’sLondonSpy。
208Pepys’sDiary，Dec。28，1663，Sept。2，1667。
209Burnet，i，606；Spectator，No。462；Lords’Journals，October28，1678；Cibber’sApology。
210Burnet，i。605，606，Welwood，North’sLifeofGuildford，251。
211ImaytakethisopportunityofmentioningthatwheneverI
giveonlyonedate，Ifollowtheoldstyle，whichwas，intheseventeenthcentury，thestyleofEngland；butIreckontheyearfromthefirstofJanuary。
212SaintEveremond，passim；SaintReal，MemoiresdelaDuchessedeMazarin；Rochester’sFarewell；Evelyn’sDiary，Sept。6，1676，June11，1699。
213Evelyn’sDiary，Jan。28，1684—5，SaintEvremond’sLettertoDery。
214Id。，February4，1684—5。
215RogerNorth’sLifeofSirDudleyNorth，170；ThetruePatriotvindicated，oraJustificationofhisExcellencytheE—ofR—；Burnet，i。605。TheTreasuryBooksprovethatBurnethadgoodintelligence。
216Evelyn’sDiary，Jan。24，1681—2，Oct。4，1683。
217Dugdale’sCorrespondence。
218Hawkins’sLifeofKen，1713。
219SeetheLondonGazetteofNov。21，1678。BarillonandBurnetsaythatHuddlestonwasexceptedoutofalltheActsofParliamentmadeagainstpriests；butthisisamistake。
220Clark’sLifeofJamestheSecond，i，746。Orig。Mem。；
Barillon’sDespatchofFeb。1—18，1685；VanCitters’sDespatchesofFeb。3—13andFeb。1—16。Huddleston’sNarrative；LettersofPhilip，secondEarlofChesterfield，277；SirH。Ellis’sOriginalLetters，FirstSeries。iii。333:SecondSeries，iv74；ChaillotMS。；Burnet，i。606:Evelyn’sDiary，Feb。4。1684—5:Welwood’sMemoires140；North’sLifeofGuildford。252；Examen，648；
Hawkins’sLifeofKen；Dryden’sThrenodiaAugustalis；SirH。
Halford’sEssayonDeathsofEminentPersons。SeealsoafragmentofaletterwrittenbytheEarlofAilesbury，whichisprintedintheEuropeanMagazineforApril，1795。AilesburycallsBurnetanimpostor。YethisownnarrativeandBurnet’swillnot，toanycandidandsensiblereader，appeartocontradicteachother。I
haveseenintheBritishMuseum，andalsointheLibraryoftheRoyalInstitution，acuriousbroadsidecontaininganaccountofthedeathofCharles。ItwillbefoundintheSomersCollections。
TheauthorwasevidentlyazealousRomanCatholic，andmusthavehadaccesstogoodsourcesofinformation。Istronglysuspectthathehadbeenincommunication，directlyorindirectly，withJameshimself。Nonameisgivenatlength；buttheinitialsareperfectlyintelligible，exceptinoneplace。ItissaidthattheD。ofY。wasremindedofthedutywhichheowedtohisbrotherbyP。M。A。C。F。Imustownmyselfquiteunabletodecipherthelastfiveletters。ItissomeconsolationthatSirWalterScottwasequallyunsuccessful。（1848。）Sincethefirsteditionofthisworkwaspublished，severalingeniousconjecturestouchingthesemysteriouslettershavebeencommunicatedtome，butIamconvincedthatthetruesolutionhasnotyetbeensuggested。
（1850。）Istillgreatlydoubtwhethertheriddlehasbeensolved。
Butthemostplausibleinterpretationisonewhich，withsomevariations，occurred，almostatthesametime，tomyselfandtoseveralotherpersons；Iaminclinedtoread\"PereMansueteA
CordelierFriar。\"Mansuete，aCordelier，wasthenJames’sconfessor。ToMansuetethereforeitpeculiarlybelongedtoremindJamesofasacreddutywhichhadbeenculpablyneglected。ThewriterofthebroadsidemusthavebeenunwillingtoinformtheworldthatasoulwhichmanydevoutRomanCatholicshadlefttoperishhadbeensnatchedfromdestructionbythecourageouscharityofawomanofloosecharacter。Itisthereforenotunlikelythathewouldpreferafiction，atonceprobableandedifying，toatruthwhichcouldnotfailtogivescandal。
（1856。）
ItshouldseemthatnotransactionsinhistoryoughttobemoreaccuratelyknowntousthanthosewhichtookplaceroundthedeathbedofCharlestheSecond。Wehaveseveralrelationswrittenbypersonswhowereactuallyinhisroom。Wehaveseveralrelationswrittenbypersonswho，thoughnotthemselveseyewitnesses，hadthebestopportunityofobtaininginformationfromeyewitnesses。Yetwhoeverattemptstodigestthisvastmassofmaterialsintoaconsistentnarrativewillfindthetaskadifficultone。IndeedJamesandhiswife，whentheytoldthestorytothenunsofChaillot，couldnotagreeastosomecircumstances。TheQueensaidthat，afterCharleshadreceivedthelastsacramentstheProtestantBishopsrenewedtheirexhortations。TheKingsaidthatnothingofthekindtookplace。
\"Surely，\"saidtheQueen，\"youtoldmesoyourself。\"\"ItisimpossiblethatIhavetoldyouso，\"saidtheKing，\"fornothingofthesorthappened。\"
ItismuchtoberegrettedthatSirHenryHalfordshouldhavetakensolittletroubleascertainthefactsonwhichhepronouncedjudgment。HedoesnotseemtohavebeenawareoftheexistenceofthenarrativeofJames，Barillon，andHuddleston。
AsthisisthefirstoccasiononwhichIcitethecorrespondenceoftheDutchministersattheEnglishcourt，Ioughtheretomentionthataseriesoftheirdespatches，fromtheaccessionofJamestheSecondtohisflight，formsoneofthemostvaluablepartsoftheMackintoshcollection。Thesubsequentdespatches，downtothesettlementofthegovernmentinFebruary，1689，I
procuredfromtheHague。TheDutcharchiveshavebeenfartoolittleexplored。TheyaboundwithinformationinterestinginthehighestdegreetoeveryEnglishman。Theyareadmirablyarrangedandtheyareinthechargeofgentlemenwhosecourtesy，liberalityandzealfortheinterestsofliterature，cannotbetoohighlypraised。Iwishtoacknowledge，inthestrongestmanner，myownobligationstoMr。DeJongeandtoMr。VanZwanne。
221Clarendonmentionsthiscalumnywithjustscorn。\"AccordingtothecharityofthetimetowardsCromwell，verymanywouldhaveitbelievedtobebypoison，ofwhichtherewasnoappearance，noranyproofeveraftermade。\"——Bookxiv。
222Welwood，139Burnet，i。609；Sheffield’sCharacterofCharlestheSecond；North’sLifeofGuildford，252；Examen，648；
RevolutionPolitics；HiggonsonBurnet。WhatNorthsaysoftheembarrassmentandvacillationofthephysiciansisconfirmedbythedespatchesofVanCitters。IhavebeenmuchperplexedbythestrangestoryaboutShort’ssuspicions。Iwas，atonetime，inclinedtoadoptNorth’ssolution。But，thoughIattachlittleweighttotheauthorityofWelwoodandBurnetinsuchacase，I
cannotrejectthetestimonyofsowellinformedandsounwillingawitnessasSheffield。