AndtheKaiserinnherself，Austria’shighMother，did，theysay，aftersuchaLeuthencomingonthebackofsuchaRossbach，feeldiscouraged；butthePompadour（notFrance’sMother，whatevershemightbetoFrance）wasoffarothermind:\"Donotspeakofit，MA
REINE！Doubleorquits，thatisourgame:canweyieldforalittleill—luck？Never！\"
FrancedismissesitsD’Argenson，\"WhatArmiesaretheseofhis；
flyinghomeonus，likedraggledpoultry，acrosstheRhine！\"——
summonsthefamedBelleisletobeWar—Minister，andgivethingsaneagle—quality:[\"26thFebruary，1758\"（BARBIER，iv。258）。]
Franceengagestopayitssubsidiesbetter（Francenowthegeneralpayingparty，Austria，Sweden，Russiaitself，alllookingtoFrance，——wouldshewereaspunctualasEnglandusedtobe！），——inaword，engagestobemagnanimousextremely，andwillhearofnothingbutpersistence。\"Shallnotwereap，then，wherethereissuchaharveststandingwhitetous？\"Kaunitzadmitsthatthereneverwillagainbesuchachance。——Peace，itisclearenough，willnotbegotofthesepeoplebyanyLetter，orhumandevicewhatever，exceptsimplybyuttermost，moreorlessmiraculousfightingforit。
Friedrichisprofoundlyawareofthisfact；——isbusycompletinghisArmy:145，000forthefield，thisYear，53，000theSilesianpart，\"agoodmanyofthemAustriandeserters；\"[Stenzel，v。155。]andisclosinganimportantSubsidyTreatywithEngland，——ofwhichmoreanon。
AndifthisisthemoodinFranceandAustria，thinkwhatRussia’swillbe！TheCzarinaisnotdeadofdropsy，assomehadexpected，but，onthecontrary，alive，andfiercerthanever；furiousagainstApraxin，anddeterminedthatFermor，hissuccessor，shalldefyWinter，andbeginworkatonce。ShehasindignantlydismissedApraxin（tobetriedbyCourt—Martial，he）；dismissesBestucheftheChancellor；appointsanewGeneral，Fermorbyname；ordersFermortogoandlosenotamoment，nowinthedepthofWintersinceitwasnotdoneinthecrownofSummer，andtakepossessionofEastPreusseninhername。
WhichFermordoes；16thJanuary，crossestheborderagain，31，000
inall，withoutoppositionexceptfromthefrost；plantshimselfupanddown，——onlytwopoorPrussianbattalionsthere；whoretire，withtheireffects，especially\"withsevenwagonsofmoney。\"
January22d，FermorentersKonigsberg；publishesnoendofproclamations，manifestoes，rescripts，toinformthepoorpeople，tremblingattheCossackatrocitiesoflastYear，\"ThathisaugustSovereignElizabethofAlltheRussiashasnowbecomeProprietressofEastPreussen，whichshallbeperfectlyprotectedandexquisitelywell—governedhenceforth；andthatallmenofofficialorsocialpositionhave，accordingly，tocomeandtaketheoathtoher，withtheduealacrityandpunctuality，attheirperil。\"
Nomaniswillingfortheoperation，mostmenshudderatit；
butwhocanhelpthem？Surelyitwasanunblessedoperation。
Poorsouls，onepitiesthem；forathearttheywere，andcontinued，loyaltotheirownKing；thoroughlyabhorrentofbecomingRussian，asCzarishMajestyhasthoroughlyresolvedtheyshall。Somefewabsconded，leavingtheirpropertyasspoil；therestswore，withmentalreservation，withshifts，suchastheycoulddevise:——forexample，somewereobservedtoswearwithgloveson；therighthand，whichtheyheldup，wasamererightFISTwithastuffedgloveattheendofit，——SOhelpmeBeelzebub（orwhoeveristherecordingAngelhere）！[Helden—Geschichte，v。
141—149:Preuss，ii。145，iii。578，iv。477，&c。]AndthusdoesPreussen，withastonishment，asbythespellofaCzarinaCirce，finditselfchangedsuddenlytoRussian:anddoesnotrecovertheoldhumanformtillfouryearshence，——when，againsuddenly，asweshallsee，theCirceandherwandchancetogetbroken。
FriedrichcouldnotmendorpreventthisbadBusiness；butwassodisgustedwithit，heneversetfootinEastPreussenagain，——nevercouldbeartobeholdit，aftersuchatransformationintotemporaryRussianshape。IcannotsayheabhorredthisconstrainedOathasI
shouldhavedone:onthecontrary，inthefirstspurtofindignation，henotonlyprotestedaloud，butmadereprisals，——
\"SwearMEthoseSaxons，then！\"saidhe；andsomepoormagistratesoftowns，andofficialpeople，hadtomakeafigureofswearing（ifnotallegiancealtogether，allegianceforthetimebeing），inthesamesadfashion，tillone’shumorcooledagain。[Preuss，ii。163:
OathgiveninHelden—Geschichte，v。631。]
EastPreussen，lostinthisway，heldbyitsKingasbefore，ormorepassionatelynowthanever；stilllovedFriedrich，saytheBooks；butitisRussia’sforthepresent，andthemischiefisdone。EastPreussenitself，CirceCzarinacherishingitasherown，hadamuchpeaceablertime:insecretitevensentmoneys，recruits，numerousyoungvolunteerstoFriedrich；muchmore，hopesandprayers。Buthisdisgustwiththelatetransformationbyenchantmentwasinexpiable。
ItwasMayorJune，ashadbeenanticipated，beforetheRussianmainArmymadeitspracticalappearanceinthoseparts。Fermorhad，intheinterim，seizedThorn，seizedElbing（\"Nooffence，magnanimousPolacks，itisonlyforatime！\"），——andwouldfainhavehadDantzigtoo，butDantzigwouldn’t。NottillJune16thdidtheunwieldymass（onpaper104，000，andineffect，andexclusiveofCossackrabble，about75，000）getonway；andbeginslowlystaggeringwestward。Veryslowly，andamidincendiaryfireandhorridcruelty，asheretofore；——andinAugustcomingweshallbesuretohearofit。
LehwaldwasjustfinishingwiththeSwedes，——hadgotthemallbottledupinStralsundagain，aboutNew—Year’stime，whentheseRussianscrossedintoPreussen。WesaidnothingoftheSwedishso—calledCampaignoflastYear；——andindeedareboundtobenearlysilentofthatandofalltheothers。FiveCampaignsofthem，oratleastFourandahalf；suchCampaignsaswerenevermadebeforeorsince。OfCampaign1757，thememorablefeatureis，thatofthewhole\"SwedishDivision，\"asthelaughingNewspaperscalledit，whichwas\"puttoflightbyfiveBerlinPostilions；\"——substantiallyatruth，asfollows:——
\"NightofSeptember12th—13th，1757，theSwedes，22，000strong，didatlastbeginbusiness；crossedPeeneRiver，theboundarybetweentheirPommernandours；and，havingnothingbutsomefractionsofMilitiatoopposethem，sooncapturedtheRedoubtsthere；
spreadoverPrussianPommern，andonintotheUckermark；
diligentlyraisingcontributions，toaheavyamount。Nolessthan90，000poundsinallforthispoorProvince；though，byastrangeaccident，60，000poundsprovedtobetheactualsum。
\"TowardstheendofOctobertheyhadgotasmuchas60，000poundsfromthenorthernpartsofUckermark，Prentzlowbeingtheirhead—
quarterduringthatoperation；andtheynowsentoutaDetachmentof200grenadiersand100dragoonstowardsZehdenick，anotherlittleTown，somefortymilesfarthersouth，theretowringouttheremainingsum。TheDetachmentmarchedbynight，notcourtingnotice；butpeoplehadheardofitscoming；andfivePrussianPostilions，——shiftyfellows，oldhussarsitmaybe，atanyrateskilfulonthetrumpet，andfurnishedwithhussarjacketsandanoldpistoleach，determinedtodosomethingfortheirCountry。
TheSwedishDetachmenthadnotmarchedmanymiles，when，——afterorbeforesomeflourishesofmartialtrumpeting，——thereverilyfellontheSwedishflank，outofaclumpofdarkwood，fiveshots，andwoundedoneman。Totheastonishmentandpanicoftheothertwohundredandninety—nine；whomadeinstantretreat，undernewshotsandtrumpet—tones，asifitwerefromfivewholehussarregiments；
retreatdouble—quick，toPrentzlow；alarmwaxingbythespeed；
alarmspreadingatPrentzlowitself:sothatthewholeDivisiongottoitsfeet，recrossedthePeene；andUckermarkhadnothingmoretopay，forthatbout！Thisisnotafable，suchasgointheNewspapers，\"addsmyAuthority，\"butanaccuratefact:\"[
Helden—Geschichte，iv。764，807；Archenholtz，i。
160。]——probably，inourday，thealonememorableoneofthat\"SwedishWar。\"
\"TheFrench，\"saysanotherofmyNotes，\"whodidthesubsidyingallround（whopaideventheRussianSubsidy，thoughinAustria’sname），hadalwaysanideathattheSwedes——22，000stoutmen，thisyear，4，000ofthemcavalry——mightbemadetoco—operatewiththeRussians；withthemorwithsomebody；anddosomethingeffectiveinthewayofdestroyingFriedrich。Andbesidestheirsubsidiesandbribings，theFrenchtookincrediblepainswiththisview；
incessantlycontriving，correspondencing，andrunningtoandfrobetweentheparties:[Forexample:M。leMarquisdeMontalembert，CORRESPONDANCEAVEC&c。，ETANTEMPLOYEPARLEROIDEFRANCEA
L’ARMEESUEDOISE，1757—1761（\"withtheSwedishArmy，\"yes，andsometimeswiththeRussian，——andsometimesontheFrenchCoasts，ardentlyfortifyingagainstPittandhisDescentsthere:——averyintelligent，industrious，observantman；stillamusingtoread，ifonewereidler），ALONDRES（evidentlyParis），1777，3vols。small8vo。Then，likewiseveryintelligent，thereisaMontazet，aMortaigne，aCaulaiucourt；aCAMPAGNEDESRUSSESEN1757；&c。&c。，——inshort，agreatdealoffinefacultyemployedthereinspinningropesfromsand。]buthadnot，evenfromtheRussiansandCzarishMajesty，muchofaresult，andfromtheSwedeshadabsolutelynoneatall。ByFrenchindustryandflagitation，theSwedishArmywasgenerallykeptuptoabout20，000:thesoldierswereexpertwiththeirfighting—tools，knewtheirfield—exercisewell；hadfineartillery，andwerestouthardyfellows:buttheguidanceofthemwaswonderful。’Theyhadnofield—commissariat，’saysoneObserver，’nofield—bakery，nomagazines，nopontoons，nolighttroops；and，’
amongtheHigherOfficers，’nosubordination。’[Archenholtz，i。
158。]Were，inshort，commandedbynobodyinparticular。CommandedbySenatorCommittee—meninStockholm；and，onthefield，byGeneralsanxioustoavoidresponsibility；who，insteadofacting，heldcontinualCouncilsofWar。ThehistoryoftheirCampaigns，yearafteryear，is，insummary，this:——
\"Lateintheseason（alwayslate，War—Officesathome，andCaptaincieshere，beinginsuchastate），theyemergedfromStralsund，animpregnableplaceoftheirown，——wherethemen，I
observe，havehadtoliveondriedfishysubstances，insteadofnaturalboiledoatmeal；[Montalembert，i。32—37，335。394，&c。
（thatofthedemandforNeisePORRIDGE，whichinterestedme，I
cannotfindagain）。]andhavediedextensivelyinconsequence:——
theymarchfromStralsund，afortyorthirtymiles，tilltheyreachtheSwedish—Pommernboundary，PeeneRiver；amuddysullenstream，flowingthroughquagmiremeadows，whicharemilesbroad，oneachshore。Riverunfordableeverywhere；onlytobecrossedinfourorfiveplaces，wherepavedcausewaysare。TheSwedes，withdeliberation，crossPeene；aftersometime，capturethebitsofRedoubts，andtheoneortwopoorPrussianTownsuponit；
AnklamRedoubt，PEENE—MUNDE（Peene—mouth）Redoubt；androveforwardintoPrussianPommern，oroverintotheUckermark，forfifty，forahundredmiles；exactingcontributions；foragingwhattheycan；
makingthepoorcountry—peopleverymiserable，andthemselvesnothappy，——theirsoldiers’growingyearlymoreplunderous，’saysArchenholtz，’tillatlengththeygot，thoughmuchshyerofmurder，toresembleCossacks，’inregardtootherpleasofthecrown。
\"ThereisgenerallysomefractionalregimentortwoofPrussianforce，leftundersomeselectGeneralManteuffel，ColonelBelling；
whohangsdiligentlyontheskirtsofthem，explodingbyallopportunities。TherehavebeenCountryMilitiasvoluntarilygotonfoot，fortheoccasion；fiveorsixsmallregimentsofthem；
officeredbyPrussianVeteransoftheSquirearchyinthoseparts；
whodoexcellentservice。TheGovernorofStettin，Bevern，ouroldSilesianfriend，strikesoutnowandthen，alwaysvigilant，promptandeffective，onachanceoffering。This，throughSummer，iswhatoppositioncanbemade:andtheSwedes，withoutmagazines，scout—
service，orthelikemilitaryappliances，butwillingenoughtofight[whentheycansee]，andlivingontheirshifts，willroveinward，perhaps100miles；saysouthwestward，saysoutheastward[towardsRuppin，whichweusedtoknow]，——theylovetokeepMecklenburgusuallyontheirflank，whichisafriendlyCountry。
Smallfightsbefallthem，usuallybeatings；neveranythingconsiderable。ThatistheirsuccessthroughSummer。
\"Then，inAutumn，someremnantmoreofPrussianregularsarrive，disposablenowforthatservice；uponwhichtheSwedesaredrivenoverPeeneagain（quitesuretobedriven，whentheRiverwithitsquagmiresfreezes）；loseAnklamRedoubt，Peene—mundeRedoubt；
loseDemmin，Wollin；arefollowedintoSwedishPommern，oftenesttothegatesofStralsund，andarelockedupthere，thereandinRugenadjoining，tillanewseasonarrive。\"——Thisyear（1757—1758），Lehwald，onturningthekeyofStralsund，mighthavedoneafinefeat；frosthavingcomesuddenly，andweldedRugentomainland。
\"Whatistohinderyoufromstarvingthemintosurrender？\"
signifiesFriedrich，hastily:\"BesiegemeStralsund！\"WhichLehwalddid；butshouldhavebeenquickeraboutit；orthethawcametoosoon，andadmittedshipswithprovisionagain。UponwhichLehwaldresigned，toaGeneralGrafvonDohna；andwenthome，asgrowntooold:andDohnakeptthembottledtheretilltheusualRussianAdvent（deepinJune）；bywhichtime，whatwithlimitedstockfishdiet，whatwithsorelabor（breakingoftheice，wheneverfrostreappeared）andotherhardship，morethanhalfofthemhaddied。——
\"EverynewseasontherewasanewGeneraltried；butwithouttheleastimprovement。Therewasmockeryenough，complaintenough；
indignantlaughterinStockholmitself；andtheDalecarliansthoughtofrevolting:buttheSenatorCommittee—menheldfirm，ballastedbyFrenchgold，forfouryears。
\"ThePrussianMilitiasareafinetraitofthematter；aboutfifteenregimentsindifferentparts；——aboutfiveinPommern，whichsettheexample；whichweresuddenlyraisedlastAutumnbytheSTANDEthemselves，drilledinStettincontinually，whiletheSwedeswereunderway，andwhichstoodreadyforsomeaction，underveteransofthesquirearchy，whentheSwedesarrived。TheywerekeptupthroughtheWar。TheSTANDEevenraisedalittlefleet，[Archenholtz，i。110。]riverfleetandcoastfleet，twelvegunboats，withapowerfulcarronadeineach，andeffectivemenandcaptain；agreatcheckonplunderingandcoastmischief，tilltheSwedes，whoarenaval，atlastmadeaneffortanddestroyedthemall。\"
FriedrichwasverysensibleoftheseproceduresonthepartofhisSTANDE；andperhapsreadersarenotpreparedforsuch，orforothersofthelike，whichwecouldproduceelsewhere，inaCountrywithoutConstitutiontospeakof。Friedrichraisesnonewtaxes，——
exceptuponhimselfexclusively，andthesetotheveryblood:——
FriedrichgetsnoLife—and—FortuneAddressesofthevocalorprintedsort，butonlyoftheacted。Verymuchthepreferablekind，wherepossible，toallpartiesconcerned。Thesepoormilitiasandflotillasonecheerfullyputsonrecord；cheerfullynothingelse，inregardtosuchaSwedishWar；——norshallwehenceforthinsultthehumanmemorybyanotherworduponitthatisnotindispensable。
OFTHEENGLISHSUBSIDY。
OneofFriedrich’smostimportantaffairs，atpresent，——vitallyconnectedwithhisArmyanditsfurnishings，whichistheall—
important，——washisSubsidyTreatywithEngland。ItisthethirdtreatyhehassignedwithEnglandinregardtothisWar；thesecondinregardtosubsidyforit；anditisthefirstthattakesrealpracticaleffect。Ithadcostdifficultyinadjusting，notalittlecorrespondenceandmanagementfromMitchell；fortheKingisveryshyaboutsubsidy，thoughgrimnecessityprescribesitasinevitable；andhispride，andhisreflectionsonthelastSubsidyTreaty，\"OneMillionsterling，ArmyofObservation，andFleetintheBaltic，\"insteadofwhichcameZeroandKloster—Zeven，havemadehimverysensitive。However，alldifficultiesaregotover；
PlenipotentiaryKnyphausen，Pitt，BritannicMajestyandeverybodystrivingtoberationalandpractical；andatLondon，11thApril，1758，SubsidyTreaty，admirablybriefandtothepoint，isfinished:[InfourshortArticles；givenin
Helden—Geschichte，v。16，17。]\"ThatFriedrichshallhaveFourMillionThalers，thatis，670，000pounds；payableinLondontohisorder，inOctober，thisYear；whichsumFriedrichengagestospendwhollyinmaintenanceandincreaseofhisArmyforbehoofofthecommonobject；——neitherpartytodreamofmakingtheleastshadowofpeaceortrucewithouttheother。\"OfBalticFleet，thereisnothingsaid；nor，inregardtothat，wasanythingdone，thisyearorafterwards；highlyimportantasitwouldhavebeentoFriedrich，withtheNaviessocalledofbothSwedenandRussiadoingtheirworstuponhim。\"WhynotsparemeasmallEnglishsquadron，andblowtheseaway？\"Norwasthewhyevermadecleartohim；theprivatewhybeing，thatCzarishMajestyhad，lastyear，intimatedtoBritannic，\"AnysuchsteponyourpartwillannihilatethenowoldfriendshipofRussiaandEngland，andbetakenasadirectdeclarationofWar！\"——whichBritannicMajesty，forcommercialandmiscellaneousreasons，hopedalwaysmightbeavoided。Besilent，therefore，onthatofBalticFleet。
InallthespokenorcovenantedpointstheTreatywasaccuratelykept:670，000pounds，two—thirdsofamillionverynearly，will，inpunctualpromptitude，cometoFriedrich’shand，wereOctoberhere。
AndinregardtoFerdinand（apointleftsilent，thistoo），Friedrich’sexpectationswereexceeded，notthecontrary，solongasPittendured。ThisistheThirdEnglish—PrussianTreatyoftheSeven—YearsWar，aswesaidabove；anditistheFirstthattookpracticaleffect:thiswasfollowedbythreeothers，yearafteryear，ofpreciselythesametenor，whichwerelikewisepracticalandpunctuallykept，——thelastofthem，\"12thDecember，1760，\"hadreferencetoSubsidyfor1761:——andbeforeanothercame，Pittwasout。Sothat，inall，FriedrichhadFourSubsidies；670，000poundsx4=2，680，000poundsofEnglishmoneyaltogether:——anditiscomputedbysome，therewasneverasmuchgoodfightingotherwisehadoutofallthe800，000，000poundswehavefundedinthatpeculiarlineofenterprise。[FirstTreaty，16thJanuary，1756（isinHelden—Geschichte，iii。681），\"WewillopposebyarmsanyforeignArmamententeringGermany；\"
SecondTreaty，11thJanuary，1757（neverpublishedtill1802），isinScholl，iii。30—32:\"onemillionsubsidy，aFleet&c。\"（notKEPT
atall）；afterwhich，ThirdTreaty（theFIRSTreallyissuinginsubsidyandperformance）
is11thApril，1758（giveninHelden—Geschichte，v。17）；Fourth（reallySECOND），7thDecember，1758（Ib。v。
752）；Fifth（THIRD），9thNovember，1759；Sixth（FOURTH），12thDecember，1760。SeePREUSS，ii。124n。]
PitthadnodifficultywithhisParliament，orwithhisPublic，inregardtothisSubsidy；thecontraryrather。Seldom，ifever，wasEnglandinsuchaheatofenthusiasmaboutanyForeignManasaboutFriedrichinthesemonthssinceRossbachandwhathadfollowed。
Celebratingthis\"ProtestantHero，\"authenticnewChampionofChristendom；toastinghim，withallthehonors，outofitsWorcesterandotherMugs，veryhighindeed。TaketheseThreeClippingsfromtheoldNewspapers，omittingallelse；andrekindlethese，bygoodinspectionandconsideration，intofeeblesymboliclampsofanoldillumination，nowfallensoextinct。
No。1。REVERENDMR。WHITFIELDANDTHEPROTESTANTHERO。\"Monday，January2d，\"1758，\"wasobservedasaDayofThanksgiving，attheChapelinTottenham—CourtRoad[brand—newChapel，stillstandingandacting，thoughnowinadingiermanner]，byMr。Whitfield’speople，forthesignalVictoriesgainedbytheKingofPrussiaoverhisEnemies。[Gentleman’sMagazine，xxviii。
（for1758），p。41。]——’WhyragetheHeathen；whydothepeopleimagineavainthing？Sinfulbeingswe，perilouslysunkinsinagainsttheMostHigh:——butthey，dotheythinkthat，byearthlyproppingandhoisting，theirunblessedChimera，withhisThreeHats，cansweepawaytheEternalStars！’\"——Inthisstrain，I
suppose:ProtestantHeroandHeaven’slong—sufferingPatiencesandMerciesinraisingupsuchaoneforabackslidinggeneration；
doubtlesswithmuchunctionbyMr。Whitfield。
No。2。KINGOFPRUSSIA’SBIRTHDAY（Tuesday，January24th）。
\"ThisbeingtheBirthdayoftheKingofPrussia，whothenenteredintotheforty—seventhyearofhisage，thesamewasobservedwithilluminationsandotherdemonstrationsofjoy；\"——throughouttheCitiesofLondonandWestminster，\"greatrejoicingsandilluminations，\"itappears，[Gentleman’sMagazine，xxviii。（for1758），p。43；andvol。xxix。p。42，fornextyear’sbirthday，andp。81foranotherkindofcelebration。]——nowshiningsofeeblyatacentury’sdistance！——No。3isstillmorecurious；andhasdeservedfromusalittlespecialinquiringinto。
No。3。MISSBARBARAWYNDHAM’SSUBSIDY。\"March13th，1758，\"——whilePittandKnyphausenarebusyontheSubsidyTreaty，stillnotoutwithit，theNewspaperssuddenlyannounce，——
\"MissBab。Wyndham，ofSalisbury，sisterofHenryWyndham，Esq。，ofthatCity，amaidenladyofamplefortune，hasorderedherbankertopreparethesumof1，000poundstobeimmediatelyremitted，inherownname，asapresenttotheKingofPrussia。\"[
LondonChronicle，March14th—16th，1758；
Lloyd’sEveningPost；&c。&c。]DoubtlesstotheKingofPrussia’ssurprise，andthatofLondonSociety，whichwouldnotwantforcommentariesonsuchathing！
Beforelong，theSubsidyTreatybeingnowout，andtheWyndhamtopicnewagain，LondonSocietyreads，inthesameNewspaper，aDocumentaryPiece，calculatedtohelpinitscommentaries。Thereisgoodlikelihoodofguess，thoughnocertaintynowattainable，thatthe\"EnglishLady\"referredtomaybeMissBab。herself；——ofwhoselong—vanishedbiography，andbrisk，airy，nomadicways，wecatchherebyafaintshadow，momentary，butconceivable，andsufficientforus:——
\"TOTHEAUTHORSOFTHELONDONCHRONICLE。
LondonChronicle，of13th—15thApril，1758。
\"ThefollowingAccount，whichisarealfact，willservetoshowwithwhatpunctualityandexactnesstheKingofPrussiaattendstothemostminuteaffairs，andhowopenheistoapplicationsfromallpersons。
\"AnEnglishLadybeingpossessedofactions[shares]intheEmbdenCompany，andhavingoccasiontoraisemoneyonthem，repairedtoAntwerp[sometwoyearsago，aswillbeseen]，andmadeapplicationforthatpurposetoaDirectoroftheCompany，establishedtherebytheKingofPrussiaforthemanagingallaffairsrelativethereto。
Thisperson，\"VanErthornthenameofhim，\"verywillinglyenteredintotreatywithher；butthesumheofferedtolendbeingfarshortofwhattheactionswouldbring，andhealsoinsistingonforfeitureofherrightinthem，ifnotredeemedintwelvemonths，——shebrokeoffwithhim，andhadrecoursetosomemerchantsatAntwerp，whowereinclinabletotreatwithheronmuchmoreequitableterms。TheproceedingnecessarilybroughtthepartiesbeforethisDirectorforreceivinghissanction，whichwasessentialtothesolidityoftheagreement；andhe，findinghewasliketolosetheadvantagehehadflatteredhimselfwith，disputedtheauthenticityoftheactions，andtherebythrewherintosuchdiscredit，astorenderallattemptstoraisemoneyonthemineffectual。UponthistheLadywroteaLetterbythecommonposttohisMajestyofPrussia，accompaniedwithaMemorialcomplainingofthetreatmentshehadreceivedfromtheDirector；andshelikewiseenclosedtheactionsthemselvesinanotherlettertoafriendatBerlin。Bythereturnofthepost，hisMajestycondescendedtoanswerherLetter；andtheactionswerereturnedauthenticated；whichsorestoredhercredit，thatinafewhoursalldifficultieswereremovedrelatingtothetransactionshehadinhand；anditismorethanprobabletheDirectorhasfelthisMajesty’sresentmentforhisill—behavior。——TheLady’sLetterwasasfollows:——
\"’ANTWERP，19thFebruary，1756。
\"’SIR，——HavinghadthehappinesstopaymycourttoyourMajestyduringaprettylongresidenceatBerlin[sayinVoltaire’stime；
MissBarbara’s\"EmbdenCompany，\"Iobserve，wasthefirstofthetwo，date1750；thatof1753isnothers]，andtoreceivesuchmarksoffavorfromtheirMajestiestheQueens[aBarbaracapableofshiningintheRoyalsoireesatMonbijou，oftalkingto，orof，yourVoltairesandlions，andinvestingmoneysinthenewEmbdenCompany]asIshalleverretainagratefulsenseof，——IpresumetoflattermyselfthatyourMajestywillnotbeoffendedattherespectfullibertyIhavetakeninlayingbeforeyoumycomplaintsagainstoneVanErthorn，aDirectoroftheEmbdenChinaCompany，whosebadbehaviortome，assetforthinmyMemorial，hathforcedmetomakeaverylongandexpensivestayatthisplace；and，astheconsiderableinterestIhaveinthatCompanymayfarthersubjectmetohiscaprices，IcannotforbearlayingmygrievancesatthefootofyourMajesty’sthrone；mostrespectfullysupplicatingyourMajestythatyouwouldbegraciouslypleasedtogiveordersthatthisDirectorshallnotacttowardsmeforthefutureashehathdonehitherto。
\"’IhopeforthisfavorfromyourMajesty’ssovereignequity；andI
shallneverceaseofferingupmyardentprayersfortheprosperityofyourgloriousreign；havingthehonortobe，withthemostrespectfulzeal，Sir，yourMajesty’smosthumble，mostobedient，andmostdevotedservant，***’
\"THEKINGOFPRUSSIA’SANSWER。
\"’POTSDAM，26thFebruary，1756。
\"’MADAM，——IreceivedtheLetterofthe19thinstant，whichyouthoughtpropertowritetome；andwasnotalittledispleasedtohearofthebadbehaviorofoneoftheDirectorsoftheAsiaticCompanyofEmbdentowardsyou，ofwhichyouwereforcedtocomplain。Ishalldirectyourgrievancestobeexamined，andhavejustnowdespatchedmyordersforthatpurposetoLenz，myPresidentoftheChamberofEastFriesland，’ChiefJudgeinthoseparts。[Seyfarth，ii。139。]’Youmayassureyourselfthestrictestjusticeshallbedoneyouthatthecasewilladmit。Godkeepyouinhisholyprotection。FRIEDRICH。’\"
WhetherthisreferstoMissBarbaraornot，thereisnoaffirming。
Buttheinterestingpointis，FriedrichdidreceiveandacceptMissBarbara’s1，000pounds。ThePrussianaccount，whichcallsher\"anEnglishJUNGFRAU，LADYSALISBURY，whoactuallysentasumofmoney，\"[Preuss，ii。124，whosereferenceismerely
\"Gentleman’sMagazinefor1758。\"BothintheANNUAL
REGISTERofthatYear（i。86），andintheGentleman’sMagazine，pp。142，177，theaboveParagraphandLettersarecopiedfromtheNewspapers，butwithoutthesmallestcommentary（thereorelsewhere），oranymentionofa\"LadySalisbury。\"]wouldnotitselfbesatisfactory:but，bygoodchance，thereisstillliving，inSalisburyCity，averyagedGentleman，wellknownforhisworth，andintelligenceonsuchmatters，who，beinginquiredof，makesreplyatonce:ThattheFirstEarlofMalmesbury（whowasofhisacquaintance，andhadmanyanecdotesandreminiscencesofFriedrich，allnoteddown，itwasunderstood，withdiplomaticexactitude，butneveryetpublishedorbecomeaccessible）did，as\"Iwellremember，amongotherthings，mentiontheKing’stellinghimthathe，\"theKing，\"hadreceivedaThousandPoundsfromMissWyndham；withapartofwhichhehadboughttheFlutetheninhishand。\"[LetterfromJohnFowler，Esq。，\"Salisbury，2dApril，1860，\"toaFriendofmine（PENESME）:
ofBarbara’sidentity，orotherwise，withtheAntwerpEmbdenLady，Mr。F。cansaynothing。]Whichlattercircumstance，too，iscurious。For，atalltimes，howeverstraitenedFriedrich’sExchequermightbe，itwashisknownhabit，duringthisWar，tohavealways，beforethecurrentyearended，thewaysandmeanscompletelysettledandprovidedfortheyearcoming；sothateverythingcouldbeatoncepaidinmoney（goodmoneyorbad，——goodstilluptothisdate）；——Andnothingwasobservedtofallshort，somuchasthecustomaryliberalityofhisgiftstothoseabouthim。
Iinfer，therefore:Friedrichhaddecidedtolayoutthis1，000
poundsinwhathewouldcallluxuries，chieflygifts，——and，amongotherthings，hadsaidtohimself，\"Iwillhaveanewflute，too！\"
Probablyoneofhislast；forIunderstandhehad，bythistime（Malmesbury’stime，1772），ceasedmuchplaying，andceasedaltogethernotlongafter。[Preuss，i。371—373。]
JamesHarris，FirstEarlofMalmesbury，wasResidentatBerlin，1772:thatisallthedatewehavefortheKing’ssaying，\"AndwithpartofitIboughtthisFlute！\"DateofLordMalmesbury’smentionofitatSalisbury，wehavenone，——likeliesttheremightbevariousdates；athingmentionedmorethanonce，andnotimprovablebydating。TheWyndhamsstillliveintheCloseofSalisbury；
arespectedandwell—knownFamily；recordofthem（noneofBarbarathere，orelsewhereexcepthere）tobefoundintheCountyHistories。[Britton’sBeautiesofEnglandandWales，xv。partii。p。118；Hoare’sSalisbury（mistaken，p。815）；&c。]Ionlyknowfarther，BarbaradiedMay，1765，\"agedandwealthy，\"and\"withthebulkofherfortuneendowedaCharity，tobecalled’WyndhamCollege，’\"[ANNUAL
REGISTER（for1765），viii。86。]——whichIhopestillflourishes。
EnoughonthissmallWyndhammatter；whichisnearlyaltogetherEnglish，butinwhichFriedrichtoohashisindefeasibleproperty。
FRIEDRICH，ASINDEEDPITT’SPEOPLEANDOTHERSHAVEDONE，TAKESTHEFIELDUNCOMMONLYEARLY:FRIEDRICHGOESUPONSCHWEIDNITZ，SCHWEIDNITZ，ASTHEPREFACETOWHATEVERHISCAMPAIGNMAYBE。
WhilethisSubsidyTreatyisgettingsettledinEngland，DukeFerdinandhashisFrenchinfullcackleofuniversalflight；
andbeforethesigningofit（April11th），everyfeatherofthemisovertheRhine；DukeFerdinandbusypreparingtofollow。Gloriousnews，dayafterday，comingin，forPitt，forMissBarbaraandforallEnglishsouls，RoyalHighnessofCumberlandhardlyexcepted！
The\"DescentonRochefort，\"lastAutumn，hadagooddealdisappointedPittandEngland；——anexpensivelyelaborateExpedition，militaryandnaval；whichcouldnot\"descend\"atall，whenitgottothepoint；butmerelywentgropingabout，onthemuddyshoresoftheCharente，holdingcouncilsofwaryonder；
\"cannonadedtheIsleofAixfortwohours；\"andreturnedhomewithoutresultofanykind，Courts—martialfollowingonit，astoousual。Thiswasanunsuccessfulfirst—strokeforPitt。Indeed，heneverdidmuchsucceedinthoseDescentsontheFrenchCoast，thoughneveragainsoillasthistime。Thoseareakindofthingsthatrequireanexactitudeasofclockwork，inalltheirparts:
andPitt’sGeneralciesandWar—Offices，——weknowwhethertheywereofthePrussiantypeoroftheSwedish！AverygrievoushindrancetoPitt；——whichhewillnotbelievetobequiteincurable。
Againstwhichhe，forhispart，standsup，ingrimearnest，andwithhiswholestrength；andisnow，andatalltimes，doingwhatinhimliestoabateorremedyit:——successfully，toanunexpecteddegree，withinthenextfouryears。FromAmerica，hehasdecidedtorecallLordLoudon，asacunctatoryhagglingmortal，thereverseofaGeneral；howverydifferentfromhisAustrianCousin！
[Cousinscertainlyenough；theirProgenitorswereBrothers，ofthatHouse，about1568，——whenMatthew，thecadet，went\"intoLivonia，\"
intoforeignSoldiering（PapahavingfallenPrisoner\"attheBattleofLangside，\"1568，andtheFamilyprospectsbeinglow）；fromthisMatthewcomes，throughascripsofLivonianSoldiers，thefamedAustrianLoudon。Douglas，PeerageofScotland，p。425；&c。&c。VIEDELOUDON（ill—informedonthatpointandsomeothers）says，thefirstLivonianLoudoncamefromAyrshire，\"inthefourteenthcentury\"。]\"Abercrombiemaybebetter，\"hopeshe；——wasbetter，stillnotgood。Butalreadyinthegloomyimbrogliooveryonder，PittdiscernsthatoneAmherst（thesonofpeopleunimportantatthehustings）hasmilitarytalent:
andinthispuddleofaRochefortFutility，hehasgothiseyeonayoungOfficernamedWolfe，whowasQuartermasteroftheExpedition；
ayoungmanlikewisedestituteofParliamentaryconnection，butwhomaybeworthsomething。Bothofwhomwillbeheardof！Inafouryears’determinedeffortofthiskind，thingsdoimprove:anditwaswonderful，towhatamount，——outofthesechaoticWar—OfficeslittlebetterthantheSwedish，andignorantGeneralciesfullyworsethantheSwedish，——Pittgotheroicsuccessesandworkreallydone。
OnPitt，amidconfusedclouds，thereisbrightdawnrising；
andFriedrichtoo，forthelastmonth，inBreslau，hasacheerfulprospectonthatWesternsideofhishorizon。HereisoneofhisPostscripts，thrownoffinAutograph，whichDukeFerdinandwillreadwithpleasure:\"Icongratulateyou，MONCHER，withmywholeheart！MayyouFLEUR—DE—LYSeveryFrenchskinofthem；cuttingoutontheir\"——whatshallwesay（LEURIMPRIMANTSURLECUE）！——\"theInitialsofthePeaceofWestphalia，andpackingthemacrosstheRhine，\"tattooedinthatlatestextremityoffashion！[FriedrichtoDukeFerdinand，\"Grussau，19thMarch，1758:\"inKnesebeck，
HerzogFerdinand，i。64。HerzogFerdinandwahrenddes7—jahrigenKrieges（\"fromtheEnglishaudPrussianArchives\"）isthefullTitleofKnesebeck’sBook:
LETTERSaltogether；notveryintelligentlyedited，butwellworthreadingbyeverystudent，militaryandcivil:2vols。8vo。
Hannover，1857。]
Friedrich，groundingpartlyonthoseRhineaspects，hashisownschemelaidforCampaign1758。Itistheoldschemetriedtwicealready:togohomeuponyourEnemyswiftly，withyourutmostcollectivestrength，andtrytostrikeintotheheartofhimbeforeheisaware。Friedrichhastwicetriedthis；thesecondtimewithsuccess，respectablethoughfarshortofcomplete。Weakenedasnow，butwithFerdinandlikelytofindtheFrenchinemployment，hemeanstotryitagain；andisbusypreparingatNeisseandelsewhere，thoughkeepingitadeadsecretforthetime。Thereis，infact，nootherhopefulplanforhim，ifthisprovefeasibleatall。Doubleyourvelocity，youdoubleyourmomentum。One’sweightisgiven，——weightgrowinglessandless；——butnot，ornotinthesamewayanddegree，one’svelocity，one’srightnessofaim。
Weightgiven:itisonlybydoublingortreblinghisvelocitythatamancanmakehismomentumdoubleortreble，asneeded！
Friedrichmeanstotryit，readerswillseehow，——weretheFortofSchweidnitzoncehad；forwhichobjectFriedrichwatchestheweatherlikeaveryD’Argens，eagerthatthefrostwouldgo。
RecaptureofSchweidnitz，thelastspeckofAustrianismwipedawaythere；thatisevidentlytheprefacetowhatsoeverday’s—workmaybeahead。
March15th，frostbeingnowoff，FriedrichquitsBreslauandD’Argens，——hisHead—quarterthenceforthKloster—Grussau，nearLandshut，troopsallgettingcantonedthereabout，tokeepBohemiaquiet，——andgoesatonceuponSchweidnitz。Withthetopofthemorning，sotospeak；meanstohaveSchweidnitzbeforecampaigningusuallycanbegin，orcommonlaborerstaketheirtoolsinthistrade。TheAustrianCommandanthasbeengreatlystrengtheningtheworks；hehad，atfirst，some8，000ofgarrison；butthethreemonths’blockadehasbeentightuponhimandthem；anditishopedthethingcanbedone。
APRIL1st—2d，——Siege—materialbeinggottotheground，andSiegeDivisionandCoveringArmyallintheirplaces，——inspiteoftheheavyrains，weopenourfirstparallel，AustrianCommandantnotnoticingtillitisnearlydone。April8th，wehaveourbatteriesbuilt；andburstout，atourbestrate，intocannonade；aimingagooddealat\"FortNo。1，\"calledalso\"GALGENorGallowsFort，\"
whichweesteemtheprincipal。Cannonadecontinuesdayafterday，prosperstolerablyonGallowsFort，\"——thoughthewetweather，andhardshiptothetroops，aregrievouscircumstances，andmakeFriedrichdoublyurgent。\"Tryitbystorm！\"counselsBalbi，whoisEngineer。NightofAPRIL15th—16thstormtakesplace；withsuchvigorandsuchcunning，thattheGallowsFortisgotforalmostnothing（lossoftenmen）；—andfewhoursafter，Austriabeatthechamade。[Tempelhof，ii。21—25；Helden—Geschichte，v。109—123:aboveall，Tielcke，BeytragezurKriegs—KunstundzurGeschichtedesKriegesvon1756bis1763（6vols。4to，Freyberg，1775—1786），iv。43—76。Volumeiv。
iswhollydevotedtoSchweidnitzanditssuccessiveSieges。]
Fifty—onenewAustrianguns，foroneitem，andabout7，000poundsofmoney。PrisonersofWartheGarrison，8，000goneto4，900；
withsuchstoresaswecanguess，ofoursandtheirsadded:
BalbiwasPrussianEngineer—in—Chief，TreskauCaptainoftheSiege；——otherparticularsIsparethereader。
UnfortunateSchweidnitzunderwentfourSieges，fourcapturesorrecaptures，inthisWar；——uponallofwhichwemustbequitesummary，onlytheresultsofthemimportanttous。Forthecuriousinsieges，especiaIlyforthescientificallycurious，thereis，byaCaptainTielcke，excellentaccountofalltheseSchweidnitzSieges，andofothers；——Artillery—CaptainTielcke，intheSaxonorSaxon—Russianservice；whomperhapsweshalltransientlyfallinwith，onadifferentfield，inthecourseofthisYear。
ChapterXII。
SIEGEOFOLMUTZ。
Fouquet，onthefirstmovementtowardsSchweidnitz，hadbeendetachedfromLandshuttosweepcertainCroatPartiesoutofGlatz；
Ziethen，withasimilarview，intoTroppauCountry；bothwhicherrandswereatonceperfectlydone。DaunliesbehindtheBohemianFrontier（betimesinthefieldhetoo，\"arrivedatKonigsgratz，March13th\"）；andis，withalldiligence，perfectinghisnewlevies；intrenchinghimselfonallpoints，asmanseldomdid；
\"fellingwholeforests，\"theysay，buildingabatiswithinabatis；
——notdoubting，especiallyontheseZiethen—Fouquetsymptoms，butFriedrich’sCampaignistobeanInvasionofBohemiaagain。
\"Whichheshallnotdogratis！\"hopesDaun；and，indeed，judgessaytheentrancewouldhardlyhavebeenpossibleonthatside，hadFriedrichtriedit；whichhedidnot。
Schweidnitzbeingdone，andDaundeepintheBohemianproblem，——
Friedrich，inanunintelligiblemanner，breaksoutfromGrussauandtheLandshutregion（April19th—25th），notstraightsouthward，asDaunhadbeenexpecting，butstraightsoutheastwardthroughNeisse，Jagerndorf:allgone，orallbutZiethenandFouquetgone，thatway；——meaningwhoshallsaywhat，whennewsofitcomestoDaun？
Intwodivisions，from30to40，000strong；throughJagerndorf，everonwardthroughTroppau，andnottillTHENturningsouthward:
indubitablemarchofthatcunningEnemy；rapidlyproceeding，his40，000andhe，alongthoseelevateduplandcountries，watershedoftheBlackSeaandtheBaltic，bleaklyilluminedbytheAprilsun；
amarchintothemistsofthefuturetense，whichdonotyetclearthemselvestoDaun。SeeingthemarchturnsouthwardatTroppau，alightbreaksonDaun:\"Ha！comingrounduponBohemiafromtheeast，then？\"ThatisDaun’sopinion，forsometimeyet；andheimmediatelystartsthatway，tosaveafinemagazinehehasatLeutomischloverthere。Daun，fromSkalitznearKonigsgratzwhereheis，hasbutsomeeightymilestomarch，fortheKing’shundredandfifty；andarrivesinthosepartsfewdaysaftertheKing；
postshimselfatLeutomischl，veiledinPandours。NotfortwoweeksmoredoesheascertainittohavebeenamarchupontheOlmutzCountry，andtheintricateforksoftheMorawaRiver；withaviewtobesiegingOlmutz，bythiswilyEnemy！UponwhichDaundidstrivetobestirhimselfthitherward，atlast；and，thoughveryslowandhesitative，hismeasuresotherwisewereunexceptionable，andturnedoutluckierthanhadbeenexpectedbysomepeople。
OlmutzisanancientpleasantlittleCity，inthePlainsofMahren，romantic，indistincttotheEnglishmind；withDomes，withSteepleseminentbeyonditssize，——populationlittleabove10，000souls；——
hasitsPrince—Archbishopandecclesiasticoutfittings，withwhomFriedrichhaslodgedinhistime。Citywhichtradesinleather，andRussianandMoldaviandrovesofoxen。MemorabletotheSlavicpopulationsforitsgrandCzechLibrary，whichwascarriedawaybytheSwedes，happilyintothicknight；[ToStralsund（1645），\"andhasnotsincebeenheardof。\"]alsoforthatpoorlittleWenzeloftheirs（lastheiroftheBohemianCzechroyalties，whomnoreaderhastheleastmemoryof）beingkilledonthestreetshere；——
uncertain，tothisday，bywhom，thoughforwhosebenefitthatdagger—strokeendediscertainenough；[Supra，vol。v。p。118。]——
poorlittleWenzel’sdustliesunderthathighestDome，oftheoldCathedralyonder，ifanybodythoughtofsuchathinginhotpracticaltimes。PoorLafayette，too，lodgedhereinprison，whentheAustriansseizedhim。Citytradesinleatherandlivestock，wesaid；hasmuchtodowithartillery，muchwithecclesiastry；——andFriedrichbesiegedit，forsevenweeks，inthehotsummerdaysof1758，tonopurpose。FriedrichhasbeeninOlmiitzmorethanoncebefore；hisSchwerinoncetookitinasingleday，anditwashisformonths，intheoldMoravian—Foraytime:buttheplaceischangednow；becomeanarsenalormilitarystorehouseofAustria；
stronglyfortified，andwithaCaptaininit，whodistinguisheshimselfbyvaliantskillandactivityonthisoccasion。
Friedrich’sOlmutzEnterprise，theratherasitwasunsuccessful，hasnotwantedcritics。Andcertainly，accordingtotheordinaryrulesofcautiousprudence，couldthesehavebeenFriedrich’sinhispresentsituation，itwasnottobecalledaprudentEnterprise。ButhadFriedrich’sarrangementsbeenpunctuallyfulfilled，andOlmutzbeengotinfairtime，aswaspossibleorprobable，thethingmighthavebeendoneverywell。DukeFerdinand，intheseearlyMaydays，ispracticallymakingpreparationstofollowtheFrenchacrosstheRhine；nofearofFrenchArmiesinterferingwithusthisyear。DohnahastheSwedeslockedinStralsund（capableofbeingstarved，hadnotthethawcome）；andinHinter—PommernhehasGeneralPlaten，withatolerableDetachment，watchingFermorandhisRussians；Dohna，withPlaten，mayentertaintheRussiansforalittle，whentheygetonway，——whichweknowwillbeataslowpace，andlateintheseason。PrinceHenricommandsinSaxony，saywith30，000；——King’svicegerentandotherselfthere，\"DoYOURwisestandpromptest；holdnocouncilsofwar！\"PrinceHenri，altogetherontheaggressiveasyet，iswaitingwhatReichsArmytheremaybe；——hasalreadyhadMayerandFreeCorpscareeringaboutinFrankenCountryonceandagain，tearinguptheincipienciesandpreparations，withtheusualemphasis；andishimselfintendingtofollowthither，inastillmoreimpressivemanner。Friedrich’scalculationis，PrinceHenriwillhavehishandsfreeforagoodfewweeksyet。Whichprovedtrueenough，sofarasthatwent。
Andnow，supposingOlmutzours，andViennaitselfopentoourinsults，doesnot，byrapidsuction，everyarmedAustrianflowthitherward；Germanyalldrainedofthem:inwhichcase，whatistohinderPrinceHenrifromsteppingintoBohmen，bytheMetalMountains；capturingPrag；gettingintojunctionwithushere，andtumblingAustriaataratethatwillastonishher！Her，andhermiscellaneoustagraggeryofConfederates，oneandall。
Konigsberg，Stralsund，Bamberg；Russians，Swedes，Reichsfolk，——
here，inMahren，willbethecrownofthegameforallthese。
ProsperinMahren，allthesearelamed；onerightstrokeattheheart，thelimbsbecomemanageablequantities！ThiswasFriedrich’sprogram；andhadnotimperfectionsofexecution，beyondwhatwaslookedfor，andalsoagooddealofplainill—luck，intervened，thisboldstrokeforMahrenmighthaveturnedoutfarotherwisethanitdid。
Themarchthither（startedfromNeisseApril27th）wasbeautiful:
Friedrichwithvanguardandfirstdivision；Keithwithrear—guardandsecond，alwaysataday’sdistance；splitintopropercolumns，forconvenienceofroadandquarterinthehungrycountries；
threadingthosesilentmountainvillages，andupperstreamletsofOderandMorawa:ZiethenwavingintrusiveCroateriesfaroff；
Fouquet，inthousandsofwagons，shovingonfromNeisse，\"infoursections，\"withthedueintervals，underthedueescorts，theimmensityofstoresandsiege—furniture，throughJagerndorf，throughTroppau，andonwards；[TableofhisroutesandstagesinTEMPELHOF，ii。46。]——punctualeverybody；besiegersandsiegematerialsreadyontheirgroundbythesetday。DauntoohadmadespeedtosavehisMagazine。DaunwasatLeutomischl，May5th，——afortymilestowestoftheMorawa，——fewdaysafterFriedrichhadarrivedinthosecountriesbytheeasternorleftbank，byTroppau，Gibau，Littau，Aschmeritz，Prossnitz；andaweekbeforeFriedrichhadfinishedhisreconnoitrings，campings，andtakenpositiontohismind。Camps，fourormore（shrankintheendtothree），onbothbanksoftheRiver；amatterofabstrusestudy；sothatitwasMay12thbeforeFriedrichfirsttookviewofOlmutzitself，andcouldfairlybeginhisProblem，——Daun，withhisbestTolpatcheries，stillunabletoguesswhatitwas。
OftheSiegeIproposetosaylittle，thoughtheaccountsofitareample，usefultotheArtilleristandEngineer。Ifthereadercanbemadetoconceiveitasablazingloud—soundingfact，onwhich，andonFriedrichinit，theeyesofallEuropewerefixedforsomeweeks，itmayrestnowinimpressiveindistinctnesstous。KeithisCaptainoftheSiege，whomallpraiseforhispunctualfirmnessofprogress；Balbiasbefore，isEngineer，againstwhomgoesthecriticism，Keith’sfirstofall，thathe\"openedhisfirstparallel800yardstoofaroff，\"——whichmuchincreasedthelabor，andtheexpenditureofuselessgunpowder，shothavingnoeffectatsuchadistance。Therewerevariouscriticisms:somereal，asthis；someimaginary，asthatFriedrichgrudgedgunpowder，thefactbeingthathehaditnot，exceptaftercarriagefromNeisse，sayahundredandtwentymilesoff，——Troppau，hislastSilesianTown，orsafeplace（hisforthemoment），iseightymiles；——andwasobligedtowastenoneofit。
Friedrichisnotthoughttoshineinthesieginglineashedoesinthefighting；whichhassometruthinit，thoughnotverymuch。
WhenFriedrichlaidhimselftoengineering，Iobserve，hediditwell:seeNeisse，Graudenz，Magdeburg。HisBalbiwentwrongwiththeparallels，onthisoccasion；manythingswentwrong:butthetrulygrievousthingwashisdistancefromSilesiaandthesupplies。Ahundredandtwentymilesofhill—carriage，eightyofthemdisputable，foreveryshotofammunitionandforeveryloafofbread；thiswashardtostand:——andperhapsnoWar—apparatusbutaPrussian，withaFriedrichforsolechief—manager，couldhavestooditsolong。Friedrichdidstandit，inawonderfullytolerablemanner；andwascontinuingtostandit，andmakefairprogress；
anditisnotdoubtedhewouldhavegotOlmutz，hadnotthereanotherfactcomeonhim，whichprovedtobeofunmanageablenature。Theactualloss，namely，ofoneConvoy，aftersomanyhadcomesafe，andwhen，asappears，therewasnowonlyonewantedandnomore！——Letusattendtothisalittle。
HadDaun，atOlmutz，beenasaDukeofCumberlandrelievingTournay，rushingintofightatFontenoy，likeaHanoverWhite—
Horse，neckclothedwiththunder，andheaddestituteofknowledge，——howluckyhaditbeenforFriedrich！ButDaunknowshistradebetter。Daun，thoughsuperiorinstrength，sitsonhisMagazine，clearnottofight。Bynoartofmanoeuvring，hadFriedrichmuchtriedit，orhopedit，thistime，couldDaunhavebeenbroughttogivebattle。AsFabinsCunctatorheishereinhisrightplace；
takingimpregnablepositions，nomanwithbetterskillinthatbranchofbusiness；pushingoutpartiesontheTroppauroad；
andpatientlywaitingtillthisdangerousEnemy，withsuchendlessshiftsinhim，comeinsightperhapsofhislastcartridge，orperhapsmakesomestumbleonthewaytowardsthatconsummation。
DaunisawareofFriedrich’ssurprisingqualities。BosagainstLeo，Daunfeelstheseprocedurestobealtogetherfeline（FELIS—
LEONINE）；suchstealthyglidingsabout，deceptivemotions，appearances；thensucharapidityofspringuponyou，andwithsuchasetofclaws，——destructivetobovineorrhinocerosnature:
inregardtoallwhich，Bos，ifhewillprosper，surelycannotbetoocautious。ItwasremarkedofDaun，thathewasscrupulouslycareful；never，inthemostimpregnablesituations，neglectingtheleastprecaution，butpunctiliouslyfortifyinghimselftothelastitem，eventoaridiculousextent，sayRetzowandthecritics。
ItwastheoneresourceofDaun:trulyasolidstubbornpatienceisintheman；stubborncouragetoo，ofbovine—rhinocerostype；——
stupid，ifyouwill，butdoingatalltimeshonestlyhisbestandhiswisestwithoutflurry；whichcharacterisoftenofsurprisingvalueinWar；capableofmuchmischief，nowandthen，toquickerpeople。RhinocerosDaundidplayhisLeoabadprankmorethanonce；andthisofbarringhimoutfromOlmutzwasoneofthem，perhapstheworstafterKolin。
Daun’smanagementofthisOlmutzbusinessisbynomeansreckonedbrilliant，evenintheFabiusline；but，onthecontrary，inert，dim—minded，inconclusive；andinreality，tillalmosttheverylast，hehadbeenoflittlehelptothebesieged。Fornearthreeweeks（tillMay23d）DaunsatatLeutomischl，immovableonhisbread—basketthere，fortyormoremilesfromOlmutz；anddidnotseethataSiegewasmeant。May27th—28th，Balbiopenedhisfirstparallel，inthatmistakenway；fourdaysbeforewhich，Daundoesmoveinwardsamarchorso，toZwittau，toGewitsch（stillthirtymilestowestofOlmutz）；stillthinkingofBohemia，notofanysiege；stillhangingbythemountainsandthebread—basket。
Andthere，——aboutGewitsch，siegeornosiege，Daunsitsdownagain；prettymuchimmovable，throughthefiveweeksofbombardment；and，——exceptthatLoudonandtheLightHorseareverydiligenttodoamischief，\"attemptingourconvoys，morethanonce，tonopurpose，andalarmingsomeofouroutpostsalmosteverynight，buteverynightbeatenoff，\"——does，inamanner，nothing；
sitsquiet，behindhisimpenetrableveilofPandours，andletsthebombardmenttakeitscourse。HadnotexpressOrdercomefromViennaonhim，itisthoughtDaunwouldhavesattillOlmutzwastaken；
andwouldthenhavegonebacktoLeutomischlandimpregnablepostsintheHills。Onexpressorder，he——Butgather，first，thesepoorsparksinelucidation:——
\"The’destructivesallies’andthelike，atOlmutz，wereprincipallyanaffairofthegazetteersandtheimagination:butitiscertain，Olmutzthistimewasexcellentlywelldefended；
theCommandant，avigorousskilfulman，prompttoseizeadvantages；
andGarrisonandTownsfolkzealouslyhelping:sothatFriedrich’sprogresswasunusuallyslow。Friedrich’sfeelings，allthiswhile，andBalbi’s（who’spenthisfirst1，220shotsentirelyinvain，’
beginningsofaroff），maybejudgedof，——thesoundofhimtoBalbisometimessternenough！Aswhen（June9th）hepersonallyvisitsBalbi’sparallels（topoftheTafelbergyonder）；andinquires，’Whendoyoucalculatetogetdone，then？’WestsideofOlmutzandoftheRiver（eastsideliesmostlyunderwater），thereisthebombarding；seventy—oneheavyguns；Keith，inhisexpertestmanner，doingallthecaptaincies:Keithhasabout8，000offootandhorse，busyandvigilant，withtheirfacestotheeast。Inaringoffourcamps，orprincipallythree（Prossnitz，Littau，andNeustadt，whichisacrosstheRiver），alllookingwestwardornorthwestward，some，tenortwentymilesfromKeith，Friedrich（head—quartersoftenestProssnitz，thechiefcamp）standsfacingDaun；wholiesconcentrictohim，atthedistanceofanothertenortwentymiles，ingoodpartstillthirtyorfortymilesfromOlmutz，veiledmostlyunderacloudofPandours。
\"OfFriedrich’simpatienceswehearlittle，thoughtheymusthavebeengreat。PrinceHenriisreadyforPrag；manythingsareready，wereOlmutzbutdone！May22d，PrinceHenrihadfollowedMayerinperson，withastrongercorps，torootouttheReichsfolk，——andisnowinBambergCityandCountry。AndiseveninBaireuthitself，wherewaslatelytheCampofthenewReichsGeneral，SereneHighnessofZweibruck，andhisnascentReichsArmy；whoareoffbodilytoBohemia，’toEgerandtheCircleofSaatz，’aweekbefore。[Helden—Geschichte，v。206—209。
Wilhelmina’sprettyLettertoFriedrich（\"Baireuth，10thMay\"）；
Friedrich’sAnswer（\"Olmutz，June，1758\"）；inOEuvresdeFrederic，xxvii。i。313—315。]FancythatvisitofHenri’stoapoorWilhelmina；thelastsightsheeverhadofaBrother，oroftheoldPrussianuniforms，clearingherofZweibrucksandsorrowfulguests！OurpoorWilhelmina，alassheissunkinsicknessthisyearmorethanever；journeyingtowardsdeath，infact；andisprobablythemostpungent，sacredlytragic，ofFriedrich’ssorrows，nowandonwards。June12th，Friedrich’spoutingBrother，thePrinceofPrussia，died；thisalsohehadtohearinCampatOlmutz。’Whatdidhedieof？’saidFriedrichtotheMessenger，aMajorSomething。’Ofchagrin，’saidtheMajor，’AUS
GRAM。’Friedrichmadenoanswer。——
\"OnthelastnightofMay，bybeautifulmanagement，militaryandother，DukeFerdinandisacrosstheRhine；againchasingtheFrenchbeforehim；who，astheyarefarmorenumerous，cannotsurelybutmakesomestand:sothataBattletheremaybeexpectedsoon，——letushope，aVictory；asindeeditbeautifullyprovedtobe，threeweeksafter。[BattleofCrefeld，23dJune。]Ontheotherhand，FermorandhisRussiansareastir；continuallywendingtowardsBrandenburg，intheirvoluminousmanner，sinceJune16th，thoughataslowrate。HowdesirabletheSiegeofOlmutzweredone！\"
OnexpressfromVienna，Daundidbestirhimself；cautiouslygotonfootagain；detached，acrosstheRiver，anexpertHussarGeneral（\"BebusyallyeLoudons，St。Ignons，Ziskowitzes，doublynow！\"），——
expertHussarGeneral，oneitemofwhoseforceis1，100chosengrenadiers；——andhimselfcautiouslysteptsouthwardandeastward，nearertheSiegeLines。TheHussarGeneral’smeaningseemedtobesomemischiefonourCampofNeustadtandtheoutpoststhere；
butinrealityitwastothrowhis1，100intoOlmutz（usefultotheCommandant）；which——byingeniousmanoeuvring，andguidancefromthepeasants\"throughbushywoodsaudby—paths\"onthateastsideoftheRiver——theexpertHussarGeneral，thoughZiethenwassentovertohandlehim，didperfectlymanage，andwouldnotquitforZiethentillhesawitfinished。Whichdone，Daunkeepssteppingstillfarthersouthward，nearertheSiegeLines；and，atProssnitz，morningofJune22d，Friedrich，withhisowneyes，seesDauntakingpostontheoppositeheights；saystosomebodynearhim，\"VOILALES
AUTRICHIENS，ILSAPPRENNENTAMARCHER，TherearetheAustrians；
theyarelearningtomarch，though！\"——gettingontheirfeet，likeinfantsinacertainstage（\"MARCHER\"havingthatmeaningtoo，thoughIknownotthattheKingintendedit）；——theyhavelearnedagreatmanythings，sinceyourMajestyfirstmetthem。
FriedrichtookDauntobe，nowatlast，meaningBattleforOlmutz，andmadesomeslightarrangementsaccordingly；butthatisnotDaun’sintentionatall；asFriedrichwillfindtohiscost，infewdays。Thatveryday，Daunhasvanishedagain，stillinthesoutherlydirection，againunderveilofPandours。
Meanwhile，inspiteofallthings，theSiegemakesprogress；
\"June22d，Balbi’ssaphadgottotheirglacis，andwaspushingforwardthere，\"——June22d，daywhenDaunmademomentaryappearance，andthereinforcementstolein:——withinafortnightmore，Balbipromisesthethingshallbedone。Butsuppliesareindispensable:
oneotherconvoyfromTroppau，andletitbeabigone，\"between3
and4，000wagons，\"meal，money，iron，powder；Friedrichhopesthisone，ifhecangetithome，willsuffice。ColonelMoselistobringthisConvoy；aresoluteexpertOfficer，withperhaps7，000footandhorse:surelysufficientescort:but，asDaunisastir，andhisLoudons，Ziskowitzesandlightpeopleareglidingabout，FriedrichordersZiethentomeetthisimportantConvoy，withsomethousandsofnewforce，andtakechargeofbringingitin。MoselwastoleaveTroppauJune26th；ZiethenpushesouttomeethimfromtheOlmutzend，ontheseconddayafter；and，onehopes，allisnowsafeonthathead。
Thedrivingof3，000four—horsewagons，underescort，ninetymilesofroad，issuchanenterpriseascannotreadilybeconceivedbysedentarypacificreaders；——muchmoretheattackofsuch！
Militaryscience，constrainingchaosintothecosmicstate，hasnowheresuchaproblem。Therearetwelvethousandhorses，foronething，tobeshod，geared，keptroadworthyandregular；saysixthousandcountrywagoners，thick—soledpeasants:then，hangingtotheskirtsofthese，inmiscellaneouscrazyvehiclesandweakteams，equineandasinine，areoneortwothousandsutlerpeople，maleandfemale，notofselectquality，thoughonthem，too，wekeepasharpeye。Theseriescoversmanymiles，asmanyastwentyEnglishmiles（saysTempelhof），unlessinfavorablepointsyoucompressthemintofive，goingfourwagonsabreastfordefence’ssake。Defence，orescort，goesinthreebulksorbrigades；
vanguard，middle，rear—guard，withsparsepicketsintervening；——
widerthanfivemiles，youcannotgetthepartstosupportoneanother。Anenemybreakinginuponyou，atsomedifficultpointofroad，woodyholloworthelike，andopeningcannon，musketryandhussarexerciseonsuchanobject，mustmakeaconfusedtransactionofit！Somecommanders，fortheroadhashithertobeenmainlypacific，dividetheirtrainintoparts，sayfourparts；movingwiththeirpartialescorts，withanintervalofonedaybetweeneachtwo:thishasitsobviousadvantages，butdepends，ofcourse，ontheroadbeinglittleinfested，sothatyourpartialescortwillsufficetorepelattacks。Toilingforward，attheirdiligentslowrate，IfindthesetrainsfromTroppautakeaboutsixdays（fromNeissetoOlmutztheytakeeleven，butthefirstfivearepeaceable[Tempelhof，ii。48。]）；——can’tbehurriedbeyondthatpace，ifyouwouldsaveyourlaggards，yourirregulars，andpreventwhatwemaycallRAGGERYinyourrearwardparts；theskirtsofyourprocessiongettornbythebushesifyougofaster。ThistimeColonelMoselwillhavetomendhispace，however，andtogointhelumpwithal；
thecasebeingcritical，asMoselknows，andMOREthanheyetknows。
Daun，whohasfriendseverywhere，andnolackofspiesinthiscountry，generallyhearsoftheconvoys。Hehasheard，inparticular，ofthisimportantone，ingoodtime。HithertoDaunhadnotattemptedmuchuponconvoys，noranythingwithsuccess:
King’spostedcorpsandotherprecautionsareofsuchakind，notevenLoudon，whenhetriedhisbest，coulddoanygood；andcommonwanderinghussarpartiesareaslikelytogetamischiefastodoone，onsuchservice。CautiousDaunhadbeenbusyenoughkeepinghisownCampsafe，andflingingawordofnewsorencouragement，atthemostatrifleofreinforcement，intoOlmutz。whenpossible。
Butnowitbecomesevidenttheremustbeoneoftwothings:
thisconvoyseized，orelseabattlerisked；——andthatindefectofboththese，theinevitablethirdthingis，Olmutzwillstraightwaygo。
Major—GeneralLoudon，thebestpartisansoldierextant，andripeningforbetterthings，hasusuallyaforceofperhaps10，000
underhim，fourregimentsofthemregulargrenadiers；andhasbeenactiveontheconvoys，thoughhithertounsuccessful。LetanactiveLoudon，withincreasedforce，trythis，theirvitallyimportantconvoy，fromthewestsideoftheRiver；anactiveZiskowitzco—operatingontheeastside，wheretheroaditselfis；anddotheiruttermost！ThatisDaun’splan，——nowincourseofexecution。
Daun，insteadofmeaningbattle，thatdaywhenFriedrichsawhim，wascautiouslystealingpast，intendingtocrosstheRiverfartherdown；andhimselfsupporttheoperation。Daunhascrossedaccordingly，andhasdoubledupnorthwardagaintothefitpoint；
Ziskowitzisinthefitpoint，inthedueforce，onthiseastsidetoo。Loudon，onthewestside，goesbyMuglitz，Hof；makingalongdeepbendfartowestwardandhillwardofallthePrussianpostedcorpsandprecautions，andaltogetherhiddenfromthem；LoudonaimstobeinTroppauneighborhood，\"Guntersdorf，nearBautsch，\"bytheproperday，andpayMoselanunexpectedvisitinthepassagethere。
ColonelMosel，marshallinghisendlessTrainswitheveryexcellentprecaution，andthecleverestdispositions（saytheBooks），againsttheknownandtheunknown，hadgotupontheroad，andcreakedforward，many—wheeled，outofTroppau，Monday，26thJune。
[Tempelhof，ii。89—94。]Theroads，wornbythemuchtravellingandwetweather，wereutterlybad；thepacewasperhapsquickerthanusual；themuch—joltingTraingotgreatlyintoajumble:——Mosel，tobringupthelaggards，madethemorrowarest—day；didgetabouttwo—thirdsofhislaggardsmarshalledagain；orderedtheotherstoreturn，asimpossible。Theysay，haditnotbeenforthisrest—day，whichseemedofnoconsequence，LoudonwouldnothavebeenatGuntersdorfintime，norhaveattemptedashedidatGuntersdorfandafterwards。Atbreakofday（Wednesday，28th），Moselisagainontheroad；heavilyjumblingforwardfromhisquartersinBautsch。
Fewmileson，towardsGuntersdorf，hediscoversLoudonpostedaheadinthedefiles。WhatasightforMosel，inhischaracterofWagonerupwiththedawn！ButMoselmanagedthedefilesandLoudonthistime；haltedhistrain，dashedupintothewoodyheightsanddifficultgrounds；stormedLoudon’scannonfromhim，smoteLoudoninavalianttempestuousmanner；andsenthimtravellingagainforthepresent。
Loudon，Iconjecture，wouldhavestruggledfarther，hadnotheknownthattherewouldbeabetterchanceagainnotverymanymilesahead。LondonhasstudiedthisConvoy；knowsofZiethencomingtoitwithsomany；ofZiskowitzcomingtohim，Loudon，withsomany；
thatZiethencannotsendformore（roadsbeingallbesetbyourindustryyesterday），thatZiskowitzcan，shoulditbeneedful；——andthatatDomstadtlthereisadefile，orconfusedwoodyhollow，ofunequalledquality！MoseljumblesonalldaywithhisTrain，nonemolesting；atnightgetstohisappointedquarters，VillageofNeudorfl；[TheL，orEL，isadiminutiveintheseNames:
（NEUDORFL）\"New—ThorpLET，\"（DOMSTADTL）\"Cathedral—TownLET，\"andthelike。]andtherefindsZiethen:agladmeeting，wemayfancy，butananxiousone，withDomstadtlaheadonthemorrow。LoudonconcertswithZiskowitzthisday；callsinallreinforcementspossible，andtakeshismeasures。Thursdaymorning，ZiethenfindstheTraininsuchastate，hardlyhalfofitcomeup，hehastospendthewholeday，Moselandhe，inrearrangingit:Fridaymorning，June30th，theygetunderwayagain；——Friday，thecatastropheiswaitingthem。
ThePassofDomstadtl，lappedinthedimMoraviandistance，isnotknowntomeortomyreaders；norindeedcouldthehumanpenorintellect，aidedbyocularinspectionorwhateverhelps，givetheleastimageofwhatnowtookplacethere，renderingDomstadtlamemorablelocalityeversince。UnderstandthatZiethenandMosel，withtheirwasteslowdelugeofwagons，comejumblingin，withanxiety，withprecautions，——precautionsdoubled，nowthatthewoodyintricaciesaboutDomstadtlriseinsight。\"Pooh，itisaswethought:theregoAustriancannon—salvos，horse—charges，volleyingmusketries，asourfirstwagonsenterthePass；——andtherewillbeajob！\"Indecipherabletomankindfaroff，orevennear。Ofwhichonlythisfeatureandthatcanbelaidholdof，asdiscernible，bythemostindustriousman。Escort，inthreemainbodies，vanguard，middle，rear—guard，marchesoneachside；infantryontheleft，cavalryontheright，asthegroundislevellerthere。LengthoftheTraininstatutemiles，asitjumblesalongatthispoint，isnotgiven；butweknowitwasmanymiles；thathorsesandwagonerswereinpanichardlyrestrainable；andwedimlydescry，hereespecially，humandrill—sergeantcydoingtheimpossibletokeepchaospluggeddown。Thepoorwagoner，cannonplayingahead，whirlshomewardwithhisvehicle，ifyoureyequithim，——stillbetter，andhandier，cutshistraces，mountsinagoodmoment，andisoffatheavy—footedgallop，leavinghiswagon。Seldomhadhumandrill—
sergeantcysuchaproblem。