The6，000Hessians，formerlyinEnglishpay，indignantLandgrafWilhelm[whonevercouldforgivethatMachiavellianconductofCarteretatHanau，nevertillhefoundoutwhatitreallywas]has，thisyear，putintoFrenchpay。AndtheyhavenowjoinedSeckendorf；[Espagnac，ii。13；Buchholz，ii。123。]PrinceFriedrich[BritannicMajesty’sSon—in—law]，notgoodfatUncleGeorge，commandingthemhenceforth:——withextremelackofprofittoPrinceFriedrich，totheHessians，andtotheFrench，aswillappearintime。These6，000，andcertainthousandsofPfalzerslikewiseinFrenchpay，arenowwithSeckendorf，andhaveraisedhimtoabove30，000；——itistheonefruitKingFriedrichhasgotbythat’UnionofFrankfurt，’andbyallhislongprospectivehaggling，andstrugglingfora’UnionofGermanPrincesingeneral。’Twopears，afterthatlongshakingofthetree；bothpearsrotten，orindeedfallingintoSeckendorf，whoisabasketofsuchquality！
’Seckendorf，increasedinthismunificentmanner，canhestilldonothing？’crytheFrench:’theoldtraitor！’——’Ihavenomagazines，’saidSeckendorf，’nothingtoliveupon，toshootwith；
nomoney！’Anditisamutualcrescendobetweenthe’perfidiousSeckendorf’andthem；withoutworkdone。IntheNurnbergCountry，someHussarsofhispickedupLordHolderness，anEnglishAmbassadormakingforVenicebythatbadroute。’Prisoner，arenotyou？’Buttheydidnotusehimill；onconsideration，theHeadsofImperialDepartmentsgavehimaPass，andhecontinuedhisVenetianJourney（resultofitzero）withoutfarthermolestationthatI
heardof。[Adelung，iv。222。]
\"TheseFrench—Seckendorfcunctations，recriminationsanddrenched—
henproceduresareanendlesssorrowtopoorKaiserKarl；whoatlengthcanstanditnolonger；butresolves，sinceatleastBavaria，thoughmoneylessandinruins，ishis，hewillinpersongothither；confidentthattherewillbevictualandequipmentdiscoverableforselfandArmywerehethere。Remonstrancesavailnot:’Askmetodiewithhonor，askmenottolierottinghere；’
[Ib。iv。241。]——andquitsFrankfurt，andtheReich’s—Dietanditsbabble，17thOctober，1744（smallsorrow，wereitforthelasttime），——andentershisMuncheninthecourseofaweek。
[17thOctober，1744，leavesFrankfurt；arrivesinMunchen23d（Adelung，iv。241—244）。]MunchenistransportedwithjoytoseetheLegitimateSovereignagain；andblazesintoilluminations，——
forgetfulwhocauseditspastwretchednesses，hopingonlyallwretchednessisnowended。Letruinedhuts，andChamandtheburntTowns，rebuildthemselves；thewastedhedgesmakeuptheirgapsagain:hereistheKingcomehome！Here，sureenough，isanunfortunateKaiseroftheHolyRomishReich，whocanoncemorehopetopayhismilk—scores，beingalovedKurfurstofBavariaatleast。
Verydeartotheheartsofthesepoorpeople；——andtotheirpurses，interestsandskins，hasnotheinanothersensebeendear？Whatapricetheambitionsandcrackedphantasmsofthatweakbrainhavecosttheseeminglyinnocentpopulation！Populationharried，hungereddown，draggedofftoperishinItalianWars；aCountryburnt，tribulated，torntoruin，undertheharrowofFateandruffianTrenckandCompany。BritannicGeorge，ratheradearmorseltoo，hascomemuchcheaperhitherto。Englandisnotyetburnt；
nothingburningthere，——exceptthedullfireofdeliriums；
NaturalStupiditiesallsetflaming，which（whateveritmayBEinthewayofloss）isnotfeltasaloss，butratherasacomfortforthetimebeing；——andinfactthereareonly，say，afortyorfiftythousandarmedEnglishmenrotteddown，andscarcelyaHundredMillionsofmoneyyetspent。Nothingtospeakof，inthecauseofHumanLiberty。WhyPopulationssufferfortheirguiltyKings？
Myfriend，itisthePopulationstoothatareguiltyinhavingsuchKings。Reverence，sacredRespectforHumanWorth，sacredAbhorrenceofHumanUnworth，haveyouconsideredwhatitmeans？ThesepoorPopulationshaveitnot，orforlonggenerationshavehaditlessandless。Hence，bydegrees，thissortof’Kings’tothem，andenormousconsequencesfollowing！\"——
KarlVII。gotbacktoMunchen23dOctober，1744；andthetar—
barrelsbeingonceburnt，andindispensablesortingseffected，hewenttothefieldalongwithSeckendorf，toencouragehismenunderSeckendorf，andurgetheFrenchbyallconsiderationstocomeon。
Andreallydidwhathecould，poorman。Butthecordageofhislifehadbeensostrainedandtorn，hewasnotnowgoodformuch；
alas，ithadbeenbutlittlehewasevergoodfor。AcoupleofdearKurfursts，hisFatherandhe；havestoodtheseBavarianCountriesveryhigh，sincetheBattleofBlenheimanddownwards！
ChapterIV。
FRIEDRICHREDUCEDTOSTRAlTS；CANNOTMAINTAINHIS
MOLDAUCONQUESTSAGAINSTPRICEKARL。
OnemayfancywhatwereFriedrich’sreflectionswhenheheardthatPrinceKarlhad，prosperouslyandunmolested，gotacross，bythosePassesfromtheOber—Pfalz，intoBohmenandtheCircleofPilsen，intojunctionwithBathyaniandhismagazines；[\"AtMirotitz，October2d\"（Ranke，iii。194）；Orlich，ii。49。]heard，moreover，thattheSaxons，20，000strong，underWeissenfels，crossingtheMetalMountains，comingonbyEgerandKarlsbadregions，wereaboutunitingwithhim（boundbyTreatytoassisttheHungarianMajestywheninvaded）；——andhadfinally，whatconfirmseverything，thatthesaidPrinceKarlinperson（makingforBudweis，\"justseenhisadvancedguard，\"saidrumorundermistake）wasbutfewmilesoff。
Fewmilesoff，ontheothersideoftheMoldau；——ofunknownstrength，hiddeninthecircumambientcloudsofPandours。
Suppressingalltheragesandnaturalreflectionsbutthoseneedfulforthemoment，Friedrich（October4th，byMoldau—Tein）dashesacrosstheMoldau，toseekPrinceKarl，attheplaceindicated，andatoncesmitehimdownifpossible；——thatwillbearemedyforallthings。PrinceKarlisnotthere，norwas；theindicationhadbeenfalse；Friedrichsearchesabout，forfourdays，tonopurpose。
PrinceKarl，hethenlearnsforcertain，hascrossedtheMoldaufartherdown，farthernorthward，betweenPragandus。MeanstocutusofffromPrag，then，whichisourfountainoflifeinthesecircumstances？Thatishisintention:——\"OldTraun，whoiswithhim，understandshistrade！\"thinksFriedrich。Traun，orthePrince，isdiligentlyformingmagazines，alltheCountrycarryingtohim，intheTownofBeneschau，hithersideoftheSazawa，someseventymilesnorthofus，animportantTownwhereroadsmeet:——unlesswecangetholdofBeneschau，itwillbeillwithushere！AcrosstheRiveragain，atanyrate；andletushastenthither。Thatisanaffairwhichmustbelookedto；andspeedisnecessary！
OCTOBER8th，Afterfourdays’searchendinginthismanner，FriedrichswiftlycrossestowardsTaboragain，toBechin（overontheLuschnitz，onemarch），theretocollecthimselfforBeneschauandtheotherintricacies。TowardsTaboragain，byhisBridgeofMoldau—Tein；——cloudsofPandourpeople，largercloudsthanusual，hanginground；hiddenbythewoodstillFriedrichisgone。
Friedrichbeinggone，thereoccurstheAFFAIROFMOLDAU—TEIN，muchtalkedofinPrussianBooks。Ofwhich，inextremecondensation，thisistheessence:——
\"OCTOBER9th。FriedrichonceofftoBechin，thePandourcloudsgatheronhisrearguardnextdayatTeinBridgehere，tothenumberofabout10，000[rumorcounts14，000]；andwithdesperateintent，andmoreregularitythanusual，attacktheTein—BridgeParty，whichconsistsofperhaps2，000grenadiersandhussars，thewholeunderZiethen’scharge，——obligedtowaitforacargoofBread—wagonshere。’DefendyourBridge，withcannon，withcase—shot:’thatiswhatthegrenadiersdo。ThePandourcloud，withhorridlanescutinit，drawsbackoutofthis；thenplungesattheRiveritself，whichcanberiddenaboveorbelow；ridesit，furious，bythethousand:
’Offwithyourinfantry；quittheBridge！’criesZiethentohisCaptainthere:’Retireyou，Parthian—like；thrice—steady，’ordersZiethen:’Itistobehopedourhussarscandealwiththismad—
doggery！’Andtheydoit；cuttinginwithirondiscipline，withfiercenessnotundrilled；awedgeofironhussars，withdittogrenadierscontinuallywheeling，likesomanyreaperssteadyamongwind—tossedgrain；andgraduallygivethePandoursenough。
Sevenhoursofit，inall:’oftheirsixtycartridgesthegrenadiershadfiredfifty—four，’whenitended，about7P。M。
ThecomingBread—wagons，gettingword，hadtocasttheirloavesintotheRiver（sadtothinkof）；andmakeforBechinattheirswiftest。Buttherearguardgotoffwithitsguns，inthisvictoriousmanner:thankstoMajor—GeneralZiethen，ColonelReuschandtheothersconcerned。[FeldzugederPreussen，i。268；
Orlich，ii。55。]
\"ZiethenhandselshisMajor—Generalcyinthisfineway:
[Patentgivenhim\"3dOctober，1744，\"onlyaweekago，\"andorderedtobedatedeightmonthsback\"（Rodenbeck，i。109）。]amanwhohashadpromotion，andalsohashadnone，andmayagaincometohavenone；——andisabletodoeitherway。Nevermind，myexcellenttacitfriend！Ziethenisfive—and—fortygone；hasafacewhichisbeautifultome，thoughoneofthecoarsest。Facethrice—honest，intricatelyploughedwiththoughtswhicharewellkeptsilent（thethoughts，indeed，beingthemselvesmostlyinarticulate；thoughtsofasimple—hearted，much—enduring，hot—temperedsonofironandoatmeal）；——decidedlyratherlikable，withitslazilyhangingunder—lip，andrespectablebearskincylinderatop。\"
FRIEDRICHTRIESTOHAVEBATTLEFROMPRINCEKARL，INTHEMOLDAU
COUNTRIES；CANNOT，OWINGTOTHESKILLOFPRINCEKARLOROFOLD
FELDMARSCHALLTRAUN；——HASTORETIREBEHINDTHESAZAWA，AND
ULTIMATELYBEHINDTHEELBE，WITHMUCHLABORINVAIN。
OCTOBER14th—18th:RETREATFROMBECHIN—TABORCOUNTRYTOBENESCHAU……\"ThesePandoursgiveustroubleenough；noMagazinehere，nolivingtobehadinthisCountrybesidethem。UnfortunateColonelJahnuswentoutfromTaborlately，tolookafterrequisitionedgrains:infinitePandourssetuponhim[Muhlhausenisthememorableplace]；Jahnuswasobstinate（tooobstinate，thinksFriedrich），andperishedontheground，heand200ofhis。[OEuvresdeFrederic，iii。61。]Nay，next，aswarmofthemcametoTaboritself，Nadastiattheirhead；totrywhetherTabor，withitssmallgarrison，couldnotbeescaladed，andperhapsPrinceHenri，wholiessickthere，betaken？Tabortaughtthemanotherlesson；
sentthemhomewithheadsbroken；——whichFriedrichthinkswasanextremelysuitablething。Butsoitstands:Herebythethousandandthetenthousandtheyhangroundus；andPrinceKarl——ItisofallthingsnecessarywegetholdofthatBeneschau，andtheMagazineheisgatheringthere！
\"Rapidityisindispensable，——andyethowquitTabor？WehavedetachmentsoutatNeuhaus，atBudweis，andinTabor300meninhospital，whomtherearenomeansofcarrying。ToleavethemtotheTolpaches？Friedrichconfesseshewasweakonthisoccasion；
hecouldnotleavethese300men，aswashisclearduty，inthisextremityofWar。HeorderedinhisNeuhausDetachment；notyetanyoftheothers。HedespatchedSchmerintowardsBeneschauwithallhisspeed；SchwerinwasluckyenoughtotakeBeneschauanditsprovender，——amostblessedfortune，——andfenceshimselfthere。
Hearingwhich，Friedrich，havingnowgottheNeuhausDetachmentinhand，orderstheotherThree，theBudweis，theTaborhere，andtheFrauenbergacrosstheRiver，tomaintainthemselves；andthen，leavingthosesouthernregionstotheirchance，hastenstowardsBeneschauandSchwerin；encamps（October18th）nearBeneschau，——
’CampofKonopischt，’unattackableCamp，celebratedinthePrussianBooks；——andthere，foreightdays，stillonthesouthsideofSazawa，trieseveryshifttomendthebadpostureofaffairsinthatLuschnitz—SazawaCountry。HisThreeGarrisons（3，000meninthem，besidesthe300sick）henowseeswillnotbeabletomaintainthemselves；andhesendsinsuccession’eightmessengers，’
notonemessengerofwhomcouldgetthrough，tobidthemcomeaway。
HisownhopenowisforaBattlewithPrinceKarl；whichmightremedyallthings。[OEuvresdeFrederic，
iii。62—64。]\"
ThatisFriedrich’swish；butitisbynomeansTraun’s，whoseesthathungerandwetweatherwillofthemselvessufficeforFriedrich。Thereensuesaccordingly，forthreeweekstocome，inthatconfusedCountry，aseriesofswiftshufflings，checkingsandmanoeuvringsbetweenthesetwo，whichisgratifyingandinstructivetothestrategicmind，butcannotbeinflicteduponcommonreaders。
Twoconsiderablechess—players，anoldandayoung；theirchess—
boardabushy，rocky，marshyparallelogram，runningfiftymilesstraighteastfromPrag，andtwentyorfewersouth，ofwhichPragisthenorthwestangle，andBeneschau，ortheimpregnableKonopischtthesouthwest:thereadermustconceiveit；andhowTraunwillnotfightFriedrich，yetmakeshimskiphitherandthither，chieflybythreateninghisvictuals。Friedrich’smainmagazineisnowatPardubitz，theextremenortheastangleoftheparallelogram。Parallelogramhasoneriverinit，withtheinnumerablerocksandbrooksandquagmires，theriverSazawa；
andonthenorthside，whereareKuttenberg，Czaslau，Chotusitz，placesagainbecomeimportantinthisbusiness，itisboundedbyanotherriver，theElbe。Intricatemanoeuvringthereishere，forthreeweeksfollowing:\"oldTraunanadmirableman！\"thinksFriedrich，whoeverafterrecognizedTraunashisSchoolmasterintheartofWar。Wemarkhereandthereadate，andleaveittoreaders。
\"RADICZ，OCTOBER21st—22d。AtRadicz，amarchtosouthwestofus，andonoursideoftheMoldau，theSaxons，underWeissenfels，20，000effective，joinPrinceKarl；whichraiseshisforceto69，514men，some10，000morethanFriedrichismasterof。[Orlich，ii。66。]ProspectofwinteringbetweentheLuschnitzandtheSazawathereisnowlittle；unlesstheywillfightus，andbebeaten。
Friedrich，fromhisinaccessibleCampofKonopischt，manoeuvres，reconnoitres，inalldirections，toproducethisresult；buttonopurpose。AnAustrianDetachmentdidcome，tolookafterBeneschauandtheMagazinesthere；butrapidlydrewbackagain，findingKonopischtontheirroad，andhowmatterswere。FriedrichwillguardthedoorofthisSazawa—ElbetractofCountry；hopeoftheSazawa—Luschnitztracthas，infewdays，fallenextinct。HereisnewscometoKonopischt:ourThreepoorGarrisons，Budweis，Tabor，Frauenberg，alreadyalllost；gunsandmen，afterdefencetothelastcartridge，——inFrauenbergtheirwaterwascutoff，itwaseight—and—fortyhoursofthirstatFrauenberg:——onewayorother，theyareallThreegone；eightcouriersgallopingwithmessage，’Comeaway，’wereallpickedupbythePandours；sotheystood，andwerelost。’Threethousandfightingmengone，fortheweakchanceofsavingthreehundredwhowereinhospital！’thinksFriedrich:
Warisnotaschooloftheweakpities。Forthechanceoften，youloseahundredandthetentoo。Sazawa—Elbetractofcountry，letusvigilantlykeepthedoorofthat！
\"SATURDAY，OCTOBER24th，FriedrichoutreconnoitringfromKonopischtdiscoversofacertaintythatthewholeAustrian—SaxonforceisnowadvaucingtowardsBeneschau，andwill，thisnight，encampatMarschowitz，tosouthwest，onlyonemarchfromus！OntheinstantFriedrichhurriesback；getshisArmyonmarchthitherward，thoughthelateOctobersunisnowpastnoon；offinstantly；
astrokeyonderwillperhapsbethecureofall。Suchroadswehad，saysFriedrich，asneverArmytravelledbefore:longafternightfall，wearriveneartheAustriancamp，bivouacaswecantilldaylightreturn。Atthefirststreakofday，Friedrichandhischiefgeneralsareontheheightswiththeirspy—glasses:
AustrianArmysureenough；andtheretheyhavealteredtheirpostureovernight（forTrauntoohasbeenawake）；theylienowoppositeourRIGHTflank；’onascarpedheight，atthefootofwhich，throughswampsandquagmires，runsamuddystream。’
Unattackableonthisside:theirrightflankandfootaresafeenough。Creeproundandseetheirleft:——Nothingbutcopses，swampyintricacies！Wemayshoulderarmsagain，andgobacktoKonopischt:
nofighthere！[OEuvresdeFrederic，iii。63，64；Orlich，ii。69。]SpeakingofdefensiveCampaigns，saysFriedrichdidactically，yearsafterwards，’Ifsuchsituationsaretoanswerthepurposeintended，thefrontandflanksmustbeequallystrong，buttherearentirelyopen。Such，forinstance，arethoseheightswhichhaveanextensivefront，andwhoseflanksarecoveredbymorasses:——aswasPrinceKarl’sCampatMarschowitzintheyear1744，withitsfrontcoveredbyastream，andthewingsbydeephollows；orthatwhichweourselvesthenoccupiedatKonopischt，——asyouwellremember。[MilitaryInstructions（abovecited），p。44。]
\"OCTOBER26th—NOVEMBER1st。TheSazawa—LuschnitztractofCountryisquitelost，then；lostwithdamages:thequestionnowis，CanwekeeptheSazawa—Elbetract？Foraboutthreeweeksmore，Friedrichstrugglesforthatobject；cannotcompassthateither。Wantofhorse—provenderisverygreat:——countryentirelyeaten，saythepeasants，andnotatrussremaining。October26th，FriedrichhastocrosstheSazawa；wemustquitthedoorofthattract（hungerdrivingus），andfightfortheinteriorindetail。TraungetstoBeneschauinthatcheapway；andnow，inbehalfofTraun，thepeasantsfindforageenough，beingzealousforQueenandcreed。
PandoursspreadthemselvesalloverthisSazawa—Elbecountry；
endangeroursubsistences，makeourlivesmiserable。Itistheoldstory:Friedrich，famineandmudandmiseryofPandourscompelling，hastoretirenorthward，Elbe—ward，inchbyinch；whithertheAustriansfollowatasafedistance，and，inspiteofallmanoeuvring，cannotbegottofight。
\"BraveGeneralNassau，whomuchdistinguisheshimselfinthesebusinesses，has（thoughFriedrichdoesnotyetknowit）dexterouslyseizedKolin，westwardinthoseElbeparts，——groundthatwillbenotableinyearscoming。ImportantlittlefeatofNassau’s；ofwhichanon。Ontheotherhand，ourMagazineatPardubitz，eastwardontheElbe，isnotoutofdanger:Pandoursandregulars2，000andodd，’sixtyofthePandourkinddisguisedaspeasantsleadinghay—
carts，’madeanattempttherelately；butweredetectedbythevigilantColonel，andblowntopieces，inthenickoftime，someofthemactuallywithinthegate。[OEuvresdeFrederic，iii。65。]Nay，abodyofAustrianregularswereinfullmarchforKolinlately，intendingtogetholdoftheElbeitselfatthatpoint（midwaybetweenPragandPardubitz）:butthepromptGeneralNassau，asweremarked，hadstruckinbeforethem；andnowholdsKolin；——though，forseveraldays，FriedrichcouldnottellwhathadbecomeofNassau，owingtotheswarmsofPandours。
\"Friedrich，standingwithhisbacktoPrag，whichisfiftymilesfromhim，andratherinneedofhissupportthanabletogivehimany；anddrawinghismealfromtheuncertaindistance，withPandourshoveringround，——isindifficultcase。WhileoldTrauniskeptluminousasmid—day；thecircumambientatmosphereofPandoursistenebrifictoFriedrich，keepshiminperpetualmidnight。Hehastoreadhispositionaswithflashesoflightning，formostpart。
Aheavy—laden，sorelyexasperatedman；andmustkeephishaggardmiseriesstrictlysecret；whichIbelievehedoes。WereValorihere，itisverypossiblehemightfindthecountenanceFAROUCHE
again；eyesgloomy，ondampNovembermornings！Schwerin，inahuff，hasgonehome:SinceyourMajestyispleasedtopreferhisyoungDurchlauchtofAnhalt’sadvice，whatcananelderlyservant（notwithoutrheumatisms）doother？——’Well！’answersFriedrich，notwitheyescheeredbythephenomenon。TheElbe—Sazawatract，eventhislooksasifitwouldbehardtokeep。AworldverydarkforFriedrich，envelopedsobytheillchancesandthePandours。
Butwhathelp？
\"FromtheFrenchCampfaraway，therecomes，dated17thOctober（thirdweekoftheirSiegeofFreyburg），bywayofhelptoFriedrich，magnanimouspromise:’SosoonasthisSiegeisdone，whichwillbespeedily，thoughitisdifficult，weproposetosendfiftybattalionsandahundredsquadrons，’\"——sayonly60，000horseandfoot（notahoofortoeofwhichevergotthatlength，onactuallytryingit），——\"towardsWestphalia，tobringtheElectorofKolntoreason[poorKaiser’slankyBrother，whocannotstandtheFrenchprocedures，andhaslatelysoldhimself，thatissoldhistroops，toEngland]，andkeeptheKingofEnglandandtheDutchincheck，\"——bywayofsolacementtoyourMajesty。Willyouindeed，youmagnanimousAllies？——ThiswaspickedupbythePandours；andIknownotbutFriedrichwassparedtheuselesspainofreadingit。
[Orlich，ii。73。]
\"NOVEMBER1st—9th:FRIEDRICHLOSESSAZAWA—ELBECOUNTRYTOO。OnthefirstdayofNovember，hereisalightning—flashwhichrevealsstrangethingstoFriedrich。Traun’slatemanoeuvrings，whichhavebeensoenigmatic，torightandtoleft，uponPragandotherpoints，issuenowinanattempttowardsPardubitz；whichrevealstoFriedrichtheintentionTraunhasformed，offorcinghimtochooseoneofthosetwoplaces，andletgotheother。Formidable，fatal，thinksFriedrich；andyetadmirableonthepartofTraun:’adesignbeautifulandworthyofadmiration。’IfwestaynearPrag，whatbecomesofourcommunicationwithSilesia；whatbecomesofSilesiaitself？IfwegotowardsPardubitz，PragandBohmenarelost！
Whattodo？’DespatchreinforcementtoPardubitz；thankstoNassau，theKolin—Pardubitzroadisours！’Thatisdone，Pardubitzsavedforthemoment。CouldwenowgettoKuttenbergbeforetheoldMarshal，hisdesignwereoversetaltogether。Alas，wecannotmarchatonce，havetowaitadayforthebread。Forward，nevertheless；
andagainforward，andagain；threeheavymarchesinNovemberweather:letusmakeafourthforcedmarch，startto—morrowbeforedawn，——Kuttenbergaboveallthings！Invain；to—morrow，4thNovember，thereissuchafog，darkasLondonitself，fromsixinthemorningonwards，nostartingtillnoon:andthenimpossible，withallourefforts，toreachKuttenberg。Wehavetohaltaneightmilesshortofit，infrontofKolin；andpitchtentsthere。Onthemorrow，5thNovember，Traunisfoundencamped，unattackable，betweenusandourobject；sitsthere，athiseaseinafriendlyCountry，withPandourwhirlpoolsflowingoutandin；anirreduciblecasetoFriedrich。November5th，andforthreedaysmore，Friedrich，tonopurpose，trieshisutmost；——findshewillhavetogiveuptheElbe—Sazawaregion，liketheothers。Monday，November9th，FriedrichgathershimselfatKolin；crossestheElbebyKolinBridge，thatday。Pointafterpointofthegamegoingagainsthim。\"
Kolinwas，ofcourse，attacked，thatMondayevening，sosoonasthemainArmycrossed:but，sosoonastheArmyleft，GeneralNassauhadtakenhismeasures；and，withhisgreatgunsandhissmall，handledthePandoursinawaythatpleasedus。[OEuvresdeFrederic，iii。68。]Thursdaynightfollowing，theycameback，withregulargrenadierstosupport；undercloudofnight，ingreatforce，ruffianTrenckattheheadofthem:
afrightfulphenomenontoweaknerves。ButthisalsoNassautreatedinsuchafieryfashionthatitvanishedwithoutreturn；
threehundreddeadleftontheground，andruffianTrenckridingoffwithhisowncrownbroken，——beautifulindigofacestreakingitselfintoGINGHAM—pattern，forthemoment！
ExceptPardubitz，wherealsotheduebattalionsareleft，FriedrichnowholdsnopostsouthoftheElbeinthisquarter；Elbe—SazawaTractisgoneliketheothers，toallappearance。Andwemustnowsay，SilesiaorPrag？PrinceLeopold，Council—of—Warbeingheldonthematter，isforkeepingholdofPrag:\"Pitytolosealltheexcellentsiege—artillerywebroughtthither，\"sayshe。True，tootrue；anill—managedbusinessthatofPrag！thinksFriedrichsadlytohimself:butwhatisPragandartillery，comparedtoSilesia？
ParthianretreatintoSilesia；andletPragandtheartillerygo:
that，toFriedrich，isclearlythesurecourse。Orperhapsthefatalalternativewillnotactuallyarrive？SolongasPardubitzandKolinhold；andwehavetheElbeforbarrier？Truthis，PrinceKarlhashimselfwrittentoCourtthat，havingnowpushedhisEnemyfairlyovertheElbe，andwinterbeingcomewithitssleetsandslushes，ruinoustotroopsthathavebeensomarchedabout，theCampaignoughttoend；——nay，hisownyoungWifeisinperilousinterestingcircumstances，andthepoorPrincewishestobehome。
Towhich，however，itisagainunderstood，MariaTheresahasemphaticallyanswered，\"No，——finishfirst！\"
NOVEMBER9th—19th:WEDEFENDTHEELBERIVER。FriedrichhaspostedhimselfonthenorthshoreoftheElbe，fromPardubitztotheothersideofKolin；meanstodefendthatsideoftheRiver，wheregotheSilesianroads。AtBohdenetz，shortwayacrossfromPardubitz，hehimselfis；PrinceLeopoldisnearKolin:thirtymilesofriver—
banktodispute。Thecontroversylaststendays；endsinELBE—TEINITZ，acelebrated\"passage，\"inBooksandotherwise。
Friedrichisinshaggy，intricatecountry；nowantofdingles，woodsandquagmires；nowandthenpleasantplacestoo，——hereisKladrupforexample，whereourFathercamethreehundredmilestodinewiththeKaiseronce。Thegroomsandcoltsarealloffatpresent；FatherandKaiserareoff；andmuchischangedsincethen。
GrimtussleofWarnow；sleetywinter，andtheGiantMountainsinthedistancegettingontheirwhitehoods！Friedrichdoubtlesshashisthoughtsasheridesupanddown，insightofKladrup，amongotherplaces，settlingmanythings；butwhathisthoughtswere，heiscarefulnottosayexceptwherenecessary。Muchistobelookedafter，inthisRivercontroversyofthirtymiles。Detachmentslie，atintervals，alltheway；andmountedsentries，asentryeveryfivemiles，patroltheRiver—bank；vigilant，wehope，aslynxes。
Nothingcancrossbutalarmwillbegiven，andbydegreesthewholePrussianforcebeuponit。ThisistheCircleofKonigsgratz，thisthatnowliestorear；andhappilythereareafewHussitesinit，notutterlyindisposedtodoalittlespyingforus，andbringaglimmeringofintelligence，nowandthen。
ItisnowthesecondweekthatFrietrichhaslainso，withhismountedpatrolsinmotion，withhisHussitespies；guardingArgus—
likethisthirtymilesofRiver；andtheAustriansattemptnothing，ornothingwitheffect。IftheAustriansgohometotheirwinter—
quarters，hehopestoissuefromKolinagainbeforeSpring，andtosweeptheElbe—SazawaTractclearofthem，afterall。MariaTheresahavingansweredNo，itislikelytheAustrianswilltrytogetacross:Bevigilanttherefore，yemountedsentries。OrwilltheyperhapsmakeanattemptonPrag？Einsiedel，whohasnogarrisonoftheleastadequacy，apprisesusThat\"inallthevillagesroundPragpeoplearebusymakingladders，\"——whatcanthatmean？
Friedrichhaslearned，byinterceptedletters，thatsomethinggreatistobedoneonWednesday，18th:hesendsRothenburgwithreinforcementtoEinsiedel，lestascaladeofPragshouldbeonthecards。RothenburgisrightwelcomeinthelinesofPrag，thoughwithreinforcementstillineffectual；butitisnotPragthatismeant，norisWednesdaytheday。ThroughWednesday，Friedrich，alleyeandear，couldobservenothing:muchmarchingtoandfroontheAustriansideoftheRiver；butapparentlyitcomestonothing？
Themountedpatrolshadbetterbevigilant，however。
Onthemorrow，5A。M。，whatisthisthatisgoingon？Audibleboomingofcannon，ofmusketryandbattle，echoingthroughthewoods，penetratestoFriedrich’squartersatBohdenetzinthePardubitzregion:AttackuponKolin，Nassaudefendinghimselfthere？Outswiftscouts，andsee！Manyscoutsgallopout；butnonecomesback。Friedrich，forhours，hastoremainuncertain；canonlyhopeNassauwilldefendhimself。Boomgothedistantvolleyings；
noscoutcomesback。AnditisnotNassauorKolin；itissomethingworse:verygloriousforPrussianvalor，butruinoustothisCampaign。
TheAustrians，at2o’clockthismorning，AustriansandSaxons，cameingreatforce，indeadsilence，tothesouthbrinkoftheRiver，oppositeaplacecalledTeinitz（Elbe—Teinitz），tenmileseastofKolin；thatwasthefruitoftheirmarchingyesterday。
Theysatthereforbiddentospeak，tosmoketobaccoordoanythingbutbreathe，tillallwasready；tillpontoons，cannonshadcomeup，andsomegleamofdawnhadbroken。Atthefirstgleamofdawn，astheyareshovingdowntheirpontoonboats，therecomesa\"WER—DA，Whogoes？\"fromourPrussianpatrolacrosstheRiver。
Receivingnoanswer，hefires；andishimselfshotdown。
OneWedell，WedellandZiethen，whokeepwatchinthispart，startinstantlyatsoundoftheseshots；andmakeadreadfuldayofitfortheseinvasiveSaxonandAustrianmultitudes。Naturally，too，theysendoffscouts，gallopingformorehelp，totherightandtotheleft。Butthatavailsnot。WilddoggeryofPandours，itwouldseem，havealreadyswumorwadedtheRiver，aboveTeinitzandbelow:——\"Wantofvigilance！\"barksFriedrichimpatiently:butsuchadoggeryisdifficulttowatchwitheffect。Atanyrate，totherightandtotheleft，thewoodsarealreadybesetwithPandours；
everyscoutsentoutiskilled:andtoeastortowesttherecomesnonewsbutanechoingofmusketry，aboomofdistantcannon。
[Orlich，ii。82—85。]Saxon—Austrianbattalions，fourorfive，withunlimitedartillerygoing，VERSUSWedell’sonebattalion，withmusketryandZiethen’shussars:itisfearfulodds。ThePrussiansstandtoitlikeheroes；doggedly，forfourhours，continuethedispute，——tillitisfairlydesperate；\"twobridgesoftheenemy’snowfinished；\"——whereupontheymanoeuvreoff，withParthianorPrussiancountenance，intothewoods，safe，towardsKolin；
\"despatchingdefinitenewstoFriedrich，whichdoesarriveabout11A。M。，andsetshimatonceonnewmeasures。\"
ThisisagreatfeatinthePrussianmilitaryannals；forwhich，sadasthenewswas，WedellgotthenameofLeonidasattachedtohimbyFriedrichhimself。Andindeeditisagallantpassageofwar；\"ForcingoftheElbeatTeinitz；\"ofwhichIcouldgivetwoNarratives，onefromthePrussian，andonefromtheSaxonside；
[Seyfarth，Beylage，i。595—598；
Helden—Geschichte，ii。1175—1181。]didactic，admonitorytothemilitarymind，naytothecivicreaderthathassympathywithheroisms，withworkdonemanfully，andterroranddangeranddifficultywelltrampledunderfoot。LeonidasWedellhasanadmirablesilence，too；andZiethen’slazilyhangingunder—lipisinitsoldattitudeagain，nowthatthespasmisover。\"WAS
THUTS？Theyareacross，withoutadoubt。Wewouldhavehelpedit，andcouldnot。Steady！\"——
FRIEDRICH’SRETREAT；ESPECIALLYEINSIEDEL’SFROMPRAG。
Seeing，then，thattheyarefairlyover，Friedrich，withacreditableveracityofmind，seesalsothatthegameisdone；
andthatsamenighthebeginsmanoeuvringtowardsSilesia，lestfarmorebelostbycontinuingtheplay。Onecolumn，underLeopoldtheYoungDessauer，goesthroughGlatz，takestheMagazineofPardubitzalongwithit:goodtogoinseveralcolumns，theenemywilllessknowwhichtochase。Friedrich，withanothercolumn，willwaitforNassauaboutKonigsgratz，thengobythemorewesterlyroad，throughNachodandthePassofBraunau。Nassau，whoistogetacrossfromKolin，andjoinusnorthwards，hasduerendezvousappointedhimintheKonigsgratzregion。Einsiedel，inPrag，istospikehisguns，sincehecannotcarrythem；blowuphisbastions，andthelike；andgetawaywithalldiscretionandalldiligence，——
northwestwardfirst，toLeitmeritz，whereourmagazinesare；
theretoleavehisheaviergoods，andmakeeastwardtowardsFriedland，andacrossthe\"SilesianCombs\"bywhatPasseshecan。
Willhaveadifficultoperation；butmuststandtoit。Andspeed；
steady，simultaneous，regular，unrestingvelocity；thatisthewordforall。Andsoitisdone，——thoughwithdifficulty，onthepartofpoorEinsiedelforone。ItwasThursday，19thNovember，whentheAustriansgotacrosstheElbe:onMonday，23d，thePrussianrendezvousingsarecompleted；andFriedrich’scolumn，andtheGlatzoneunderLeopold，arebothonmarch；infinitebaggage—wagonsgroaningorderlyalong（\"sick—wagonswellahead，\"andthelikeprecautionsandarrangements），onboththesehighwaysforSilesia:
andbeforetheweekends，Thursday，26th，evenEinsiedelisunderway。LetusgivesomethingofpoorEinsiedel，whosedisastersmadeconsiderablenoiseintheworld，thatWinterandafterwards。
\"Thetwomaincolumnswerenotmuchmolested；thatwhichwentbyGlatz，underLeopold，wasnotpursuedatall。OntherearofFriedrich’sowncolumn，goingtowardsBraunau，allthewaytoNachodorbeyond，therehungtheusualdoggeryofPandours，whichrequiredwhippingofffromtimetotime；bntinthedefilesanddifficultplacesdueprecautionwastaken，andtheydidlittlerealdamage。TruchsessvonWaldburg[ouroldfriendoftheSpartanfeatnearAusterlitzintheMORAVIAN—FORAYtime，whomwehaveknowninLondonsocietyasPrussianEnvoyinbygoneyears]wasinoneofthedivisionsofthiscolumn；andoneday，atavillagewheretherewasalittlerivertocross（riverMietau，KonigsgratzbranchoftheElbe），gotprovokedinjudiciouslyintofightingwithabodyofthesepeople。Intentnotonwhippingthemmerely，butonwhippingthemtodeath，Truchsesshadalreadylostsomefortymen，andthebusinesswithsuchcrowdsofthemwasgettinghot；when，allatoncealoudsqueakingofpigswasheardinthevillage，\"——
apprehensiveswineherdhastilypenninghispigsbelike，andsomepigrefractory；——\"atsoundofwhich，thePandourmultitudesuddenlypauses，quitsfighting，and，struckbyanewenthusiasm，rusheswhollyintothevillage；leavingTruchsess，inatragi—comichumor，victorious，buthalfashamedofhimself。[OEuvresdeFrederic，iii。73。]InthebeginningofDecember，Friedrich’scolumnreachedhome，byBraunauthroughtheMountains，thesamewaypartofithadcomeinAugust；notquitesobrilliantinequipmentnowasthen。
\"ItwasuponEinsiedel’spoorGarrison，leavingPraginsuchhaste，thattherealstressoftheretreatfell；itsdifficultiesgreatindeed，anditslossesgreat。Einsiedeldidwhatwaspossible；
butallthingsarenotpossibleonaweek’swarning。Hespikedgreatguns，shookendlesshundredweightsofpowder，and10，000
standofarms，intotheRiver；herequisitionedhorses，oxen，withoutnumber；putminesunderthebastions，almostnoneofwhichwentoffwitheffect。HekeptPragaccuratelyshut，thePraguersaccuratelyinthedark；tookhismeasuresprudently；andlaborednightandday。OnemeasureInoteofhim:stringentProclamationtotheinhabitantsofPrag，’Provisionyourselvesforthreemonths；
nothingbutstarvationaheadotherwise。’Alas，wearetostandafourthsiege，then？saythePraguers。Butwhereareprovisionstobehad？Atsuchandsuchplaces；fromtheRoyalMagazinesonly，ifyoubringacertificateandreadymoney！WherebyEinsiedelgotdeliveredofhismeal—magazine，foronething。Buthisdifficultiesotherwisewereimmense。
\"OntheThursdaymorning，26thNovember，1744，hemarched。
Hiswagonshadbegunthenightbefore；andwentallnight，rumblingcontinuous（AnonymousofPrag[Second\"LETTERfromaCitizen，&c。\"
（date，27thNovember，seesupra，p。348），inHelden—
Geschichte，ii。1181—1188。]hearingthemwell），throughtheKarlthor，northwestgateofPrag，acrosstheMoldauRridge。Allnightacrossthatbridge，——Leitmeritzroad，greatroadtothenorthwest:——followedfinallybythemarchofhorseandfoot。
Butnewshadalreadyfledabroad。FivehundredPandourswereintheCity，backedbytheButchers’ladsandotherriotousGESINDEL，beforetherear—guardgotaway。Sadtuggingandwrigglinginconsequence，muchfiringfromwindows，anduproariouschaos；——sothatRothenburghadatlasttoremountacoupleofguns，andblowitoffwithcase—shot。AdrilledPrussianrear—guardstruggling，withsterncomposure，througharealbitofburningchaos。
Witheffect，thoughnotwithoutdifficulty。HereisthesceneontheNoldauBridge，andpastthathighHradschin[OldPalaceoftheBohemianKings（pronounceRADsheen）；oneofthesteepestRoyalSitesintheworld。]massofbuildings；allPrag，nottheHradschinonly，strugglingtogiveusfatalfarewellifitdurst。RiveriscoveredwithPandoursfiringoutofboats；Bridgeencumberedtoimpassabilitybyforsakenwagons，thedriversofwhichhadcuttracesandrun；shotcomesoverheadfromtheHradschinonourleft，muchshot，infinitetumultallround；thoroughfareimpossiblefortwo—wheeledvehicle，ormeninrank。’Halt！’criesColonelBrandes，whohaschargeofthething；dividestheminthree:’Firstoneparty，dealwiththeseriver—boats，thatPandourdoggery；
secondparty，pullthesestraywagonstorightandleft，makingthewayclear；thirdparty，dragourownwagonsforward，shouldertoshaft，andyokethemoutofshot—range；——you，CaptainCarlowitz，’
andcallstwentyvolunteerstogowithCarlowitz，anddragtheirowncannon，’stepyouforward，keepthegateofthatHradschintillweallpass！’Inthismanner，rapid，hardofstroke，clear—headedandwithsternregularity，drilledtalentgetstheburningNessus’—
shirtwriggledoff；andtrampssuccessfullyforthwithitsbaggages。About11A。M。，thisrearguardofBrandes’sdid；shouldhavebeenatseven，——rightwellthatitcouldbeatall。
\"Einsiedel，afterthis，gottolerablywelltoLeitmeritz；lefthisheavybaggagethere；thenturnedatanacuteanglerighteastward，towardstheSilesianCombs，asordered:stillagoodseventymilestodo，andtheweathergettingsnowyandthedaystowardstheirshortest。Worsestill；oldWeissenfels，nowinPragwithhisSaxons，isawarethatEinsiedel，beforeending，willtouchonawildhigh—lyingcorneroftheLausitzwhichisSaxonCountry；
andthitherwardWeissenfelshasdespatchedChevalierdeSaxe（inplentyoftime，November29th），withhorseandfoot，towaylayEinsiedel，andblocktheentranceoftheSilesianMountainsforhim。Whereupon，inthelatterendofhislongmarch，andalmostwithinsightofhome，ensuesthehardestbrushofallforEinsiedel。And，inthedesolationofthatruggedHillcountryoftheLausitz，’HOCHWALD（UpperWeld），’twentyormoremilesfromBohemianFriedland，fromhisentranceontheMountainBarrierandSilesianCombs，therearescenes——whichgaverisetoaCourt—
Martialbeforelong。Forunexpectedly，onthewinterafternoon（December9th），Einsiedel，strugglingamongthesnowsandpathlessHills，comesuponChevalierdeSaxeandhisSaxonDetachment，——
intrenchedwithtrees，snow—redoubts，andahollowbogdividingus；
plainlyunassailable；——andstandsthere，withoutcovering，without’food，fire，orsalt，’saysoneEye—witness，’forthespaceoffourteenhours。’Gazinggloomilyintoit，exchangingafewshots，uncertainwhatmoretodo；themuch—dubitatingEinsiedel。’Atwhichthemenweresodisgustedandenraged，theydeserted[theforeignpartofthem，Ifancy]ingroupsatatime，’saystheaboveEye—witness。Nottothinkwhatbecameoftheequipments，baggage—
wagons，sick—wagons:——tooevidentEinsiedel’sloss，inallkinds，wasveryconsiderable。Nassau，despatchedbyLeopoldoutofGlatz，fromtheothersideoftheCombs，ismarchingtohelpEinsiedel；——
whoknows，atthismoment，whereorwhitherward？Forthepeasantsareallagainstus；ourveryguidesdesert，andbecomespies。
’Pushtotheleft，overtheHochwaldtop，mustnotwe？’thinksEinsiedel:’thatisLausitz，aSaxonCountry；andSaxony，thoughtheSaxonsstandintrenchedhere，withtheknifeatourthroat，arenotatwarwithus，ohno，onlyalliesofherMajestyofHungary，andneutralotherwise！’Andhere，itistooclear，theChevalierdeSaxestandsintrenchedbehindhistreesandsnow；anditisthefourteenthhour，mendesertingbythehundred，withoutfireandwithoutsalt；andNassauiscoming，——Godknowsbywhatroad！
\"Einsiedelpushestotheleft，theHochwaldway；finds，intheHochwaldtoo，aSaxonCommandantwaitinghim，witharmsstrictlyshouldered。’AndwecannotpassthroughthismoorskirtofLausitz，sayyou，then？’’Unarmed，yes；yourmusketscancomeinwagonsafteryou，’repliestheSaxonCommandantofLausitz。
’Thousandthanks，HerrCommandant；butwewillnotgiveyouallthattrouble，’answerEinsiedelandhisPrussians；’andmarchon，overwhelminghimwithpolitenesses，’saysFriedrich；——theapproachofNassau，aboveall，beingastringentcivility。Ofcourse，despatchisveryrequisitetoEinsiedel；theChevalier，withhisforce，beingstillwithinhail。ThePrussiansmarchallnight，withpitch—linksflaring，——nights（Ithink）ofthe13th—15thDecember，1744，upamongthehighlandsthere，ruggedbuttressesoftheSilesianCombs:asightenoughtoastonishRubezahl，ifhehappenedtobeout！Asgoodchancewouldhaveit，NassauandEinsiedel，bypreconcert，partlybyluckyguessoftheirown，werehurryingbythesameroad:threeheaven—rendingcheers（December16th）whenwegetsightofNassau；andfindthathereisland！December16th，weareacross，——byRuckersdorf，notfarfromFriedland（BohmischFriedland，nottheSilesiantownofthatname，onceWallenstein’s）；
——andrejoicenowtolookbackonlabordone。\"[Helden—
Geschichte，ii。1181—1190，1191—1194；
Feldzuge，i。278—280。]
Thesewereintricatestrangescenes，muchtalkedofatthetime:
Rothenburg，uglyWalrave，Hacke，andotherknownfigures，concernedinthem。ScenesinwhichFriedrichisnotwellinformed；whomuchblamesEinsiedel，asheisapttodotheunsuccessful。Accountsexist，bothfromthePrussianandfromtheSaxonside，decipherablewithindustry；notnowworthdecipheringtoEnglishreaders。
Onlythatfinalsceneofthepitch—links，thenightbeforemeetingwithNassau，dwellsvoluntarilyinone’smemory。AndisthefarewellofEinsiedelwithal。Friedrichblameshimtothelast:
thoughaCourt—Martialhadsatonhiscase，somemonthsafter，andhonorablyacquittedhim。Goodsolid，silentEinsiedel；——andinsomemonthsmore，hewenttoastillhighercourt，gotstillstricterjustice:Idonothearexpresslythatitwasthewintermarches，orstrainofmind；buthediedin1745；andthatflareofpitch—linksinRubezahl’scountryisthelastsceneofhimtous，——andtheendofFriedrich’sunfortunateFirstExpeditionintheSecondSilesianWar。
\"Foiled，ultimately，then，oneverypoint；atotallyill—orderedgameonourpart！Evidentlywe，forourpart，havebeenaltogetherinthewrong，invariousessentialparticulars。Amendment，thatandnoother，isthewordnow。Letustakethescatheandthescorncandidlyhometous；——andtrytopreparefordoingbetter。
Theworldwillcrowoverus。Well，theworldknowslittleaboutit；
theworld，ifitdidknow，wouldbepartlyintheright！\"——Wiseishewho，whenbeaten，learnsthereasonsofit，andaltersthese。
Thiswisdom，itmustbeowned，isFriedrich’s；andmuchdistinguisheshimamonggeneralsandmen。Veracityofmind，asI
say，loyaleyesightsuperiortosophistries；nobleincapacityofself—delusion，therootofallgoodqualitiesinman。HisepiloguetothisCampaignisremarkable；——toolongforquotinghere，exceptthefirstwordofitandthelast:——
\"NoGeneralcommittedmorefaultsthandidtheKinginthisCampaign……TheconductofM。deTraunisamodelofperfection，whicheverysoldierthatloveshisbusinessoughttostudy，andtrytoimitate，ifhehavethetalent。ThekinghashimselfadmittedthatheregardedthisCampaignashisschoolintheArtofWar，andM。deTraunashisteacher。\"Butwhatshallwesay？\"BadisoftenbetterforPrincesthangood；——andinsteadofintoxicatingthemwithpresumption，rendersthemcircumspectandmodest。\"
[OEuvres，iii。76，77。]Letusstillhope！——
ChapterV。
FRIEDRICH，UNDERDIFFICULTIES，PREPARESFORA
NEWCAMPAIGN。
TotheCourtofVienna，especiallytotheHungarianMajesty，thiswonderfulreconquestofBohemia，withoutbattlefought，——oranycauseassignablebutTraun’sexcellentmanoeuvringandFriedrich’simprudencesandtrustintheFrench，——wasathingofheavenlymiracle；blessedomenthatProvidencehadvouchsafedtoherprayerstherecoveryofSilesiaitself。AlltheworldwascrowingoverFriedrich:butherMajestyofHungary’sviewshadrisentoaclearlyhigherpitchofexultationandtriumphanthope，terrestrialandcelestial，thananyotherlivingperson’s。\"Silesiabackagain，\"thatwasnowthehopeandresolutionofherMajesty’shighheart:\"Mywickedneighborshallbedrivenout，andsmartdearfortheillhehasdone；Heavensowillsit！\"\"VerylittleupliftstheAustrians，\"saysValori；whichistrue，undersuchaQueen；
\"andyetthereisnothingthatcancrushthemaltogetherdown，\"
addshe。
NosoonerisBohemiaclearedofFriedrich，thanMaria，winterasitis，ordersthattherebe，throughtheGiant—Mountains，vigorousassaultuponSilesia。Highlandsnowsandices，whatarethesetoPandourpeople，who，attheirfirstentranceonthesceneofHistory，\"crossedthePalus—Maeotisitself[FatherofQuagmires，sotospeak]inafrozenstate，\"andweresufficientlyaccommodatedeachinhisowndirtysheepskin？\"ProsecutetheKingofPrussia，\"
orderedshe；\"takeyourwinter—quartersinSilesia！\"——andTraun，inspiteoftheadvancedseason，andpriorlaborsandhardships，hadtotry，fromthesouthwesternBohemianside，whathecoulddo；
whileanewInsurrection，comingthroughtheJablunka，spreaditselfoverthesoutheastandeast。Seriouslyinvasivemultitudes；
whichwereanunpleasantsurprisetoFriedrich；anddid，asweshallsee，requiretobesmittenbackagain，andre—smitten；
makingaverytroublesomewintertothePrussiansandthemselves；
butbynomeansgettingwinter—quarters，astheyoncehoped。
Inalikesense，MariaTheresahadalready（December2d）sentforthherManifestoorPatent，solemnlyapprisingherever—faithfulSilesianPopulations，\"ThattheTreatyofBreslau，notbyherfault，isbroken；palpablyaTreatynolonger。Thatthey，accordingly，areabsolvedfromalloathsandallegiancetotheKingofPrussia；andshallholdthemselvesinreadinesstoswearanewtoherMajesty，whichwillbeagreatcomforttosuchfaithfulcreatures；suffering，asherMajestyexplainstothemthattheyhavedone，underPrussiantyrannyforthesetwoyearspast。
Immediatedead—lifteffortthereshallbe；thatiscertain:
and’theAlmightyGodassisting，whodoesnotleavesuchinjusticesunpunished，WehavethefixedChristianhope，Omnipotenceblessingourarms，ofalmostimmediately（EHESTENS）deliveringyoufromthistemporaryBondage（BISHERIGENJOCH）。’Youcanpray，inthemeanwhile，forthesuccessofherMajesty’sarms；goodfighting，aidedbyprayer，inaCauseclearlyHeaven’s，willnow，toappearance，bringmattersswiftlyroundagain，totheastonishmentandconfusionofbadmen。\"[InHelden—Geschichte，
ii。1194—1198；Ib。1201—1206，isFriedrich’sAnswer，\"19thDecember，1744。\"]
TheseareherMajesty’sviews；intenselytrue，Idoubtnot，toherdevoutheart。RobinsonandtheEnglishseemnottobeenthusiasticinthatdirection；asindeedhowcanthey？TheywouldfainbetenderofSilesia，whichtheyhaveguaranteed；fain，nowandafterwards，restrainherMajestyfromdrivingatsuchapacedownhill:butthedeclivityissoencouraging，herMajestyisnottoberestrained，andgoesfasterandfasterforthetimebeing。
Andindeed，underlessdevoutforms，thegeneralimpression，amongPragmaticpeople，Saxon，Austrian，Britisheven，was，ThatFriedrichhadprettymuchruinedhimself，anddeservedtodoso；
thatthisofhisbeingmere\"Auxiliary\"toaKaiserindistresswasanuntenablepretext，nowjustlyfallenbankruptuponhim。
Theevidentfact，Thathehadbyhis\"FrankfurtUnion，\"andstrugglesabout\"union，\"reopenedthedoorforFrenchtribulationsandrough—ridingsintheReich，wasuniversallydistasteful；
allchanceofa\"generalunionofGermanPrinces，inaidoftheirKaiser，\"wasextinctforthepresent。
Friedrich’srapidityhadservedhimillwiththePublic，inthisasinsomeotherinstances！Friedrich，contemplatinghissituation，notself—delusively，butwiththecandorofrealremorse，wasbynomeansyetawarehowverybaditwas。Forsixmonthscoming，partlyasexistingfactsbetterdisclosedthemselves，asFrance，Saxonyandothersshowedwhatspirittheywereof；partlyasnewsinistereventsandfactsarrivedoneaftertheother，——hisoutlookcontinuedtodarkenanddarken，tillithadbecomeverydarkindeed。Thereisperenniallythegreatcomfort，immenseifyoucanmanageit，ofmakingfrontagainstmisfortune；oflookingitfranklyintheface，anddoingwitharesolution，hourbyhour，yourownutmostagainstit。Friedrichneverlackedthatcomfort；
andwasnotheardcomplaining。ButfromDecember13th，1744，whenhehastenedhometoBerlin，undersuchaspects，tillJune4th，1745，whenaspectssuddenlychanged，areprobablytheworstsixmonthsFriedrichhadyethadintheworld。Duringwhich，hisaffairsallthreateningtobreakdownabouthim，hehimself，behoovingtostandfirmiftheworstwasnottorealizeitself，hadtodrawlargelyonwhatsilentcourage，orprivateinexpugnabilityofmind，wasinhim，——alargerinstalmentofthatroyalquality（asIcompute）thantheFateshadeverhithertodemandedofhim。
Everhitherto；thoughperhapsnothinglikethelargestofall，whichtheyhadupontheirBooksforhim，atafartherstage！
Aswillbeseen。Forhewasgreatlydrawnuponinthatway，inhistime。Andhepaidalways；nomaninhisCenturysowell；fewmen，inanyCentury，better。Asperhapsreadersmaybeledtoguessoracknowledge，onsurveyingandconsidering。Tosee，andsympatheticallyrecognize，cannotbeexpectedofmodernreaders，inthepresentgreatdistance，andchangedconditionsofmenandthings。
Friedrich，afterdespatchingNassautocutoutEinsiedel，haddeliveredtheSilesianArmytotheOldDessauer，whoistocommandinchiefduringWinter；andhadthenhastenedtoBerlin，——manythingsthereurgentlyrequiringhispresence；preparations，reparations，nottospeakofdiplomacies，andwhatwastheheaviestitemofall，newfinanceforthecomingexertions。InSchweidnitz，onLeopold’sappearance，therehadbeenaninterview，dueconsultings，orderings；whichdone，Friedrichatoncetooktheroad；andwasatBerlin，Monday，December14th，——preciselyinthetimewhileNassauandEinsiedelweremarchingwithtorchlightsinRubezahl’sCountry，andnearendingtheirdifficultenterprisebetterorworse。
Friedrich，fasteningeagerlyonHomebusiness，isastonishedandprovokedtolearnthattheAustrians，notcontentwithpushinghimoutofBohmen，arethemselvespushingintoSchlesien，——soOldLeopoldreports，withincreasingemphasisdaybyday；towhomFriedrichsendsimpatientorder:Hurlthemoutagain；gatherwhatforceyouneed，tenthousand，orwereittwentyorthirtythousand，andbeimmediateaboutit；\"Iwillassoonbepitched（HERAUSGESCHMISSEN）outoftheMarkofBrandenburgasoutofSchlesien:\"nodelay，Itellyou！AndastheOldDessauerstillexplainsthatthetenorfifteenthousandheneedsareactuallyassembling，andcannotbegotonmarchquiteinamoment，FriedrichdashesawayhisincipientBerlinOperations；willgohimselfanddoit。Hagglenomore，youtediousOldDessauer:——
BERLIN，\"19thDECEMBER，\"1744。\"Onthe21st[Monday，oneweekaftermyarriving]，IleaveBerlin，andmeantobeatNeisseonthe24thatlatest。YourSerenitywillintheinterimmakeouttheOrder—of—
Battle[whichisalsoOrder—of—March]forwhatregimentsarecomein。ForIwill，onthe25th，withoutdelay，crosstheNeisse，andattackthosepeople，costwhatitmay，——tochasethemoutofSchlesienandGlatz，andfollowthemsofaraspossible。
YourSerenitywillthereforetakeyourmeasures，andprovideeverything，sofarasinthisshorttimeyoucan，thattheprojectmaybeexecutablethemomentIarrive。\"[FriedrichtotheOldDessauer（Orlich，ii。356）。]
Andrushedoffaccordingly，inasomewhatflamyhumor；butatSchweidnitz，wheretheOldDessauermethimagain，becameconvincedthatthematterwasweightierthanhethought；notoneofTolpatcheryalone，buthadTraunhimselfinit。UponwhichFriedrichcandidlydrewbridle；hastenedback，and，withalossoffourdays，wasathisPotsdamAffairsagain。Towhichhestuckhenceforth，ardently，andIthinkratherwithincreaseofgloom，thoughwithoutspurtofimpatiencefarther，forthreemonthstocome。Beforehisreturn，——nay，hadheknown，itwasthenightbeforehewentaway，——astrangelittlethinghadhappenedintheoppositeorWesternparts:surprisingaccidenttoMarechaldeBelleisle；whichnowlieswaitinghisimmediateconsideration。
ButletusfinishSilesiafirst。
OLDDESSAUERREPELSTHESILESIANINVASION（Winter，1744—45）。
\"ThisSilesianAffairincludesdueinroadofPandours；orindeedtwoinroads，southwestandsoutheast；andinthesouthwest，orTraunquarter，regularsarethemainelementofit。Traun，20，000
strong，PLUSstormy—enoughPandourACCOMPANIMENT，isbythistimethroughintoGlatz；inthreecolumns；——ismasterofallGlatz，excepttheRock—Fortressitself；andhasspreadhimself，rightandleft，alongtheNeisseRiver，andfromthesouthwestnorthwards，inaskilfulanddangerousmanner。Inconcertwithwhom，fartotheeast，arePandourwhirlwindsontheirownfooting（brand—new’Insurrection’ofthem，gotthusfar）startingfromOlmutzandBrunn；scouringthateasterncountry，asfarasNamslaunorthward[aplacewewereatthetakingof，inoldBriegtimes]；muchmore，infestingtheMountainsoftheSouth。Aratherseriousthing；
withTraunforgeneralmanagerofit。\"
WithTraun，wesay:poorPrinceKarlisoff，weeksago；onthesaddestoferrands。HisbeautifulyoungWife，——HungarianMajesty’soneSister，Vice—RegentsoftheNetherlandsheandshe，conspicuousamongthebrightcouplesoftheworld，——shehadabadlying—in（childstill—born），whilethosegrandMoldauOperationswenton；
hasbeenill，poorlady，eversince；and，atBrussels，onDecember16th，sheherselfliesdead，PrinceKarlweepingoverherandthedaysthatwillnotreturn。PrinceKarl’sfelicities，privateandpublic，hadbeenattheirzenithlately，whichwasveryhighindeed；butgoondecliningfromthisday。NevermoretheHappiestofHusbands（didnotwedagainatall）；stilllesstheGreatestofCaptains，equalorsuperiortoCaesarintheGazetteerjudgment，withdistractedEULOGIES，BIOGRAPHIESandsuchlikefillingtheair:beforelong，aWar—Captainofquitemoderaterenown；whichweshallseesinkgraduallyintonorenownatall，andeven（unjustly）
intoMINUSquantities，beforeallend。Amadworld，mymasters！
\"BetweenTraunonthesouthwesthand，andhisPandoursonthesoutheast，thesmallPrussianpostshaveallbeendriveninuponTroppau—Jagerndorfregion；moreandmorenarrowedthere；——and，infine（twodaysbeforethisnewInterviewofLeopoldandtheimpatientKingatSchweidnitz），havehadtoquittheTroppau—
Jagerndorfposition；toquittheHillsaltogether，andarenowinfullmarchtowardsBrieg。OfwhichmarchIshouldsaynothing，wereitnotthatMarwitz，FatherofWilhelmina’sgigglingMarmitzes，commanded；——andcamebyhisdeathinthecourseofit；thoughourWilhelminaisnotnowthere，peninhand，totelluswhattheeffectsatBaireuthwere。MarwitzhadbeenleftfordeadontheFieldofMollwitz；laysoallnight，butwasnursedtosomekindofstrengthagainbythosegigglingyoungwomen；andcamebacktoSchlesien，topostsofchieftrust，forthelastyearortwo，——wasguardingtheMountains，andeveninvadingMahren，duringthelateCampaign；——butsawhimselfreducedlatterlytoJagerndorfandTroppau；andhadeventoretreatoutofthese。Andinthewhirlpoolofhurriesthereupon，——howisnotveryclear；byapoplexy，saysome；byaccidentalpistolfromaservantofhisown；inactualskirmishwithPandours，——toocertainly，onewayortheother，onDecember23d（justduringthatsecondInterviewatSchweidnitz），braveoldMarwitzdidsuddenlysinkdead，andisended。
[Helden—Geschichte，ii。1201。]Evenso，yepoorgigglingcreatures，andyourloudweepingwillnotmenditatall！
\"Friedrich，lookingcandidlyintothesephenomena，couldnotbutseethat:whatwithTolpatcheries，whatwithTraun’s20，000
regulars，andthewholeArmyattheirback，hisSilesianBorderisgirtinbyaveryconsiderableinroadofAustrians，——hugeChainofthem，inhorse—shoeform，300mileslong，pressingin；frombeyondGlatzandLandshut，roundbythesouthernMountains，andupeastwardagainasfarasNamslau，nothingbutwarwhirlwindsinregularorirregularform，inthecentreofthemTraun；——andthattheOldDessauerreallymusthavetimetogirdhimselffordealingwithTraunandthem。
\"ItwasnottillJanuary9ththatOldLeopold，25，000strong，equippedtohismind，whichwasadifficultmatter，crossedtheNeisseRiver；andmarcheddirectuponTraun，withZiethenchargingahead。Actuallymarched；afterwhichthemainwrestlewasdoneinaweek。January16th，OldLeopoldgottoJagerndorf；foundtheactualTraunconcentratedatJagerndorf；anddrewup，tobereadyforassaultto—morrowmorning，——hadnotTraun，candidlycomputing，judgeditbettertoglidewhollyawayinthenight—time，diligentlytowardsMahren，breakingthebridgesbehindhim。Andso，ineffect，togiveuptheSilesianInvasionforthistime。Afterwhich，thoughthereremainedagooddealofroughtusslingwithPandourdetails，andsomeruggedexploitsoffight，thereis——exceptthatofLehwaldinclearingofGlatz——nothingfartherthatwecanaffordtospeakof。Lehwald’sexploit，LehwaldVERSUSWallis（sameWalliswhodefendedGlogaulongsince），whichcametobetalkedof，andgotnameanddate，’ActionofHabelschwert，February14th，’somethingalmostlikeapitchedfightonthesmallscale，istothefollowingeffect:——
\"PLOMNITZ，NEARHABELSCHWERT，14thFEBRUARY，1745。OldGeneralLehwald，marchinginthehollowgroundnearHabelschwert（hollowoftheyoungNeisseRiver，twentymilessouthofGlatz），withintenttocutthatCountryfree；theEnemy，whomheisinsearchof，appearsingreatforce，——postedontheuphillgroundahead，half—
frozendifficultstreaminfrontofthem，cannononflank，Pandourmultitudeinwoods；allthingsbetokeninginexpugnabilityonthepartoftheEnemy。SothatLehwaldhastotakehismeasures；studywellwherethevitalpointis，therootofthatextensiveAustrianjunglery，andcutinuponthesame。Byconsiderablefireofeffort，theuphillground，half—frozenstream，sylvanPandours，cannon—
batteries，andwhatinexpugnabilitiestheremaybe，aresubdued；
Austrianwidejunglery，therootofitslitasunderrollshomewardsimultaneously，nottoofast:nayithalted，andre—rankeditselftwiceover，findingwoodsandquaggyrunletstoitsmind；butwasalwaysslitoutagain，disrooted，andfinallytumbledhome，havinghadenough。’WenzelWallis，’Friedrichassertswithduescorn，’wasallthiswhileinaChapel；prayingardently，’toSt。Vitus，oroneknowsnotwhom；’withouteffect；tilltheyshoutedtohim，\"Beaten，Sir！Off，oryouarelost！\"uponwhichhesprangtosaddle，andspurredwithbothheels（PIQUADESDEUX）。’[OEuvresdeFrederic，iii。79。80。]ThatwasthefeatofLehwald，clearingtheGlatzCountrywithonegoodcut:askilfulCaptain；
nowgettingdecidedlyoldish，closeonsixty；whomweshallmeetagainadozenyearshence，stillinharness。
\"TheoldSereneHighnesshimself，facethecolorofgun—powder，andbluerinthewinterfrost，wentrushingfarandwideinanopenvehicle，whichhecalledhis’cart；’pushingoutdetachments，supervisingeverything；wheelinghitherandthitherasneedful；
sweepingoutthePandourworld，andkeepingitout:notmuchoffightingneeded，but’agreatdealofmarching[murmursFriedrich]，whichinwinterisasbad，andwearsdowntheforceofthebattalions。’Ofallwhichwegivenodetail:sufficienttofancy，inthismanner，theOldDessauerflappinghiswidemilitarywingsinthefacesofthePandourhordes，withhereandthereahardtwitchfrombeakorclaws；tolerablykeepingdownthePandourinterestallWinter。Hissons，LeopoldandDietrich，wereunderhim，occasionallybesidehim；theJuniorLeopoldsoworndownwithfeverishgouthecouldhardlysitonhorsebackatall，whileoldPapawenttearingaboutinhiscartatthatrate。\"
[UnternehmunginOber—Schlesien，unterdemFurstenLeopoldvonAnhalt—Dessau，imJanuarundFebruar，1745
（Seyfarth，Beylage，i。141—152）；Stenzel，iv。
232；&c。]
Therewas，onthe21stofFebruary，TE—DEUMsunginthechurchesofBerlin\"fortheDeliveranceofSilesiafromInvasion。\"NotthatevenyetthePandourswouldbequitequiet，orallowOldLeopoldtoquithiscart；farfromit。Andtheyreturnedinsuchincreasedandtempestuousstate，aswillagainrequiremention，withtheearliestSpring:——precursorstoasecond，farmoreseriousanddeadly\"InvasionofSilesia；\"forwhichithangsyetonthebalancewhethertherewillbeaTE—DEUMoraMISEREREtosing！
HungarianMajesty，disappointedofSilesia，——which，itseems，isnottobehad\"allatonce（EHESTENS），\"intheformofmiracle，——
makesamendsbyarushuponSeckendorfandBavaria；attacksSeckendorffuriously（\"BathyanipressinguptheDonauValley，withBrowneononehand，andBarenklauontheother\"）inmidwinter；
andmakesaterriblehandofhim；reducinghis\"ReconquestofBavaria\"tonothingagain，naytoless。Ofwhichinduetime。
THEFRENCHFULLYINTENDTOBEHAVEBETTERNEXTSEASONTOFRIEDRICH
ANDTHEIRGERMANALLIES；——BUTAREPREVENTEDBYVARIOUSACCIDENTS
（November，1744—April，1745；April—August，1745）。
Itisnotdivinemiracle，Friedrichknowswell，thathaslosthimhislateBohemianConquestswithoutbattlefought:itwasrashchoosingofaplaninexecutablewithoutFrenchco—operation，——
culpableblindnesstothechancethatFrancewouldbreakitspromises，andnotco—operate。HadyourMajestyforgottentheJoint—
StockPrinciple，then？HisMajestyhassorrowfulcausetorememberit，fromthistime，onastilllargerscale！
Reflections，indignantorexculpatory，ontheconductoftheFrenchinthisBusinessareuselesstoFriedrich，andtous。Theperformance，ontheirpart，hasbeennearlytheworst；——thoughtheirintentions，whiletheAustrianDragonhadthembythethroat，weredoubtlessenthusiasticallygood！But，thebigAustrianDragonbeingjerkedawayfromElsass，byFriedrich’streadingonhistail，500milesoff，theywerecharmed，quiteintonewenthusiasm，toberidofsaidDragon:and，insteadofchasingHIMaccordingtobargain，tooktodestroyinghisDEN，thathemightbeharmlessthenceforth。FreyburgisacapturedTown，tothejoyandgloryofadmiringFrance；andFriedrich’sCampaignhasgonetheroadwesee！
TheFreyburgIlluminationshavingburntout，theremightrise，inthetriumphantmind，somethoughtofFriedrichagain，——perhapsalmostofaremorsefulnature？Certainitis，theFrenchintentionsarenowagainmagnanimous，moresothanever；couplednowwithsomeattemptsatfulfilment，too；whichobligesustomentionthemhere。
TheywerestillamatterofimportanthopetoFriedrich；hopewhichdidnotquitegoouttillAugustcoming。Though，alas，itdidthengoout，ingustsofindignationonFriedrich’spart！AndasthewholeofthesemagnanimousFrenchintentions，latterlikeformer，againcametozero，weareinterestedonlyinrenderingthemconceivabletoreadersforFriedrich’ssake，——withthemorebrevity，thebetterforeverybody。TwograndFrenchAttemptstherewere；listen，onthethreshold，alittle:——