（Berlin，7thJanuary，1741）。]——andatBerlinitwasgenerallythoughttobeconclusive。IhavelookedintoLudwig’sDeduction，sterndutyurging，inthisinstanceforone:suchportionsasI
readarenothinglikesostupidaswasexpected；and，infact，arenottobecalledstupidatall，butfitfortheirpurpose，andmoderatelyintelligibletothosewhoneedthem，\"——whichhappilywedonotinthisplace。
JudiciousMr。VineravailednothingagainsttheProposedAddress；
anymorethanhewouldagainsttheAtlanticTide，cominginunanimous，underinfluenceoftheMoonitself，——asindeedthisAddress，andthetriumphantSubsidywhichwasvotedintherearofit，maybesaidtohavedone。[Coxe，iii。265。]Subsidyof300，000
poundstoherHungarianMajesty；which，withthe200，000poundsalreadygonethatroad，makesahandsomeHalf—millionforthepresentYear。ThefirstgushoftheBritanniaFountain，——whichflowedlikeanAmalthea’sHornforsevenyearstocome；
refreshingAustria，andallthirstyPragmaticNations，todefendtheKeystoneofthisUniverse。Unluckilyeveryguineaofitwent，atthesametime，toencourageAustriainscorningKingFriedrich’sofferstoit；whichperhapsarejustoffers，thinksMr。Viner；
whichoncelistenedto，PragmaticSanctionwouldbesafe。
[Mr。VinerwasofPupham，orPupholm，inLincolnshire，forwhichCountyhesatthen，andformanyyearsbeforeandafter，——fromabout1713till1761，whenhedied。Asolid，instructedman，sayhiscontemporaries。\"HewasafriendofBolingbroke’s，andhadahousenearBolingbroke’sBatterseaone。\"HeisGreatgreat—
grandfathertothepresentMr。Viner，andtotheCountessdeGreyandRipon；whichisaninterestinglittlefact。]
ThisParliamentisstrongforPragmaticSanction，andhashighresentmentsagainstWalpole；inbothwhichpointstheNewParliament，justgettingelected，willrivalandsurpassit，——
especiallyinthelatterpoint，thatofuprootingWalpole，whichtheNationisbenton，withasingularfury。PragmaticSanctionliketoberuined；andWalpolefuriouslythrownout:whatapairofsorrowsforpoorGeorge！DuringhislateCaroline’stime，allwentpeaceably，andthatof\"governing\"wasamerepleasure；WalpoleandCarolinecunninglydoingthatforhim，andmakinghimbelievehewasdoingit。Butnowhascomethecrisis，thecollapse；andhispoorMajestyleftalonetodealwithit！——
No。2。CONSTITUTIONALHISTORIANONTHEPHENOMENONOFWALPOLEINENGLAND。
\"ForaboveTenYears，Walpolehimself\"，saysmyConstitutionalHistorian（unpublished），\"foralmostTwentyYears，Walpolevirtuallyandthroughothers，haswhattheycall’governed’
England；thatistosay，hasadjustedtheconflictingParliamentaryChaosintocounterpoise，bywhatmethodshehad；andallowedEngland，withWalpoleatop，tojumblewhitheritwouldandcould。
OfcrookedthingsmadestraightbyWalpole，ofheroicperformanceorintention，legislativeoradministrative，byWalpole，nobodyeverheard；neveroftheleasthand—breadthgainedfromtheNight—
realminEngland，onWalpole’spart:enoughifhecouldmanagetokeeptheParishConstablewalking，andhimselffloatatop。
Whichtask（thoughintrinsicallyzerofortheCommunity，butall—
importanttotheWalpole，ofConstitutionalCountries）isataskalmostbeyondthefacultyofman，ifthecarelessreaderknewit！
\"ThistaskWalpoledid，——inasturdy，deep—bellied，long—headed，John—Bullfashion，notunworthyofrecognition。Amanofveryforciblenaturaleyesight，strongnaturalheart，——courageinhimtoalllengths；averyblockofoak，orofoakroot，fornaturalstrength。Hewasalwaysveryquietwithit，too；giventodigesthisvictuals，andbepeaceablewitheverybody。Hehadonerule，thatstoodinplaceofmany:Tokeepoutofeverybusinesswhichitwaspossibleforhumanwisdomtostaveaside。’Whatgoodwillyougetofgoingintothat？Parliamentarycriticism，argumentandbotheration？Leavewellalone。Andevenleaveillalone:——areyouthetradesmantotinkerleakyvesselsinEngland？Youwillnotwantforwork。Mindyourpudding，andsaylittle！’Athomeandabroad，thatwasthesafesecret。For，inForeignPolitics，hisrulewasanalogous:’Mindyourownaffairs。YouareanIsland，youcandowithoutForeignPolitics；Peace，keepPeacewitheverybody:
what，intheDevil’sname，haveyoutodowiththosedog—worryingsoverSeas？Oncemore，mindyourpudding！’Notsobadarule；
indeeditisthebetterpartofanextremelygoodone；——andyoumightreckonittherealruleforapiousRritannicIsland（reverentofGod，andcontemptuousoftheDevil）intimesofgeneralDown—breakandSpiritualBankruptcy，whenquarrellingsofSovereignsareapttobemeredog—worryingsandDevil’swork，notgoodtointerferein。
\"Inthismanner，Walpole，bysolidJohn—Bullfaculty（andmethodsofhisown），hadbalancedtheParliamentaryswaggingsandclashings，foragreatwhile；andEnglandhadjumbledwhitheritcould，alwaysinastupid，butalsoinapeaceableway。Astothosesame’methodsofhisown’theywere——infacttheywereBribery。
Actualpurchaseofvotesbymoneysliptintothehand。Gostraighttothepoint。’Thedirectrealmethodthis，’thinksWalpole:
’isthereinrealityanyother？’AterriblequestiontoConstitutionalCountries；which，Ihear，hasneverbeenresolvedinthenegative，bythemodernimprovementsofscience。Changesofformhaveintroducedthemselves；theoutwardprocess，Ihear，isnowquitedifferent。Accordingasthefashionsandconditionsalter，——accordingasyouhaveaFourthEstatedeveloped，oraFourthEstatestillinthegrubstageandonlydeveloping，——muchvariationofoutwardprocessisconceivable。
\"ButVotes，underpainofDeathOfficial，arenecessarytoyourpoorWalpole:andvotes，Ihear，arestillbiddenfor，andbought。
Youmaybuythembymoneydown（whichisfelony，andtheftsimple，againstthepoorNation）；orbyprefermentsandappointmentsoftheunmeritoriousman，——whichisfelonydouble—distilled（fardeadlier，thoughmorerefined），andtheftmostcompound；theft，notofthepoorNation’smoney，butofitssoulandbodysofar，andofALL
itsmoneysandtemporalandspiritualinterestswhatsoever；
theft，youmaysay，ofcollopscutfromitsside，andpoisonputintoitsheart，poorNation！Oragain，youmaybuy，notoftheThirdEstateinsuchways，butoftheFourth，oroftheFourthandThirdtogether，inotherstillmorefeloniousanddeadly，thoughrefinedways。Bydoingclap—traps，namely；lettingoffParliamentaryblue—lights，toawakentheSleepingSwineries，andcharmthemintodiapasonforyou，——whatamusic！Or，withoutclap—
traporpreviousfelonyofyourown，youmayfeloniously，inthepinchofthings，maketrucewiththeevidentDemagogos，andSonofNoxandofPerdition，whohasgot’withinthosewalls’ofyours，andisgrownimportanttoyoubytheAwakenedSwineries，risenintoalt，thatfollowhim。Himyoumay，inyourdirehungerofvotes，consenttocomplywith；hisAnarchiesyouwillpassforhiminto’Laws，’asyouarepleasedtotermthem；——insteadofpointingtothewhipping—post，andtohiswickedlongears，whicharesofittobenailedthere，andofsternlyrecommendingsilence，whichwerethesalutarything。——Buyingmaybedoneinagreatvarietyofways。
Thequestion，Howyoubuy？isnot，onthemoralside，animportantone。Nay，asthereisabeautyingoingstraighttothepoint，andbythatcoursethereislikelytobetheminimumofmendacityforyou，perhapsthedirectmoney—methodisashadelessdamnablethananyoftheotherssincediscovered；——while，inregardtopracticaldamageresulting，itisofchildlikeharmlessnessincomparison！
\"ThatwasWalpole’smethod；withthistoaidhisgreatnaturalfaculty，long—headed，deep—bellied，suitabletotheEnglishParliamentandNation，hewentalongwithperfectsuccessfortenortwentyyears。Anditmighthavebeenforlonger，——hadnottheEnglishNationaccidentallycometowish，thatitshouldCEASE
jumblingNO—whither；andtrytojumbleSOME—whither，atleastforalittlewhile，onimportantbusinessthathadrisenforEnglandinacertainquarter。HaditnotbeenforJenkins’sEarblazingoutinthedarkEnglishbrain，Walpolemighthavelastedstillalongwhile。Buthisfatelaythere:——thefirstBusinessvitaltoEnglandwhichmightturnup；andthischancedtobetheSpanishWar。
Howvital，readersshallseeanon。Walpole，knowingwellenoughinwhatstatehisWar—apparatuswas，andthatofallhisApparatusestherewasnoneinaworkingstate，buttheParliamentaryone，——
resistedtheSpanishWar；stoodinthedooragainstit，witharhinocerosdetermination，nayalmostsomethingofamastiff’s；
resolutenottoadmitit，toadmitdeathassoon。Doubtlesshehadafeelingitwouldbedeath，thesagaciousman；——andsuchitisnowproving；theWalpoleMinistrydyingbyinchesfromit；dyinghard，butirremediably。
\"TheEnglishNationwasimmenselyastonished，whichWalpolewasnot，anymorethanattheotherLawsofNature，tofindWalpole’sWar—apparatusinsuchacondition。AllhisApparatuses，Walpoleguesses，areinnobetter，ifitbenottheParliamentaryone。
TheEnglishNationisimmenselyastonished，whichWalpoleagainisnot，tofindthathisParliamentaryApparatushasbeenkeptingearandsmooth—goingbytheuseofOIL:’MiraculousScandalofScandals！’thinkstheEnglishNation。’Miracle？LawofNature，youfools！’thinksWalpole。AndinfactthereissuchastormroaringinEngland，inthoseandinthelateandthecomingmonths，asthreatenstobedangeroustohighroofs，——dangeroustoWalpole’sheadatonetime。Stormsuchashadnotbeenwitnessedinmen’smemory；allmannerofCountiesandConstituencies，withsolemnindignation，chargingtheirrepresentativestosearchintothatmiraculousScandalofScandals，LawofNature，orwhateveritmaybe；andabatethesame，attheirperil。
\"Tothenowreaderthereissomethingalmostpatheticinthesesolemnindignations，andhighresolvestohavePurityofParliamentandthoroughAdministrativeReform，inspiteofNatureandtheConstitutionalStars；——andnothingIhavemetwith，noteventhePrussianDryasdust，issounsufferablywearisome，orcanpretendtoequalindepthofdullinanity，toingenuouslivingreaders，ourpoorEnglishDryasdust’sinterminable，often—repeatedNarratives，volumeaftervolume，ofthedebatingsandcolleaguings，thetossingsandtumults，fruitlessandendless，inNationandNationalPalaver，whichensuedthereupon。Walpole（inaboutayearhence），[February13th（2d），1742，quittingtheHouseafterbadusagethere，saidhewouldneverenteritagain；nordid:February22d，resignedinfavorofPulteneyandCompany（Tindal，xx。530；
Thackeray，i。45）。]thoughhestrucktothegroundlikearhinoceros，wasgotrolledout。AndaSuccessor，andseriesofSuccessors，inthebrightbrand—newstate，wasgotrolledin；
withimmenseshoutingfrommankind:——butuptothisdatewehavenoreasontobelievethattheLawsofNatureweregotabrogatedonthatoccasion，orthattheconstitutionalstarshavemuchalteredtheircoursessince。\"
ThatWalpolewillprobablybelost，goesmuchhometotheRoyalbosom，inthesetroublousSpringmonthsof1741，asithasdoneandwilldo。Andhere，emergingfromtheSpanishMainjustnow，isasecondsorrow，whichmightquitetransfixtheRoyalbosom，anddriveMajestyitselftodespair；awakeningsuchinsolublequestions，——furnishingsuchproof，thatWalpoleandagoodfewotherpersons（persons，andalsothings，andideasandpractices，deep—rootedintheCountry）standmuchinneedofbeinglost，ifEnglandistogoagoodroad！
TheSpanishWarbeingofmomenttoushere，wewillletourConstitutionalHistorianexplain，inhisowndialect，HowitwassovitaltoEngland；andshallevensubjoinwhathegivesasHistoryofit，suchbeingsoadmirablysuccinct，foronequality。
No。3。OFTHESPANISHWAR，ORTHEJENKINS’S—EARQUESTION。
\"TherewasrealcauseforaWarwithSpain。Itisoneofthefewcases，this，ofawarfromnecessity。Spain，byDecreeofthePope，——somePopelongago，whosenamewewillnotremember，insolemnConclave，drawingaccurately’hisMeridianLine，’onIknownotwhatTelluricorUranicprinciples，nodoubtwithgreataccuracy’betweenPortugalandSpain，’——wasproprietorofallthoseSeasandContinents。AndnowEngland，intheinterim，byDecreeoftheEternalDestinies，hadclearlycometohavepropertythere，too；andtobepracticallymuchconcernedinthattheoreticquestionofthePope’sMeridian。Therewasnoreconcilingoftheorywithfact。’Oursindisputably，’saidSpain，withloudarticulatevoice；’HolinessthePopemadeitours！’——whilefactandtheEnglish，byDecreeoftheEternalDestinies，hadbeengrumblinginarticulatelytheotherway，foralmosttwohundredyearspast，andnoresulthad。
\"InOliverCromwell’stime，itusedtobesaid，’WithSpain，inEurope，theremaybepeaceorwar；butbetweentheTropicsitisalwayswar。’AstateofthingswellrecognizedbyOliver，andactedon，accordingtohisopportunities。NosettlementwashadinOliver’sbrieftime；norcouldanybegotsince，whenitwasbecomingyearlymorepressing。Bucaniers，desperatenavalgentlemenlivingonBOUCAN，orhungbeef；whoarealsocalledFlibustiers（FLIBUTIERS，’Freebooters，’inFrenchpronunciation，whichissincegrownstrangelyintoFILIBUSTERS，Fillibustiers，andothermadforms，intheYankeeNewspapersnowcurrent）:readershaveheardofthosedumbmethodsofprotest。Dumbandfurious；whichcouldbringnosettlement；butwhichdidastonishthePope’sDecree，slashingitwithcutlassesandsea—cannon，inthatmanner，andcircuitouslyforwardedasettlement。Settlementwasbecomingyearlymoreneedful:and，eversincetheTreatyofUtrechtespecially，therehadbeenanincessanthagglegoingon，toproduceone；withouttheleasteffecthitherto。Whatembassyings，bargainings，bargain—
breakings；whatgallopingofestafettes；acresofdiplomaticpaper，nowfallentothespiders，whoalwaysprivatelyweretherealowners！NotintheTreatyofUtrecht，notintheCongressesofCambray，ofSoissons，ConventionofPardo，byRipperda，HoraceWalpole，orthewaggingofwigs，couldthismatterbesettledatall。Neartwohundredyearsofchronicmisery；——andhadtherebeen，underanyofthosewigs，aHeadcapableofreadingtheHeavenlyMandates，withheartcapableoffollowingthem，themiserymighthavebeenbrieflyended，byadirectmethod。Withwhatimmensesavinginallkinds，comparedwiththeobliquemethodgoneupon！
Inquantityofbloodshedneeded，ofmoney，ofidletalkandestafettes，nottospeakofhigherconsiderations，thesavinghadbeenincalculable。ForitwasEngland’soneCauseofWarduringtheCenturywearenowupon；andpoorEngland’scourse，whenatlastdrivenintoit，wentambiguouslycirclingroundthewholeUniverse，insteadofstraighttothemark。HadOliverCromwelllivedtenyearslonger；——butOliverCromwelldidnotlive；and，insteadofHeroicHeads，therecameinConstitutionalWigs，whichmakesagreatdifference。
\"ThepretensionsofSpaintokeepHalftheWorldlockedupinembargowereentirelychimerical；plainlycontradictorytotheLawsofNature；andnoamountofPope’sDonationActs，orCeremonialinRotaorPropaganda，couldredeemthemfromuntenability，inthemoderndays。TolielikeadoginthemangeroverSouthAmerica，andsaysnarling，’Noneofyoushalltradehere，thoughIcannot！’
——whatPopeorbodyofPopescansanctionsuchaprocedure？
HadEnglandhadaHead，insteadofWigs，amiditsdiplomatists，England，asthechiefpartyinterested，wouldhavelongsinceintimatedgentlytosuchdoginthemanger:’Dog，willyoubesoobligingasrise！Iamgrievedtosay，weshallhavetodounpleasantthingsotherwise。Dogshavedoorsfortheirhutches:
buttopretendbarringtheTropicofCancer，——thatistoobigadoorforanydog。Cannobodybutyouhavebusinesshere，then，whichisnotdispleasingtothegods？Webidyourise！’Andinthismodethereisnodoubtthedog，barkandbiteashemight，wouldhaveendedbyrising；notonlyEngland，butalltheUniversebeingagainsthim。Andfurthermore，Icomputewithcertainty，thequantityoffightingneededtoobtainsuchresultwould，bythismode，havebeenaminimum。Theclearrightbeingthere，andnowalsotheclearmight，whytakerefugeindiplomaticwiggeries，inAssientoTreaties，andArrangementswhichareNOTanalogoustothefacts；whicharebutwiggedmendacities，therefore；andwillbutaggravateinquantityandinqualitythefightingyetneeded？
Fightingisbut（ashasbeenwellsaid）abatteringoutofthemendacities，pretences，andimaginaryelements:wellbattered—out，these，likedustandchaff，flytorrent—wisealongthewinds，anddarkenallthesky；buttheseoncegone，thereremainthefactsandtheirvisiblerelationtooneanother，andpeaceissure。
\"TheAssientoTreatybeingfixedupon，theEnglishoughttohavekeptit。ButtheEnglishdidnot，inanymeasure；norcouldpretendtohavedone。TheywereentitledtosupplyNegroes，insuchandsuchnumber，annuallytotheSpanishPlantations；andbesidesthisdelightfulbranchoftrade，tohavetheprivilegeofsellingcertainquantitiesoftheirmanufacturedarticlesonthosecoasts；
quantitiesregulatedbrieflybythisstipulation，ThattheirAssientoShipwastobeof600tonsburden，somanyandnomore。
TheAssientoShipwasdulyof600tonsaccordingly，promisekeptfaithfullytotheeye；buttheAssientoShipwasattendedandescortedbyprovision—sloops，smallcraftsaidtobeofthemostindispensablenaturetoit。Whichprovision—sloops，andindispensablesmallcraft，notonlycarriedmerchandiseaswell，butwentandcametoJamaicaandback，undervariouspretexts，withevernewsuppliesofmerchandise；convertingtheAssientoShipintoaFloatingShop，theTonsburdenandTonssaleofwhichsetarithmeticatdefiance。Thiswasthefact，perfectlywellknowninEngland，veiledoverbymeresmugglerpretences，andobstinatelypersistedin，soprofitablewasit。PerfectlywellknowninSpainalso，andtotheSpanishGuarda—CostasandSea—Captainsinthoseparts；whowerenaturallykeptinaperennialstateofragebyit，——anddisposedtoflyoutintoflameuponit，whenabadcaseturnedup！SuchacasethatofJenkinshadseemedtothem；
andtheirmodeoftreatingit，bytearingoffMr。Jenkins’sEar，provedtobe——badshallwesay，orgood？——intolerabletoEngland’sthickskin；andbroughtmatterstoacrisis，inthewayswesaw。\"……
TheJenkins’s—EarQuestion，whichthenlookedsomadtoeverybody，howsanehasitnowgrowntomyConstitutionalFriend！Inabstruseludicrousformtherelayimmensequestionsinvolvedinit；
whichwereseriousenough，certainenough，thoughinvisibletoeverybody。HalftheWorldlayhiddeninembryounderit。
Colonial—Empire，whoseisittobe？ShallHalftheWorldbeEngland’s，forindustrialpurposes；whichisinnocent，laudable，conformabletotheMultiplication—tableatleast，andotherplainLaws？OrshallitbeSpain’sforarrogant—torpidsham—devotionalpurposes，contradictorytoeveryLaw？TheincalculableYankeeNationitself，biggestPhenomenon（oncethoughtbeautifulest）oftheseAges，——thistoo，littleascarelessreadersoneithersideoftheseanowknowit，layinvolved。ShalltherebeaYankeeNation，shalltherenotbe；shalltheNewWorldbeofSpanishtype，shallitbeofEnglish？Issueswhichwemaycallimmense。AmongthethenextantSonsofAdam，wherewashewhocouldinthefaintestdegreesurmisewhatissueslayintheJenkins’s—EarQuestion？Anditiscurioustoconsidernow，withwhatfiercedeep—breatheddoggednessthepoorEnglishNation，drawnbytheirinstincts，heldfastuponit，andwouldtakenodenial，asifTHEYhadsurmisedandseen。
Fortheinstinctsofsimpleguilelesspersons（liabletobecountedSTUPID，bytheunwary）aresometimesofpropheticnature，andspringfromthedeepplacesofthisUniverse！——MyConstitutionalFriendentitleshisnextSectionCARTHAGENA；butmightmorefitlyhaveheadedit（forsuchinrealityitis，Carthagenaprovingtheevanescentpointofthatsadbusiness），SUCCINCTHISTORYOFTHESPANISHWAR，WHICHBEGANIN1739；
ANDENDED——WHENDIDITEND？
1。WAR，ANDPORTO—BELLO（NOVEMBER，1739—MARCH，1740）。——\"November4th，1739，Warwasatlength（afterabovefourmonths’obscurequasi—declaringofit，intheshapeofOrdersinCouncil，LettersofMarque，andsoon）gotopenlydeclared；’HeraldsatArmsattheusualplaces’blowingtrumpetsuponit，andreadingtheroyalManifesto，dateofwhichisfivedaysearlier，’Kensington，October30th（19th）。’TheprincipalEventsthatensue，arrangethemselvesunderThreeHeads，thisofPorto—BellobeingtheFIRST；and（byintensesmelting）aredatableasfollows:——[Gentleman’sMagazine，ix。551，x。124，142，144，350；Tindal，xx。430—433，442；&c。]
\"TuesdayEvening，1stDecember，1739，AdmiralVernon，ourchosenAnti—Spaniard，finding，awhileago，thathehadmissedtheAzogueShipsontheCoastofSpain，andmusttryAmericaandtheSpanishMain，inthatviewarrivesatPorto—Bello。Nextday，December2d，VernonattacksPorto—Bello；attackscertainCastlessocalled，withfuriousbroadsiding，followedbyscalading；getssurrender（onthe3d）；——seamenhaveallowanceinsteadofplunder；——blowsupwhatCastlesthereare；andreturnstoPortRoyalinJamaica。
\"Never—imaginedjoyinEngland，andfametoVernon，whenthenewscame:’TookitwithSixShips，’crythey；’thescurvyMinistry，whohadheardhim，inthefireofParliamentarydebate，saySix，wouldgranthimnomore:invincibleVernon！’Nay，nextYear，Isee，’LondonwasilluminatedontheAnniversaryofPorto—Bello:’——
daysettledinpermanenceasoneoftheHigh—tidesoftheCalendar，itwouldappear。And’Vernon’sBirthday’withal——howtouchingisstupiditywhenloyal！——wascelebratedamazinglyinallthechiefTowns，likeakindofChristmas，whenitcameround；Naturehavingdeignedtoproducesuchaman，forapoorNationindifficulties。
InvincibleVernon，itisthoughtbyGazetteers，’willlookinatCarthagenashortly；’muchmoreimportantPlace，whereacertainGovernorDonBlashasbeeninsolentwithal，andwrittenVernonletters。
\"2。PRELIMINARIESTOCARTHAGENA（MARCH—NOVEMBER，1740）。——Monday，14thMarch，1740，Vernondid，accordingly，lookinonCarthagena；
[Gentleman’sMagazine，x。350。]castanchorintheshallowwasteofsurfsthere，thatMonday；andtriedsomebombarding，withbomb—ketchesandthelike，fromThursdaytillSaturdayfollowing。VernonhopeshedidhittheJesuits’College，SouthBastion，Custom—houseandotherprincipaledifices；butfoundthattherewasnogettingnearenoughonthatseawardside。
FoundthatyoumustforcetheInteriorHarbor，——abigInlandGulforLake，whichgushesinbywhattheycallLITTLE—MOUTH（Boca—
Chica），andhasitsBooms，CastlesandDefences，whicharenumerousandstrongish；——andthat，forthisend，youmusthavesevenoreightthousandLandForces，aswellasanadditionofShips。
OnSaturdayEvening，therefore，Vernoncallsinhisbomb—ketches；
sailspast，examiningthesethings；andgoesforthonothersmalladventures。Forexample，——
\"Sunday，3dApril，1740，’about10atnight’openscannonadeonChagres（placeoftenenoughtaken，bycutlassandpistol，intheBucaniertimes）；and，onTuesday，5th，getssurrenderofChagres:
’Custom—housecrammedwithgoods，whichwesetfireto。’Onnewsofwhich，thereisagain，inEngland，joyoverthedayofsmallthings。ThepoorEnglishPeoplearesetonthisbusinessofavengingJenkins’sEar，andofhavingtheOceanHighwayunbarred；
andhopealwaysitcanbedonebytheWalpoleApparatuses，whichoughttobeinworkingorder，andarenot。’Supportthishero，youWalpoleandCompany，inhisCarthagenaviews:itwillbebetterforyou！\"
\"WalpoleandCompany，awareofthatfact，dotakesometroubleaboutit；andnow，maynotwesay，PAULLOMAJORACANAMUS？
AllthroughthatSummer，1740，\"——whileKingFriedrichwentrushingabout，toStrasburg，toWesel；doinghisHerstalsandPracticalities，withalighthighhand，inalmostanentertainingmanner；andintent，stillmore，onhisVoltairesandaLifetotheMuses，——\"therewas，inEngland，seriousheavytumultofactivity，secretandpublic。IntheDockyards，ontheDrill—grounds，whatastir:CampintheIsleofWight，nottomentionPortsmouthandtheSea—Industries；6，000Marinesaretobeembarked，aswellasLandRegiments，——cananybodyguesswhither？Americaitselfistofurnish’oneRegiment，withScotchOfficerstodisciplineit，’iftheycan。
\"Hereisrealhasteandeffort；butbynomeanssuchspeedascouldbewished；multiplexconfusionsandcontradictionsoccurring，asisusual，whenyourmachineryrunsfoul。NoraretheGazetteerswithouttheirguesses，thoughtheystudytobediscreet。’Hereissomethingconsiderableinthewind；agrandidea，forcertain；’——
andtomenofdiscernmentitpointssurelytowardsCarthagenaandheroicVernonoutyonder？Governmentisdumbaltogether；andlaysoccasionalembargo；tryinghard（withoutsuccess），inthedelaysthatoccurred，tokeepitsecretfromDonBlasandothers。
Theoutcomeofallwhichwas，\"3。CARTHAGENAITSELF（NOVEMBER，1740——APRIL，1741）。——OnNovember6th，——bynomeans’July3d，’asyourfirstfondprogrambore；
whichdelaywasitselflikelytobefatal，unlesstheAlmanac，andcourseoftheTropicalSeasonswoulddelayalongwithyou！——wesay，OnSunday，6thNovember，1740[KaiserKarl’sFuneraljustover，andgreatthoughtsgoingonatReinsberg]，Rear—AdmiralSirChalonerOgle，——somanyweeksandmonthsafterthesettime，——doessailfromSt。Helen’s（guessed，forCarthagena）；allpeoplesendingblessingswithhim。Twenty—fivebigShipsoftheLine，withthreeHalf—
Regimentsonboard；fireships，bomb—ketches，inabundance；andeightyTransports，with6，000drilledMarines:aSea—and—LandForcefittostrengthenHeroVernonwithawitness，andrealizehisCarthagenaviews。AverygreatdayatPortsmouthandSt。Helen’sfortheseSundayfolk。[Tindal，xx。463（LISTS，&c。there；datewrong，\"31stOctober，\"insteadof26th（o。s。），——manythingswrong，andallthingsleftlooseandflabby，andnotright！AsispoorTindal’sway）。]
\"MostobscureamongtheotheritemsinthatArmadaofSirChaloner’s，justtakingleaveofEngland；mostobscureoftheitemsthen，butnowmostnoticeable，oralmostalonenoticeable，isayoungSurgeon’s—Mate，——oneTobiasSmollett；lookingoverthewatersthereandthefadingcoasts，notwithoutthoughts。Aproud，soft—
hearted，thoughsomewhatstern—visaged，causticandindignantyounggentleman。Apttobecausticinspeech，havingsorrowsofhisownunderlockandkey，onthisandsubsequentoccasions。
ExcellentTobias；hehas，littleashehopesit，somethingconsiderablebywayofmissioninthisExpedition，andinthisUniversegenerally。MissiontotakePortraitureofEnglishSeamanhood，withtheduegrimness，duefidelity；andconveythesametoremotegenerations，beforeitvanish。Courage，mybraveyoungTobias；throughendlesssorrows，contradictions，toilsandconfusions，youwilldoyourerrandinsomemeasure；andthatwillbesomething！——
\"Fiveweeksbefore（29thSeptember，1740，whichwasalsoseveralmonthsbeyondtimeset），therehadsailed，strictlyhiddenbyembargoeswhichwerelittleeffectual，anotherExpedition，allNaval；intendedtobesubsidiarytothisone:CommodoreAnson’s，ofthreeinconsiderableShips；whoistogoroundCapeHorn，ifhecan；tobombardSpanishAmericafromtheotherside；andstretchoutahandtoVernoninhisgrandCarthagenaorulteriorviews。
Togethertheymaydosomeexecution，ifwejudgebytheoldBucanierandQueen—Elizabethexperiences？Anson’sExpeditionhasbecomefamousintheworld，thoughVernongotnogoodofit。\"
Well！Heretrulywasabusiness；notsoill—contrived。Somebodyofheadmusthavebeenatthecentreofthis:anditmight，inresult，haveastonishedtheSpaniard，andtumbledhimmuchtopsy—turvyinthoselatitudes，——hadthemachineryforexecutingitbeenwellingear。UnderFriedrichWilhelm’scaptaincyandmanagement，everyperson，everyitem，correcttoitstime，toitsplace，toitsfunction，whatathing！ButwithmereWalpoleMachinery:alas，itwasfartoowideaPlanforMachineryofthatkind，habituallyoutoforder，andonlyusedtobeascorrectas——asitcould。
ThoseDELAYSthemselves，firsttoAnson，thentoOgle，sincetheTropicalAlmanacwouldnotdelayalongwiththem，hadthrownbothEnterprisesintoweathersuchasallbutmeantimpossibilityinthoselatitudes！Thiswasirremediable；——hadnotbeenremediable，byeffortsandpushingshereandthere。Thebestofmanagement，asunderAnson，couldnotgetthebetterofthis；worstofmanagement，asintheothercase，waslikelytomakeafinethingofit！Letushastenon:——
\"January20th，1741，Wearrive，throughmuchroughweatherandotherconfusedhardships，atPortRoyalinJamaica；findVernonwaitingontheslip；theAmericanRegiment，tolerablydrilledbytheScotchLieutenants，infullreadinessandequipment；abodyofNegroessuperadded，bywayofpioneerlaborersfitforthosehotclimates。Onesadlosstherehadbeenonthevoyagehither:
LandforceshadlosttheirCommander，anddidnotfindanother。
GeneralCathcarthaddiedofsicknessonthevoyage；aCharlesLordCathcart，whowasunderstoodtopossesssomeknowledgeofhisbusiness；andhisSuccessor，oneWentworth，didnothappentohaveany。Whichwasreckonedunlucky，bythemoreobservant。
Vernon，thoughinhasteforCarthagena，isinsomeanxietyaboutapowerfulFrenchFleetwhichhasbeenmanoeuvringinthosewatersforsometime；intentonnogoodthatVernoncanimagine。Thefirstthingnowis，SeeintothatFrenchFleet。FrenchFleet，onourgoingtolookintheproperIsland，isfoundtobealloffforhome；men’mostlystarvedorotherwisedead，’wehear；sothatnow，afterthislastshortdelay，——ToCarthagenawithallsail。
\"WednesdayEvening，15thMarch，1741，WeanchorinthePlayaGrande，thewastesurfyShallowwhichwashesCarthagenaseaward:
124sailofus，bigandlittle。WefindDonBlasinaverypreparedposture。DonBlashasbeendoinghisbest，thistwelvemonthpast；
pluggingupthatBoca—Chica（LITTLEMOUTH）Ingate，withbatteries，booms，greatships；andhascastlesnotafewthereaboutsandintheInteriorLakeorHarbor；allwhichhehasputintolerabledefence，sofarascanbejudged:notaninactive，ifaninsolentDon。WespendthenextfivedaysinconsideringandsurveyingthesePerformancesofhis:Whatistobedonewiththem；how，inthefirstplace，wemayforceBoca—Chica；andgetinuponhisInteriorCastlesandhim。Afterconsideration，andplanfixed:
\"Monday，20thMarch，SirChaloner，withbroadsides，sweepsawaysomesmalldefenceswhichlietoleftofBoca—Chica[toourLEFT，toBoca—Chica’sRIGHT，ifanybodycarestobeparticular]。
WhereupontheTroopsland，someofthemthatsameevening；and，withinthenexttwodays，areallashore，implements，Negroesandtherest；buildingbatteries，fellingwood；intenttocaptureBoca—ChicaCastle，anddemolishtheWar—Ships，Booms，andfryofFascineandotherBatteries；andtherebytogetinuponDonBlas，andhaveastrokeathisInteriorCastlesandCarthagenaitself。
TillApril5th，herearesixteendaysoffuriousintricatework；
notilldone:——thephysicallaboritself，thebuildingofbatteries，withBoca—Chicafiringonyouoverthewoods，isscarcelydo—ablebyEuropeansinthatseason；andtheNegroeswhoareableforit，’flingdowntheirburdens，andscamper，wheneveragungoesoff。’Furiousfighting，too，therewas，byseamenandlandsmen；notilldone，consideringcircumstances。
\"Onthesixteenthday，April5th[KingFriedrichhurryingfromtheMountainsthatsameday，towardsSteinau，whichtookfirewithhimatnight]，Boca—ChicaCastleandtheintricateWar—Ships，Booms，andCastlesthereabouts（DonBlasrunningoffwhenthepushbecameintense），areatlastgot。Sothatnow，throughBoca—Chica，weentertheInteriorHarbororHarbors。’Harbors’whichareofwideextent，anddeepenough:beinginfactaLake，orratherPairofLakes，withCastles（CASTILLOGRANDE，’CastleGrand，’thechiefofthem），withWar—Shipssunkorafloat，andmiscellaneousobstructions:beyondallwhich，atthefarthershore，somefivemilesoff，Carthagenaitselfdoesatlastliepotentiallyaccessible；andwehopetogetinuponDonBlasandit。Thereensuefivedaysofintricatesea—work；notmuchofbroadsiding，mainlytuggingoutofsunkWar—Ships，andthelike，togetalongsideofCastleGrand，whichisthechiefobstruction。
\"April10，CastleGranditselfisgot；nobodyfoundinitwhenwestorm。DonBlasandtheSpaniardsseemmuchinterror；burninganyShipstheystillhave，nearCarthagena；asiftherewerenochancenowleft。\"ThisistheverydayofMollwitzBattle；nearaboutthehourwhenSchwerinbrokeintofield—music，andadvancedwiththunderousglitteragainsttheeveningsun！\"CarthagenaExpeditionis，atlength，fairlyincontactwithitsProblem，——thequestionrising，’Doyouunderstandit，then？’
\"Uptothispoint，mistakesofmanagementhadbeenmadegoodbyobstinateenergyofexecution；clearvictoryhadgoneonsofar，theCaptureofCarthagenanowseeminglyathand。Onethingwasunfortunate:’theableMr。Moor[meritoriousCaptainofFoot，who，byaccident，hadspentsomestudyonhisbusiness]，theonerealEngineerwehad，’gotkilledinthatBoca—Chicastruggle:anendtopoorMoor！SothattheSiegeofCarthagenawillhavetogoonWITHOUTEngineersciencehenceforth。Maybeimportant，that，——whoknows？Anotherthingwasstillmorepalpablyimportant:Sea—GeneralVernonhadanundisguisedcontemptforLand—GeneralWentworth。
’Amereblockhead，whoseBrotherhasaBorough，’thinksVernon（himselfanOppositionMember，ofhigh—sniffing，angry，nottoomagnanimousturn）；——andwithdrawsnowtohisShips；intimating:
’DoyourProblem，then；Ihavesetyoudownbesideit，whichwasmypartoftheaffair！’——LetusgivetheattackofFortLazar，andendthissadbusiness。
\"Sunday，16thApril，Wentworth，oncemasteroftheUppermostLakeorHarbor（whattheNativescalltheSURGIDERO，orAnchorageProper），haddisembarked，highuptotheright，agoodwaysouthofCarthagena；meaningtoattackthere—fromacertainFortLazar，whichstandsonaHillbetweenCarthagenaandhim:thisHillandFortoncehis，hehasCarthagenaunderhiscannon；Carthagenainhispocket，asitwere。’Fortnottobehadwithoutbatteries，’
thinksWentworth；thoughthesicklyrainyseasonhassetin。
’Batteries？Scaling—ladders，youmean！’answersVernon，withundisguisedcontempt。Forthetwoare，bythistime，almostinopenquarrel。Wentworthstartsbuildingbatteries，inspiteoftherain—
deluges；thenstopsbuilding；——decidestodoitbyscalade，afterall。And，attwointhemorningofthisSunday，April16th，setsforth，incertaincolumns，——byroadsill—known，witharrangementsthatdoNOTfitlikeclock—work，——tostormsaidHillandFort。
TheEnglishareanobstinatepeople；andstrenuousexecutionwillsometimesamenddefectsofplan，——sometimesnot。
\"TheobstinateEnglish，nothinginthembutsullenfireofvalor，whichhastoburnUNluminous，did，aftermistakeonmistake，climbtherocksorheightsofLazarHill，inspiteoftheworldandDonBlas’scannonading；butfound，whenatop，ThatFortLazar，rainingcannon—shot，wasstilldividedfromthembychasms；thatthescaling—laddershadnotcome（neverdidcome，owingtoindisciplinesomewhere），——andthat，withoutwingsasofeagles，theycouldnotreachFortLazaratall！Foraboutfourhours，theystruggledwithadesperatedoggedness，toovercomethechasms，towrenchasidetheLawsofNature，anddosomethingusefulforthemselves；patiently，thoughsulkily；regardlessofthestormofshotwhichkilled600ofthem，thewhile。Atlength，findingtheLawsofNaturetoostrongforthem，theydescendedgloomily:’ingloomysilence’marchedhometotheirtentsagain，——inahumortoodeepforwords。
\"Yes；andwefindtheyfellsickinmultitudes，thatnight；
and，’intwodaysmore，werereducedfrom6，645to3，200
effective；’Vernon，fromthesea，lookingdisdainfullyon:——anditbecameevidentthatthebigProjecthadgonetowater；andthatnothingwouldremainbuttoreturnstraightwaytoJamaica，inbankruptcondition。Whichaccordinglywassetabout。Andtendayshence（April26th））thefinalpartyofthemdidgetonboard，——
punctualtotake’threetents，’theirlastragofSiege—furniture，alongwiththem；’lestDonBlashavetrophies，’thinkspoorWentworth。Andsailedaway，withtheirsadSiegefinishedinsuchfashion。StrenuousSiege；which，hadtheWar—Sciencesbeenfoolishness，andtheLawsofNatureandtherigorsofArithmeticandGeometrybeenstretchableentities，mighthavesucceededbetter！\"[Smollett’sAccount，MiscellaneousWorks（Edinburgh，1806），iv。445—469，isthatofahighlyintelligentEye—witness，credibleandintelligibleineveryparticular。]
\"EveningofApril26th:\"——IperceiveitwasintheveryhourswhileBelleislearrivedinFriedrich’sCampatMollwitz；eveofthatSiegeofBrieg，whichwesawperformingitselfwithpunctualregardtosaidLawsandrigors，andissuinginsodifferentamanner！
NothingthatmyConstitutionalHistorianhassaidequalsinpungentenormitythematter—of—factPicture，leftbyTobiasSmollett，ofthesickandwounded，intheinterimwhichfollow&dthatattemptonFortLazarandtheLawsofNature:——
\"Asforthesickandwounded\"，saysTobias，\"theywere，nextday，sentonboardofthetransportsandvesselscalledhospital—ships；
wheretheylanguishedinwantofeverynecessarycomfortandaccommodation。Theyweredestituteofsurgeons，nurses，cooksandproperprovision；theywerepentupbetweendecksinsmallvessels，wheretheyhadnotroomtositupright；theywallowedinfilth；
myriadsofmaggotswerehatchedintheputrefactionoftheirsores，whichhadnootherdressingthanthatofbeingwashedbythemselveswiththeirownallowanceofbrandy；andnothingwasheardbutgroans，lamentationsandthelanguageofdespair，invokingdeathtodeliverthemfromtheirmiseries。Whatservedtoencouragethisdespondence，wastheprospectofthosepoorwretcheswhohadstrengthandopportunitytolookaroundthem；fortheretheybeheldthenakedbodiesoftheirfellow—soldiersandcomradesfloatingupanddowntheharbor，affordingpreytothecarrion—crowsandsharks，whichtoretheminpieceswithoutinterruption，andcontributingbytheirstenchtothemortalitythatprevailed。
\"Thispicturecannotfailtobeshockingtothehumanereader，especiallywhenheisinformed，thatwhilethosemiserableobjectscriedinvainforassistance，andactuallyperishedforwantofproperattendance，everyshipofwarinthefleetcouldhavesparedacoupleofsurgeonsfortheirrelief；andmanyyounggentlemenofthatprofessionsolicitedtheircaptainsinpainforleavetogoandadministerhelptothesickandwounded。Thenecessitiesofthepoorpeoplewerewellknown；theremedywaseasyandapparent；
butthediscordbetweenthechiefswasinflamedtosuchadegreeofdiabolicalrancor，thattheonechoserathertoseehismenperishthanaskhelpoftheother，whodisdainedtoofferhisassistanceunasked，thoughitmighthavesavedthelivesofhisfellow—
subjects。\"[Smollett，IBID。（Anderson’sEdition），iv。466。]
InsuchanamazingconditionistheEnglishFightingApparatusunderWalpole，beingimportantforEngland’sselfonly；whiletheTalkingApparatus，importantforWalpole，isinsuchexcellentgearing，sowellkeptinrepairandoil！ByWentworth’sblame，whohadnoknowledgeofwar；byVernon’s，whosatfamousontheOppositionside，yetwantedloyaltyofmind；byone’sblameandanother’s，WHOSEitisidlearguing，hereishowyourFightingApparatusperformsinthehourwhenneeded。UnfortunateGeneral，orGeneral’sCocked—Hat（abravehearttoo，theysay，thoughofbraintoovacant，tooopaque）；unfortunateAdmiral（muchblownawaybyvanity，in—natureandParliamentarywind）；——doublyunfortunateNation，thatemployssuchtoleaditsarmaments！HowtheEnglishNationtookit？TheEnglishNationhashadmuchofthiskindtotake，firstandlast；andapparentlywillyethave。\"Gloomysilence，\"likethatofthepoormengoinghometotheirtents，isouronlydialecttowardsit。
Thisisadreadfulbusiness，thisofthewreckedCarthagenaExpedition；suchaforceofwar—munitionsineverykind，——
includingtherarekind，humanCourageandforceofheart，onlynothumanCaptaincy，therarestkind，——ascouldhaveswallowedSouthAmericaatdiscretion，hadtherebeenCaptainsoverit。HasgoneblunderingdownintoOrcusandtheshark’sbelly，inthatunutterablemanner。MighthavebeendidactictoEugland，morethanitwas；England’sskinbeingverythickagainstlessonsofthatnature。MighthavebrokentheheartofalittleSovereignGentlemanCuratorofEngland，hadhegonehypochondriacallyintoit；whichhewasfarfromdoing，brisklittleGentleman；lookingoutelse—
whither，withthoseeyesAFLEURDETETE，andnothingofinsolubleadmittedintothebrainthatdweltinside。
WhatbecamesubsequentlyoftheSpanishWar，weinvaininquireofHistory—Books。TheWardidnotdieformanyyearstocome，butneitherdiditpubliclylive；itdisappearsatthispoint:aRiverNiger，seenonceflowingbroadenough；butissuing——Doesitissuenowhere，then？Wheredoesitissue？ExceptformyConstitutionalHistorian，stillunpublished，Ishouldneverhaveknownwhere。——
BythetimethesedisastrousCarthagenatidingsreachedEngland，hisBritannicMajestywasinHanover；involved，he，andallhisStatedoctors，EnglishandHanoverian，inawfulcontemplationonPragmaticSanction，Kaiserwahl，CelestialBalance，andthesavingofNature’sKeystone，shouldthisstillprovepossibletohumaneffortandcontrivance。InwhichImminencyofDoomsdayitself，thesmallEnglish—Spanishmatter，whichtheOfficialpeople，andhisMajestyasmuchasany，hadbitterlydisliked，wasquiteletgo，anddroppedoutofview。ForgottenbyOfficialpeople；lefttothedumbEnglishNation，whoseconcernitwas，toadministerasITcould。
Anson——withhisthreeshipsgonetotwo，goneultimatelytoone——ishenceforthwhatSpanishWarthereofficiallyis。AnsoncouldnotmeetthoseVernon—Wentworthgentlemen\"fromtheothersideoftheIsthmusofDarien，\"thegentlemen，withtheirEnterprise，beingalreadybankruptandaway。Anson，withthreeinconsiderableships，whichrottedgraduallyintoone，couldnothimselfsettletheSpanishWar:buthedid，onhisownscore，aseriesofthings，endinginbeautifulfinisoftheAcapulcoShip，whichwereofconsiderabledetriment，andofhighlyconsiderabledisgrace，toSpain；——andwere，andarelonglikelytobe，memorableamongtheSea—heroismsoftheworld。GivingproofthatrealCaptains，taciturnSonsofAnak，arestillborninEngland；andSea—kings，equaltoanythatwere。Luckily，too，hehadsomechaplainorship’s—surgeononboard，whosawgoodtowriteaccountofthatmemorableVOYAGEofhis；anddidit，inbrief，perspicuousterms，wiseandcredible:arealPoeminitskind，orRomanceallFact；
oneofthepleasantestlittleBooksintheWorld’sLibraryatthisdate。Ansonshedssometinctureofheroicbeautyoverthatotherwisealtogetherhideouspuddleofmismanagement，platitude，disaster；andvindicates，inapatheticallypotentialway，thehonorofhispoorNationalittle。
ApartfromOfficialAnson，theSpanishWarfellmainly，wemaysay，intothehandsof——ofMr。Jenkinshimself，andsuchFriendsofhis，atWapping，BristolandtheSeaports，asmightbedisposedtogoprivateering。Inwhichcourse，aftersomecrossesatfirst，andgreatcomplaintsoflossestoSpanishPrivateers，WappingandBristoldidatlengtheminentlygettheupperhand；andthuscarriedonthisSpanishWar（orSpanish—French，SpainandFrancehavinggotintooneboat），forlongyearscoming；inanentirelyinarticulate，butbynomeansquiteineffectualmanner，——indeed，totheultimateclearanceoftheSeasfrombothFrenchandSpaniard，withinthenexttwentyyears。ReadersshalltakethislittleExcerpt，datedThreeYearshence，andsetittwinklinginthenightoftheirimaginations:——
BRISTOL，MONDAY，21st（10th）SEPTEMBER，1744……\"NothingistobeseenherebutrejoicingsforthenumberofFrenchprizesbroughtintothisport。OurSailorsareinhighspirits，andfullofmoney；
andwhileonshore，spendtheirwholetimeincarousing，visitingtheirmistresses，goingtoplays，serenading，&c。，dressedoutwithlacedhats，tossels（SIC），swordswithsword—knots，andeveryotherwayofspendingtheirmoney。\"[ExtractofaLetterfromBristol，inGentleman’sMagazine，xiv。504。]
Carthagena，Walpole，Viners:hereareSorrowsforaBritannicMajesty；——andthesearenothinglikeall。Butpoorreadersshouldhavesomerespite；briefbreathing—time，wereitonlytousetheirpocket—handkerchiefs，andsummonnewcourage！
ChapterXIII。
SMALL—WAR:FIRSTEMERGENCEOFZIETHENTHEHUSSARGENERALINTONOTICE。
AfterBrieg，Friedrichundertooknothingmilitary，exceptstrictvigilanceofNeipperg，foracoupleofmonthsormore。Military，especiallyoffensiveoperations，arenotthemethodsjustnow。
Restonyouroars；seehowthisseethingOceanofEuropeanPolitics，andPeaceorWar，willsettleitselfintocurrents，intosetwinds；bywhichofthemamanmaysteer，whohappenstohaveafixedportinview。Neipperg，too，isgladtobequiescent；
\"myInfantryhopelesslyinferior，\"hewritestohead—quarters:
\"Couldnotonehire10，000Saxons，thinkyou，\"——ordoseveralotherchimericalthings，forhelp？ExceptwithhisPandourpeople，workingwhatmischieftheycan，Neippergdoesnothing。ButthisHungarianrabbleisextensivelyindustrious，scouringthecountryfarandwide；andgivesagreatdealoftroublebothtoFriedrichandthepeaceableinhabitants。SothatthereisplentyofSmallWaralwaysgoingon:——notmentionablehere，anypassageofit，exceptperhapsone，ataplacecalledRothschloss；whichconcernsaremarkablePrussianHussarMajor，theirfamedZiethen，andisstillrememberedbythePrussianpublic。
WehaveheardofCaptain，nowMajorZiethen，howFriedrichWilhelmsenthimtotheRhineCampaign，sixyearsago，tolearntheHussarArtfromtheAustriansthere。OneBaronay（BARONIAY，orevenBARANYAI，asotherswritehim），anexcellenthand，taughthimtheArt；——andhowwellhehaslearned，Baronaynowsadlyexperiences。
TheaffairofRothschloss（inabridgedform）befellasfollows:——
\"IntheseSmall—Warbusinesses，Baronay，AustrianMajor—GeneralofHussars，hadbeenexceedinglymischievoushitherto。Itwasbuttheotherday，aPrussianregularpartyhadtogooutuponhim，justintime；andtoRE—wrench’sixtycart—loadsofmeal，’wrenchedbyhimfromsufferingindividuals；withwhichhewasmakingofftoNeisse，whenthePrussians[fromtheirCampofMollwitz，wheretheystillare]cameinsight。
\"Andnowagain（May16th）newsis，ThatBaronay，and1，400Hussarswithhim，hasanotherconsiderablesetofmeal—carts，——intheVillageofRothschloss，abouttwentymilessouthward，Frankensteinway；andmeanstomarchwiththemNeisse—wardto—morrow。
Twomarchesorsowillbringhimhome；ifPrussiandiligencepreventnot。’Goinstantly，’ordersFriedrich，——appointingWinterfeldtodoit:Winterfeldwith300dragoons，withZiethenandHussarstotheamountof600；whichismorethanonetotwoofAustrians。
\"WinterfeldandZiethenmarchthatsameday；areintheneighborhoodofRothschlossbynightfall；andtaketheirmeasures，——blocktheroadtoNeisse，anddoothernecessarythings。AndgoinuponBaronaynextmorning，attheduerate，fierymenbothofthem；sweeppoorBaronayaway，MINUSthemeal；whofindsevenhisroadblocked（bridgeburstingintocannon—shotuponhim，atonepoint），insteadofbridge，astream，orslowcurrentofquagmireforhim，——andisinimminenthazard。Ziethen’sbehaviorwassuperlative（detailsofitunintelligibleofftheground）；
andBaronayfledtotallyinwreck；——hisownhorseshot，andatthemomentnoothertobehad；swamthequagmire，orswashedthroughit，’byhelpofatree；\"andhadanearmissofcapture。
Recoveringhimselfontheotherside，Baronay，wecanfancy，gaveagrinofvariousexpression，ashegotintosaddleagain:’Thearrowsonearkillingwasfeatheredfromone’sownwing，too！’——Andindeed，adayortwoafter，hewroteZiethenahandsomeLettertothateffect。\"[Helden—Geschichte，i。927；
Orlich，i。120。TheLifeofGeneraldeZieten
（EnglishTranslation，veryillprinted，Berlin，1803），BYFRAUVON
BLUMENTHAL（avaguisheloquentLady，butwithaccesstoinformation，beingaconnectionofZ。’s），p。84。]
Ziethen，forminorgoodfeats，hadbeenmadeLieutenant—Colonel，theverydayhemarched；hisCommissiondatesMay16th，1741；
andonthemorrowhehandselsitinthisprettymanner。Heisnowforty—two；muchhelddownhitherto；beingamanofinarticulateturn，hotandabruptinhisways，——liablealwaystomultifariousobstruction，andunjustcontradictionfromhisfellow—creatures。
ButWinterfeld’sreportonthisoccasionwasemphatic；andZiethenshootsrapidlyuphenceforth；Colonelwithintheyear，Generalin1744；andmoreandmoreesteemedbyFriedrichduringtheirsubsequentlonglifetogether。
ThoughperhapsthetwomostoppositemeninNature，andstandingsofarapart，theyfullyrecognizedoneanotherintheirseveralspheres。ForZiethentoohadgoodeyesight，thoughinabstrusesort:——ruggedsimplesonofthemoorlands；nourished，bodyandsoul，onorthodoxfrugaloatmeal（sotospeak），withalargesprinklingoffireandironthrownin！Amanbornpoor:sonofsomepoorSquireletintheRuppinCountry；——\"usedtowalkfivemilesintoRuppinonSaturdaynights，\"inearlylife，\"andhavehishairdoneintoclub，whichhadtolasthimtilltheweekfollowing。\"
[Militair—Lexikon，iv。310。]Abig—headed，thick—lipped，decidedlyuglylittleman。Andyetsobeautifulinhisugliness:wise，resolute，true，withadashofhighuncomplainingsorrowinhim；——notthe\"bleachednigger\"atall，asPrint—Collectorssometimescallhim！No；but（onthoseoatmealterms）theSocrates—Odysseus，thevaliantpiousStoic，andmuch—
enduringman。OneofthebestHussarCaptainseverbuilt。
BydegreesKingFriedrichandhegrewtobe，——withconsiderabletiffsnowandthen，andintervalsofgloomandeclipse，——whatwemightcallswornfriends。Onwhichandongeneralgrounds，Ziethenhasbecome，likeFriedrichhimself，akindofmythicalpersonwiththesoldieryandcommonpeople；moreofademi—godthananyotherofFriedrich’sCaptains。
FriedrichisalwayseagerlyinquestofmenlikeZiethen；
speciallysoatthistime。HehasmeditatedmuchonthebadfigurehisCavalrymadeatMollwitz；andisalreadydrillingthemanewinmultiplexways，duringthoseleisuredayshenowhas，——withevidentsuccessonthenexttrial，thisverySummer。And，ashiswontis，willnotrestsatisfiedthere。Butstrivesincessantly，foraseriesofsummersandyearstocome，tillhebringthemtoperfection；ortothelikenessofhisownthought，whichprobablywasnotfarfromthat。Tillatlengthitcanbesaidhissuccessbecameworld—famous；andhehadsuchSeidlitzesandZiethensaswerenotseenbeforeorsince。
MAPFORTHEFIRSTANDSECONDSILESIANWARHERE
ENDOFBOOK12
HistoryofFriedrichIIofPrussiaV13
byThomasCarlyleCarlyle’s\"HistoryofFriedrichIIofPrussia\"
BookXIII
FIRSTSILESIANWAR，LEAVINGTHEGENERALEUROPEAN
ONEABLAZEALLROUND，GETSENDED。
May，1741—July，1742。
ChapterI。
BRITANNICMAJESTYASPALADINOFTHEPRAGMATIC。
PartFirstofhisBritannicMajesty’sSorrows，theBritannicorDomesticPart，isnowperhapsconceivabletoreaders。ButastotheSecond，theGermanicorPragmaticPart，——articulateHistory，aftermuchconsideration，iscontenttorenounceattemptingthese；
feelsthatthesewillremainforeverinconceivabletomankindinthenowalteredtimes。Sosmallagentleman；andhefeels，dismallythoughwithheroism，thathehasgottheaxisoftheworldonhisshoulder。PoorMajesty！Hiseyes，proudasJove’s，arenothinglikesoperspicacious；apairofthepooresteyes:andhehastoscanwiththem，andunriddleunderpainofdeath，suchawasteofinsolubleintricacies，troublesandworld—perilsasseldomwas，——
eveninDreams。Infact，itisofthenatureofalongNightmareDream，allthisofthePragmatic，tohispoorMajestyandNation；
andwakefulHistorymustnotspendherselfuponit，beyondtheessential。
May12th，betimesthisYear，hisMajestygotacrosstoHanover，Harringtonwithhim；anxioustocontemplatenearathandthatCampoftheOldDessauer’satGottin，andtheotherfearfulphenomena，French，Prussianandother，inthatCountry。HisMajesty，asnatural，wasmuchinGermanyinthoseYears；scanningthephenomena；alongwhilenotknowingwhatintheworldtomakeofthem。BullyBelleislehavingsteptintothering，itisevident，clearasthesun，thatonemustact，andactatonce；butitisaperfectsphinx—enigmatosayHow。SeldomwasSovereignormansospurred，andgoadedon，bythehighestconsiderations；andthensohelddown，andchainedtohisplace，byanimbroglioofcounter—
considerationsandsphinx—riddles！Thriceover，atdifferentdates（whichshallbegiven），thefirstofthemthisYear，hestartsupasinspasm，determinedtodrawsword，andplungein；twiceheiscrusheddownagain，withswordhalfdrawn；andonlythethirdtime（in1743）doeshegetswordout，andbrandishitinasurprisingthoughuselessmanner。Afterwhichhefeelsbetter。Butuptothatcrisis，hiscaseisreallytragical，——hadidlereadersanybowelsforhim；whichtheyhavenot！OneortwoFractions，snatchedfromthecircumambientPaperVortex，mustsufficeusfortheindispensableinthisplace:——
CUNCTATIONS，YETINCESSANTANDUBIQUITOUSENDEAVORINGS，OFHIS
BRITANNICMAJESTY（1741—1743）……AfterthewonderfulRussianPartition—Treaty，whichhisEnglishWalpoleswouldnothearof，——andwhichhasproducedtheCampofGottin，see，yourMajesty！——Georgedoesnothingrashly。Farfromit:indeed，exceptitbepayingmoney，hebecomesagainamiracleofcunctations；andstaggersaboutforyearstocome，likethe——
Shallwesay，liketheWhiteHanoverHorseamidhalfadozensievesofbeans？Alas，no，liketheHanoverHorsewiththeshadowsofhalfadozenDamocles’—swordsdanglingintotheeyesofit；——enoughtodriveanyHorsetoitswit’send！——
\"Todo，todare，\"thinkstheBritannicMajesty；——yes，andofdaringthereisaplenty:but，\"Inwhichdirection？What，How？\"thesearequestionsforafussylittlegentlemancalledtotaketheworldonhisshoulders。WesupposeitwasbyWalpole’sadvicethathegaveherHungarianMajestythat200，000poundsofSecret—ServiceMoney；
——advicesufficientlyWalpolean:\"RussianPartition—Treaties；
horribletothinkof；——bewareoftheseagain！GiveherMajestythatcash；canbedone；itwillkeepmattersafloat，andspoilnothing！\"
That，tillthelateSubsidypayablewithinyearanddayhence，wasalloftangiblehisMajestyhadyetdone；——trulythatisallherHungarianMajestyhasyetgotbyhawkingtheworld，PragmaticSanctioninhand。AndifthatwerethebitofgenerositywhichenabledNeippergtoclimbtheMountainsandbebeatenatMollwitz，thathashelpedlittle！Verybiggenerosities，toafrightfulcipherofMillionsSterlingthroughthecomingyears，willgothesameroad；andamountalsotozero，evenforthereceivingparty，nottospeakofthegiving！Formenandkingsarewisecreatures。
Butwiseorunwise，howgreatarehisBritannicMajesty’sactivitiesinthisPragmaticBusiness！Wemaysay，theyareprodigious，incessant，ubiquitous。Theyareforgottennow，fallenwhollytothespidersandthedust—bins；——thoughFriedrichhimselfwasnotabusierKinginthosedays，ifperhapsabetterdirected。
Itisathingwonderfultous，butsorrowfulandundeniable。
WeperceivetheBritannicMajesty’sownlittlemindpulsingwiththisPragmaticMatter，asthebiggestvolcanowoulddo；——shootingforthdustandsmoke（subsidies，diplomaticemissaries，treaties，offersoftreaty，plans，foolishfutileexertions），atanimmenserate。WhentheCelestialBalancesarecanting，amanoughttoexerthimself。ButastothisofsavingtheHouseofAustriafromFrance，——surely，yourBritannicMajesty，theshortestwaytothat，ifthatissoindispensable，were:ThattheHouseofAustriashouldconsenttogiveupitsstolengoods，betterlatethannever；andtomakethisKingofPrussiaitsfriend，asheofferstobe！JoinedwiththisKing，itwouldmanagetogiveaccountofFranceanditsballoonprojects，byandby。CouldyourBritannicMajestybuttakeMr。Viner’shint；and，intheinterim，mindyourOWNbusiness！——
HisBritannicMajestyintendsimmediatefighting；and，bothinEnglandandHanover，ismakingpreparationloudandgreat。Nay，hewillinhisownpersonfight，ifnecessary，andratherlikesthethoughtofit:hesawOudenardeinhisyoungdays；and，Iamtold，tracesinhimselfatalentforGeneralship。WeretheBritannicMajestytodrawhisownpuissantsword！—Hisownpuissantpursehehasalreadydrawn；andissubsidizingtorightandleft；knockingatalldoorswithmoneyinhand，andthequestion，\"Anyfightingdonehere？\"InEnglanditselftheregoesonmuchdrilling，enlisting；camping，proposingtocamp；whichisnoisyenoughintheBritishNewspapers，muchmoreintheForeign。OneactualCamptherewas\"onLexdenHeathnearColchester，\"fromMaytillOctoberofthis1741，[Manifoldbutinsignificantdetailsaboutit，intheoldNewspapersofthoseMonths。]——Campwaitingalwaystobeshippedacrosstothesceneofaction，butneverwas:——thisactualCamp，andseveralimaginaryoneshere，whichwerealarmingtotheContinentalGazetteer。InEnglandhisMajestyisbusythatway；
stillmoreamonghisHanoverians，nowunderhisownroyaleye；
andamonghisDanesandHessians，whomhehasnowbroughtoverintoHanover，tocombinewiththeothers。DanesandHessians，6，000ofeachkind，heforsometimekeepsbackinstall，uponsubsidy，readyforsuchanoccasion。Their\"CampatHameln，\"\"CampatNienburg\"（will，withtheHanoverians，be30，000odd）；theirswashingandblaringabout，intendingtoencampatHameln，atNienburg，andotherplaces，butneverdoingit，ordoingitwithanyresult:this，withthealarmingEnglishCampsatLexdenandinDreamland，whichalsowerevoidofpracticalissue，filledEuropewithrumorthisSummer。——Eagerenoughtofight；anoblemartialardorinourlittleHercules—Atlas！Butthereliesuchenormousdifficultiesonthethreshold；especiallytheseTwo，whichareinsuperableornearlyso。
DifficultyFIRST，isthatofthelaggardDutch；aPeopleapttobeheavyinthestern—works。TheyarequitelanguidaboutPragmaticSanction，theseDutch；theyanswerhisBritannicMajesty’senthusiasmwithanobesetorpidity；andhopealwaystheywilldriftthrough，insomeway；buoyantintheirownfat，wellballastedastern；andnotneedsuchswimmingforlife。\"Whatalaggardnotion，\"thinkshisMajesty；\"notionintenpairofbreeches，sotospeak！\"ThisstirringupoftheDutch，whichlastsyearonyear，andalmostbeatsLordStair，LordCarteret，andourchiefArtists，isitselfathinglikefew！OneofhisBritannicMajesty’sgreatdifficulties；——insuperablehenevercouldadmitittobe。
\"SurelyyouareaSea—Power，yevaliantDutch；theOTHERSea—Power？
BoundbyBarrierTreaty，TreatyofVienna，andLawofNatureitself，torisewithusagainstthefataldesignsofFrance；
fataltoyourDutchBarrier，firstofall；iftheLibertiesofMankindwereindifferenttoyou！Howisitthatyouwillnot？\"
TheDutchcannotsayhow。Francerockstheminsecurity，byoily—
mouthedDiplomatists，Fenelonandothers:\"WouldnottouchastoneofyourBarrier，fortheworld，yeadmirableDutchneighbors:
onourhonor，thriceandfourtimes，No！\"TheyhaveaneloquentVanHoeyoftheirownatParis；renownedinNewspapers:\"Nothingbutfriendshiphere！\"reportsVanHoeyalways；andtheDutchanswerhisBritannicMajesty:\"Hm，rise？Wellthen，ifwemust！\"——butsitalwaysstill。
NowhereinPoliticalMechanicshaveIseensuchaProblemasthisofhoistingtotheirfeettheheavy—bottomedDutch。Thecunningestleverage，everysortofDiplomaticblock—and—tackle，CarteretandStairthemselvesrunningovertohelpincriticalseasons，isapplied；toalmostnopurpose。Pulllong，pullstrong，pullalltogether，——see，theheavyDutchdostir；somefourinchesofdaylightfairlyvisiblebelowthem:bearahand，oh，bearahand！——
Pooh，theDutchflapdownagain，aslowasever。Aslow，——unless（byDiplomaticart）youhaveWEDGEDthematthefourincheshigher；
which，afterthefirsttimeortwo，isgenerallydone。Atthelonglast，partiallyin1743（uponwhichhisBritannicMajestydrewsword），completelyin1747，theDutchweregottotheirfeet；——
unfortunatelygoodfornothingwhentheywere！WithoutthemhisBritannicMajestydurstnotventure。Hiddeninthosedust—bins，thereisnothingsoabsurd，orwhichwouldbesowearisome，diditnotatlastbecomeslightlyludicrous，asthisofhoistingtheDutch。
DifficultySECOND，whichinenormityofmagnitudemightbereckonedfirst，asinorderoftimeitranksbothfirstandlast，is:
ThecaseofdearHanover；caseinvolvedinmereinsolubilities。
OurowndearHanover，which（weretherenothingmoreinit）isliable，fromthatCampatGottin，tobeslitinpiecesatamoment’swarning！NodrawingswordagainstanefariousPrussia，onthoseterms。TheCampatGottinholdsGeorgeincheckmate。Andthenfinally，inthissameAutumn，1741，whenaMailleboiswithhis40
or50，000French（theLeftwardorwesternofthoseTwoBelleisleArmies），threateningourHanoverfromanotherside，crossedtheLowerRhine——Butletusnotanticipate。ThecaseofHanover，whicheverybodysawtobehisMajesty’svulnerablepoint，wastheconstantopendoorofFranceandhermachinations，andanever—
endingthemeofangryeloquencesintheEnglishParliamentaswell。
SothatthecaseofHanoverprovedinsolublethroughout，andwaslikeaperpetualrunningsore。Ohthepamphleteerings，thedenouncings，thecomplainings，satiricalandelegiac，whichgroundedthemselvesonHanover，theCASEOFTHEHANOVERFORCES，andinnumerableotherHanoveriancases，griefsanddifficulties！
Sopungentlyvitaltosomnambulantmankindatthatepoch；tousfallendeadascarrion，andunendurabletothinkof。Myfriends，ifyousendforGentlemenfromHanover，youmusttakethemwithHanoveradheringmoreorless；andoughtnottoquarrelwithyourbargain，whichyoureckonedsodivine！Nodoubt，itissingulartoseeaBritannicMajestyneglectinghisownSpanishWar，theonerealbusinesshehasatpresent；andrunningaboutoveralltheworld；busy，soul，bodyandbreeches—pocket，inotherpeople’swars；eggingonotherfighting，whisperingeverylikelyfellowhecanmeet，\"Won’tyouperhapsfight？Hereisforyou，ifso！\"——handtobreeches—pocketaccompanyingtheword。Butitmustbesaid，andoughttobebetterknownthaninourdayitis，HisMajesty’sMinisters，andtheEnglishState—Doctorsgenerally，werepreciselyofthesamemind。TOthemtootheAustrianQuarrelwaseverything，theirownpoorSpanishQuarrelnothing；andthecomplainttheymakeofhisMajestyisratherthathedoesnotrushrapidlyenough，withbrandishedsword，aswellaswithguineasrainingfromhim，intothisoneindispensablebusiness。\"OwingtohisfearsforHanover！\"
saythey，withindignation，withnoendofsuspicion，angrypamphleteeringandcoverteloquence，\"withinthosewalls\"
andwithout。
ThesuspicionofHanover’scheckinghisMajesty’sPragmaticvelocityisaltogetherwellfounded；andthereneednomorebesaidonthatHanoverscore。Beitwellunderstoodandadmitted，HanoverwastheBritannicMajesty’sbelovedson；andtheBritishEmpirehisopulentmilk—cow。Richestofmilk—cows；staffofone’slife，forgrandpurposesandsmall；beautifulbiganimal，nottobeprovoked；
buttobestrokedandmilked:——Friends，ifyouwilldoaGloriousRevolutionofthatkind，andburnsuchanamountoftaruponit，whyeatsourherbsforaninevitablecorollarytherefrom！Andletmypresentreadersunderstand，atanyrate，that，——exceptinWapping，Bristolandamongthesimpleinstinctiveclasses（withwhom，itistrue，goPittandsomeillustriousfigures），——politicalEnglandgenerally，whateverofEnglandhadParliamentarydiscourseofreason，anddidPamphlets，Despatches，Harangues，wentgreatlyalongwithhisMajestyinthatPragmaticBusiness。Andbetheblameofdeliriumlaidontherightback，whereitoughttolie，notonthewrong，whichhasenoughtobearofitsown。Andgonotintothatdust—whirlwindofextinctstupidities，Oreader:——whatreaderwould，exceptfordidacticobjects？Knowonlythatitdoesofatruthwhirlthere；andfancyalways，ifyoucan，thatcertainthingsandHumanFigures，aFriedrich，aChathamandsomeothers，haveitfortheirLife—Element。Which，Ioftenthink，istheirprincipalmisfortunewithPosterity；saidLife—Elementhavinggonetosuchanunutterableconditionforgodsandmen。
\"OneotherthingsurprisesusinthoseOldPamphlets，\"saysmyConstitutionalFriend:\"Howthephrase，’CauseofLiberty’everandanonturnsup，withgreatthoughextinctemphasis，evidentlysincere。Aftergroping，oneisastonishedtofinditmeansSupportoftheHouseofAustria；keepingoftheHapsburgsentireintheiroldPossessionsamongmankind！That，toourgreat—grandfathers，wasthe’CauseofLiberty；’——said’Cause’being，withusagain，ElectoralSuffrageandotherthings；anotablydifferentdefinition，perhapsstillwiderofthemark。