OneSon，ALBERTFRIEDRICH:born1553；followsasDuke1568，declaredMELANCHOLIC1573；died1618。HisCousinGeorgeFriedrichadministeredforhimtill1603；afterwhichJoachimFriedrich；
andthen，lastly，JoachimFriedrich’sSon，JohannSigismundtheNinthKurfurst。HadmarriedtheHeiressofCleve（whencecameacelebratedCleveControversyinafter—times）。Noson；agoodmanydaughters；eldestofwhomwasmarriedtoKurfurstJohannSigismund；fromhercamethecontrovertedCleveProperty。
7thKURFURST（1571—1598），JOHANNGEORGE。
YOUNGERCULMBACHLINE。
KurfurstJohannGeorgesettledBaireuthandAnspachonTwoofhisYoungerSons，whoareFoundersofthe\"YoungerCulmbachLine\"
（SPLITLineorPairofLINES）。JagerndorfthenewKurfurst，JoachimFriedrich，kept；settleditononeofhisyoungersons。
HerearethetwonewFoundersinBaireuthandAnspach，andsomeindicationoftheir\"Lines，\"sofarasimportanttousatpresent:
BAIREUTH。
（1。）CHRISTIAN，secondsonofKurfurstJohannGeorge:born1581；
gotBaireuth1603；died1655。AdistinguishedGovernorinhissphere。Hadtwosons；theelderdiedbeforehim，butleftason，ChristianErnst；who（2。）succeeded，and（3。）whoseson，GeorgeWilhelm:1644，1655，1712；1678，1712，1726（areBIRTH，ACCESSION，ENDofthesetwo）；thelatterofwhomhadnosonthatlived。
UponwhichtheposterityofChristian’ssecondsonsucceeded。
SecondsonofChristiannotabletousintwolittleways:
FIRST，ThatHE，GeorgeAlbert，MargrafofCULMbach，istheinscrutable\"MarquisdeLULENbach\"ofBromley’sLetters（anteap。184，lettheCommentatorstakecomfort！）；
SECONDandbetter，ThatfromhimcameourlittleWilhelmina’sHusband，——aswillbeafterwardsexplained。Itwashisgrandson（4。）thatsucceededinBaireuth，GeorgeFriedrichKarl（1688，1726，1735）；FatherofWilhelmina’sHusband。Afterwhom（5。）hisSonFriedrich（1711，1735，1763），Wilhelmina’sHusband；
wholeaving（1763）nothinghutadaughter，BaireuthfelltoAnspach，1769，afteranoldUncle（6。），childless，hadalsodied。
SIXBaireuthMargravesofthisLine；FIVEgenerations；andthentoAnspach，in1769。
ANSPACH。
（1。）JOACHIMERNST，thirdsonofKurfurstJohannGeorge:born1583；gotAnspach1603；died1625。Hadmilitarytendencies，experiences；didnotthriveasCaptainoftheEVANGELICALUNION
（1619—1620）whenWINTER—KINGcameupandTHIRTY—YEARSWARalongwithhim。Lefttwosons；elderofwhom，（2。）Friedrich，nominallySovereign，agestillonlyeighteen，fellintheBattleofNordlingen（worstbattleoftheThirty—YearsWar，1634）；andtheyoungerofwhom，（3。）Albert，succeeded（1620，1634，1667），andhisson，（4。）JohannFriedrich（1654，1667，1686）；and（5，6，7。）
nofewerthanthreegrandsons，——childrenmostly，thoughentitled\"sovereign\"——inaPARALLELway（ChristianAlbert，1675，1686，1692；GeorgeFriedrich，1678，1692，1703；WilhelmFriedrich，1685，1703，1723）。Twolittlepointsnotableherealso，andnothird:
FIRST，Thatoneofthegrand—DAUGHTERS，full—sisterofthelastofthesethreeparallelfigures，half—sisterofthetwoformer，was——QueenCaroline，GeorgeII。’swife，whohasstillsomefamewithus。
SECOND，Thattheyoungestofsaidthreegrandsons，QueenCaroline’sfull—brother，leftasonthenminor，whobecamemajor，（8。）andweddedaSisterofourdearlittleWilhelmina’s，ofwhomweshallhear（KarlWilhelmFriedrich，1712，1723，1757）；
unmomentousMargrafotherwise。Hisandheronesonitwas，（9。）ChristianFriedrichKarlAlexander（1736，1757，1806），whoinheritedBaireuth，inheritedActressClairon，LadyCraven，andatHammersmith（HouseonceBubbDoddington’s，ifthathasanycharm）
endedtheaffair。
NINEAnspachMargraves；inFIVEgenerations:end，1806。
ENDOFBOOKIII
HistoryofFriedrichIIofPrussiaV4
byThomasCarlyleCarlyle’s\"HistoryofFriedrichIIofPrussia\"
BOOKIV。
FRIEDRICH’SAPPRENTICESHIP，FIRSTSTAGE。
1713—1728。
CHAPTERI。
CHILDHOOD:DOUBLEEDUCATIONALELEMENT。
OfFriedrich’schildhood，thereisnot，afterallourreading，muchthatitwouldinteresttheEnglishpublictoheartellof。
Perhapsnotmuchofknowablethatdeservesanywheretobeknown。
Booksonit，expresslyhandlingit，andBooksonFriedrichWilhelm’sCourtandHistory，ofwhichitisalwaysamainelement，arenotwanting:buttheyaremainlyofthesadsortwhich，withpainanddifficulty，teachusnothing，Booksdonebypedantsandtenebrificpersons，underthenameofmen；dwellingnotonthings，but，atendlesslength，ontheouterhusksofthings:ofunparalleledconfusion，too；——notsomuchasanIndexgrantedyou；
tothepoorhalf—peckofcinders，hiddeninthesewagon—loadsofashes，nosieveallowed！Bookstendingreallytofillthemindwithmeredust—whirlwinds，——iftheminddidnotstraightwayblowthemoutagain；whichitdoes。Oftheseletussaynothing。
SeldomhadsocuriousaPhenomenonworsetreatmentfromtheDryasdust，species。
AmongtheseBooks，touchingonFriedrich’schildhood，andtreatingofhisFather’sCourt，thereishardlyaboveonethatwecancharacterizeasfairlyhuman:theBookwrittenbyhislittleSisterWilhelmina，whenshegrewtosizeandknowledgeofgoodandevil；[MemoiresdeFrederiqueSophieWilhelminedePrusse，MargravedeBareith（Brunswick，ParisetLondres，l8l2），2vols。8vo。]——andthis，ofwhatflightyuncertainnatureitis，theworldpartlyknows。AhumanBook，however，notapedantone:thereisamostshrillfemalesoulbusywithintenseearnestnesshere；looking，andteachingustolook。WefinditaVERACIOUSBook，donewithheart，andfromeyesightandinsight；
ofaveracitydeeperthanthesuperficialsort。Itisfullofmistakes，indeed；andexaggeratesdreadfully，initsshrillfemaleway；butisaboveintendingtodeceive:deducttheduesubtrahend，——sayperhapstwenty—fivepercent，orinextremecasesashighasseventy—five，——youwillgetsomehumanimageofcredibleactualitiesfromWilhelmina。Practicallysheisouroneresourceonthismatter。OfthestrangeKingFriedrichWilhelmandhisstrangeCourt，withsuchanHeir—Apparentgrowingupinit，thereisnoreallighttobehad，exceptwhatWilhelminagives，——orkindlesdarkBooksofothersintogiving。Forthat，too，onlongstudy，istheresultofher，hereandthere。Withsoflickeryawax—taperheldoverFriedrich’schildhood，——andtheotherdirtytallow—dipsallgoingoutinintolerableodor，——judgeifoursuccesscanbeverytriumphant！
WeperceivethelittlecreaturehasgotmuchfromNature；notthebigarenaonly，butfineinwardgifts，forheiswell—borninmoresensesthanone；——andthatinthebreedingofhimtherearetwoelementsnoticeable，widelydiverse:theFrenchandtheGerman。
Thisisperhapsthechiefpeculiarity；bestworthlayingholdof，withtheduecomprehension，ifourmeansallow。
FIRSTEDUCATIONALELEMENT，THEFRENCHONE。
Hisnurses，governesses，simultaneousandsuccessive，mostlyofFrenchbreed，aredulysetdowninthePrussianBooks，andheldinmindasapointofdutybyPrussianmen；but，inforeignparts，cannotbeconsideredotherwisethanasagroup，andmerelywithgenericfeatures。HehadaFrauvonKameckeforHeadGoverness，——
theladywhomWilhelmina，inherfamedMemoires，alwayswritesKAMKEN；andofwhom，exceptthefloatinggossipfoundinthatBook，thereisnothingtoberemembered。
Underher，aspracticalsuperintendent，SOUS—GOUVERNANTEandquasi—mother，wastheDamedeRoucoulles，amoreimportantpersonforushere。DamedeRoucoulles，oncedeMontbail，thesamerespectableEdict—of—NantesFrenchladywho，five—and—twentyyearsago，hadtakensimilarchargeofFriedrichWilhelm；afactthatspeakswellforthecharacterofherperformanceinthatoffice。
ShehaddoneherfirsteditionofaPrussianPrinceinasatisfactorymanner；andnotwithoutdifficultaccidentsandsingularities，aswehaveheard:thelikeofwhichweresparedherinthishersecondedition（sowemaycallit）；asecondand，inallmannerofways，animprovedone。TheyoungFritzswallowednoshoe—buckles；didnotleapoutofwindow，hangingonbythehands；
norachieveanythingofturbulent，orotherwisememorable，inhisinfantinehistory；thecourseofwhichwasingeneralsmooth，andruns，happilyforit，belowthekenofrumor。TheBoy，itissaid，andiseasilycredible，wasofextraordinaryvivacity；quickinapprehendingallthings，andgracefullyrelatinghimselftothem。
Oneoftheprettiest，vividestlittleboys；witheyes，withmindandways，ofuncommonbrilliancy；——onlyhetakeslesstosoldieringthanthepaternalheartcouldwish；andappearstofindotherthingsintheworldfullyasnotableaslouddrums，andstiffmendrawnupinrows。Moreover，heisapttobealittleunhealthynowandthen，andrequirescarefromhisnurses，overwhomthejudiciousRoucoulleshastobeveryvigilant。
OfthisrespectableMadamedeRoucoullesIhaveread，atleastseventimes，whatthePrussianBookssayofherbywayofBiography；butitisalwaysgivenintheirdulltombstonestyle；
ithasmoreovernexttonoimportance；andI，——alas，Idonotyettoowellrememberit！ShewasfromNormandy；ofgentleblood，neververyrich；Protestant，intheEdict—of—Nantestime；andhadtoflyhercountry，ayoungwidow，withdaughterandmother—in—lawhangingonher；thewholeofthemalmostpenniless。However，shewaskindlyreceivedattheCourtofBerlin，asusualinthatsadcase；andgotsomepracticalhelptowardslivinginhernewcountry。QueenSophieCharlottehadlikedhersociety；andfindingherofprudentintelligentturn，andwiththestyleofmannerssuitable，hadgivenherFriedrichWilhelmtotakechargeof。
ShewasatthattimeMadamedeMontbail；widow，aswesaid:
sheafterwardsweddedRoucoulles，arefugeegentlemanofherownNation，whohadgoneintothePrussianArmy，aswascommonforthelikeofhim:Shehadagainbecomeawidow，MadamedeRoucoullesthistime，withherdaughterMontbailstillabouther，when，bythegratefulgoodsenseofFriedrichWilhelm，shewasagainintrustedaswesee；——andsohadthehonorofgovernessingFredericktheGreatforthefirstsevenyearsofhislife。
Respectablelady，sheoversawhisnurses，pap—boats，——\"beer—soupandbread，\"hehimselftellsusonce，washismaindietinboyhood，——beer—soups，dress—frocks，firstattemptsatwalking；
andthenalsohislittlebitsofintellectualities，moralities；
hisincipienciesofspeech，demeanor，andspiritualdevelopment；
anddidherfunctionveryhonestly，thereisnodoubt。
Wilhelminamentionsher，atasubsequentperiod；andwehaveaglimpseofthissameRoucoulles，glidingaboutamongtheroyalyoung—folk，\"withonlyonetoothleft\"（figurativelyspeaking），andsomewhatgiventotattle，inPrincessWilhelmina’sopinion。
Grownveryoldnow，poorlady；andthedreadfulestbore，whenshegetsuponHanoverandherexperiences，andQueenSophieCharlotte’s，inthatstupendouslymagnificentcourtunderGentlemanErnst。Shunthattopic，ifyouloveyourpeaceofmind！
[Memoires（abovecited）。]——ShedidcertainlysuperintendtheBoyFritzkinforhisfirstsevenyears；thatisaglorythatcannotbetakenfromher。Andherpupil，too，weagreeablyperceive，wasalwaysgratefulforherservicesinthatcapacity。Onceaweek，ifhewereinBerlin，duringhisyouthfultime，hewassuretoappearattheRoucoullesSoiree，andsayandlookvariouspleasantthingstohis\"CHERMAMAN（dearMamma），\"asheusedtocallher，andtotherespectablesmallpartsshehad。
Nottospeakofothermoresubstantialservices，whichalsowerenotwanting。
Roucoullesandtheotherfemalesouls，mainlyFrench，amongwhomtheincipientFritznowwas，appeartohavedonetheirpartaswellascouldbelookedfor。RespectableEdict—of—NantesFrenchladies，withhighhead—gear，widehoops；aclear，correct，butsomewhatbarrenandmeagrespecies，tight—lacedandhigh—frizzledinmindandbody。Itisnotaveryfertileelementforayoungsoul:notverymuchofsilentpietyinit；andperhapsofvocalpietymorethanenoughinproportion。Anelementfoundingonwhattheycall\"enlightenedProtestantism，\"\"freedomofthought，\"andthelike，whichisapttobecomeloquacious，andtooconsciousofitself；terming，onthewhole，rathertocontemptofthefalse，thantodeeporveryeffectiverecognitionofthetrue。
Butitis，insomeimportantsenses，aclearandpureelementwithal。Atlowest，therearenoconscioussemi—falsities，orvolunteerhypocrisies，taughtthepoorBoy；honor，clearness，truthofwordatleast；adecorousdignifiedbearing；
variousthingoodthings，arehonestlyinculcatedandexemplified；
norisanybad，ungracefulorsuspiciousthingpermittedthere，ifrecognizedforsuch。Itmighthavebeenaworseelement；
andwemustbethankfulforit。Friedrich，throughlife，carriesdeeptracesofthisFrench—Protestantincipiency:averybigwide—branchingroyaltree，intheend；butassmallandflexibleaseedlingonceasanyoneofus。
ThegoodoldDamedeRoucoullesjustlivedtowitnesshisaccession；onwhichgrandjunctureandafterwards，ashehaddonebefore，hecontinuedtoexpress，ingracefulandusefulways，hisgratitudeandhonestaffectiontoherandhers。Teaservices，presentsincut—glassandotherkinds，withLettersthatwerestillmoreprecioustotheoldLady，hadcomealwaysatdueintervals:，andoneofhisearliestkinglygiftswasthatofsomesuitablesmallpensionforMontbail，theelderlydaughterofthispooroldRoucoulles，[Preuss，FriedrichderGrosse，eineLebensgeschichte（5vols。Berlin，1832—1834），v。（Urkundenbuch，p。4）。OEuvresdeFrederic
（samePreuss’sEdition，Berlin，1846—1850，&c。），xvi。184，191。——
TheHerrDoctorJ。D。E。Preuss，\"HistoriographerofBrandenburg，\"
devotedwhollytothestudyofFriedrichforfive—and—twentyyearspast，andforaboveadozenyearsbusilyengagedineditingtheOEuvresdeFrederic，——has，besidesthatLebensgeschichtejustcited，threeorfoursmallerBooks，ofindistinctlydifferenttitles，onthesamesubject。Ameritoriouslyexactman；acquaintedwiththeouterdetailsofFriedrich’sBiography（hadheanywayofarranging，organizingorsettingthemforth）asfewmeneverwereorwillbe。
WeshallmeanalwaysthisLebensgeschichte
here，whennoothertitleisgiven:andOEuvresdeFredericshallsignifyHISEdition，unlessthecontrarybestated。]whowasjustsingingherDIMITTAESasitwere，stillinablitheandpiousmanner。Forshesawnow（in1740）herlittlenurslinggrowntobeabrilliantmanandKing；
KinggoneouttotheWars，too，withallEuropeinquiringandwonderingwhattheissuewouldbe。Asforher，sheclosedherpooroldeyes，atthisstageofthebusiness；piously，inforeignparts，farfromhernativeNormandy；anddidnotseefartherwhattheissuewas。GoodoldDame，Ihave，aswasobserved，readsomeseventimesoverwhattheycallbiographicalaccountsofher；
buthaveseventimes（byHeaven’sfavor，Idopartlybelieve）
mostlyforgottenthemagain；andwouldnot，withoutcause，inflictonanyreaderthelikesorrow。Torememberoneworthything，howmanythousandunworthythingsmustamanbeabletoforget！
FromthisEdict—of—Mantesenviroument，whichtaughtouryoungFritzhisfirstlessonsofhumanbehavior，——apolitesharplittleBoy，wedohopeandunderstand，——helearnedalsotoclothehisbitsofnotions，emotions，andgarrulousutterabilities，intheFrenchdialect。Learnedtospeak，andlikewise，whatismoreimportant；toTHINK，inFrench；whichwasotherwisequitedomesticatedinthePalace，andbecamehissecondmother—tongue。
Notabaddialect；yetalsononeofthebest。Veryleanandshallow，ifveryclearandconvenient；leavingmuchinpoorFritzunuttered，unthought，unpractised，whichmightotherwisehavecomeintoactivityinthecourseofhislife。Helearnedtoreadverysoon，Ipresume；buthedidnot，noworafterwards，everlearntospell。HespellsindeeddreadfullyILL，athisfirstappearanceonthewritingstage，asweshallseebyandby；andhecontinued，tothelast，oneofthebadspellersofhisday。AcircumstancewhichInevercanfullyaccountfor，andwillleavetothereader’sstudy。
Fromallmannerofsources，——frominferiorvaletaille，PrussianOfficials，RoyalMajestyitselfwhennotingala，——helearned，notlessrootedly，thecorruptPrussiandialectofGerman；andusedthesame，allhisdays，amonghissoldiers，nativeofficials，commonsubjectsandwhereveritwasmostconvenient；speakingit，andwritingandmisspellingit，withgreatfreedom，thoughalwayswithacertainaversionandundisguisedcontempt，whichhassincebroughthimblameinsomequarters。Itistrue，thePrussianformofGermanisbutrude；andprobablyFriedrich，exceptsometimesinLuther’sBible，neverreadanyGermanBook。What，ifwewillthinkofit，couldheknowofhisfirstmother—tongue！German，tothisday，isafrightfuldialectforthestupid，thepedantanddullardsort！Onlyinthehandsofthegifteddoesitbecomesupremelygood。IthadnotyetbeenthelanguageofanyGoethe，anyLessing；
thoughitstoodontheeveofbecomingsuch。IthadalreadybeenthelanguageofLuther，ofUlrichHutten，FriedrichBarbarossa，Charlemagneandothers。Andseveralextremelyimportantthingshadbeensaidinit，andsomepleasantonesevensunginit，fromanolddate，inaveryappropriatemanner，——hadCrown—PrinceFriedrichknownallthat。Buthecouldnotreasonablybeexpectedtoknow:——andthewiserGermansnowforgivehimfornotknowing，andareeventhankfulthathedidnot。
ChapterII。
THEGERMANELEMENT。
Sothat，aswesaid，therearetwoelementsforyoungFritz，andhighlydiverseones，frombothofwhichheistodrawnourishment，andassimilatewhathecan。BesidesthatEdict—of—NantesFrenchelement，andincontinualcontactandcontrastwithit，whichprevailschieflyintheFemaleQuartersofthePalace，——thereisthenativeGermanelementforyoungFritz，ofwhichthecentreisPapa，nowcometobeKing，andpowerfullymanifestinghimselfassuch。AnabruptperemptoryyoungKing；andGermantothebone。
Alongwithwhom，companionstohiminhissocialhours，andfellow—workersinhisbusiness，areasetofveryruggedGermansonsofNature；differingmuchfromtheFrenchsonsofArt。
BaronGrumkow，LeopoldPrinceofAnhalt—Dessau（notyetcalledthe\"OLDDessauer，\"beingunderfortyyet），GeneralGlasenap，ColonelDerschau，GeneralFlans；these，andtheothernamelessGeneralsandOfficials，areacuriouscounterparttotheCamases，theHautcharmoysandForcades，withtheirnimbletonguesandrapiers；
stillmoretotheBeausobres，Achards，fullofecclesiasticallogic，madeofBayleandCalvinkneadedtogether；andtothehigh—frizzledladiesrustlinginstiffsilk，withtheshadowofVersaillesandoftheDragonnadesalikepresenttothem。
BornHyperboreanstheseothers；roughashemp，andstoutoffibreashemp；nativeproductsoftherigorousNorth。Ofwhom，afterallourreading，weknowlittle。——OHeaven，theyhavehadlonglinesofruggedancestors，castinthesamerudestalwartmould，andleadingtheirroughlifethere，ofwhomweknowabsolutelynothing！Dumballthoseprecedingbusygenerations；andthisofFriedrichWilhelmisgrownalmostdumb。Grimsemi—articulatePrussianmen；gonealltopipe—clayandmustacheforus。
Strangeblond—complexioned，notunbeautifulPrussianhonorablewomen，inhoops，brocades，andunintelligiblehead—gearandhair—towers，——ACHGOTT，theytooaregone；andtheirmusicaltalk，intheFrenchorGermanlanguage，thatalsoisgone；andthehollowEternitieshaveswallowedit，astheirwontis，inaverysurprisingmanner！——
Grumkow，acunning，greedy—hearted，long—headedfellow，oftheoldPomeranianNobilitybybirth，hasakindofsuperficialpolishputuponhisHyperboreanisms；hehasbeeninforeigncountries，doinglegations，diplomacies，forwhich，atleastforthevulpinepartsofwhich，hehasaturn。HewritesandspeaksarticulategrammaticalFrench；butneitherinthat，norinnativePommerishPlatt—Deutsch，doesheshowusmuch，exceptthedepthsofhisowngreed，ofhisownastucitiesandstealthyaudacities。Ofwhichweshallhearmorethanenoughbyandby。
OFTHEDESSAUER，NOTYET\"OLD。\"
AstothePrinceofAnhalt—Dessau，ruggedman，whoseveryfaceisthecolorofgunpowder，healsoknowsFrench，andcanevenwriteinit，ifhelike，——havingdulyhadaTutorofthatnation，andstrangeadventureswithhimonthegrandtourandelsewhere；——butdoesnotmuchpractisewriting，whenitcanbehelped。
Hischildren，Ihaveheard，heexpresslydidnotteachtoreadorwrite，seeingnobenefitinthateffeminateart，butleftthemtopickitupastheycould。HisPrincess，allrightlyennoblednow，——whomhewouldnotbutmarry，thoughsentonthegrandtourtoavoidit，——wasthedaughterofoneFosanApothecaryatDessau；
andisstillabeautifulandprudentkindofwoman，whoseemstosuithimwellenough，noworsethanifshehadbeenbornaPrincess。Muchtalkhasbeenofher，inprincelyandothercircles；norishismarriagetheonlystrangethingLeopoldhasdone。Heisamantokeeptheworld’stonguewagging，nottoomusicallyalways；thoughhimselfofveryunvocalnature。
Perhapsthebiggestmassofinarticulatehumanvitality，certainlyoneofthebiggest，thengoingaboutintheworld。Amanofvastdumbfaculty；dumb，butfertile，deep；noendofingenuitiesintheroughheadofhim:——asmuchmother—wit，there，Ioftenguess，ascouldbefoundinwholetalkingparliaments，spoutingthemselvesawayinvocablesandeloquentwind！
Amanofdreadfulimpetuositywithal。SetuponhiswillastheonelawofNature；stormingforwardwithincontrollableviolence:
averywhirlwindofaman。Hewasleftaminor；hisMotherguardian。NothingcouldpreventhimfrommarryingthisFostheApothecary’sDaughter；notearsnorcontrivancesofhisMother，whomhemuchloved，andwhotookskilfulmeasures。FourteenmonthsoftravelinItaly；grandtour，witheligibleFrenchTutor，——whomheoncedrewswordupon，gettingsomerebukefromhimonenightinVenice，andwouldhavekilled，hadnotthemanbeennimble，atoncedexterousandsublime:——itavailednot。Thefirstthinghedid，onre—enteringDessau，withhisTutor，wastocallatApothecaryFos’s，andseethecharmingMamsell；togoandseehisMother，wssthesecondthing。MotevenhisgrandpassionforwarcoulderadicateFos:hewenttoDutohWilliam’swars；thewisemotherstillcounselling，whowasownaunttoDutohWilliam，andlikedthescheme。HebesiegedNamur；foughtandbesiegedupanddown，——withinsatiableappetiteforfightingandsieging；
withgreathonor，too，andambitionsawakeninginhim；——campaignaftercampaign:butalongwiththeflamy—thunderyidealbride，figurativelycalledBellona，therewasalwaysasoftrealone，MamsellFosofDessau，towhomhecontinuedconstant。
TheGovernmentofhisDominionsheleftcheerfullytohisMother，evenwhenhecameofage:\"IamforlearningWar，astheonerighttrade；dowithallthingsasyouplease，Mamma，——onlynotwithMamsell，notwithher！\"——
Readersmayfigurethisscenetoo，andshudderoverit。
SomeratherhandsomemaleCousinofMamsell，MedicalGraduateorwhateverhewas，hadappearedinDessau:——\"Seems，toadmireMamsellmuch；ofcourse，inaPlatonicway，\"saidrumor:——
\"He？Admire？\"thinksLeopold；——thinksagooddealofit，notinthephilosophicmood。AshewasonedaypassingFos’s，MamsellandtheMedicalGraduatearevisible，standingtogetheratthewindowinside。PleasantlylookingoutuponNature，——ofcoursequitecasually，saysomeHistorieswithasneer。Infact，itseemspossiblethisMedicalGraduatemayhavebeensettoactshoeing—
horn；buthehadbetternot。LeopoldstormsintotheHouse，\"Draw，scandalouscanaille，anddefendyourself！\"——Andinthis，orsomesuchway，aconfidenttraditionsays，hekilledthepoorMedicalGraduatethereandthen。Onetriesalwaystohopenot:
butVarnhagenispositive，thoughtheotherHistoriessaynothingofit。Godknows。ThemanwasaPrince；noReichshofrath，Speyer—WetzlarKAMMER，orotherSupremeCourt，wouldmuchtroubleitself，exceptwithformalshakingsofthewig，aboutsuchapeccadillo。Infine，itwasbetterforLeopoldtomarrytheMissFos；whichheactuallydid（1698，inhistwenty—secondyear），\"withtheleft—hand，\"——andthenwiththerightandbothhands；
havinggotherproperlyennobledbeforelong，byhissplendidmilitaryservices。Shemade，aswehavehinted，anexcellentWifetohim，forthefiftyorsixtyensuingyears。
Thisisastrangeruggedspecimen，thisinarticulateLeopold；
alreadygettingmythic，aswecanperceive，tothepolishedvocalages；whichmixallmanneroffableswiththeconsiderablehistoryhehas。Readerswillseehimturnupagaininnotableforms。Amanhithertounknownexceptinhisowncountry；andyetofveryconsiderablesignificancetoallEuropeancountrieswhatsoever；
thefruitofhisactivities，withouthisnameattached，beingnowmanifestinallofthem。Heinventedtheironramrod；heinventedtheequalstep；infact，heistheinventorofmodernmilitarytactics。Evenso，ifweknewit:theSoldieryofeverycivilizedcountrystillreceivesfromthisman，onparade—fieldsandbattle—fields，itswordofcommand；outofhisroughheadproceededtheessentialofallthattheinnumerableDrill—sergeants，invariouslanguages，dailyrepeatandenforce。
Suchamanisworthsometransientglancefromhisfellow—creatures，——especiallywithalittleFritztrottingathisfoot，anddrawinginferencesfromhim。
Dessau，weshouldhavesaidfortheEnglishreader’sbehoof，wasandstillisalittleindependentPrincipality；aboutthesizeofHuntingdonshire，butwithwoodsinsteadofbogs；——revenueofit，atthisday，is60，000pounds，wasperhapsnot20，oreven10，000
inLeopold’sfirsttime。ItliessomefourscoremilessouthwestofBerlin，attainablebypost—horsesinaday。Leopold，ashisFatherhaddone，stoodbyPrussiaasifwhollynativetoit。Leopold’sMotherwasSisterofthatfineLouisa，theGreatElector’sfirstWife；hisSisterisweddedtotheMargrafofSchwedt，FriedrichWilhelm’shalf—uncle。Lyinginsuchneighborhood，andbeinginsuchaffinitytothePrussianHouse，theDessauersmaybesaidtohave，inlatetimes，theirheadquartersatBerlin。LeopoldandLeopold’ssons，ashisfatherbeforehimhaddone，withoutneglectingtheirDessauandPrincipality，holdbythePrussianArmyastheirmainemployment。NotneglectingDessaueither；
butgoingthitherinwinter，oroncallotherwise；Leopoldleastofallneglectingit，whoneglectsnothingthatcanbeusefultohim。
HeisGeneralField—MarshalofthePrussianArmies，theforemostmaninwar—matterswiththisnewKing；andwellworthytobeso。
Heisinventing，orbroodinginthewaytoinvent，avarietyofthings，——\"ironramrods，\"forone；averygreatimprovementonthefragileineffectivewoodenimplement，sayalltheBooks，butgivenodatetoit；thatisthefirstthing；andtherewillbeothers，likewiseundated，butposterior，requiringmentionbyandby。
Inventingmanythings；——andalwayswellpractisingwhatisalreadyinvented，andknownforcertain。Inaword，heisdrillingtoperfection，withassiduousrigor，thePrussianInfantrytobethewonderoftheworld。Hehasfoughtwiththem，too，inaconclusivemanner；andisatalltimesreadyforfighting。
HewasinMalplaquetwiththem，ifonlyasvolunteeronthatoccasion。HecommandedtheminBlenheimitself；stood，intherightorEugenewingofthatfamedBattleofBlenheim，fiercelyatbay，whentheAustrianCavalryhadallfled；——fiercelyvolleying，charging，dexterouslywheelingandmanoeuvring；stickingtohisgroundwithamastiff—liketenacity，——tillMarlborough，andvictoryfromtheleft，relievedhimandothers。HewasattheBridgeofCassano；whereEugeneandVendomecametohand—grips；——
whereMirabeau’sGrandfather，COL—D’ARGENT，gothissix—and—thirtywounds，andwas\"killed\"asheusedtotermit。[Carlyle’sMiscellanies，v。？Mirabeau。]\"ThehottestfireIeversaw，\"saidEugene，whohadnotseenMalplaquetatthattime。WhileCol—d’ArgentsankcollapsedupontheBridge，andthehorsechargedoverhim，andagaincharged，andbeatandwerebeatenthreeseveraltimes，——Anhalt—Dessau，impatientofsuchfiddlinghitherandthither，swashedintothestreamitselfwithhisPrussianFoot:swashedthroughit，waist—deeporbreast—deep；
andmighthavesettledthematter，hadnothiscartridgesgotwetted。OldKingFriedrichrebukedhimangrilyforhisimpetuosityinthismatter，andthesadlossofmen。
ThenagainhewasattheStormingoftheLinesofTurin，——Eugene’sfeatof1706，andamostvolcanicbusiness；——wasthefirstmanthatgot—overtheentrenchmentthere。Foremostman；faceallblackwiththesmokeofgunpowder，onlychannelledhereandtherewithrivuletsofsweat；——notalovelyphenomenontotheFrenchintheinterior！Whostillfoughtlikemadmen，butwereatlengthdrivenintoheaps，andobligedtorun。Awhilebeforetheyran，Anhalt—Dessau，noticingsomeCaptainpostedwithhiscompanyinalikelysituation，steptasidetohimforamoment，andasked，\"AmIwounded，thinkyou。？——No？Thenhaveyouanythingtodrink？\"
anddeliberately\"drankaglassofaqua—vitae，\"thejudiciousCaptaincarryingapocket—pistolofthatsort，incaseofaccident；andlikewise\"eat，withgreatappetite，abitofbreadfromoneofthesoldiers’haversacks；saying，Hebelievedtheheatofthejobwasdone，andthattherewasnofearnow！\"——
DesweltberumktenLeopoldi，&c。（Anonymous，byRanfft，citedabove），pp。42—45，52，65。]
Amanthathasbeeninmanywars；inwhoseroughhead，areschemeshatching。AnyreligionhehasisofProtestantnature；buthehasnotmuch，——onthedoctrinalside，verylittle。Luther’sHymn，EinefesteBurgistunserGott，hecalls\"GodAlmighty’sgrenadier—march。\"Onjoiningbattle，heaudiblyutters，withbaredhead，somegrowlofruggedprayer，farfromorthodoxattimes，butmuohinearnest:thatliftingofhishatforprayer，ishislastsignalonsuchoccasions。Heisverycunningasrequired，withal；notdisdainingtheserpentinemethodwhennootherwilldo。WithFriedrichWilhelm，whoishissecond—cousin（Mother’sgrand—nephew，ifthereadercancountthat），heisfromofoldonthebestfooting，andcontrivestobehisMentorinmanythingsbesidesWar。TillhisquarrelwithGrumkow，ofwhichweshallhear，hetooktheleadinpoliticaladvising，too；andhadschemes，orwasthoughttohave，ofwhichQueenSophiewasinmuchterror。
Atall，strong—boned，hairyman；withcloudybrows，vigilantswifteyes；has\"abluishtintofskin，\"saysWilhelmina，\"asifthegunpowderstillstucktohim。\"Hewearslongmustaches；triangularhat，plumeandotherequipments，areofthriftypracticalsize。
Canbepoliteenoughinspeech；buthidesmuchofhismeaning，whichindeedismostlyinarticulate，andnotalwaysjoyfultotheby—stander。Heplaysroughpranks，too，onoccasion；andhasabighorse—laughinhim，wherethereisafoptoberoasted，orthelike。Wewillleavehimforthepresent，inhopeofothermeetings。
Remarkablemen，manyofthoseoldPrussiansoldiers:ofwhomonewishes，tonopurpose，thattherehadmoreknowledgebeenattainable。ButtheBooksaresilent；nopainter，nogenialseeing—mantopaintwithhispen，wasthere。GrimhirsuteHyperboreanfigures，theypassmostlymutebeforeus:burly，surly；inmustaches，indimuncertaingarniture，ofwhichthebuff—beltsandthesteel，arealoneconspicuous。GrowlingingutturalTeutsohwhatlittlearticulatemeaningtheyhad:
spending，oftheinarticulate，aproportioningames，ofchance，probablytooindrinkingbeer；yethavinganimmenseoverpluswhichtheydonotsospend，butendeavortoutterinsuchworkingastheremaybe。SohavetheHyperboreanslivedfromofold。
FromthetimesofTacitusandPytheas，nottospeakofOdinandJaphet，whathostsofthemhavemarchedacrossExistence，inthatmanner；——andwhereisthememorythatwould，evenifitcould，speakofthemall！——
WewillhopethemindofourlittleFritzhaspowersofassimilation。Bayle—Calvinlogics，andshadowsofVersailles，onthishand，andgunpowderLeopoldsandinarticulateHyperboreansonthat:hereisawidediversityofnutriment，allrathertoughinquality，providedfortheyoungsoul。Innumerableunconsciousinferenceshemusthavedrawninhislittlehead！PrinceLeopold’sface，withthewhiskersandblueskin，Ifindhewaswont，atafterperiods，todoincaricature，underthefigureofaCat’s；——
horrorandadmirationnotthesolefeelingsraisedinhimbytheField—Marshal。——Forbodilynourishmenthehad\"beer—soup；\"
adecidedSpartantoneprevailing，whereverpossible，inthebreedingandtreatmentofhim。
Andweneednotdoubt，byfarthemostimportantelementofhiseducationwastheunconsciousApprenticeshiphecontinuallyservedtosuchaSpartanasKingFriedrichWilhelm。Ofwhoseworksandwayshecouldnothelptakingnote，angryorother，everydayandhour；norintheend，ifhewereintelligent，helpunderstandingthem，andlearningfromthem。AharshMasterandalmosthalf—mad，asitmanytimesseemedtothepoorApprentice；yetatrueandsolidone，whoserealwisdomwasworththatofalltheothers，ashecameatlengthtorecognize。
ChapterIII。
FBIEDRICHWILHELMISKING。
WiththedeathofoldKingFriedrich，thereoccurredatoncevastchangesintheCourtofBerlin；atotalanduniversalchangeinthemodeoflivinganddoingbusinessthere。FriedrichWilhelm，outoffilialpiety，woreathisfather’sfuneralthegrandFrenchperukeandothersublimitiesofFrenchcostume；butitwasforthelasttime:thatsaddutyoncedone，heflungthewholeaside，notwithoutimpatience，andonnooccasionworesuchcostumeagain。
HewasnotafriendtoFrenchfashions，norhadeverbeen；farthecontrary。Inhisboyhood，saytheBiographers，therewasonceagrandembroideredcloth—of—gold，orotherwisesupremelymagnificent，littleDressing—gowngivenhim；buthewouldatnorateputiton，orbeconcernedwithit；onthecontrary，stuffeditindignantly\"intothefire；\"anddemandedwholesomeusefulduffelinstead。
Hebeganhisreformliterallyattheearliestmoment。
BeingsummonedintotheapartmentwherehispoorFatherwasinthelaststruggle，hecouldscarcelygetacrossforKAMMERJUNKER，KAMMERHERRN，Goldsticks，Silversticks，andtheothersolemnhistrionicfunctionaries，allcrowdingtheretodotheirsadmimicryontheoccasion:notalovelyaccompanimentinFriedrichWilhelm’seyes。HispoorFather’sdeath—struggleoncedone，andallreducedtoeverlastingrestthere，FriedrichWilhelmlookedinsilenceovertheUnutterable，foraShortspace，disregardfuloftheGoldsticksandtheireagernewhomaging；walkedswiftlyawayfromittohisownroom，shutthedoorwithaslam；andthere，shakingthetearsfromhiseyes，commencedbyanotableduty，——thedutynearesthand，andthereforefirsttobedone，asitseemedtohim。Itwasaboutoneintheafternoon，25thFebruary，1713；
hisFatherdeadhalfanhourbefore:\"TearsataFather’sdeath—bed，musttheybedashedwithragebysuchasetofgreedyHistrios？\"thoughtFriedrichWilhelm。HesummonedthesehisCourt—people，thatistosay，summonedtheirOBER—HOFMARSCHALLandrepresentative；andthroughhimsignifiedtothem，That，tilltheFuneralwasover，theirservicewouldcontinue；andthatonthemorrowaftertheFuneral，theywere，everysoulofthem，discharged；andfromthehighestGoldstickdowntothelowestPage—in—waiting，theKing’sHouseshouldbesweptentirelycleanofthem；——saidHouseintendingtostartafreshuponaquitenewfooting。[Forster，i。174；Pollnitz，Memoiren，ii。4。]Whichspreadsuchaconsternationamongthecourtierpeople，saytheHistories，aswasneverseenbefore。
Thethingwasdone，however；andnobodydurstwhisperdiscontentwithit；thisruggedyoungKing，withhisplangentmetallicvoice，withhissteady—beamingeyes，seemingdreadfullyinearnestaboutit，andapersonthatmightprovedangerousifyoucrossedhim。
HereducedhisHouseholdaccordingly，atonce，tothelowestfootingoftheindispensable；anddischargedawholeregimentofsuperfluousofficialpersons，court—flunkies，inferior，superiorandsupreme，inthemostruthlessmanner。HedoesnotintendkeepinganyOBER—HOFMARSCHALL，orthelikeidleperson，henceforth；thinksaminimumoftheGoldsticksoughttosufficeeveryman。
EightLackeys，intheante—chambersandelsewhere，these，witheachaJAGERBURSCH（whatweshouldcallanUNDER—KEEPER）toassistwhennothunting，willsuffice:Lackeysat\"eightTHALERS
monthly，\"whichissixshillingsaweek。ThreeactivePages，sometimestwo，insteadofperhapsthreedozenidlethatthereusedtobe。InKingFriedrich’stime，therewerewonttobeathousandsaddle—horsesatcornandhay:buthowmanyofthemwereinactualuse？Verymanyofthemweremereimaginaryquadrupeds；theirpriceandkeeppocketedbysomeknavishSTALLMEISTER，EquerryorHead—groom。FriedrichWilhelmkeepsonlythirtyHorses；buttheseareveryactual，notimaginaryatall；theircornnotrunningintoanyknave’spocket；butlyingactuallyinthemangershere；
gettinggroundforyouintoactualfour—footedspeed，when，onturforhighway，yourequiresuchathing。About，thirtyforthesaddle，——withafewcarriage—teams，arewhatFriedrichWilhelmcanemployinanyreasonablemeasure:andmorehewillnothaveabouthim。
InthelikeruthlesshumorhegoesoverhisPension—list；
strikesthreefourthsofthataway，reducestheremainingfourthtotheverybone。Inlikehumor，hegoesovereverydepartmentofhisAdministrative，HouseholdandotherExpenses:shearseverythingdown，herebythehundredthalers，therebytheten，willingeventosaveHALFATHALER。Hegoesoverallthisthreeseveraltimes；——hisPapers，thethreesuccessiveListsheusedonthatoccasion，havebeenprinted。[Rodenbeck，BeitragezurBereicherungderLebembeschreibungenFriedrichWilhelmsI。undFriedrichsdesGrossen（Berlin，1836），pp。99—127。]
Hehassatisfiedhimself，inabouttwomonths，what，theeffectiveminimumis；andleavesitso。Reducedtobelowthefifthofwhatitwas；55，000THALERS，insteadof276，000。[Stenzel，iii。237。]
Bydegreeshewentover，wentintoandthrough，everydepartmentofPrussianBusiness，inthatfashion；steadily，warily，irresistiblycompellingeveryitemofit，largeandlittle，totakethatsamecharacterofperfecteconomyandsolidity，ofutilitypureandsimple。Needfulworkistoberigorouslywelldone；needlesswork，andineffectualorimaginaryworkers，toberigorouslypitchedoutofdoors。WhatablessingonthisEarth；
worthpurchasingalmostatanyprice！Themoneysavedissomething，nothingifyouwill；buttheamountofmendacityexpunged，hasanyonecomputedthat？Mendacitynotoftongue；
butthefarfellersort，ofhand，andofheart，andofhead；
shortsummaryofallDevil’s—worshipwhatsoever。Whichspreadssilentlyalong，onceyouletitin，withfullpurseorwithempty；
somefoolsevenpraisingit:thequietDRY—ROTofNations！
Toexpungesuchisgreatlythedutyofeveryman，especiallyofeveryKing。Unconsciously，notthinkingofDevil’s—worship，orspiritualdry—rot，butofmoneychiefly，andledbyNatureandthewaysshehaswithus，itwasthetaskofFriedrichWilhelm’slifetobringaboutthisbeneficentresultinalldepartmentsofPrussianBusiness，greatandlittle，publicandevenprivate。
Yearafteryear，hebringsittoperfection；pushesitunweariedlyforwardeverydayandhour。SothathehasPrussia，atlast，allaPrussiamadeafterhisownimage；themostthrifty，hardy，rigorousandSpartancountryanymodernKingevertiedover；
andhimself（ifhethoughtofthat）aKingindeed。HethatmodelsNationsaccordingtohisownimage，heisaKing，thoughhissceptrewereawalking—stick；and，properlynootheris。
FriedrichWilhelmwaswonderedat，andlaughedat，byinnumerablemortalsforhiswaysofdoing；whichindeedwereverystrange。
NotthathefiguredmuchinwhatiscalledPublicHistory，ordesiredtodoso；for，thoughavigilantruler，hedidnotdealinprotocollingandcampaining，——heletaminimumofthatsufficehim。Butincourtsoirees，whereelegantemptytalkgoeson，andofallmaterialsforitscandalisfoundincomparablythemostinteresting。IsupposethereturnedupnonameoftenerthanthatofhisPrussianMajesty；andduringthesetwenty—sevenyearsofhisReign，hiswildpranksandexplosionsgavefoodforcontinualtalkinsuchquarter。
ForhewaslikenootherKingthatthenexisted，orhadeverbeendiscovered。WilderSonofNatureseldomcameintotheartificialworld；intoaroyalthronethere，probablynever。Awildman，whollyinearnest，veritableastheoldrocks，——andwithaterriblevolcanicfireinhimtoo。Hewouldhavebeenstrangeanywhere；butamongthedapperRoyalgentlemenoftheEighteenthCentury，whatwastobedonewithsuchanOrsonofaKing？——ClaphiminBedlam，andbringouttheballot—boxesinstead？Themoderngeneration，too，stilltakesitsimpressionofhimfromtheserumors，——stillmorenowfromWilhelmina’sBook；whichpaintstheoutsidesavageryoftheroyalman，inamoststrikingmanner；
andleavestheinsidevacant，undiscoveredbyWilhelminaortherumors。
Neverthelessitappearstherewereafewobservanteyesevenofcontemporaries，whodiscernedinhimasurprisingtalentfor\"NationalEconomics\"atleast。OneLeipzigProfessor，Saxon，notPrussianbynationorinterest，recognizesinFriedrichWilhelm\"DENGROSSENWIRTH（thegreatManager，Husbandry—man，orLandlord）
oftheepoch；\"andlecturesonhisadmirable\"works，arrangementsandinstitutions\"inthatkind。[Rodenbeck’sBeitrage（p。14），——Year，orNameofLecturer，notmentioned。]
NaythedapperRoyalgentlemensaw，withenvy，theindubitablegrowthofthismadsavageBrother；andascribeditto\"hisavarice，\"tohismeanways，whichwereinsuchcontrasttotheirsublimeones。ThatheunderstoodNationalEconomicshasnowbecomeverycertain。Hisgrimsemi—articulatePapersandRescripts，onthesesubjects，arestillalmostworthreading，byaloverofgenuinehumantalentinthedumbform。Forspelling，grammar，penmanshipandcomposition，theyresemblenothingelseextant；
areasifdonebythepawofabear:indeedtheutterancegenerallysoundsmorelikethegrowlingofabearthananythingthatcouldbehandilyspeltorparsed。Butthereisadecisivehumansenseintheheartofit；andthereissuchadirehatredofemptybladders，unrealitiesandhypocriticalformsandpretences，whathecalls\"windandhumbug（WINDUNDBLAUERDUNST），\"asisverystrangeindeed。Strangeamongallmankind；doublyandtreblystrangeamongtheunfortunatespeciescalledKingsinourtime。
Towhom，——forsadreasonsthatcouldbegiven，——\"windandbluevapor（BLAUERDUNST），\"artisticallymanagedbytherulesofAcousticsandOptics，seemtobeallwehaveleftus！——
Itmustbeownedthatthismanisinflexibly，andwithafierceslowinexorabledetermination，setuponhavingrealitiesroundhim。Thereisadivineideaoffactputintohim；thegenusshamwasneverhatefulertoanyman。Letitkeepoutofhisway，wellbeyondtheswingofthatrattanofhis，oritmaygetsomethingtoremember！Ajustman，too；wouldnotwronganyman，norplayfalseinwordordeedtoanyman。WhatisJusticebutanotherformoftheREALITYwelove；atruthactedout？Ofallthehumbugsor\"paintedvapors\"known，Injusticeistheleastcapableofprofitingmenorkings！Ajustman，Isay；andavaliantandveracious:butruggedasawildbear；entirelyinarticulate，asifdumb。Noburstsofparliamentaryeloquenceinhim，northeleasttendencythatway。HistalentforStump—Oratorymaybereckonedtheminimumconceivable，orpracticallynotedaZERO。AmanwhowouldnothaveriseninmodernPoliticalCircles；manunchoosableathustingsorincaucus；manforeverinvisible，andveryunadmirableifseen，totheAbleEditorandthosethathangbyhim。Infact，akindofsavageman，aswesay；buthighlyinteresting，ifyoucanreaddumbhumanworth；andofinexpressibleprofittothePrussianNation。
Forthefirsttenyearsofhisreign，hehadaheavy，continualstruggle，gettinghisfinanceandotherbranchesofadministrationextricatedfromtheirstranglingimbrogliosofcoilednonsense，andputuponarationalfooting。Hislaborintheseyears，thefirstoflittleFritz’slife，musthavebeengreat；thepushingandpullingstrongandcontinual。Thegoodplanitself，thiscomesnotofitsownaccord；itisthefruitof\"genius\"（whichmeanstranscendentcapacityoftakingtrouble，firstofall）:givenahugestackoftumbledthrums，itisnotinyoursleepthatyouwillfindthevitalcentreofit，orgetthefirstthrumbytheend！Andthentheexecution，therealizing，amidthecontradiction，silentorexpressed，ofmenandthings？ExplosiveviolencewasbynomeansFriedrichWilhelm’smethod；theamountofslowstubbornbroad—shoulderedstrength，inallkinds，expendedbytheman，strikesusasverygreat。Theamountofpatienceeven，thoughpatienceisnotreckonedhisforte。
ThatoftheRITTER—DIENST（Knights’—Service），forexample，whichisbutonesmallitemofhisbusiness，thecommutingoftheoldfeudaldutyofhisLandholderstodoServiceinWartime，intoafixedmoneypayment:nothingcouldbefairer，moreclearlyadvantageoustobothparties；andmostofhis\"Knights\"gladlyacceptedtheproposal:yetacertainfactioussetofthem，theMagdeburgset，stirredupbysomesevenoreightoftheirnumber，\"hardlyabovesevenoreightreallyagainstme，\"sawgoodtostandout；remonstrated，recalcitrated；complainedintheDiet（Kaisertoohappytohearofit，thathemighthaveahookonFriedrichWilhelm）；andforlongyearsthatpaltrymatterwasaprovocationtohim。[1717—1725。Forster，ii。162—165，iv。31—34；Stenzel，iii。316—319；SamuelBuchholz，NeuestePreussisch—
BrandenburgischeGeschichte（Berlin，1775），i。197。]
Butifyourplanisjust，andabitofNature’splan，persistinitlikealawofNature。ThissecrettoowasknowntoFriedrichWilhelm。Inthespaceoftenyears，byactualhumanstrengthloyallyspent，hehadmanagedmanythings；sawallthingsinacoursetowardsmanagement。Allthings，asitwere，fairlyontheroad；themultiplexteampullingoneway，inrationalhumanharness，notinimbrogliosofcoiledthrumsmadebytheNightmares。
HowheintroducedanewmodeoffarminghisDomainLands，whichareamainbranchofhisrevenue，andshallbefarmedonregularleasehenceforth，andnotwastedinpeculationandindolentmismanagementasheretofore；[Forster，ii。206，216。]newmodesoflevvinghistaxesandrevenuesofeverykind:[Ib。ii。190，195。]
Howheatlastconcentrated，andharmonizedintooneeasy—goingeffectiveGENERALDIRECTORY，[Completedd19thJanuary，1723
（Ib。ii。172）。]themultifariousconflictingBoards，thatwerejoltingandjanglinginadarkuse—and—wontmanner，andleavingtheirworkhalfdone，whenhefirstcameintopower:[Dohm，DenkwurdigkeitenmeinerZeit（LemgoundHanover，1814—1819），iv。88。]Howheinsistedonhavingdaylightintroducedtotheverybottomofeverybusiness，fair—and—squareobservedastheruleofit，andtheshortestroadadoptedfordoingit:Howhedrainedbogs，plantedcolonies，establishedmanufactures，madehisownuniformsofPrussianwool，inaLAGERHAUSofhisown:HowhedealtwiththeJewGompertaboutfarminghisTobacoo；——how，frommanyacrookedcaseandcharacterhe，bysloworshortmethods，broughtoutsomethingstraight；
wouldtakenodenialofwhatwashis，normakeanydemandofwhatwasnot；anddidprovereallyaterrortoevildoersofvariouskinds，especiallytoprevaricators，defalcators，imaginaryworkers，andslipperyunjustpersons:Howheurgeddiligenceonallmortals，wouldnothavetheveryApple—womensit\"withoutknitting\"attheirstalls；andbrandishedhisstick，orstruckitfiercelydown，overtheincorrigiblyidle:——Allthis，aswellashisludicrousexplosionsandunreasonableviolences，isonrecordconcerningFriedrichWilhelm，thoughitistothelatterchieflythattheworldhasdirecteditsunwiseattention，injudgingofhim。HewasaveryarbitraryKing。Yes，butthenagooddealofhisARBITRIUM，orsovereignwill，wasthatoftheEternalHeavensaswell；anddidexceedinglybehoovetobedone，iftheEarthwouldprosper。Whichisanimmenseconsiderationinregardtohissovereignwillandhim！Hewaspromptwithhisrattan，inurgentcases；hadhisgallowsalso，promptenough，whereneedful。
Lethimseethatnomistakeshappen，ascertainlyhemeansthatnoneshall！
Yearlyhemadehiscountryricher；andthisnotinmoneyalone（whichisofveryuncertainvalue，andsometimeshasnovalueatall，andevenless），butinfrugality，diligence，punctuality，veracity，——thegrandfountainsfromwhichmoney，andallrealvaluesandvalorsspringformen。ToFriedrichWilhelminhisrustiosimplicity，moneyhadnolackofvalue；ratherthereverse。
Tothehomespunmanitwasasuccessofmostexcellentquality，andthechiefsymbolofsuccessinallkinds。Yearlyhemadehisownrevenues，andhispeople’salongwiththemandasthesourceofthem，larger:andinallstatesofhisrevenue，hehadcontrivedtomakehisexpenditurelessthanit；andyearlysavedmassesofcoin，and\"repositedtheminbarrelsinthecellarsofhisSchloss，\"——wheretheyprovedveryuseful，oneday。MuchinFriedrichWilhelmproveduseful，beyondevenhisexpectations。
AsaNation’sHUSBANDheseekshisfellowamongKings，ancientandmodern。HappytheNationwhichgetssuchaHusband，onceinthehalf—thousandyears。TheNation，asfoolishwivesandNationsdo，repinesandgrudgesagooddeal，itsweakwhimsandwillbeingthwartedveryoften；butitadvancessteadily，withconsciousnessornot，inthewayofwell—doing；andafterlongtimestheharvestofthisdiligentsowingbecomesmanifesttotheNationandtoallNations。
StrangeasitsoundsintheRepublicofLetters，wearetemptedtocallFriedrichWilhelmamanofgenius；——geniusfatedandpromotedtoworkinNationalHusbandry，notinwritingVersesorthree—volumeNovels。Asilentgenius。Hismelodiousstanza，whichhecannotbeartoseehaltinanysyllable，isaroughfactreducedtoorder；factmadetostandfirmonitsfeet，withtheworld—rocksunderit，andlookingfreetowardsallthewindsandallthestars。Hegoesaboutsuppressingplatitudes，rippingofffutilities，turningdeceptionsinsideout。TherealmofDisorder，whichisUnveracity，Unreality，whatwecallChaos，hasnofiercerenemy。Honestsoul，andheseemedtohimselfsuchastupidfellowoften；notongue—learningatall；littlecapabletogiveareasonforthefaiththatwasinhim。Hecannotargueinarticulatelogic，onlyininarticulatebellowings，orworse。HemustDOathing，leaveitundemonstrated；oncedone，itwillitselftellwhatkindofthingitis，byandby。Menofgeniushaveahardtime，Iperceive，whetherbornonthethroneoroffit；andmustexpectcontradictionsnexttounendurable，——thepluralityofblockheadsbeingsoextreme！
Ifind，exceptSamuelJohnson，nomanofequalveracitywithFriedrichWilhelminthatepoch:andJohnsontoo，withallhistongue—learning，hadnotlogicenough。Infact，itdependsonhowmuchconvictionyouhave。BlessedbeHeaven，thereishereandthereamanbornwholovestruthastruthshouldbeloved，withallhisheartandallhissoul；andhatesuntruthwithacorrespondingperfecthatred。Suchmen，inpolitecircles，whichunderstandthatcertainlytruthisbetterthanuntruth，butthatyoumustbepolitetoboth，areliabletogettotheendoftheirlogic。EvenJohnsonhadabellowinhim；thoughJohnsoncouldatanytimewithdrawintosilence，HISkingdomlyingallunderhisownhat。HowmuchmoreFriedrichWilhelm，whohadnologicwhatever；andwhosekingdomlaywithouthim，farandwide，athinghecouldnotwithdrawfrom。TheruggedOrson，heneededtoberight。FromutmostMemeldowntoWeselagain，rankedinastragglingmannerroundthehalf—circumferenceofEurope，allmannerofthingsandpersonsweredependingonhim，andonhisbeingright，notwrong，inhisnotion。
Amanofcleardiscernment，verygoodnaturaleyesight；
andirrefragablyconfidentinwhathiseyestoldhim，inwhathisbeliefwas；——yetofhugesimplicitywithal。Capableofbeingcoaxedabout，andledbythenose，toastrangedegree，iftherewereanartistdexterousenough，daringenough！Hisownnaturaljudgmentwasgood，and，thoughapttobehastyandheadlong，wasalwayslikelytocomerightintheend；butinternally，wemayperceive，hismodesty，self—distrust，anxietyandotherunexpectedqualities，musthavebeengreat。Andthenhisexplosiveness，impatience，excitability；hisconsciousdumbignoranceofallthingsbeyondhisownsmallhorizonofpersonalsurvey！AnOrsoncapableenoughofbeingcoaxedandtickled，bysomefirst—rateconjurer；——first—rate；asecond—ratemighthavefailed，andgottorntopiecesforhispains。ButSeckendorfandGrumkow，whatadancetheyledhimonsomematters，——asweshallsee，andaspoorFritzandotherswillsee！
Hewasfullofsensitiveness，roughashewasandshaggyofskin。
Hiswildimaginationsdrovehimhitherandthitheratasadrate。
Heoughttohavetheprivilegesofgenius。HistallPotsdamRegiment，hismad—lookingpassionforenlistingtallmen；
thisalsoseemstomeoneofthewhimsofgenius，——anexaggeratednotiontohavehis\"stanza\"polishedtothelastpunctilioofperfection；andmightbeparalleledinthehistoryofPoets。
Stranger\"manofgenius，\"orinmorepeculiarcircumstances，theworldneversaw！
FriedrichWilhelm，inhisCrown—Princedays，andnowstillmorewhenhewashimselfinthesovereignplace，hadseenallalong，withnaturalarithmeticalintellect，Thathisstrengthinthisworld，asatpresentsituated，wouldverymuchdependupontheamountofpotential—battlethatlayinhim，——onthequantityandqualityofSoldiershecouldmaintain，andhavereadyforthefieldatanytime。Amostindisputabletruth，andaheartfeltoneinthepresentinstance。Toaugmentthequantity，toimprovethequality，inthisthrice—essentialparticular:herelaythekeystoneandcrowningsummitofallFriedrichWilhelm’sendeavors；towhichhedevotedhimself，asonlythebestSpartancouldhavedone。Ofwhichtherewillbeotheropportunitiestospeakindetail。Foritwasathingworld—notable；
world—laughable，aswasthenthought；theextremelyseriousfruitofwhichdidatlengthalsobecomenotableenough。
IntheMalplaquettime，onceonsomeoccasion，itissaid，twoEnglishOfficers，notwellinformeduponthematter，andprovokingenoughintheircontemptuousignorance，werereasoningwithoneanotherinFriedrichWilhelm’shearing，astothewarlikepowersofthePrussianState，andWhethertheKingofPrussiacouldonhisownstrengthmaintainastandingarmyof15，000？Withoutsubsidies，doyouthink，somanyas15，000？FriedrichWilhelm，incensedatthethingandatthetone，isreportedtohavesaidwithheat:\"Yes，30，000！\"[Forster，i。138。]whereatthemilitarymenslightlywaggedtheirheads，lettingthematterdropforthepresent。Buthemakesitgoodbydegrees；twofoldorthreefold；——
andwillhaveanarmyoffromseventytoahundredthousandbeforehedies，[\"72，000field—troops，30，000garrison—troops\"
（GestandnisseeinesOEsterreichischenVeterans，
Breslau，1788，i。64）。]thebest—drilledoffightingmen；andwhataddsmuchtothewonder，afullTreasurywithal。ThisistheBrandenburgSpartanKing；acquaintedwithNationalEconomics。
AloneofexistingKingshelaysbymoneyannually；andislayingbymanyotherandfarmorepreciousthings，forPrussiaandthelittleBoyhehashere。
FriedrichWilhelm’spassionfordrilling，recruitingandperfectinghisarmyattractedmuchnotice:laughingsatiricalnotice；inthehundredmonthsofcommonrumor，whichheregardedlittle；andnoticeiracundandminatory，whenitledhimintocollisionwiththeindependentportionsofmankind，nowandthen。
Thislattersortwasnotpleasant，andsometimeslookedratherserious；butthistoohecontrivedalwaystodigestinsometolerablemanner。Hecontinueddrillingandrecruiting，——wemaysaynothisArmyonly，buthisNationinalldepartmentsofit，——
asnomanbeforeorsinceeverdid:increasing，byeverydevisablemethod，theamountofpotential—battlethatlayinhimandit。
Inamilitary，andalsoinamuchdeepersense，hemaybedefinedasthegreatDrill—sergeantofthePrussianNation。IndeedthishadbeenthefunctionoftheHohenzollernsallalong；thisdifficult，unpleasantandindispensableoneofdrilling。FromthefirstappearanceofBurggrafFriedrich，withgoodwordsandwithHEAVYPEG，inthewreckofanarchicBrandenburg，anddownwardseversince，thishassteadilyenoughgoneon。Andnotalittlegooddrillingthesepopulationshavehad，firstandlast；
justordersgiventhem（wiseandjust，whichtoarespectabledegreewereHeaven’sordersaswell）:andcertainlyHeavyPeg，forinstance，——HeavyPeg，bringingQuitzow’sstrongHouseabouthisears，——wasarespectabledrummer’scattoenforcethesame。
Thishasbeengoingonthesethreehundredyears。ButFriedrichWilhelmcompletestheprocess；finishesitofftothelastpitchofperfection。FriedrichWilhelmcarriesitthrougheveryfibreandcrannyofPrussianBusiness，andsofaraspossible，ofPrussianLife；sothatPrussiaisalladrilledphalanx，readytothewordofcommand；andwhatweseeintheArmyisbutthelastconsummateessenceofwhatexistsintheNationeverywhere。
ThatwasFriedrichWilhelm’sfunction，madereadyforhim，laidtohishandbyhisHohenzollernforegoers；andindeeditprovedamostbeneficentfunction。
ForIhaveremarkedthat，ofallthings，aNationneedsfirsttobedrilled；andnoNationthathasnotfirstbeengovernedbyso—called\"Tyrants，\"andheldtighttothecurbtillitbecameperfectinitspacesandthoroughlyamenabletoruleandlaw，andheartilyrespectfulofthesame，andtotallyabhorrentofthewantofthesame，evercametomuchinthisworld。Englanditself，infoolishquartersofEngland，stillhowlsandexecrateslamentablyoveritsWilliamConqueror，andrigorouslineofNormansandPlantagenets；butwithoutthem，ifyouwillconsiderwell，whathaditeverbeen？AgluttonousraceofJutesandAngles，capableofnograndcombinations；lumberingaboutinpot—belliedequanimity；notdreamingofheroictoilandsilenceandendurance，suchasleadstothehighplacesofthisUniverse，andthegoldenmountain—topswheredwelltheSpiritsoftheDawn。Theirveryballot—boxesandsuffrages，whattheycalltheir\"Liberty，\"ifthesemean\"Liberty，\"andaresucharoadtoHeaven，Anglo—Saxonhigh—roadthither，——couldneverhavebeenpossibleforthemonsuchterms。Howcouldthey？Nothingbutcollision，intolerableinterpressure（asofmennotperpendicular），andconsequentbattleoftensupervening，couldhavebeenappointedthoseundrilledAnglo—Saxons；theirpot—belliedequanimityitselfcontinuingliabletoperpetualinterruptions，asintheHeptarchytime。
AnenlightenedPublicdoesnotreflectonthesethingsatpresent；
butwillagain，byandby。LookingwithhumaneyesovertheEnglandthatnowis，andovertheAmericaandtheAustralia，frompoletopole；andthenlisteningtotheConstitutionallitaniesofDryasaust，andhislamentationsontheoldNormanandPlantagenetKings，andhisrecognitionofdepartedmeritandcausesofeffects，——themindofmanisstruckdumb！
ChapterIV。
HISMAJESTY’SWAYS。
FriedrichWilhelm’sHistoryisoneofECONOMICS；whichstudy，sosoonasthereareKingsagaininthisworld，willbeprecioustothem。Inthathappystateofmatters，FriedrichWilhelm’sHistorywillwellrewardstudy；andteachbyexample，inaverysimpleanddirectmanner。InwhatiscalledthePolitical，Diplomatic，\"Honor—to—be\"department，thereisnot，norcaneverbe，muchtobesaidofhim；thisEconomistKinghavingalwayskepthimselfwellathome，andlookedsteadilytohisownaffairs。Sothatforthepresenthehas，asaKing，nexttonothingofwhatiscalledHistory；anditisonlyasafellow—man，ofsingularfaculty，andinamostpeculiarandconspicuoussituation，thathecanbeinterestingtomankind。Toushehas，asFatheranddailyteacherandmasterofyoungFritz，acontinualinterest；andwemustnotethemaster’sways，andthemainphenomenaoftheworkshopastheysuccessivelyturnedup，forthesakeofthenotableApprenticeservingthere。
Hewasnottallofstature，thisarbitraryKing:
aflorid—complexionedstout—builtman；ofserious，sincere，authoritativeface；hisattitudesandequipmentsverySpartanintype。Manofshortfirmstature；stands（inPesne’sbestPortraitsofhim）athisease，andyetlikeatower。Mostsolid；\"plumbandrathermore；\"eyessteadfastlyawake；cheeksslightlycompressed，too，whichflingthemouthratherforward；asifaskingsilently，\"Anythingastir，then？Allrighthere？\"Face，figureandbearing，allinhimisexpressiveofrobustinsight，anddirectdetermination；ofhealthyenergy，practicality，unquestionedauthority，——acertainairofroyaltyreducedtoitssimplestform。
ThefaceinPicturesbyPesneandothers，isnotbeautifuloragreeable；healthy，genuine，authoritative，isthebestyoucansayofit。Yetitmayhavebeen，whatitisdescribedasbeing，originallyhandsome。Highenougharchedbrow，rathercopiouscheeksandjaws；nosesmallish，incliningtobestumpy；largegrayeyes，brightwithsteadyfireandlife，oftenenoughgloomyandsevere，butcapableofjollylaughtertoo。Eyes\"naturallywithakindoflaughinthem，\"saysPollnitz；——whichlaughcanblazeoutintofearfulthunderousrage，ifyougivehimprovocation。
Especiallyifyoulietohim；forthathehatesaboveallthings。
Lookhimstraightintheface:hefancieshecanseeinyoureyes，ifthereisaninternalmendacityinyou:whereforeyoumustlookathiminspeaking；suchishisstandingorder。
Hishairisflaxen，fallingintotheash—grayordarker；
finecopiousflowinghair，whileheworeitnatural。Butitsoongottiedintoclubs，inthemilitarystyle；andatlengthitwasaltogethercroppedaway，andreplacedbybrown，andatlastbywhite，roundwigs。Whichlatteralso，thoughbadwigs，becamehimnotamiss，underhiscocked—hatandcockade，saysPollnitz。
[Pollnitz，Memoiren（Berlin，1791），ii。568。]Thevoice，Iguess，evenwhennotloud，wasofclangorousandpenetrating，quasi—metallicnature；andIlearnexpresslyonce，thatithadanasalqualityinit。[Busching，Beitrage，i。568。]HisMajestyspokethroughthenose；snuffledhisspeechinanearnestominouslyplangentmanner。Inangrymoments，whichwerefrequent，itmusthavebeen——
unpleasanttolistento。Fortherest，ahandsomemanofhisinches；conspicuouslywell—builtinlimbsandbody，anddelicatelyfinishedofftotheveryextremities。Hisfeetandlegs，saysPollnitz，wereveryfine。Thehands，ifhewouldhavetakencareofthem，werebeautifullywhite；fingerslongandthin；ahandatoncenimbletograsp，delicatetofeel，andstrongtoclutchandhold:whatmaybecalledabeautifulhand，becauseitistheusefulest。
NothingcouldexceedhisMajesty’ssimplicityofhabitudes。
Butonelovesespeciallyinhimhisscrupulousattentiontocleanlinessofpersonandofenvironment。HewashedlikeaveryMussulman，fivetimesaday；lovedcleanlinessinallthings，toasuperstitiousextent；whichtraitispleasantintheruggedman，andindeedofapiecewiththerestofhischaracter。Heisgraduallychangingallhissilkandotherclothroom—furniture；