[BIRDS。
InthecaseoftheFOWLawholearrayofauthoritiescouldbegivenagainsttoocloseinterbreeding。SirJ。Sebrightpositivelyassertsthathemademanytrials，andthathisfowls，whenthustreated，becamelonginthelegs，smallinthebody，andbadbreeders。（17/31。’TheArtofImprovingtheBreed’page13。）HeproducedthefamousSebrightBantamsbycomplicatedcrosses，andbybreedingin—and—in;andsincehistimetherehasbeenmuchcloseinterbreedingwiththeseanimals;andtheyarenownotoriouslybadbreeders。IhaveseenSilverBantams，directlydescendedfromhisstock，whichhadbecomealmostasbarrenashybrids;fornotasinglechickenhadbeenthatyearhatchedfromtwofullnestsofeggs。Mr。HewittsaysthatwiththeseBantamsthesterilityofthemalestands，withrareexceptions，intheclosestrelationwiththeirlossofcertainsecondarymalecharacters:headds，\"Ihavenoticed，asageneralrule，thateventheslightestdeviationfromfemininecharacterinthetailofthemaleSebright——saytheelongationbyonlyhalfaninchofthetwoprincipaltailfeathers——bringswithitimprovedprobabilityofincreasedfertility。\"（17/32。’ThePoultryBook’byW。B。Tegetmeier1866page245。）
Mr。Wrightstates（17/33。’JournalRoyalAgricult。Soc。’1846volume7page205;seealsoFergusonontheFowlpages83，317;seealso’ThePoultryBook’
byTegetmeier1866page135withrespecttotheextenttowhichcock—fightersfoundthattheycouldventuretobreedin—and—in，viz。，occasionallyahenwithherownson;\"buttheywerecautiousnottorepeatthein—and—inbreeding。\"）thatMr。Clark，\"whosefighting—cocksweresonotorious，continuedtobreedfromhisownkindtilltheylosttheirdispositiontofight，butstoodtobecutupwithoutmakinganyresistance，andweresoreducedinsizeastobeunderthoseweightsrequiredforthebestprizes;butonobtainingacrossfromMr。Leighton，theyagainresumedtheirformercourageandweight。\"
Itshouldbeborneinmindthatgame—cocksbeforetheyfoughtwerealwaysweighed，sothatnothingwaslefttotheimaginationaboutanyreductionorincreaseofweight。Mr。Clarkdoesnotseemtohavebredfrombrothersandsisters，whichisthemostinjuriouskindofunion;andhefound，afterrepeatedtrials，thattherewasagreaterreductioninweightintheyoungfromafatherpairedwithhisdaughter，thanfromamotherwithherson。ImayaddthatMr。EytonofEyton，thewell—knownornithologist，whoisalargebreederofGreyDorkings，informsmethattheycertainlydiminishinsize，andbecomelessprolific，unlessacrosswithanotherstrainisoccasionallyobtained。SoitiswithMalays，accordingtoMr。Hewitt，asfarassizeisconcerned。（17/34。’ThePoultryBook’byW。B。Tegetmeier1866page79。）
Anexperiencedwriter（17/35。’ThePoultryChronicle’1854volume1page43。）
remarksthatthesameamateur，asiswellknown，seldomlongmaintainsthesuperiorityofhisbirds;andthis，headds，undoubtedlyisduetoallhisstock\"beingofthesameblood;\"henceitisindispensablethatheshouldoccasionallyprocureabirdofanotherstrain。Butthisisnotnecessarywiththosewhokeepastockoffowlsatdifferentstations。Thus，Mr。Ballance，whohasbredMalaysforthirtyyears，andhaswonmoreprizeswiththesebirdsthananyotherfancierinEngland，saysthatbreedingin—and—indoesnotnecessarilycausedeterioration;\"butalldependsuponhowthisismanaged。Myplanhasbeentokeepaboutfiveorsixdistinctruns，andtorearabouttwohundredorthreehundredchickenseachyear，andselectthebestbirdsfromeachrunforcrossing。Ithussecuresufficientcrossingtopreventdeterioration。\"（17/36。’ThePoultryBook’byW。B。Tegetmeier1866page79。）
Wethusseethatthereisalmostcompleteunanimitywithpoultry—breedersthat，whenfowlsarekeptatthesameplace，evilquicklyfollowsfrominterbreedingcarriedontoanextentwhichwouldbedisregardedinthecaseofmostquadrupeds。Moreover，itisagenerallyreceivedopinionthatcross—
bredchickensarethehardiestandmosteasilyreared。（17/37。’ThePoultryChronicle’volume1page89。）Mr。Tegetmeier，whohascarefullyattendedtopoultryofallbreeds，says（17/38。’ThePoultryBook’1866page210。）thatDorkinghens，allowedtorunwithHoudanorCreve—coeurcocks，\"produceintheearlyspringchickensthatforsize，hardihood，earlymaturity，andfitnessforthemarket，surpassthoseofanypurebreedthatwehaveeverraised。\"Mr。
Hewittgivesitasageneralrulewithfowls，thatcrossingthebreedincreasestheirsize。Hemakesthisremarkafterstatingthathybridsfromthepheasantandfowlareconsiderablylargerthaneitherprogenitor:soagain，hybridsfromthemalegoldenpheasantandfemalecommonpheasant\"areoffarlargersizethaneitherparent—bird。\"（17/39。Ibid1866page167;and’PoultryChronicle’volume31855page15。）TothissubjectoftheincreasedsizeofhybridsIshallpresentlyreturn。
WithPIGEONS，breedersareunanimous，aspreviouslystated，thatitisabsolutelyindispensable，notwithstandingthetroubleandexpensethuscaused，occasionallytocrosstheirmuch—prizedbirdswithindividualsofanotherstrain，butbelonging，ofcourse，tothesamevariety。Itdeservesnoticethat，whensizeisoneofthedesiredcharacters，aswithpouters（17/40。’A
TreatiseonFancyPigeons’byJ。M。Eatonpage56。）theevileffectsofcloseinterbreedingaremuchsoonerperceivedthanwhensmallbirds，suchasshort—
facedtumblers，arevalued。Theextremedelicacyofthehighfancybreeds，suchasthesetumblersandimprovedEnglishcarriers，isremarkable;theyareliabletomanydiseases，andoftendieintheeggorduringthefirstmoult;
andtheireggshavegenerallytobehatchedunderfoster—mothers。Althoughthesehighly—prizedbirdshaveinvariablybeensubjectedtomuchcloseinterbreeding，yettheirextremedelicacyofconstitutioncannotperhapsbethusfullyexplained。Mr。YarrellinformedmethatSirJ。Sebrightcontinuedcloselyinterbreedingsomeowl—pigeons，untilfromtheirextremesterilityheasnearlyaspossiblelostthewholefamily。Mr。Brent（17/41。’ThePigeonBook’page46。）triedtoraiseabreedoftrumpeters，bycrossingacommonpigeon，andrecrossingthedaughter，granddaughter，great—granddaughter，andgreat—great—granddaughter，withthesamemaletrumpeter，untilheobtainedabirdwith15/16oftrumpeter’sblood;butthentheexperimentfailed，for\"breedingsoclosestoppedreproduction。\"TheexperiencedNeumeister（17/42。
’DasGanzederTaubenzucht’1837s。18。）alsoassertsthattheoffspringfromdovecotesandvariousotherbreedsare\"generallyveryfertileandhardybirds:\"soagainMM。BoitardandCorbie（17/43。’LesPigeons’1824page35。），afterforty—fiveyears’experience，recommendpersonstocrosstheirbreedsforamusement;for，iftheyfailtomakeinterestingbirds，theywillsucceedunderaneconomicalpointofview，\"asitisfoundthatmongrelsaremorefertilethanpigeonsofpurerace。\"
Iwillreferonlytooneotheranimal，namely，theHive—bee，becauseadistinguishedentomologisthasadvancedthisasacaseofinevitablecloseinterbreeding。Asthehiveistenantedbyasinglefemale，itmighthavebeenthoughtthathermaleandfemaleoffspringwouldalwayshavebredtogether，moreespeciallyasbeesofdifferenthivesarehostiletoeachother;astrangeworkerbeingalmostalwaysattackedwhentryingtoenteranotherhive。
ButMr。Tegetmeierhasshown（17/44。’Proc。Entomolog。Soc。’August6，1860
page126。）thatthisinstinctdoesnotapplytodrones，whicharepermittedtoenteranyhive;sothatthereisnoaprioriimprobabilityofaqueenreceivingaforeigndrone。Thefactoftheunioninvariablyandnecessarilytakingplaceonthewing，duringthequeen’snuptialflight，seemstobeaspecialprovisionagainstcontinuedinterbreeding。Howeverthismaybe，experiencehasshown，sincetheintroductionoftheyellow—bandedLigurianraceintoGermanyandEngland，thatbeesfreelycross:Mr。Woodbury，whointroducedLigurianbeesintoDevonshire，foundduringasingleseasonthatthreestocks，atdistancesoffromonetotwomilesfromhishives，werecrossedbyhisdrones。InonecasetheLiguriandronesmusthaveflownoverthecityofExeter，andoverseveralintermediatehives。OnanotheroccasionseveralcommonblackqueenswerecrossedbyLiguriandronesatadistanceoffromonetothreeandahalfmiles。（17/45。’JournalofHorticulture’1861
pages39，77，158;and1864page206。）
PLANTS。
Whenasingleplantofanewspeciesisintroducedintoanycountry，ifpropagatedbyseed，manyindividualswillsoonberaised，sothatiftheproperinsectsbepresenttherewillbecrossing。Withnewly—introducedtreesorotherplantsnotpropagatedbyseedwearenothereconcerned。Withold—
establishedplantsitisanalmostuniversalpracticeoccasionallytomakeexchangesofseed，bywhichmeansindividualswhichhavebeenexposedtodifferentconditionsoflife，——andthis，aswehaveseenwithanimals，diminishestheevilfromcloseinterbreeding，——willoccasionallybeintroducedintoeachdistrict。
Withrespecttoindividualsbelongingtothesamesub—variety，Gartner，whoseaccuracyandexperienceexceededthatofallotherobservers，states（17/46。
’BeitragezurKenntnissderBefruchtung’1844s。366。）thathehasmanytimesobservedgoodeffectsfromthisstep，especiallywithexoticgenera，ofwhichthefertilityissomewhatimpaired，suchasPassiflora，Lobelia，Fuchsia。
Herbertalsosays（17/47。’Amaryllidaceae’page371。），\"IaminclinedtothinkthatIhavederivedadvantagefromimpregnatingtheflowerfromwhichIwishedtoobtainseedwithpollenfromanotherindividualofthesamevariety，oratleastfromanotherflower，ratherthanwithitsown。\"Again，ProfessorLecoqascertainedthatcrossedoffspringaremorevigorousandrobustthantheirparents。（17/48。’DelaFecondation’2ndedition1862page79。）
Generalstatementsofthiskind，however，canseldombefullytrusted:I
thereforebeganalongseriesofexperiments，continuedforabouttenyears，whichwillIthinkconclusivelyshowthegoodeffectsofcrossingtwodistinctplantsofthesamevariety，andtheevileffectsoflong—continuedself—
fertilisation。Aclearlightwillthusbethrownonsuchquestions，aswhyflowersarealmostinvariablyconstructedsoastopermit，orfavour，ornecessitatetheunionoftwoindividuals。Weshallclearlyunderstandwhymonoeciousanddioecious，——whydichogamous，dimorphicandtrimorphicplantsexist，andmanyothersuchcases。Iintendsoontopublishanaccountoftheseexperiments，andIcanheregiveonlyafewcasesinillustration。TheplanwhichIfollowedwastogrowplantsinthesamepot，orinpotsofthesamesize，orclosetogetherintheopenground;carefullytoexcludeinsects;andthentofertilisesomeoftheflowerswithpollenfromthesameflower，andothersonthesameplantwithpollenfromadistinctbutadjoiningplant。Inmanyoftheseexperiments，thecrossedplantsyieldedmuchmoreseedthantheself—fertilisedplants;andIhaveneverseenthereversedcase。Theself—
fertilisedandcrossedseedsthusobtainedwereallowedtogerminateinthesameglassvesselondampsand;andastheseedsgerminated，theywereplantedinpairsonoppositesidesofthesamepot，withasuperficialpartitionbetweenthem，andwereplacedsoastobeequallyexposedtothelight。Inothercasestheself—fertilisedandcrossedseedsweresimplysownonoppositesidesofthesamesmallpot。Ihave，inshort，followeddifferentplans，butineverycasehavetakenalltheprecautionswhichIcouldthinkof，sothatthetwolotsshouldbeequallyfavoured。Thegrowthoftheplantsraisedfromthecrossedandself—fertilisedseed，werecarefullyobservedfromtheirgerminationtomaturity，inspeciesbelongingtofifty—twogenera;andthedifferenceintheirgrowth，andinwithstandingunfavourableconditions，wasinmostcasesmanifestandstronglymarked。Itisofimportancethatthetwolotsofseedshouldbesownorplantedonoppositesidesofthesamepot，sothattheseedlingsmaystruggleagainsteachother;forifsownseparatelyinampleandgoodsoil，thereisoftenbutlittledifferenceintheirgrowth。
Iwillbrieflydescribetwoofthefirstcasesobservedbyme。Sixcrossedandsixself—fertilisedseedsofIpomoeapurpurea，fromplantstreatedinthemannerabovedescribed，wereplantedassoonastheyhadgerminated，inpairsonoppositesidesoftwopots，androdsofequalthicknessweregiventhemtotwineup。Fiveofthecrossedplantsgrewfromthefirstmorequicklythantheopposedself—fertilisedplants;thesixth，however，wasweaklyandwasforatimebeaten，butatlastitssounderconstitutionprevailedanditshotaheadofitsantagonist。Assoonaseachcrossedplantreachedthetopofitsseven—
footroditsfellowwasmeasured，andtheresultwasthat，whenthecrossedplantsweresevenfeethightheself—fertilisedhadattainedtheaverageheightofonlyfivefeetfourandahalfinches。Thecrossedplantsfloweredalittlebefore，andmoreprofuselythantheself—fertilisedplants。OnoppositesidesofanotherSMALLpotalargenumberofcrossedandself—fertilisedseedsweresown，sothattheyhadtostruggleforbareexistence;asinglerodwasgiventoeachlot:hereagainthecrossedplantsshowedfromthefirsttheiradvantage;theyneverquitereachedthesummitoftheseven—footrod，butrelativelytotheself—fertilisedplantstheiraverageheightwasassevenfeettofivefeettwoinches。Theexperimentwasrepeatedduringseveralsucceedinggenerations，treatedinexactlythesamemanner，andwithnearlythesameresult。Inthesecondgeneration，thecrossedplants，whichwereagaincrossed，produced121seed—capsules，whilsttheself—fertilised，againself—fertilised，producedonly84capsules。
SomeflowersoftheMimulusluteuswerefertilisedwiththeirownpollen，andotherswerecrossedwithpollenfromdistinctplantsgrowinginthesamepot。
Theseedswerethicklysownonoppositesidesofapot。Theseedlingswereatfirstequalinheight;butwhentheyoungcrossedplantswerehalfaninch，theself—fertilisedplantswereonlyaquarterofaninchhigh。Butthisdegreeofinequalitydidnotlast，for，whenthecrossedplantswerefourandahalfincheshigh，theself—fertilisedwerethreeinches，andtheyretainedthesamerelativedifferencetilltheirgrowthwascomplete。Thecrossedplantslookedfarmorevigorousthantheuncrossed，andfloweredbeforethem;
theyproducedalsoafargreaternumberofcapsules。Asintheformercase，theexperimentwasrepeatedduringseveralsucceedinggenerations。HadInotwatchedtheseplantsofMimulusandIpomoeaduringtheirwholegrowth，Icouldnothavebelieveditpossible，thatadifferenceapparentlysoslightasthatofthepollenbeingtakenfromthesameflower，orfromadistinctplantgrowinginthesamepot，couldhavemadesowonderfuladifferenceinthegrowthandvigouroftheplantsthusproduced。This，underaphysiologicalpointofview，isamostremarkablephenomenon。
Withrespecttothebenefitderivedfromcrossingdistinctvarieties，plentyofevidencehasbeenpublished。Sageret（17/49。’MemoiresurlesCucurbitacees’pages36，28，30。）repeatedlyspeaksinstrongtermsofthevigourofmelonsraisedbycrossingdifferentvarieties，andaddsthattheyaremoreeasilyfertilisedthancommonmelons，andproducenumerousgoodseed。
HerefollowstheevidenceofanEnglishgardener（17/50。Loudon’s’Gardener’sMag。’volume81832page52。）:\"Ihavethissummermetwithbettersuccessinmycultivationofmelons，inanunprotectedstate，fromtheseedsofhybrids（i。e。mongrels）obtainedbycrossimpregnation，thanwitholdvarieties。Theoffspringofthreedifferenthybridisations（onemoreespecially，ofwhichtheparentswerethetwomostdissimilarvarietiesIcouldselect）eachyieldedmoreampleandfinerproducethananyoneofbetweentwentyandthirtyestablishedvarieties。\"
AndrewKnight（17/51。’Transact。Hort。Soc。’volume1page25。）believedthathisseedlingsfromcrossedvarietiesoftheappleexhibitedincreasedvigourandluxuriance;andM。Chevreul（17/52。’Annal。desSc。Nat。’3rdseries，Bot。
tome6page189。）alludestotheextremevigourofsomeofthecrossedfruit—
treesraisedbySageret。
Bycrossingreciprocallythetallestandshortestpeas，Knight（17/53。
’PhilosophicalTransactions’1799page200。）says:\"Ihadinthisexperimentastrikinginstanceofthestimulativeeffectsofcrossingthebreeds;forthesmallestvariety，whoseheightrarelyexceededtwofeet，wasincreasedtosixfeet:whilsttheheightofthelargeandluxuriantkindwasverylittlediminished。\"Mr。Laxtongavemeseed—peasproducedfromcrossesbetweenfourdistinctkinds;andtheplantsthusraisedwereextraordinarilyvigorous，beingineachcasefromonetotwoorthreefeettallerthantheparent—formsgrowingclosealongsidethem。
Wiegmann（17/54。’UeberdieBastarderzeugung’1828s。32，33。ForMr。
Chaundy’scaseseeLoudon’s’Gardener’sMag。’volume71831page696。）mademanycrossesbetweenseveralvarietiesofcabbage;andhespeakswithastonishmentofthevigourandheightofthemongrels，whichexcitedtheamazementofallthegardenerswhobeheldthem。Mr。Chaundyraisedagreatnumberofmongrelsbyplantingtogethersixdistinctvarietiesofcabbage。
Thesemongrelsdisplayedaninfinitediversityofcharacter;\"Butthemostremarkablecircumstancewas，that，whilealltheothercabbagesandborecolesinthenurseryweredestroyedbyaseverewinter，thesehybridswerelittleinjured，andsuppliedthekitchenwhentherewasnoothercabbagetobehad。\"
Mr。MaundexhibitedbeforetheRoyalAgriculturalSociety（17/55。’Gardener’sChronicle’1846page601。）specimensofcrossedwheat，togetherwiththeirparentvarieties;andtheeditorstatesthattheywereintermediateincharacter，\"unitedwiththatgreatervigourofgrowth，whichitappears，inthevegetableasintheanimalworld，istheresultofafirstcross。\"Knightalsocrossedseveralvarietiesofwheat（17/56。’Philosoph。Transact。’1799
page201。），andhesays\"thatintheyears1795and1796，whenalmostthewholecropofcornintheislandwasblighted，thevarietiesthusobtained，andtheseonly，escapedinthisneighbourhood，thoughsowninseveraldifferentsoilsandsituations。\"
Hereisaremarkablecase:M。Clotzsch（17/57。Quotedin’Bull。Bot。Soc。
France’volume21855page327。）crossedPinussylvestrisandnigricans，Quercusroburandpedunculata，Alnusglutinosaandincana，Ulmuscampestrisandeffusa;andthecross—fertilisedseeds，aswellasseedsofthepureparent—trees，wereallsownatthesametimeandinthesameplace。Theresultwas，thatafteranintervalofeightyears，thehybridswereone—thirdtallerthanthepuretrees！
Thefactsabovegivenrefertoundoubtedvarieties，exceptingthetreescrossedbyClotzsch，whicharerankedbyvariousbotanistsasstrongly—markedraces，sub—species，orspecies。Thattruehybridsraisedfromentirelydistinctspecies，thoughtheyloseinfertility，oftengaininsizeandconstitutionalvigour，iscertain。Itwouldbesuperfluoustoquoteanyfacts;
forallexperimenters，Kolreuter，Gartner，Herbert，Sageret，Lecoq，andNaudin，havebeenstruckwiththewonderfulvigour，height，size，tenacityoflife，precocity，andhardinessoftheirhybridproductions。Gartner（17/58。
Gartner’Bastarderzeugung’s。259，518，526etseq。）sumsuphisconvictiononthisheadinthestrongestterms。Kolreuter（17/59。’Fortsetzung’1763s。29;
’DritteFortsetzung’s。44，96;’Act。Acad。St。Petersburg’1782part2page251;’NovaActa’1793pages391，394;’NovaActa’1795pages316，323。）givesnumerousprecisemeasurementsoftheweightandheightofhishybridsinhiscomparisonwithmeasurementsofbothparent—forms;andspeakswithastonishmentoftheir\"staturaportentosa，\"their\"ambitusvastissimusacaltitudovaldeconspicua。\"Someexceptionstotheruleinthecaseofverysterilehybridshave，however，beennoticedbyGartnerandHerbert;butthemoststrikingexceptionsaregivenbyMaxWichura（17/60。’DieBastardbefruchtung’etc。1865s。31，41，42。）whofoundthathybridwillowsweregenerallytenderinconstitution，dwarf，andshort—lived。
Kolreuterexplainsthevastincreaseinthesizeoftheroots，stems，etc。，ofhishybrids，astheresultofasortofcompensationduetotheirsterility，inthesamewayasmanyemasculatedanimalsarelargerthantheperfectmales。
Thisviewseemsatfirstsightextremelyprobable，andhasbeenacceptedbyvariousauthors（17/61。MaxWichurafullyacceptsthisview（’Bastardbefruchtung’s。43），asdoestheRev。M。J。Berkeleyin’JournalofHort。Soc。’January1866page70。）;butGartner（17/62。’Bastarderzeugung’s。
394，526，528。）haswellremarkedthatthereismuchdifficultyinfullyadmittingit;forwithmanyhybridsthereisnoparallelismbetweenthedegreeoftheirsterilityandtheirincreasedsizeandvigour。Themoststrikinginstancesofluxuriantgrowthhavebeenobservedwithhybridswhichwerenotsterileinanyextremedegree。InthegenusMirabilis，certainhybridsareunusuallyfertile，andtheirextraordinaryluxurianceofgrowth，togetherwiththeirenormousroots（17/63。Kolreuter’NovaActa’1795page316。）havebeentransmittedtotheirprogeny。Theresultinallcasesisprobablyinpartduetothesavingofnutrimentandvitalforcethroughthesexualorgansactingimperfectlyornotatall，butmoreespeciallytothegenerallawofgoodbeingderivedfromacross。Foritdeservesespecialattentionthatmongrelanimalsandplants，whicharesofarfrombeingsterilethattheirfertilityisoftenactuallyaugmented，have，aspreviouslyshown，theirsize，hardiness，andconstitutionalvigourgenerallyincreased。Itisnotalittleremarkablethatanaccessionofvigourandsizeshouldthusariseundertheoppositecontingenciesofincreasedanddiminishedfertility。
Itisaperfectlywellascertainedfact（17/64。Gartner’Bastarderzeugung’s。
430。）thathybridsinvariablybreedwitheitherpureparent，andnotrarelywithadistinctspecies，morereadilythanwithoneanother。Herbertisinclinedtoexplaineventhisfactbytheadvantagederivedfromacross;butGartnermorejustlyaccountsforitbythepollenofthehybrid，andprobablyitsovules，beinginsomedegreevitiated，whereasthepollenandovulesofbothpureparentsandofanythirdspeciesaresound。Nevertheless，therearesomewell—ascertainedandremarkablefacts，which，asweshallpresentlysee，showthatacrossbyitselfundoubtedlytendstoincreaseorre—establishthefertilityofhybrids。
Thesamelaw，namely，thatthecrossedoffspringbothofvarietiesandspeciesarelargerthantheparent—forms，holdsgoodinthemoststrikingmannerwithhybridanimalsaswellaswithmongrels。Mr。Bartlett，whohashadsuchlargeexperiencesays，\"Amongallhybridsofvertebratedanimalsthereisamarkedincreaseofsize。\"Hethenenumeratesmanycaseswithmammals，includingmonkeys，andwithvariousfamiliesofbirds。（17/65。QuotedbyDr。Muriein’Proc。Zoolog。Soc。’1870page40。）]
ONCERTAINHERMAPHRODITEPLANTSWHICH，EITHERNORMALLYORABNORMALLY，REQUIRE
TOBEFERTILISEDBYPOLLENFROMADISTINCTINDIVIDUALORSPECIES。
Thefactsnowtobegivendifferfromtheforegoing，asself—sterilityisnotheretheresultoflong—continuedcloseinterbreeding。Thesefactsare，however，connectedwithourpresentsubject，becauseacrosswithadistinctindividualisshowntobeeithernecessaryoradvantageous。Dimorphicandtrimorphicplants，thoughtheyarehermaphrodites，mustbereciprocallycrossed，onesetofformsbytheother，inordertobefullyfertile，andinsomecasestobefertileinanydegree。ButIshouldnothavenoticedtheseplants，haditnotbeenforthefollowingcasesgivenbyDr。Hildebrand（17/66。’BotanischeZeitung’January1864s。3。）:——
[Primulasinensisisareciprocallydimorphicspecies:Dr。Hildebrandfertilisedtwenty—eightflowersofbothforms，eachbypollenoftheotherform，andobtainedthefullnumberofcapsulescontainingonanaverage42。7
seedpercapsule;herewehavecompleteandnormalfertility。Hethenfertilisedforty—twoflowersofbothformswithpollenofthesameform，buttakenfromadistinctplant，andallproducedcapsulescontainingonanaverageonly19。6seed。Lastly，andherewecometoourmoreimmediatepoint，hefertilisedforty—eightflowersofbothformswithpollenofthesameformandtakenfromthesameflower，andnowheobtainedonlythirty—twocapsules，andthesecontainedonanaverage18。6seed，oronelesspercapsulethanintheformercase。Sothat，withtheseillegitimateunions，theactofimpregnationislessassured，andthefertilityslightlyless，whenthepollenandovulesbelongtothesameflower，thanwhenbelongingtotwodistinctindividualsofthesameform。Dr。Hildebrandhasrecentlymadeanalogousexperimentsonthelong—styledformofOxalisrosea，withthesameresult。
（17/67。’MonatsberichtAkad。Wissen。’Berlin1866s。372。）]
Ithasrecentlybeendiscoveredthatcertainplants，whilstgrowingintheirnativecountryundernaturalconditions，cannotbefertilisedwithpollenfromthesameplant。Theyaresometimessoutterlyself—impotent，that，thoughtheycanreadilybefertilisedbythepollenofadistinctspeciesorevendistinctgenus，yet，wonderfulasisthefact，theyneverproduceasingleseedbytheirownpollen。Insomecases，moreover，theplant’sownpollenandstigmamutuallyactoneachotherinadeleteriousmanner。Mostofthefactstobegivenrelatetoorchids，butIwillcommencewithaplantbelongingtoawidelydifferentfamily。
[Sixty—threeflowersofCorydaliscava，borneondistinctplants，werefertilisedbyDr。Hildebrand（17/68。InternationalHort。Congress，London1866。）withpollenfromotherplantsofthesamespecies;andfifty—eightcapsuleswereobtained，includingonanaverage4。5seedineach。Hethenfertilisedsixteenflowersproducedbythesameraceme，onewithanother，butobtainedonlythreecapsules，oneofwhichalonecontainedanygoodseeds，namely，twoinnumber。Lastly，hefertilisedtwenty—sevenflowers，eachwithitsownpollen;heleftalsofifty—sevenflowerstobespontaneouslyfertilised，andthiswouldcertainlyhaveensuedifithadbeenpossible，fortheanthersnotonlytouchthestigma，butthepollen—tubeswereseenbyDr。
Hildebrandtopenetrateit;neverthelesstheseeighty—fourflowersdidnotproduceasingleseed—capsule！Thiswholecaseishighlyinstructive，asitshowshowwidelydifferenttheactionofthesamepollenis，accordingasitisplacedonthestigmaofthesameflower，oronthatofanotherfloweronthesameraceme，oronthatofadistinctplant。
WithexoticOrchidsseveralanalogouscaseshavebeenobserved，chieflybyMr。
JohnScott。（17/69。’Proc。Bot。Soc。ofEdinburgh’May1863:theseobservationsaregiveninabstract，andothersareadded，inthe’JournalofProc。ofLinn。Soc。’volume8Bot。1864page162。）Oncidiumsphacelatumhaseffectivepollen，forMr。Scottfertilisedtwodistinctspecieswithit;theovulesarelikewisecapableofimpregnation，fortheywerereadilyfertilisedbythepollenofO。divaricatum;nevertheless，betweenoneandtwohundredflowersfertilisedbytheirownpollendidnotproduceasinglecapsule，thoughthestigmaswerepenetratedbythepollen—tubes。Mr。RobertsonMunro，oftheRoyalBotanicGardensofEdinburgh，alsoinformsme（1864）thatahundredandtwentyflowersofthissamespecieswerefertilisedbyhimwiththeirownpollen，anddidnotproduceacapsule，buteightflowers，fertilisedbythepollenofO。divaricatum，producedfourfinecapsules:again，betweentwoandthreehundredflowersofO。divaricatum，fertilisedbytheirownpollen，didnotsetacapsule，buttwelveflowersfertilisedbyO。flexuosumproducedeightfinecapsules:sothatherewehavethreeutterlyself—impotentspecies，withtheirmaleandfemaleorgansperfect，asshownbytheirmutualfertilisation。Inthesecasesfertilisationwaseffectedonlybytheaidofadistinctspecies。But，asweshallpresentlysee，distinctplants，raisedfromseed，ofOncidiumflexuosum，andprobablyoftheotherspecies，wouldhavebeenperfectlycapableoffertilisingeachother，forthisisthenaturalprocess。Again，Mr。ScottfoundthatthepollenofaplantofO。microchilumwaseffective，forwithithefertilisedtwodistinctspecies;hefounditsovulesgood，fortheycouldbefertilisedbythepollenofoneofthesespecies，andbythepollenofadistinctplantofO。microchilum;buttheycouldnotbefertilisedbypollenofthesameplant，thoughthepollen—tubespenetratedthestigma。AnanalogouscasehasbeenrecordedbyM。Riviere（17/70。Prof。Lecoq’DelaFecondation’2ndedition1862page76。）withtwoplantsofO。cavendishianum，whichwerebothself—sterile，butreciprocallyfertilisedeachother。AllthesecasesrefertothegenusOncidium，butMr。
ScottfoundthatMaxillariaatro—rubenswas\"totallyinsusceptibleoffertilisationwithitsownpollen，\"butfertilised，andwasfertilisedby，awidelydistinctspecies，viz。M。squalens。
Astheseorchidshadbeengrownunderunnaturalconditionsinhot—houses，I
concludedthattheirself—sterilitywasduetothiscause。ButFritzMullerinformsmethatatDesterro，inBrazil，hefertilisedaboveonehundredflowersoftheabove—mentionedOncidiumflexuosum，whichisthereendemic，withitsownpollen，andwiththattakenfromdistinctplants:alltheformerweresterile，whilstthosefertilisedbypollenfromanyOTHERPLANTofthesamespecieswerefertile。Duringthefirstthreedaystherewasnodifferenceintheactionofthetwokindsofpollen:thatplacedonstigmaofthesameplantseparatedintheusualmannerintograins，andemittedtubeswhichpenetratedthecolumn，andthestigmaticchambershutitself;butonlythoseflowerswhichhadbeenfertilisedbypollentakenfromadistinctplantproducedseed—capsules。Onasubsequentoccasiontheseexperimentswererepeatedonalargescalewiththesameresult。FritzMullerfoundthatfourotherendemicspeciesofOncidiumwereinlikemannerutterlysterilewiththeirownpollen，butfertilewiththatfromanyotherplant:someofthemlikewiseproducedseed—capsuleswhenimpregnatedwithpollenofwidelydistinctgenera，suchasCyrtopodium，andRodriguezia。Oncidiumcrispum，however，differsfromtheforegoingspeciesinvaryingmuchinitsself—
sterility;someplantsproducingfinepodswiththeirownpollen，othersfailingtodosointwoorthreeinstances，FritzMullerobservedthatthepodsproducedbypollentakenfromadistinctfloweronthesameplant，werelargerthanthoseproducedbytheflower’sownpollen。InEpidendrumcinnabarinum，anorchidbelongingtoanotherdivisionofthefamily，finepodswereproducedbytheplant’sownpollen，buttheycontainedbyweightonlyabouthalfasmuchseedasthecapsuleswhichhadbeenfertilisedbypollenfromadistinctplant，andinoneinstancefromadistinctspecies;moreover，averylargeproportion，andinsomecasesnearlyalltheseedsproducedbytheplant’sownpollen，weredestituteofanembryo。Someself—fertilisedcapsulesofaMaxillariawereinasimilarstate。
AnotherobservationmadebyFritzMullerishighlyremarkable，namely，thatwithvariousorchidstheplant’sownpollennotonlyfailstoimpregnatetheflower，butactsonthestigma，andisactedon，inaninjuriousorpoisonousmanner。Thisisshownbythesurfaceofthestigmaincontactwiththepollen，andbythepollenitselfbecominginfromthreetofivedaysdarkbrown，andthendecaying。Thediscolorationanddecayarenotcausedbyparasiticcryptograms，whichwereobservedbyFritzMullerinonlyasingleinstance。
Thesechangesarewellshownbyplacingonthesamestigma，atthesametime，theplant’sownpollenandthatfromadistinctplantofthesamespecies，orofanotherspecies，orevenofanotherandwidelyremotegenus。Thus，onthestigmaofOncidiumflexuosum，theplant’sownpollenandthatfromadistinctplantwereplacedsidebyside，andinfivedays’timethelatterwasperfectlyfresh，whilsttheplant’sownpollenwasbrown。Ontheotherhand，whenthepollenofadistinctplantoftheOncidiumflexuosumandoftheEpidendrumzebra（nov。spec。？）wereplacedtogetheronthesamestigma，theybehavedinexactlythesamemanner，thegrainsseparating，emittingtubes，andpenetratingthestigma，sothatthetwopollen—masses，afteranintervalofelevendays，couldnotbedistinguishedexceptbythedifferenceoftheircaudicles，which，ofcourse，undergonochange。FritzMullerhas，moreover，madealargenumberofcrossesbetweenorchidsbelongingtodistinctspeciesandgenera，andhefindsthatinallcaseswhentheflowersarenotfertilisedtheirfootstalksfirstbegintowither;andthewitheringslowlyspreadsupwardsuntilthegermensfalloff，afteranintervalofoneortwoweeks，andinoneinstanceofbetweensixandsevenweeks;buteveninthislattercase，andinmostothercases，thepollenandstigmaremainedinappearancefresh。
Occasionally，however，thepollenbecomesbrownish，generallyontheexternalsurface，andnotincontactwiththestigma，asisinvariablythecasewhentheplant’sownpollenisapplied。
FritzMullerobservedthepoisonousactionoftheplant’sownpollenintheabove—mentionedOncidiumflexuosum，O。unicorne，pubes（？），andintwootherunnamedspecies。AlsointwospeciesofRodriguezia，intwoofNotylia，inoneofBurlingtonia，andofafourthgenusinthesamegroup。Inallthesecases，exceptthelast，itwasprovedthattheflowerswere，asmighthavebeenexpected，fertilewithpollenfromadistinctplantofthesamespecies。
NumerousflowersofonespeciesofNotyliawerefertilisedwithpollenfromthesameraceme;intwodays’timetheyallwithered，thegermensbegantoshrink，thepollen—massesbecamedarkbrown，andnotonepollen—grainemittedatube。Sothatinthisorchidtheinjuriousactionoftheplant’sownpollenismorerapidthanwithOncidiumflexuosum。Eightotherflowersonthesameracemewerefertilisedwithpollenfromadistinctplantofthesamespecies:
twooftheseweredissected，andtheirstigmaswerefoundtobepenetratedbynumberlesspollen—tubes;andthegermensoftheothersixflowersbecamewelldeveloped。Onasubsequentoccasionmanyotherflowerswerefertilisedwiththeirownpollen，andallfelloffdeadinafewdays;whilstsomeflowersonthesameracemewhichhadbeenleftsimplyunfertilisedadheredandlongremainedfresh。Wehaveseenthatincross—unionsbetweenextremelydistinctorchidsthepollenlongremainsundecayed;butNotyliabehavedinthisrespectdifferently;forwhenitspollenwasplacedonthestigmaofOncidiumflexuosum，boththestigmaandpollenquicklybecamedarkbrown，inthesamemannerasiftheplant’sownpollenhadbeenapplied。
FritzMullersuggeststhat，asinallthesecasestheplant’sownpollenisnotonlyimpotent（thuseffectuallypreventingself—fertilisation），butlikewiseprevents，aswasascertainedinthecaseoftheNotyliaandOncidiumflexuosum，theactionofsubsequentlyappliedpollenfromadistinctindividual，itwouldbeanadvantagetotheplanttohaveitsownpollenrenderedmoreandmoredeleterious;forthegermenswouldthusquicklybekilled，anddroppingoff，therewouldbenofurtherwasteinnourishingapartwhichultimatelycouldbeofnoavail。
ThesamenaturalistfoundinBrazilthreeplantsofaBignoniagrowingneartogether。Hefertilisedtwenty—ninefloweretsononeofthemwiththeirownpollen，andtheydidnotsetasinglecapsule。Thirtyflowerswerethenfertilisedwithpollenfromadistinctplant，oneofthethree，andtheyyieldedonlytwocapsules。Lastly，fiveflowerswerefertilisedwithpollenfromafourthplantgrowingatadistance，andallfiveproducedcapsules。
FritzMullerthinksthatthethreeplantswhichgrewnearoneanotherwereprobablyseedlingsfromthesameparent，andthatfrombeingcloselyrelated，theyactedveryfeeblyononeanother。Thisviewisextremelyprobable，forhehassinceshowninaremarkablepaper（17/71。’JenaischeZeitschriftfurNaturwiss。’b。7page221872andpage4411873。Alargepartofthispaperhasbeentranslatedinthe’AmericanNaturalist’1874page223。），thatinthecaseofsomeBrazilianspeciesofAbutilon，whichareself—sterile，andbetweenwhichheraisedsomecomplexhybrids，thatthese，ifnearrelatives，weremuchlessfertileinterse，thanwhennotcloselyrelated。]
Wenowcometocasescloselyanalogouswiththosejustgiven，butdifferentinsofarthatonlycertainindividualsofthespeciesareself—sterile。Thisself—impotencedoesnotdependonthepollenorovulesbeinginanunfitstateforfertilisation，forbothhavebeenfoundeffectiveinunionwithotherplantsofthesameorofadistinctspecies。Thefactofplantshavingacquiredsopeculiaraconstitution，thattheycanbefertilisedmorereadilybythepollenofadistinctspeciesthanbytheirown，isexactlythereverseofwhatoccurswithallordinaryspecies。Forinthelatterthetwosexualelementsofthesameindividualplantareofcoursecapableoffreelyactingoneachother;butaresoconstitutedthattheyaremoreorlessimpotentwhenbroughtintounionwiththesexualelementsofadistinctspecies，andproducemoreorlesssterilehybrids。
[GartnerexperimentedontwoplantsofLobeliafulgens，broughtfromseparateplaces，andfound（17/72。’Bastarderzeugung’s。64，357。）thattheirpollenwasgood，forhefertilisedwithitL。cardinalisandsyphilitica;theirovuleswerelikewisegood，fortheywerefertilisedbythepollenofthesesametwospecies;butthesetwoplantsofL。fulgenscouldnotbefertilisedbytheirownpollen，ascangenerallybeeffectedwithperfecteasewiththisspecies。Again，thepollenofaplantofVerbascumnigrumgrowninapotwasfoundbyGartner（17/73。Ibids。357。）capableoffertilisingV。lychnitisandV。austriacum;theovulescouldbefertilisedbythepollenofV。thapsus;buttheflowerscouldnotbefertilisedbytheirownpollen。Kolreuter，also（17/74。’ZweiteFortsetzung’s。10;’DritteForts。’s。40。Mr。Scottlikewisefertilisedfifty—fourflowersofVerbascumphoeniceum，includingtwovarieties，withtheirownpollen，andnotasinglecapsulewasproduced。Manyofthepollen—grainsemittedtheirtubes，butonlyafewofthempenetratedthestigmas;someslighteffecthoweverwasproduced，asmanyoftheovariesbecamesomewhatdeveloped:’JournalAsiaticSoc。Bengal’1867page150。），givesthecaseofthreegardenplantsofVerbascumphoeniceum，whichboreduringtwoyearsmanyflowers;thesehefertilisedsuccessfullywiththepollenofnolessthanfourdistinctspecies，buttheyproducednotaseedwiththeirownapparentlygoodpollen;subsequentlythesesameplants，andothersraisedfromseed，assumedastrangelyfluctuatingcondition，beingtemporarilysterileonthemaleorfemaleside，oronbothsides，andsometimesfertileonbothsides;buttwooftheplantswereperfectlyfertilethroughoutthesummer。
WithResedaodorataIhavefoundcertainindividualsquitesterilewiththeirownpollen，andsoitiswiththeindigenousResedalutea。Theself—sterileplantsofbothspecieswereperfectlyfertilewhencrossedwithpollenfromanyotherindividualofthesamespecies。Theseobservationswillhereafterbepublishedinanotherwork，inwhichIshallalsoshowthatseedssenttomebyFritzMullerproducedbyplantsofEschscholtziacalifornicawhichwerequiteself—sterileinBrazil，yieldedinthiscountryplantswhichwereonlyslightlyself—sterile。
Itappears（17/75。DuvernoyquotedbyGartner’Bastarderzeugung’s。334）thatcertainflowersoncertainplantsofLiliumcandidumcanbefertilisedmorefreelybypollenfromadistinctindividualthanbytheirown。So，again，withthevarietiesofthepotato。Tinzmann（17/76。’Gardener’sChronicle’1846page183。），whomademanytrialswiththisplant，saysthatpollenfromanothervarietysometimes\"exertsapowerfulinfluence，andIhavefoundsortsofpotatoeswhichwouldnotbearseedfromimpregnationwiththepollenoftheirownflowerswouldbearitwhenimpregnatedwithotherpollen。\"Itdoesnot，however，appeartohavebeenprovedthatthepollenwhichfailedtoactontheflower’sownstigmawasinitselfgood。
InthegenusPassifloraithaslongbeenknownthatseveralspeciesdonotproducefruit，unlessfertilisedbypollentakenfromdistinctspecies:thus，Mr。Mowbray（17/77。’Transact。Hort。Soc。’volume71830page95。）foundthathecouldnotgetfruitfromP。alataandracemosaexceptbyreciprocallyfertilisingthemwitheachother’spollen;andsimilarfactshavebeenobservedinGermanyandFrance。（17/78。Prof。Lecoq’DelaFecondation’1845
page70;Gartner’Bastarderzeugung’s。64。）IhavereceivedtwoaccountsofP。
quadrangularisneverproducingfruitfromitsownpollen，butdoingsofreelywhenfertilisedinonecasewiththepollenofP。coerulea，andinanothercasewiththatofP。edulis。Butinthreeothercasesthisspeciesfruitedfreelywhenfertilisedwithitsownpollen;andthewriterinonecaseattributedthefavourableresulttothetemperatureofthehousehavingbeenraisedfrom5degto10degFahr。abovetheformertemperature，aftertheflowerswerefertilised。（17/79。’Gardener’sChronicle’1868page1341。）WithrespecttoP。laurifolia，acultivatorofmuchexperiencehasrecentlyremarked（17/80。’Gardener’sChronicle’1866page1068。）thattheflowers\"mustbefertilisedwiththepollenofP。coerulea，orofsomeothercommonkind，astheirownpollenwillnotfertilisethem。\"ButthefullestdetailsonthissubjecthavebeengivenbyMessrs。ScottandRobertsonMunro（17/81。
’JournalofProc。ofLinn。Soc。’volume81864page1168。Mr。RobertsonMunroin’Trans。Bot。Soc。’ofEdinburghvolume9page399。）:plantsofPassifloraracemosa，coerulea，andalatafloweredprofuselyduringmanyyearsintheBotanicGardensofEdinburgh，and，thoughrepeatedlyfertilisedwiththeirownpollen，neverproducedanyseed;yetthisoccurredatoncewithallthreespecieswhentheywerecrossedtogetherinvariousways。InthecaseofP。
coeruleathreeplants，twoofwhichgrewintheBotanicGardens，wereallrenderedfertile，merelybyimpregnatingeachwithpollenofoneoftheothers。ThesameresultwasattainedinthesamemannerwithP。alata，butwithonlyoneplantoutofthree。Assomanyself—sterilespeciesofPassiflorahavebeenmentioned，itshouldbestatedthattheflowersoftheannualP。gracilisarenearlyasfertilewiththeirownpollenaswiththatfromadistinctplant;thussixteenflowersspontaneouslyself—fertilisedproducedfruit，eachcontainingonanaverage21。3seed，whilstfruitfromfourteencrossedflowerscontained24。1seed。
ReturningtoP。alata，Ihavereceived（1866）someinterestingdetailsfromMr。RobertsonMunro。Threeplants，includingoneinEngland，havealreadybeenmentionedwhichwereinveteratelyself—sterile，andMr。Munroinformsmeofseveralotherswhich，afterrepeatedtrialsduringmanyyears，havebeenfoundinthesamepredicament。Atsomeotherplaces，however，thisspeciesfruitsreadilywhenfertilisedwithitsownpollen。AtTaymouthCastlethereisaplantwhichwasformerlygraftedbyMr。Donaldsononadistinctspecies，nameunknown，andeversincetheoperationithasproducedfruitinabundancebyitsownpollen;sothatthissmallandunnaturalchangeinthestateofthisplanthasrestoreditsself—fertility！SomeoftheseedlingsfromtheTaymouthCastleplantwerefoundtobenotonlysterilewiththeirownpollen，butwitheachother’spollen，andwiththepollenofdistinctspecies。PollenfromtheTaymouthplantfailedtofertilisecertainplantsofthesamespecies，butwassuccessfulononeplantintheEdinburghBotanicGardens。Seedlingswereraisedfromthislatterunion，andsomeoftheirflowerswerefertilisedbyMr。Munrowiththeirownpollen;buttheywerefoundtobeasself—impotentasthemother—planthadalwaysproved，exceptwhenfertilisedbythegraftedTaymouthplant，andexcept，asweshallsee，whenfertilisedbyherownseedlings。ForMr。Munrofertilisedeighteenflowersontheself—impotentmother—plantwithpollenfromtheseherownself—impotentseedlings，andobtained，remarkableasthefactis，eighteenfinecapsulesfullofexcellentseed！IhavemetwithnocaseinregardtoplantswhichshowssowellasthisofP。alata，onwhatsmallandmysteriouscausescompletefertilityorcompletesterilitydepends。]
Thefactshithertogivenrelatetothemuch—lessenedorcompletelydestroyedfertilityofpurespecieswhenimpregnatedwiththeirownpollen，incomparisonwiththeirfertilitywhenimpregnatedbydistinctindividualsordistinctspecies;butcloselyanalogousfactshavebeenobservedwithhybrids。
[Herbertstates（17/82。’Amaryllidaceae’1837page371;’JournalofHort。
Soc。’volume21847page19。）thathavinginfloweratthesametimeninehybridHippeastrums，ofcomplicatedorigin，descendedfromseveralspecies，hefoundthat\"almosteveryflowertouchedwithpollenfromanothercrossproducedseedabundantly，andthosewhichweretouchedwiththeirownpolleneitherfailedentirely，orformedslowlyapodofinferiorsize，withfewerseeds。\"Inthe’HorticulturalJournal’headdsthat\"theadmissionofthepollenofanothercross—bredHippeastrum（howevercomplicatedthecross）toanyoneflowerofthenumber，isalmostsuretocheckthefructificationoftheothers。\"Inaletterwrittentomein1839，Dr。Herbertsaysthathehadalreadytriedtheseexperimentsduringfiveconsecutiveyears，andhesubsequentlyrepeatedthem，withthesameinvariableresult。Hewasthusledtomakeananalogoustrialonapurespecies，namely，ontheHippeastrumaulicum，whichhehadlatelyimportedfromBrazil:thisbulbproducedfourflowers，threeofwhichwerefertilisedbytheirownpollen，andthefourthbythepollenofatriplecrossbetweenH。bulbulosum，reginae，andvittatum;theresultwas，that\"theovariesofthethreefirstflowerssoonceasedtogrow，andafterafewdaysperishedentirely:whereasthepodimpregnatedbythehybridmadevigorousandrapidprogresstomaturity，andboregoodseed，whichvegetatedfreely。\"Thisis，indeed，asHerbertremarks，\"astrangetruth，\"butnotsostrangeasitthenappeared。
Asaconfirmationofthesestatements，ImayaddthatMr。M。Mayes（17/83。
Loudon’s’Gardener’sMagazine’volume111835page260。）aftermuchexperienceincrossingthespeciesofAmaryllis（Hippeastrum），says，\"neitherthespeciesnorthehybridswill，wearewellaware，produceseedsoabundantlyfromtheirownpollenasfromthatofothers。\"So，again，Mr。Bidwell，inNewSouthWales（17/84。’Gardener’sChronicle’1850page470。）assertsthatAmaryllisbelladonnabearsmanymoreseedswhenfertilisedbythepollenofBrunswigia（Amaryllisofsomeauthors）josephinaeorofB。multiflora，thanwhenfertilisedbyitsownpollen。Mr。BeatondustedfourflowersofaCyrtanthuswiththeirownpollen，andfourwiththepollenofVallota（Amaryllis）
purpurea;ontheseventhday\"thosewhichreceivedtheirownpollenslackenedtheirgrowth，andultimatelyperished;thosewhichwerecrossedwiththeVallotaheldon。\"（17/85。’JournalHort。Soc。’volume5page135。TheseedlingsthusraisedweregiventotheHort。Soc。;butIfind，oninquiry，thattheyunfortunatelydiedthefollowingwinter。）Theselattercases，however，relatetouncrossedspecies，likethosebeforegivenwithrespecttoPassiflora，Orchids，etc。，andareherereferredtoonlybecausetheplantsbelongtothesamegroupofAmaryllidaceae。