Thevoicediffersslightly，asIaminformedbyMr。Dixon，inalmosteverybreed。TheMalays（7/66。Fergusonon’PrizePoultry’page87。）havealoud，deep，somewhatprolongedcrow，butwithconsiderableindividualdifference。
ColonelSykesremarksthatthedomesticKulmcockinIndiahasnottheshrillclearpipeoftheEnglishbird，and\"hisscaleofnotesappearsmorelimited。\"Dr。Hookerwasstruckwiththe\"prolongedhowlingscreech\"ofthecocksinSikhim。（7/67。Col。Sykesin’Proc。Zoolog。Soc。’1832page151。
Dr。Hooker’s’HimalayanJournals’volume1page314。）ThecrowoftheCochinisnotoriouslyandludicrouslydifferentfromthatofthecommoncock。Thedispositionofthedifferentbreedsiswidelydifferent，varyingfromthesavageanddefianttemperoftheGame—cocktotheextremelypeaceabletemperoftheCochins。Thelatter，ithasbeenasserted，\"grazetoamuchgreaterextentthananyothervarieties。\"TheSpanishfowlssuffermorefromfrostthanotherbreeds。]
Beforewepassontotheskeleton，thedegreeofdistinctnessoftheseveralbreedsfromG。bankivaoughttobenoticed。SomewritersspeakoftheSpanishasoneofthemostdistinctbreeds，andsoitisingeneralaspect;butitscharacteristicdifferencesarenotimportant。TheMalayappearstomemoredistinct，fromitstallstature，smalldroopingtailwithmorethanfourteentail—feathers，andfromitssmallcombandwattles;
nevertheless，oneMalaysub—breediscolouredalmostexactlylikeG。
bankiva。SomeauthorsconsiderthePolishfowlasverydistinct;butthisisasemi—monstrousbreed，asshownbytheprotuberantandirregularlyperforatedskull。TheCochin，fromitsdeeplyfurrowedfrontalbones，peculiarlyshapedoccipitalforamen，shortwing—feathers，shorttailcontainingmorethanfourteenfeathers，broadnailtothemiddletoe，fluffyplumage，roughanddark—colouredeggs，andespeciallyfromitspeculiarvoice，isprobablythemostdistinctofallthebreeds。Ifanyoneofourbreedshasdescendedfromsomeunknownspecies，distinctfromG。
bankiva，itisprobablytheCochin;butthebalanceofevidencedoesnotfavourthisview。AllthecharacteristicdifferencesoftheCochinbreedaremoreorlessvariable，andmaybedetectedinagreaterorlesserdegreeinotherbreeds。Onesub—breediscolouredcloselylikeG。bankiva。
Thefeatheredlegs，oftenfurnishedwithanadditionaltoe，thewingsincapableofflight，theextremelyquietdisposition，indicatealongcourseofdomestication;andthesefowlscomefromChina，whereweknowthatplantsandanimalshavebeentendedfromaremoteperiodwithextraordinarycare，andwhereconsequentlywemightexpecttofindprofoundlymodifieddomesticraces。
OSTEOLOGICALDIFFERENCES。
Ihaveexaminedtwenty—sevenskeletonsandfifty—threeskullsofvariousbreeds，includingthreeofG。bankiva:nearlyhalfoftheseskullsIowetothekindnessofMr。Tegetmeier，andthreeoftheskeletonstoMr。Eyton。
SKULL。
（FIGURE33。OCCIPITALFORAMEN，ofnaturalsize。A。WildGallusbankiva。B。
CochinCock。
FIGURE34。SKULLSofnaturalsize，viewedfromabove，alittleobliquely。
A。WildGallusbankiva。B。White—crestedPolishCock。
FIGURE35。LONGITUDINALSECTIONSOFSKULL，ofnaturalsize，viewedlaterally;A。PolishCock。B。CochinCock，selectedforcomparisonwiththeabovefrombeingofnearlythesamesize。
FIGURE36。SKULLOFHORNEDFOWL，ofnaturalsize，viewedfromabove，alittleobliquely。（InthepossessionofTegetmeier。））
[TheSKULLdiffersgreatlyinsizeindifferentbreeds，beingnearlytwiceaslonginthelargestCochins，butnotnearlytwiceasbroad，asinBantams。Thebonesatthebase，fromtheoccipitalforamentotheanteriorend（includingthequadratesandpterygoids），areabsolutelyidenticalinSHAPEinalltheskulls。Soisthelowerjaw。Intheforeheadslightdifferencesareoftenperceptiblebetweenthemalesandfemales，evidentlycausedbythepresenceofthecomb。IneverycaseItaketheskullofG。
bankivaasthestandardofcomparison。InfourGames，inoneMalayhen，inanAfricancock，inaFrizzledcockfromMadras，intwoblack—bonedSilkhens，nodifferencesworthnoticeoccur。InthreeSPANISHcocks，theformoftheforeheadbetweentheorbitsdiffersconsiderably;inoneitisconsiderablydepressed，whilstinthetwoothersitisratherprominent，withadeepmedialfurrow;theskullofthehenissmooth。InthreeskullsofSEBRIGHTBANTAMSthecrownismoreglobular，andslopesmoreabruptlytotheocciput，thaninG。bankiva。InaBantamorJumperfromBurmahthesesamecharactersaremorestronglypronounced，andthesupra—occiputismorepointed。InablackBantamtheskullisnotsoglobular，andtheoccipitalforamenisverylarge，andhasnearlythesamesub—triangularoutlinepresentlytobedescribedinCochins;andinthisskullthetwoascendingbranchesofthepremaxillaryareoverlappedinasingularmannerbytheprocessesofthenasalbone，but，asIhaveseenonlyonespecimen，someofthesedifferencesmaybeindividual。OfCochinsandBrahmas（thelatteracrossedraceapproachingcloselytoCochins）Ihaveexaminedsevenskulls;
atthepointwheretheascendingbranchesofthepremaxillaryrestonthefrontalbonethesurfaceismuchdepressed，andfromthisdepressionadeepmedialfurrowextendsbackwardstoavariabledistance;theedgesofthisfissureareratherprominent，asisthetopoftheskullbehindandovertheorbits。Thesecharactersarelessdevelopedinthehens。Thepterygoids，andtheprocessesofthelowerjaw，arebroader，relativelytothesizeofthehead，thaninG。bankiva;andthisislikewisethecasewithDorkingswhenoflargesize。TheforkofthehyoidboneinCochinsistwiceaswideasinG。bankiva，whereasthelengthoftheotherhyoidbonesisonlyasthreetotwo。Butthemostremarkablecharacteristheshapeoftheoccipitalforamen:inG。bankiva（A）thebreadthinahorizontallineexceedstheheightinaverticalline，andtheoutlineisnearlycircular;
whereasinCochins（B）theoutlineissub—triangular，andtheverticallineexceedsthehorizontallineinlength。ThissameformlikewiseoccursintheblackBantamabovereferredto，andanapproachtoitmaybeseeninsomeDorkings，andinaslightdegreeincertainotherbreeds。
OfDorkingsIhaveexaminedthreeskulls，onebelongingtothewhite—sub—
breed;theonecharacterdeservingnoticeisthebreadthofthefrontalbones，whicharemoderatelyfurrowedinthemiddle;thusinaskullwhichwaslessthanonceandahalfthelengthofthatofG。bankiva，thebreadthbetweentheorbitswasexactlydouble。OfHamburghsIhaveexaminedfourskulls（maleandfemale）ofthepencilledsub—breed，andone（male）ofthespangledsub—breed;thenasalbonesstandremarkablywideapart，butinavariabledegree;consequentlynarrowmembrane—coveredspacesareleftbetweenthetipsofthetwoascendingbranchesofthepre—maxillarybones，whicharerathershort，andbetweenthesebranchesandthenasalbones。Thesurfaceofthefrontalbone，onwhichthebranchesofthepremaxillaryrest，isverylittledepressed。Thesepeculiaritiesnodoubtstandincloserelationwiththebroad，flattenedrose—combcharacteristicoftheHamburghbreed。
IhaveexaminedfourteenskullsofPOLISHANDOTHERCRESTEDBREEDS。Theirdifferencesareextraordinary。Firstfornineskullsofdifferentsub—
breedsofEnglishPolishfowls。Thehemisphericalprotuberanceofthefrontalbones（7/68。SeeMr。Tegetmeier’saccountwithwoodcutsoftheskullofPolishfowlsin’Proc。Zoolog。Soc。’November25，1856。ForotherreferencesseeIsid。GeoffroySaint—Hilaire’Hist。Gen。desAnomalies’tome1page287。M。C。Darestesuspects（’RecherchessurlesConditionsdelaVie’etc。Lille1863page36）thattheprotuberanceisnotformedbythefrontalbones，butbytheossificationoftheduramater。）maybeseeninfigure34，inwhich（B）theskullofawhite—crestedPolishfowlisshownobliquelyfromabove，withtheskull（A）of（G。bankivainthesameposition。Infigure35longitudinalsectionsaregivenoftheskullofaPolishfowl，and，forcomparison，ofaCochinofthesamesize。TheprotuberanceinallPolishfowlsoccupiesthesamepositionbutdiffersmuchinsize。Inoneofmyninespecimensitwasextremelyslight。Thedegreetowhichtheprotuberanceisossifiedvariesgreatly，largerorsmallerportionsofbonebeingreplacedbymembrane。Inonespecimentherewasonlyasingleopenpore;generally，therearemanyvariouslyshapedopenspaces，theboneforminganirregularreticulation。Amedial，longitudinal，archedribbonofboneisgenerallyretained，butinonespecimentherewasnobonewhateveroverthewholeprotuberance，andtheskull，whencleanedandviewedfromabove，presentedtheappearanceofanopenbasin。Thechangeinthewholeinternalformoftheskullissurprisinglygreat。Thebrainismodifiedinacorrespondingmanner，asisshowninthetwolongitudinalsections，whichdeserveattentiveconsideration。Theupperandanteriorcavityofthethreeintowhichtheskullmaybedivided，istheonewhichissogreatlymodified;itisevidentlymuchlargerthanintheCochinskullofthesamesize，andextendsmuchfurtherbeyondtheinterorbitalseptum，butlaterallyislessdeep。Thiscavity，asIhearfromMr。Tegetmeier，isentirelyfilledwithbrain。IntheskulloftheCochinandofallordinaryfowlsastronginternalridgeofboneseparatestheanteriorfromthecentralcavity;butthisridgeisquiteabsentinthePolishskullherefigured。TheshapeofthecentralcavityiscircularinthePolish，andlengthenedintheCochinskull。Theshapeoftheposteriorcavity，togetherwiththeposition，size，andnumberoftheporesforthenerves，differmuchinthesetwoskulls。A
pitdeeplypenetratingtheoccipitalboneoftheCochinisentirelyabsentinthisPolishskull，whilstinanotherspecimenitwaswelldeveloped。Inthissecondspecimenthewholeinternalsurfaceoftheposteriorcavitylikewisedifferstoacertainextentinshape。Imadesectionsoftwootherskulls，——namely，ofaPolishfowlwiththeprotuberancesingularlylittledeveloped，andofaSultaninwhichitwasalittlemoredeveloped;andwhenthesetwoskullswereplacedbetweenthetwoabovefigured（figure35），aperfectgradationintheconfigurationofeachpartoftheinternalsurfacecouldbetraced。InthePolishskull，withasmallprotuberance，theridgebetweentheanteriorandmiddlecavitieswaspresent，butlow;
andintheSultanthisridgewasreplacedbyanarrowfurrowstandingonabroadraisedeminence。
ItmaynaturallybeaskedwhethertheseremarkablemodificationsintheformofthebrainaffecttheintellectofPolishfowls;somewritershavestatedthattheyareextremelystupid，butBechsteinandMr。Tegetmeierhaveshownthatthisisbynomeansgenerallythecase。NeverthelessBechstein（7/69。’NaturgeschichteDeutschlands’b。31793s。400。）statesthathehadaPolishhenwhich\"wascrazy，andanxiouslywanderedaboutalldaylong。\"Aheninmypossessionwassolitaryinherhabits，andwasoftensoabsorbedinreveriethatshecouldbetouched;shewasalsodeficientinthemostsingularmannerinthefacultyoffindingherway，sothat，ifshestrayedahundredyardsfromherfeeding—place，shewascompletelylost，andwouldthenobstinatelytrytoproceedinawrongdirection。IhavereceivedotherandsimilaraccountsofPolishfowlsappearingstupidorhalf—idiotic。（7/70。The’Field’May11，1861。IhavereceivedcommunicationstoasimilareffectfromMessrs。BrentandTegetmeier。）
ToreturntotheskullofPolishfowls。Theposteriorpart，viewedexternally，differslittlefromthatofG。bankiva。Inmostfowlstheposterior—lateralprocessofthefrontalboneandtheprocessofthesquamosalboneruntogetherandareossifiedneartheirextremities:thisunionofthetwobones，however，isnotconstantinanybreed;andinelevenoutoffourteenskullsofcrestedbreeds，theseprocesseswerequitedistinct。Theseprocesses，whennotunited，insteadofbeinginclinedanteriorly，asinallcommonbreeds，descendatrightanglestothelowerjaw;andinthiscasethelongeraxisofthebonycavityoftheearislikewisemoreperpendicular，thaninotherbreeds。Whenthesquamosalprocessisfreeinsteadofexpandingatthetip，itisreducedtoanextremelyfineandpointedstyle，ofvariablelength。Thepterygoidandquadratebonespresentnodifferences。Thepalatinebonesarealittlemorecurvedupwardsattheirposteriorends。Thefrontalbones，anteriorlytotheprotuberance，are，asinDorkings，verybroad，butinavariabledegree。Thenasalboneseitherstandfarapart，asinHamburghs，oralmosttoucheachother，andinoneinstancewereossifiedtogether。Eachnasalboneproperlysendsoutinfronttwolongprocessesofequallengths，formingafork;butinallthePolishskulls，exceptone，theinnerprocesswasconsiderably，butinavariabledegree，shortenedandsomewhatupturned。Inalltheskulls，exceptone，thetwoascendingbranchesofthepremaxillary，insteadofrunningupbetweentheprocessesofthenasalbonesandrestingontheethmoidbone，aremuchshortenedandterminateinablunt，somewhatupturnedpoint。Inthoseskullsinwhichthenasalbonesapproachquiteclosetoeachotherorareossifiedtogether，itwouldbeimpossiblefortheascendingbranchesofthepremaxillarytoreachtheethmoidandfrontalbones;henceweseethateventherelativeconnectionoftheboneshasbeenchanged。Apparentlyinconsequenceofthebranchesofthepremaxillaryandoftheinnerprocessesofthenasalbonesbeingsomewhatupturned，theexternalorificesofthenostrilsareupraisedandassumeacrescenticoutline。
ImuststillsayafewwordsonsomeoftheforeignCrestedbreeds。Theskullofacrested，rumpless，whiteTurkishfowlwasveryslightlyprotuberant，andbutlittleperforated;theascendingbranchesofthepremaxillarywerewelldeveloped。InanotherTurkishbreed，calledGhoondooks，theskullwasconsiderablyprotuberantandperforated;theascendingbranchesofthepremaxillaryweresomuchabortedthattheyprojectedonly1/15thofaninch;andtheinnerprocessesofthenasalboneweresocompletelyaborted，thatthesurfacewheretheyshouldhaveprojectedwasquitesmooth。Herethenweseethesetwobonesmodifiedtoanextremedegree。OfSultans（anotherTurkishbreed）Iexaminedtwoskulls;
inthatofthefemaletheprotuberancewasmuchlargerthaninthemale。Inbothskullstheascendingbranchesofthepremaxillarywereveryshort，andinboththenasalportionoftheinnerprocessesofthenasalboneswereossifiedtogether。TheseSultanskullsdifferedfromthoseofEnglishPolishfowlsinthefrontalbones，anteriorlytotheprotuberance，notbeingbroad。
ThelastskullwhichIneeddescribeisauniqueone，lenttomebyMr。
Tegetmeier:itresemblesaPolishskullinmostofitscharacters，buthasnotthegreatfrontalprotuberance;ithas，however，tworoundedknobsofadifferentnature，whichstandmoreinfront，abovethelachrymalbones。
Thesecuriousknobs，intowhichthebraindoesnotenter，areseparatedfromeachotherbyadeepmedialfurrow;andthisisperforatedbyafewminutepores。Thenasalbonesstandratherwideapart，withtheirinnerprocesses，andtheascendingbranchesofthepremaxillary，upturnedandshortened。Thetwoknobsnodoubtsupportedthetwogreathorn—likeprojectionsofthecomb。
FromtheforegoingfactsweseeinhowastonishingamannersomeofthebonesoftheskullvaryinCrestedfowls。Theprotuberancemaycertainlybecalledinonesenseamonstrosity，asbeingwhollyunlikeanythingobservedinnature:butasinordinarycasesitisnotinjurioustothebird，andasitisstrictlyinherited，itcanhardlyinanothersensebecalledamonstrosity。Aseriesmaybeformedcommencingwiththeblack—bonedSilkfowl，whichhasaverysmallcrestwiththeskullbeneathpenetratedonlybyafewminuteorifices，butwithnootherchangeinitsstructure;andfromthisfirststagewemayproceedtofowlswithamoderatelylargecrest，whichrests，accordingtoBechstein，onafleshymass，butwithoutanyprotuberanceintheskull。ImayaddthatIhaveseenasimilarfleshyorfibrousmassbeneaththetuftoffeathersontheheadoftheTuftedduck;andinthiscasetherewasnoactualprotuberanceintheskull，butithadbecomealittlemoreglobular。Lastly，whenwecometofowlswithalargelydevelopedcrest，theskullbecomeslargelyprotuberantandisperforatedbyamultitudeofirregularopenspaces。Thecloserelationbetweenthecrestandthesizeofthebonyprotuberanceisshowninanotherway;forMr。Tegetmeierinformsmethatifchickenslatelyhatchedbeselectedwithalargebonyprotuberance，whenadulttheywillhavealargecrest。TherecanbenodoubtthatinformertimesthebreederofPolishfowlsattendedsolelytothecrest，andnottotheskull;nevertheless，byincreasingthecrest，inwhichhehasbeenwonderfullysuccessful，hehasunintentionallymadetheskullprotuberanttoanastonishingdegree;andthroughcorrelationofgrowth，hehasatthesametimeaffectedtheformandrelativeconnexionofthepremaxillaryandnasalbones，theshapeoftheorificeofthenose，thebreadthofthefrontalbones，theshapeofthepost—lateralprocessesofthefrontalandsquamosalbones，thedirectionoftheaxisofthebonycavityoftheear，andlastlytheinternalconfigurationofthewholeskulltogetherwiththeshapeofthebrain。
VERTEBRAE。
（FIGURE37。SIXTHCERVICALVERTEBRA，naturalsize，viewedlaterally。A。
WildGallusbankiva。B。Cochincock。）
InG。bankivatherearefourteencervical，sevendorsalwithribs，apparentlyfifteenlumbarandsacral，andsixcaudalvertebrae（7/71。ItappearsthatIhavenotcorrectlydesignatedtheseveralgroupsofvertebrae，foragreatauthority，Mr。W。K。Parker（’Transact。Zoolog。Soc。’
volume5page198）specifies16cervical，4dorsal，15lumbar，and6caudalvertebraeinthisgenus。ButIhaveusedthesametermsinallthefollowingdescriptions。）;butthelumbarandsacralaresomuchanchylosedthatIamnotsureoftheirnumber，andthismakesthecomparisonofthetotalnumberofvertebraeintheseveralbreedsdifficult。Ihavespokenofsixcaudalvertebrae，becausethebasaloneisalmostcompletelyanchylosedwiththepelvis;butifweconsiderthenumberasseven，thecaudalvertebraeagreeinalltheskeletons。Thecervicalvertebraeare，asjuststated，inappearancefourteen;butoutoftwenty—threeskeletonsinafitstateforexamination，infiveofthem，namely，intwoGames，intwopencilledHamburghs，andinaPolish，thefourteenthvertebraboreribs，which，thoughsmall，wereperfectlydevelopedwithadoublearticulation。
Thepresenceoftheselittleribscannotbeconsideredasafactofmuchimportance，forallthecervicalvertebraebearrepresentativesofribs;
buttheirdevelopmentinthefourteenthvertebrareducesthesizeofthepassagesinthetransverseprocesses，andmakesthisvertebraexactlylikethefirstdorsalvertebra。Theadditionoftheselittleribsdoesnotaffectthefourteenthcervicalalone，forproperlytheribsofthefirsttruedorsalvertebraaredestituteofprocesses;butinsomeoftheskeletonsinwhichthefourteenthcervicalborelittleribsthefirstpairoftrueribshadwell—developedprocesses。Whenweknowthatthesparrowhasonlynine，andtheswantwenty—threecervicalvertebrae（7/72。
Macgillivray’BritishBirds’volume1page25。），weneedfeelnosurpriseatthenumberofthecervicalvertebraeinthefowlbeing，asitappears，variable。
Therearesevendorsalvertebraebearingribs;thefirstdorsalisneveranchylosedwiththesucceedingfour，whicharegenerallyanchylosedtogether。InoneSultanfowl，however，thetwofirstdorsalvertebraewerefree。Intwoskeletons，thefifthdorsalwasfree;generallythesixthisfree（asinG。bankiva），butsometimesonlyatitsposteriorend，whereincontactwiththeseventh。Theseventhdorsalvertebra，ineverycaseexceptinginoneSpanishcock，wasanchylosedwiththelumbarvertebrae。Sothatthedegreetowhichthesemiddledorsalvertebraeareanchylosedisvariable。
Sevenisthenormalnumberoftrueribs，butintwoskeletonsoftheSultanfowl（inwhichthefourteenthcervicalvertebrawasnotfurnishedwithlittleribs）therewereeightpairs;theeighthpairseemedtobedevelopedonavertebracorrespondingwiththefirstlumbarinG。bankiva;thesternalportionofboththeseventhandeighthribsdidnotreachthesternum。Infourskeletonsinwhichribsweredevelopedonthefourteenthcervicalvertebra，therewere，whenthesecervicalribsareincluded，eightpairs;butinoneGamecock，inwhichthefourteenthcervicalwasfurnishedwithribs，therewereonlysixpairsoftruedorsalribs;thesixthpairinthiscasedidnothaveprocesses，andthusresembledtheseventhpairinotherskeletons;inthisGamecock，asfarascouldbejudgedfromtheappearanceofthelumbarvertebrae，awholedorsalvertebrawithitsribswasmissing。Wethusseethattheribs（whetherornotthelittlepairattachedtothefourteenthcervicalvertebrabecounted）varyfromsixtoeightpair。Thesixthpairisfrequentlynotfurnishedwithprocesses。ThesternalportionoftheseventhpairisextremelybroadinCochins，andiscompletelyossified。Aspreviouslystated，itisscarcelypossibletocountthelumbo—sacralvertebrae;buttheycertainlydonotcorrespondinshapeornumberintheseveralskeletons。Thecaudalvertebraearecloselysimilarinalltheskeletons，theonlydifferencebeingwhetherornotthebasaloneisanchylosedtothepelvis;theyhardlyvaryeveninlength，notbeingshorterinCochins，withtheirshorttail—feathers，thaninotherbreeds;inaSpanishcock，however，thecaudalvertebraewerealittleelongated。Inthreerumplessfowlsthecaudalvertebraewerefewinnumber，andanchylosedtogetherintoamisformedmass。
Intheindividualvertebraethedifferencesinstructureareveryslight。
Intheatlasthecavityfortheoccipitalcondyleiseitherossifiedintoaring，oris，asinBankiva，openonitsuppermargin。TheupperarcofthespinalcanalisalittlemorearchedinCochins，inconformitywiththeshapeoftheoccipitalforamen，thaninG。bankiva。Inseveralskeletonsadifference，butnotofmuchimportance，maybeobserved，whichcommencesatthefourthcervicalvertebra，andisgreatestataboutthesixth，seventh，oreighthvertebra;thisconsistsinthehaemaldescendingprocessesbeingunitedtothebodyofthevertebrabyasortofbuttress。
ThisstructuremaybeobservedinCochins，Polish，someHamburghs，andprobablyotherbreeds;butisabsent，orbarelydeveloped，inGame，Dorking，Spanish，Bantam，andseveralotherbreedsexaminedbyme。OnthedorsalsurfaceofthesixthcervicalvertebrainCochinsthreeprominentpointsaremorestronglydevelopedthaninthecorrespondingvertebraoftheGamefowlorG。bankiva。
PELVIS。
Thisdiffersinsomefewpointsintheseveralskeletons。Theanteriormarginoftheiliumseemsatfirsttovarymuchinoutline，butthisischieflyduetothedegreetowhichthemargininthemiddlepartisossifiedtothecrestofthevertebrae;theoutline，however，doesdifferinbeingmoretruncatedinBantams，andmoreroundedincertainbreeds，asinCochins。Theoutlineoftheischiadicforamendiffersconsiderably，beingnearlycircularinBantams，insteadofegg—shapedasintheBankiva，andmoreregularlyovalinsomeskeletons，asintheSpanish。Theobturatornotchisalsomuchlesselongatedinsomeskeletonsthaninothers。Theendofthepubicbonepresentsthegreatestdifference;beinghardlyenlargedintheBankiva;considerablyandgraduallyenlargedinCochins，andinalesserdegreeinsomeotherbreeds;andabruptlyenlargedinBantams。InoneBantamthisboneextendedverylittlebeyondtheextremityoftheischium。Thewholepelvisinthislatterbirddifferedwidelyinitsproportions，beingfarbroaderproportionallytoitslengththaninBankiva。
（FIGURE38。EXTREMITYOFTHEFURCULA，ofnaturalsize，viewedlaterally。A。
WildGallusbankiva。B。SpangledPolishFowl。C。SpanishFowl。D。DorkingFowl。）
STERNUM。
Thisboneisgenerallysomuchdeformedthatitisscarcelypossibletocompareitsshapestrictlyintheseveralbreeds。Theformofthetriangularextremityofthelateralprocessesdiffersconsiderably，beingeitheralmostequilateralormuchelongated。Thefrontmarginofthecrestismoreorlessperpendicularandvariesgreatly，asdoesthecurvatureoftheposteriorend，andtheflatnessofthelowersurface。Theoutlineofthemanubrialprocessalsovaries，beingwedge—shapedintheBankiva，androundedintheSpanishbreed。TheFURCULUMdiffersinbeingmoreorlessarched，andgreatly，asmaybeseenintheaccompanyingoutlines，intheshapeoftheterminalplate;buttheshapeofthispartdifferedalittleintwoskeletonsofthewildBankiva。TheCORACOIDpresentsnodifferenceworthnotice。TheSCAPULAvariesinshape，beingofnearlyuniformbreadthinBankiva，muchbroaderinthemiddleinthePolishfowl，andabruptlynarrowedtowardstheapexinthetwoSultanfowls。
Icarefullycomparedeachseparateboneofthelegandwing，relativelytothesamebonesinthewildBankiva，inthefollowingbreeds，whichI
thoughtwerethemostlikelytodiffer;namely，inCochin，Dorking，Spanish，Polish，BurmeseBantam，FrizzledIndian，andblack—bonedSilkfowls;anditwastrulysurprisingtoseehowabsolutelyeveryprocess，articulation，andporeagreed，thoughthebonesdifferedgreatlyinsize。
Theagreementisfarmoreabsolutethaninotherpartsoftheskeleton。Instatingthis，Idonotrefertotherelativethicknessandlengthoftheseveralbones;forthetarsivariedconsiderablyinboththeserespects。
Buttheotherlimb—bonesvariedlittleeveninrelativelength。]
Finally，Ihavenotexaminedasufficientnumberofskeletonstosaywhetheranyoftheforegoingdifferences，exceptintheskull，arecharacteristicoftheseveralbreeds。Apparentlysomedifferencesaremorecommonincertainbreedsthaninothers，——asanadditionalribtothefourteenthcervicalvertebrainHamburghsandGames，andthebreadthoftheendofthepubicboneinCochins。BothskeletonsoftheSultanfowlhadeightdorsalvertebrae，andtheendofthescapulainbothwassomewhatattenuated。Intheskull，thedeepmedialfurrowinthefrontalbonesandtheverticallyelongatedoccipitalforamenseemtobecharacteristicofCochins;asisthegreatbreadthofthefrontalbonesinDorkings;theseparationandopenspacesbetweenthetipsoftheascendingbranchesofthepremaxillariesandnasalbones，aswellasthefrontpartoftheskullbeingbutlittledepressed，characteriseHamburghs;theglobularshapeoftheposteriorpartoftheskullseemstobecharacteristicoflacedBantams;andlastly，theprotuberanceoftheskullwiththeascendingbranchesofthepremaxillariespartiallyaborted，togetherwiththeotherdifferencesbeforespecified，areeminentlycharacteristicofPolishandotherCrestedfowls。
Butthemoststrikingresultofmyexaminationoftheskeletonisthegreatvariabilityofallthebonesexceptthoseoftheextremities。Toacertainextentwecanunderstandwhytheskeletonfluctuatessomuchinstructure;
fowlshavebeenexposedtounnaturalconditionsoflife，andtheirwholeorganisationhasthusbeenrenderedvariable;butthebreederisquiteindifferentto，andneverintentionallyselects，anymodificationintheskeleton。Externalcharacters，ifnotattendedtobyman，suchasthenumberofthetailandwingfeathersandtheirrelativelengths，whichinwildbirdsaregenerallyconstant，——fluctuateinourdomesticfowlsinthesamemannerastheseveralpartsoftheskeleton。Anadditionaltoeisa\"point\"inDorkings，andhasbecomeafixedcharacter，butisvariableinCochinsandSilkfowls。Thecolouroftheplumageandtheformofthecombareinmostbreeds，orevensub—breeds，eminentlyfixedcharacters;butinDorkingsthesepointshavenotbeenattendedto，andarevariable。Whenanymodificationintheskeletonisrelatedtosomeexternalcharacterwhichmanvalues，ithasbeen，unintentionallyonhispart，actedonbyselection，andhasbecomemoreorlessfixed。Weseethisinthewonderfulprotuberanceoftheskull，whichsupportsthecrestoffeathersinPolishfowls，andwhichbycorrelationhasaffectedotherpartsoftheskull。Weseethesameresultinthetwoprotuberanceswhichsupportthehornsinthehornedfowl，andintheflattenedshapeofthefrontoftheskullinHamburghsconsequentontheirflattenedandbroad\"rose—combs。\"Weknownotintheleastwhetheradditionalribs，orthechangedoutlineoftheoccipitalforamen，orthechangedformofthescapula，oroftheextremityofthefurculum，areinanywaycorrelatedwithotherstructures，orhavearisenfromthechangedconditionsandhabitsoflifetowhichourfowlshavebeensubjected;butthereisnoreasontodoubtthatthesevariousmodificationsintheskeletoncouldberendered，eitherbydirectselection，orbytheselectionofcorrelatedstructures，asconstantandascharacteristicofeachbreed，asarethesizeandshapeofthebody，thecolouroftheplumage，andtheformofthecomb。
[EFFECTSOFTHEDISUSEOFPARTS。
JudgingfromthehabitsofourEuropeangallinaceousbirds，Gallusbankivainitsnativehauntswoulduseitslegsandwingsmorethandoourdomesticfowls，whichrarelyflyexcepttotheirroosts。TheSilkandtheFrizzledfowls，fromhavingimperfectwing—feathers，cannotflyatall;andthereisreasontobelievethatboththesebreedsareancient，sothattheirprogenitorsduringmanygenerationscannothaveflown。TheCochins，also，fromtheirshortwingsandheavybodies，canhardlyflyuptoalowperch。
Thereforeinthesebreeds，especiallyinthetwofirst，aconsiderablediminutioninthewing—bonesmighthavebeenexpected，butthisisnotthecase。Ineveryspecimen，afterdisarticulatingandcleaningthebones，I
carefullycomparedtherelativelengthofthetwomainbonesofthewingtoeachother，andofthetwomainbonesofthelegtoeachother，withthoseofG。bankiva;anditwassurprisingtosee（exceptinthecaseofthetarsi）howexactlythesamerelativelengthhadbeenretained。Thisfactiscurious，fromshowinghowtrulytheproportionsofanorganmaybeinherited，althoughnotfullyexercisedduringmanygenerations。Ithencomparedinseveralbreedsthelengthofthefemurandtibiawiththehumerusandulna，andlikewisethesesameboneswiththoseofG。bankiva;
theresultwasthatthewing—bonesinallthebreeds（excepttheBurmeseJumper，whichhasunnaturallyshortlegs，areslightlyshortenedrelativelytotheleg—bones;butthedecreaseissoslightthatitmaybeduetothestandardspecimenofG。bankivahavingaccidentallyhadwingsofslightlygreaterlengththanusual;sothatthemeasurementsarenotworthgiving。
ButitdeservesnoticethattheSilkandFrizzledfowls，whicharequiteincapableofflight，hadtheirwingsLESSreducedrelativelytotheirlegsthaninalmostanyotherbreed！Wehaveseenwithdomesticatedpigeonsthatthebonesofthewingsaresomewhatreducedinlength，whilsttheprimaryfeathersareratherincreasedinlength，anditisjustpossible，thoughnotprobable，thatintheSilkandFrizzledfowlsanytendencytodecreaseinthelengthofthewing—bonesfromdisusemayhavebeencheckedthroughthelawofcompensation，bythedecreasedgrowthofthewing—feathers，andconsequentincreasedsupplyofnutriment。Thewing—bones，however，inboththesebreeds，arefoundtobeslightlyreducedinlengthwhenjudgedbythestandardofthelengthofthesternumorhead，relativelytothesesamepartsinG。bankiva。
TheactualweightofthemainbonesofthelegandwingintwelvebreedsisgiveninthetwofirstcolumnsinTable7。I。Thecalculatedweightofthewing—bonesrelativelytotheleg—bones，incomparisonwiththelegandwing—bonesofG。bankiva，aregiveninthethirdcolumn，——theweightofthewing—bonesinG。bankivabeingcalledahundred。（7/73。Itmaybewelltoexplainhowthecalculationhasbeenmadeforthethirdcolumn。InG。
bankivatheleg—bonesaretothewing—bonesas86:54，oras（neglectingdecimals）100:62;—inCochinsas311:162，oras100:52;——inDorkingsas557:248，oras100:44;andsoonfortheotherbreeds。Wethusgettheseriesof62，52，44fortherelativeweightsofthewing—bonesinG。
bankiva，Cochins，Dorkings，etc。Andnowtaking100，insteadof62，fortheweightofthewing—bonesinG。bankiva，weget，byanotherruleofthree，83astheweightofthewing—bonesinCochins;70intheDorkings;andsoonfortheremainderofthethirdcolumninthetable。）
TABLE7。I。（Weightsingrains。）
COLUMN1。ActualWeightofFemurandTibia。
COLUMN2。ActualWeightofHumerusandUlna。
COLUMN3。WeightofWing—bonesrelativelytotheLeg—bonesincomparisonwiththesesamebonesinGallusbankiva。
1。2。3。
Gallusbankiva——wildmale8654100
1。Cochin——male31116283
2。Dorking——male55724870
3。Spanish（Minorca）——male38618375
4。Gold—SpangledPolish——male30614575
5。Game，black—breasted——male29314377
6。Malay——female23111680
7。Sultan——male1899479
8。IndianFrizzled——male2068867
9。BurmeseJumper——female5336108
10。Hamburgh（pencilled）——male157104106
11。Hamburgh（pencilled）——female11477108
12。Silk（black—boned）——female8857103
Intheeightfirstbirds，belongingtodistinctbreeds，inthistable，weseeadecidedreductionintheweightofthebonesofthewing。
IntheIndianFrizzledfowl，whichcannotfly，thereductioniscarriedtothegreatestextent，namely，tothirty—threepercentoftheirproperproportionalweight。Inthenextfourbirds，includingtheSilkhen，whichisincapableofflight，weseethatthewings，relativelytothelegs，areslightlyincreasedinweight;butitshouldbeobservedthat，ifinthesebirdsthelegshadbecomefromanycausereducedinweight，thiswouldgivethefalseappearanceofthewingshavingincreasedinrelativeweight。NowareductionofthisnaturehascertainlyoccurredwiththeBurmeseJumper，inwhichthelegsareabnormallyshort，andinthetwoHamburghsandSilkfowl，thelegs，thoughnotshort，areformedofremarkablythinandlightbones。Imakethesestatements，notjudgingbymereeyesight，butafterhavingcalculatedtheweightsoftheleg—bonesrelativelytothoseofG。
bankiva，accordingtotheonlytwostandardsofcomparisonwhichIcoulduse，namely，therelativelengthsoftheheadandsternum;forIdonotknowtheweightofthebodyinG。bankiva，whichwouldhavebeenabetterstandard。Accordingtothesestandards，theleg—bonesinthesefourfowlsareinamarkedmannerfarlighterthaninanyotherbreed。Itmaythereforebeconcludedthatinallcasesinwhichthelegshavenotbeenthroughsomeunknowncausemuchreducedinweight，thewing—boneshavebecomereducedinweightrelativelytotheleg—bones，incomparisonwiththoseofG。bankiva。Andthisreductionofweightmay，Iapprehend，safelybeattributedtodisuse。
TomakeTable7。I。quitesatisfactory，itoughttohavebeenshownthatintheeightfirstbirdstheleg—boneshavenotactuallyincreasedinweightoutofdueproportionwiththerestofthebody;thisIcannotshow，fromnotknowing，asalreadyremarked，theweightofthewildBankiva。（7/74。
Mr。Blyth（in’AnnalsandMag。ofNat。Hist。’2ndseriesvolume11848page456）gives31/4poundsastheweightofafull—grownmaleG。bankiva;butfromwhatIhaveseenoftheskinsandskeletonsofvariousbreeds，I
cannotbelievethatmytwospecimensofG。bankivacouldhaveweighedsomuch。）Iamindeedinclinedtosuspectthattheleg—bonesintheDorking，No。2inthetable，areproportionallytooheavy;butthisbirdwasaverylargeone，weighing7pounds2ounces，thoughverythin。Itsleg—bonesweremorethantentimesasheavyasthoseoftheBurmeseJumper！Itriedtoascertainthelengthbothoftheleg—bonesandwing—bonesrelativelytootherpartsofthebodyandskeleton:butthewholeorganisationinthesebirds，whichhavebeensolongdomesticated，hasbecomesovariable，thatnocertainconclusionscouldbereached。Forinstance，thelegsoftheaboveDorkingcockwerenearlythree—quartersofaninchtooshortrelativelytothelengthofthesternum，andmorethanthree—quartersofaninchtoolongrelativelytothelengthoftheskull，incomparisonwiththesesamepartsinG。bankiva。
TABLE7。II。
COLUMN1。LengthofSternum（ininchesanddecimals。）
COLUMN2。DepthofCrestofSternum（ininchesanddecimals。）。
COLUMN3。DepthofCrestrelativelytothelengthoftheSternum，incomparisonwithGallusbankiva。
1。2。3。
Gallusbankiva——male。4。201。40100
1。Cochin——male。5。831。5578
2。Dorking——male。6。951。9784
3。Spanish——male。6。101。8390
4。Polish——male。5。071。5087
5。Game——male。5。551。5581
6。Malay——female。5。101。5087
7。Sultan——male。4。471。3690
8。Frizzledhen——male。4。251。2084
9。BurmeseJumper——female。3。060。8581
10。Hamburgh——male。5。081。4081
11。Hamburgh——female。4。551。2681
12。Silkfowl——female。4。491。0166
InTable7。II。inthetwofirstcolumnsweseeininchesanddecimalsthelengthofthesternum，andtheextremedepthofitscresttowhichthepectoralmusclesareattached。Inthethirdcolumnwehavethecalculateddepthofthecrest，relativelytothelengthofthesternum，incomparisonwiththesesamepartsinG。bankiva。（7/75。Thethirdcolumniscalculatedonthesameprincipleasexplainedinfootnote7/73above。）
Bylookingtothethirdcolumnweseethatineverycasethedepthofthecrestrelativelytothelengthofthesternum，incomparisonwithG。
bankiva，isdiminished，generallybetween10and20percent。Butthedegreeofreductionvariesmuch，partlyinconsequenceofthefrequentlydeformedstateofthesternum。IntheSilkfowl，whichcannotfly，thecrestis34percentlessdeepthanwhatitoughttohavebeen。Thisreductionofthecrestinallthebreedsprobablyaccountsforthegreatvariability，beforereferredto，inthecurvatureofthefurculum，andintheshapeofitssternalextremity。Medicalmenbelievethattheabnormalformofthespinesocommonlyobservedinwomenofthehigherranksresultsfromtheattachedmusclesnotbeingfullyexercised。Soitiswithourdomesticfowls，fortheyusetheirpectoralmusclesbutlittle，and，outoftwenty—fivesternumsexaminedbyme，threealonewereperfectlysymmetrical，tenweremoderatelycrooked，andtwelveweredeformedtoanextremedegree。Mr。Romanes，however，believesthatthemalformationisduetofowlswhilstyoungrestingtheirsternumsonthesticksonwhichtheyroost。]
Finally，wemayconcludewithrespecttothevariousbreedsofthefowl，thatthemainbonesofthewinghaveprobablybeenshortenedinaveryslightdegree;thattheyhavecertainlybecomelighterrelativelytotheleg—bonesinallthebreedsinwhichtheselatterbonesarenotunnaturallyshortordelicate;andthatthecrestofthesternum，towhichthepectoralmusclesareattached，hasinvariablybecomelessprominent，thewholesternumbeingalsoextremelyliabletodeformity。Theseresultswemayattributetothelesseneduseofthewings。
CORRELATIONOFGROWTH。
IwillheresumupthefewfactswhichIhavecollectedonthisobscure，butimportant，subject。InCochinandGamefowlsthereisperhapssomerelationbetweenthecolouroftheplumageandthedarknessoftheegg—
shell。InSultanstheadditionalsickle—feathersinthetailareapparentlyrelatedtothegeneralredundancyoftheplumage，asshownbythefeatheredlegs，largecrest，andbeard。IntwotaillessfowlswhichIexaminedtheoil—glandwasaborted。Alargecrestoffeathers，asMr。Tegetmeierhasremarked，seemsalwaysaccompaniedbyagreatdiminutionoralmostentireabsenceofthecomb。Alargebeardissimilarlyaccompaniedbydiminishedorabsentwattles。Theselattercasesapparentlycomeunderthelawofcompensationorbalancementofgrowth。Alargebeardbeneaththelowerjawandalargetop—knotontheskulloftengotogether。Thecombwhenofanypeculiarshape，aswithHorned，Spanish，andHamburghfowls，affectsinacorrespondingmannertheunderlyingskull;andwehaveseenhowwonderfullythisisthecasewithCrestedfowlswhenthecrestislargelydeveloped。
Withtheprotuberanceofthefrontalbonestheshapeoftheinternalsurfaceoftheskullandofthebrainisgreatlymodified。Thepresenceofacrestinfluencesinsomeunknownwaythedevelopmentoftheascendingbranchesofthepremaxillarybone，andoftheinnerprocessesofthenasalbones;andlikewisetheshapeoftheexternalorificeofthenostrils。
Thereisaplainandcuriouscorrelationbetweenacrestoffeathersandtheimperfectlyossifiedconditionoftheskull。Notonlydoesthisholdgoodwithnearlyallcrestedfowls，butlikewisewithtuftedducks，andasDr。GuntherinformsmewithtuftedgeeseinGermany。
Lastly，thefeatherscomposingthecrestinmalePolishfowlsresemblehackles，anddiffergreatlyinshapefromthoseinthecrestofthefemale。
Theneck，wing—coverts，andloinsinthemalebirdareproperlycoveredwithhackles，anditwouldappearthatfeathersofthisshapehavespreadbycorrelationtotheheadofthemale。Thislittlefactisinteresting;
because，thoughbothsexesofsomewildgallinaceousbirdshavetheirheadssimilarlyornamented，yetthereisoftenadifferenceinthesizeandshapeoffeathersformingtheircrests。Furthermore，thereisinsomecases，asinthemaleGoldandinthemaleAmherstpheasants（P。pictusandamherstiae），acloserelationincolour，aswellasinstructure，betweentheplumesontheheadandontheloins。Itwouldthereforeappearthatthesamelawhasregulatedthestateofthefeathersontheheadandbody，bothwithspecieslivingundernaturalconditions，andwithbirdswhichhavevariedunderdomestication。
CHAPTER1。VIII。
DUCK——GOOSE——PEACOCK——TURKEY——GUINEA—FOWL——CANARY—BIRD——GOLD—FISH——HIVE—
BEES——SILK—MOTHS。
DUCKS，SEVERALBREEDSOF。
PROGRESSOFDOMESTICATION。
ORIGINOFFROMTHECOMMONWILD—DUCK。
DIFFERENCESINTHEDIFFERENTBREEDS。
OSTEOLOGICALDIFFERENCES。
EFFECTSOFUSEANDDISUSEONTHELIMB—BONES。
GOOSE，ANCIENTLYDOMESTICATED。
LITTLEVARIATIONOF。
SEBASTOPOLBREED。
PEACOCK，ORIGINOFBLACK—SHOULDEREDBREED。
TURKEY，BREEDSOF。
CROSSEDWITHTHEUNITEDSTATESSPECIES。
EFFECTSOFCLIMATEON。
GUINEA—FOWL，CANARY—BIRD，GOLD—FISH，HIVE—BEES。
SILK—MOTHS，SPECIESANDBREEDSOF。
ANCIENTLYDOMESTICATED。
CAREINTHEIRSELECTION。
DIFFERENCESINTHEDIFFERENTRACES。
INTHEEGG，CATERPILLAR，ANDCOCOONSTATES。
INHERITANCEOFCHARACTERS。
IMPERFECTWINGS。
LOSTINSTINCTS。
CORRELATEDCHARACTERS。
Iwill，asinpreviouscases，firstbrieflydescribethechiefdomesticbreedsoftheduck:——
[BREED1。COMMONDOMESTICDUCK。
Variesmuchincolourandinproportions，anddiffersininstinctsanddispositionfromthewildduck。Thereareseveralsub—breeds:——
1。TheAylesbury，ofgreatsize，white，withpale—yellowbeakandlegs;
abdominaldermalsacklargelydeveloped。
2。TheRouen，ofgreatsize，colouredlikethewildduck，withgreenormottledbeak;dermalsacklargelydeveloped。