andhavepreparedskeletonsofall。IhavereceivedskinsfromPersia，andalargenumberfromIndiaandotherquartersoftheworld。（5/1。TheHon。C。MurrayhassentmesomeveryvaluablespecimensfromPersia;andH。M。Consul，Mr。KeithAbbott，hasgivenmeinformationonthepigeonsofthesamecountry。IamdeeplyindebtedtoSirWalterElliotforanimmensecollectionofskinsfromMadras，withmuchinformationregardingthem。Mr。Blythhasfreelycommunicatedtomehisstoresofknowledgeonthisandallotherrelatedsubjects。TheRajahSirJamesBrookesentmespecimensfromBorneo，ashasH。M。Consul，Mr。Swinhoe，fromAmoyinChina，andDr。DaniellfromthewestcoastofAfrica。）SincemyadmissionintotwooftheLondonpigeon—clubs，I
havereceivedthekindestassistancefrommanyofthemosteminentamateurs。（5/2。Mr。B。P。Brent，wellknownforhisvariouscontributionstopoultryliterature，hasaidedmeineverywayduringseveralyears:sohasMr。Tegetmeier，withunweariedkindness。Thislattergentleman，whoiswellknownforhisworksonpoultry，andwhohaslargelybredpigeons，haslookedoverthisandthefollowingchapters。Mr。BultformerlyshowedmehisunrivalledcollectionofPouters，andgavemespecimens。IhadaccesstoMr。Wicking’scollection，whichcontainedagreaterassortmentofkindsthancouldanywhereelsebeseen;andhehasalwaysaidedmewithspecimensandinformationgiveninthefreestmanner。Mr。HaynesandMr。CorkerhavegivenmespecimensoftheirmagnificentCarriers。ToMr。HarrisonWeirIamlikewiseindebted。NormustIbyanymeanspassovertheassistancereceivedfromMr。J。M。Eaton，Mr。Baker，Mr。Evans，andMr。J。Baily，jun。，ofMount—street——tothelattergentlemanIhavebeenindebtedforsomevaluablespecimens。ToallthesegentlemenIbegpermissiontoreturnmysincereandcordialthanks。）
TheracesofthePigeonwhichcanbedistinguished，andwhichbreedtrue，areverynumerous。MM。BoitardandCorbie（5/3。’LesPigeonsdeVoliereetdeColombier’Paris1824。Duringforty—fiveyearsthesoleoccupationofM。
CorbiewasthecareofthepigeonsbelongingtotheDuchessofBerry。
BonizzihasdescribedalargenumberofcolouredvarietiesinItaly:’LevariazionideicolombiDomestici’Padova1873。）describeindetail122
kinds;andIcouldaddseveralEuropeankindsnotknowntothem。InIndia，judgingfromtheskinssentme，therearemanybreedsunknownhere;andSirW。ElliotinformsmethatacollectionimportedbyanIndianmerchantintoMadrasfromCairoandConstantinopleincludedseveralkindsunknowninIndia。Ihavenodoubtthatthereexistconsiderablyabove150kindswhichbreedtrueandhavebeenseparatelynamed。Butofthesethefargreaternumberdifferfromeachotheronlyinunimportantcharacters。Suchdifferenceswillbehereentirelypassedover，andIshallconfinemyselftothemoreimportantpointsofstructure。Thatmanyimportantdifferencesexistweshallpresentlysee。IhavelookedthroughthemagnificentcollectionoftheColumbidaeintheBritishMuseum，and，withtheexceptionofafewforms（suchastheDidunculus，Calaenas，Goura，etc。），Idonothesitatetoaffirmthatsomedomesticracesoftherock—pigeondifferfullyasmuchfromeachotherinexternalcharactersasdothemostdistinctnaturalgenera。Wemaylookinvainthroughthe288knownspecies（5/4。
’Coupd’Oeilsurl’OrdredesPigeons’parPrinceC。L。Bonaparte，Paris1855。Thisauthormakes288species，rankedunder85genera。）forabeaksosmallandconicalasthatoftheshort—facedtumbler;foronesobroadandshortasthatofthebarb;foronesolong，straight，andnarrow，withitsenormouswattles，asthatoftheEnglishcarrier;foranexpandedupraisedtaillikethatofthefantail;orforanoesophaguslikethatofthepouter。Idonotforamomentpretendthatthedomesticracesdifferfromeachotherintheirwholeorganisationasmuchasthemoredistinctnaturalgenera。Ireferonlytoexternalcharacters，onwhich，however，itmustbeconfessedthatmostgeneraofbirdshavebeenfounded。When，inafuturechapter，wediscusstheprincipleofselectionasfollowedbyman，weshallclearlyseewhythedifferencesbetweenthedomesticracesarealmostalwaysconfinedtoexternal，oratleasttoexternallyvisible，characters。
Owingtotheamountandgradationsofdifferencebetweentheseveralbreeds，IhavefounditindispensableinthefollowingclassificationtorankthemunderGroups，Races，andSub—races;towhichvarietiesandsub—
varieties，allstrictlyinheritingtheirpropercharacters，mustoftenbeadded。Evenwiththeindividualsofthesamesub—variety，whenlongkeptbydifferentfanciers，differentstrainscansometimesberecognised。Therecanbenodoubtthat，ifwell—characterisedformsoftheseveralraceshadbeenfoundwild，allwouldhavebeenrankedasdistinctspecies，andseveralofthemwouldcertainlyhavebeenplacedbyornithologistsindistinctgenera。Agoodclassificationofthevariousdomesticbreedsisextremelydifficult，owingtothemannerinwhichmanyoftheformsgraduateintoeachother;butitiscurioushowexactlythesamedifficultiesareencountered，andthesameruleshavetobefollowed，asintheclassificationofanynaturalbutdifficultgroupoforganicbeings。An\"artificialclassification\"mightbefollowedwhichwouldpresentfewerdifficultiesthana\"naturalclassification;\"butthenitwouldinterruptmanyplainaffinities。Extremeformscanreadilybedefined;butintermediateandtroublesomeformsoftendestroyourdefinitions。Formswhichmaybecalled\"aberrant\"mustsometimesbeincludedwithingroupstowhichtheydonotaccuratelybelong。Charactersofallkindsmustbeused;
butaswithbirdsinastateofnature，thoseaffordedbythebeakarethebestandmostreadilyappreciated。Itisnotpossibletoweightheimportanceofallthecharacterswhichhavetobeusedsoastomakethegroupsandsub—groupsofequalvalue。Lastly，agroupmaycontainonlyonerace，andanotherandlessdistinctlydefinedgroupmaycontainseveralracesandsub—races，andinthiscaseitisdifficult，asintheclassificationofnaturalspecies，toavoidplacingtoohighavalueonthenumberofformswhichagroupmaycontain。
InmymeasurementsIhavenevertrustedtotheeye;andwhenspeakingofapartbeinglargeorsmall，Ialwaysrefertothewildrock—pigeon（Columbalivia）asthestandardofcomparison。Themeasurementsaregivenindecimalsofaninch。
（5/5。AsIsooftenrefertothesizeoftheC。livia，orrock—pigeon，itmaybeconvenienttogivethemeanbetweenthemeasurementsoftwowildbirds，kindlysentmebyDr。EdmondstonefromtheShetlandIslands。
LENGTHININCHES:
Fromfeatheredbaseofbeaktoendoftail:14。25
Fromfeatheredbaseofbeaktooil—gland:9。5
Fromtipofbeaktoendoftail:15。02
Oftail—feathers:4。62
Fromtiptotipofwing:26。75
Offoldedwing:9。25
Beak。——Lengthfromtipofbeaktofeatheredbase:。77
Beak。——Thickness，measuredverticallyatdistalendofnostrils:。23
Beak。——Breadth，measuredatsameplace:。16
Feet。——Fromendofmiddletoe（withoutclaw）todistalendoftibia:2。77
Feet。——Fromendofmiddletoetoendofhindtoe（withoutclaws）:2。02
WEIGHT:141/4ounces。）
（FIGURE17。THEROCKPIGEON，orColumbalivia。Theparent—formofalldomesticatedPigeons。（5/6。Thisdrawingwasmadefromadeadbird。ThesixfollowingfiguresweredrawnwithgreatcarebyMr。LukeWellsfromlivingbirdsselectedbyMr。Tegetmeier。Itmaybeconfidentlyassertedthatthecharactersofthesixbreedswhichhavebeenfiguredarenotintheleastexaggerated。））
DIAGRAM1。DOMESTICPIGEONS。
ColumbaliviaorROCK—PIGEON——
——GROUPI。——（SUB—GROUP（RACE）1。）——GermanP。
——LilleP。——
——DutchP。
——ENGLISHPOUTER。
——GROUPII。——（SUB—GROUPS（RACES）2，3，4。）——Kali—Par——Bussora——
——Murassa。
——Dragon——ENGLISHCARRIER。
——Bagadotten——Scanderoon——PigeonCygne——RUNT。
——TRONFO。
——BARB。
——GROUPIII。——（SUB—GROUPS（RACES）5，6，7，8，9。）——
——JavaFantail——FANTAIL
——Turbit——AFRICANOWL。
——PersianTumbler——LotanTumbler——CommonTumbler——SHORT—FACEDTUMBLER。
——INDIANFRILL—BACK。
——JACOBIN。
——GROUPIV。——（SUB—GROUPS（RACES）10，11。）——
——TRUMPETER。
——LAUGHER。
——ENGLISHFRILL—BACK。
——NUN。
——SPOT。
——SWALLOW。
——DOVECOTEPIGEON。
Iwillnowgiveabriefdescriptionofalltheprincipalbreeds。Diagram1。
mayaidthereaderinlearningtheirnamesandseeingtheiraffinities。Therock—pigeon，orColumbalivia（includingunderthisnametwoorthreeclosely—alliedsub—speciesorgeographicalraces，hereaftertobedescribed），maybeconfidentlyviewed，asweshallseeinthenextchapter，asthecommonparent—form。Thenamesinitalicsontheright—handsideofthepageshowusthemostdistinctbreeds，orthosewhichhaveundergonethegreatestamountofmodification。Thelengthsofthedottedlinesrudelyrepresentthedegreeofdistinctnessofeachbreedfromtheparent—stock，andthenamesplacedundereachotherinthecolumnsshowthemoreorlesscloselyconnectinglinks。Thedistancesofthedottedlinesfromeachotherapproximatelyrepresenttheamountofdifferencebetweentheseveralbreeds。
（FIGURE18。ENGLISHPOUTER。）
GROUPI。
Thisgroupincludesasinglerace，thatofthePouters。Ifthemoststronglymarkedsub—racebetaken，namely，theImprovedEnglishPouter，thisisperhapsthemostdistinctofalldomesticatedpigeons。
RACEI。POUTERPIGEONS。（KROPFTAUBEN，GERMAN。GROSSES—GORGES，ORBOULANS，FRENCH。）
Oesophagusofgreatsize，barelyseparatedfromthecrop，ofteninflated。
Bodyandlegselongated。Beakofmoderatedimensions。
[SUB—RACE1/I。
TheimprovedEnglishPouter，whenitscropisfullyinflated，presentsatrulyastonishingappearance。Thehabitofslightlyinflatingthecropiscommontoalldomesticpigeons，butiscarriedtoanextremeinthePouter。
Thecropdoesnotdiffer，exceptinsize，fromthatofotherpigeons;butislessplainlyseparatedbyanobliqueconstrictionfromtheoesophagus。
Thediameteroftheupperpartoftheoesophagusisimmense，evencloseuptothehead。ThebeakinonebirdwhichIpossessedwasalmostcompletelyburiedwhentheoesophaguswasfullyexpanded。Themales，especiallywhenexcited，poutmorethanthefemales，andtheygloryinexercisingthispower。Ifabirdwillnot，tousethetechnicalexpression，\"play，\"thefancier，asIhavewitnessed，bytakingthebeakintohismouth，blowshimuplikeaballoon;andthebird，thenpuffedupwithwindandpride，strutsabout，retaininghismagnificentsizeaslongashecan。Poutersoftentakeflightwiththeircropsinflated。Afteroneofmybirdshadswallowedagoodmealofpeasandwater，asheflewupinordertodisgorgethemandfeedhisnearlyfledgedyoung，Iheardthepeasrattlinginhisinflatedcropasifinabladder。Whenflying，theyoftenstrikethebacksoftheirwingstogether，andthusmakeaclappingnoise。
Poutersstandremarkablyupright，andtheirbodiesarethinandelongated。
Inconnexionwiththisformofbody，theribsaregenerallybroaderandthevertebraemorenumerousthaninotherbreeds。Fromtheirmannerofstandingtheirlegsappearlongerthantheyreallyare，though，inproportionwiththoseofC。livia，thelegsandfeetareactuallylonger。Thewingsappearmuchelongated，butbymeasurement，inrelationtothelengthofbody，thisisnotthecase。Thebeaklikewiseappearslonger，butitisinfactalittleshorter（about。O3ofaninch），proportionallywiththesizeofthebody，andrelativelytothebeakoftherock—pigeon。ThePouter，thoughnotbulky，isalargebird;Imeasuredonewhichwas341/2inchesfromtiptotipofwing，and19inchesfromtipofbeaktoendoftail。Inawildrock—
pigeonfromtheShetlandIslandsthesamemeasurementsgaveonly281/4and143/4。Therearemanysub—varietiesofthePouterofdifferentcolours，buttheseIpassover。
SUB—RACE1/II。DUTCHPOUTER。
Thisseemstobetheparent—formofourimprovedEnglishPouters。Ikeptapair，butIsuspectthattheywerenotpurebirds。TheyaresmallerthanEnglishpouters，andlesswelldevelopedinalltheircharacters。
Neumeister（5/7。’DasGanzederTaubenzucht’Weimar1837pl。11and12。）
saysthatthewingsarecrossedoverthetail，anddonotreachtoitsextremity。
SUB—RACE1/III。THELILLEPOUTER。
Iknowthisbreedonlyfromdescription。（5/8。BoitardandCorbie’LesPigeons’etc。page177pl。6。）ItapproachesingeneralformtheDutchPouter，buttheinflatedoesophagusassumesasphericalform，asifthepigeonhadswallowedalargeorange，whichhadstuckcloseunderthebeak。
Thisinflatedballisrepresentedasrisingtoalevelwiththecrownofthehead。Themiddletoealoneisfeathered。Avarietyofthissub—race，calledtheclaquant，isdescribedbyMM。BoitardandCorbie;itpoutsbutlittle，andischaracterisedbythehabitofviolentlyhittingitswingstogetheroveritsback，——ahabitwhichtheEnglishPouterhasinaslightdegree。
SUB—RACE1/IV。COMMONGERMANPOUTER。
IknowthisbirdonlyfromthefiguresanddescriptiongivenbytheaccurateNeumeister，oneofthefewwritersonpigeonswho，asIhavefound，mayalwaysbetrusted。Thissub—raceseemsconsiderablydifferent。
Theupperpartoftheoesophagusismuchlessdistended。Thebirdstandslessupright。Thefeetarenotfeathered，andthelegsandbeakareshorter。Intheserespectsthereisanapproachinformtothecommonrock—
pigeon。Thetail—feathersareverylong，yetthetipsoftheclosedwingsextendbeyondtheendofthetail;andthelengthofthewings，fromtiptotip，andofthebody，isgreaterthanintheEnglishPouter。]
（FIGURE19。ENGLISHCARRIER。）
GROUPII。
ThisgroupincludesthreeRaces，namely，Carriers，Runts，andBarbs，whicharemanifestlyalliedtoeachother。Indeed，certaincarriersandruntspassintoeachotherbysuchinsensiblegradationsthatanarbitrarylinehastobedrawnbetweenthem。Carriersalsograduatethroughforeignbreedsintotherock—pigeon。Yet，ifwell—characterisedCarriersandBarbs（seefigures19and20）hadexistedaswildspecies，noornithologistwouldhaveplacedtheminthesamegenuswitheachotherorwiththerock—pigeon。Thisgroupmay，asageneralrule，berecognisedbythebeakbeinglong，withtheskinoverthenostrilsswollenandoftencarunculatedorwattled，andwiththatroundtheeyesbareandlikewisecarunculated。Themouthisverywide，andthefeetarelarge。NeverthelesstheBarb，whichmustbeclassedinthissamegroup，hasaveryshortbeak，andsomeruntshaveverylittlebareskinroundtheireyes。
RACEII。CARRIERS。（TURKISCHETAUBEN;PIGEONSTURCS，DRAGONS。）
Beakelongated，narrow，pointed;eyessurroundedbymuchnaked，generallycarunculated，skin;neckandbodyelongated。
[SUB—RACE2/I。THEENGLISHCARRIER。
[Thisisafinebird，oflargesize，closefeathered，generallydark—
coloured，withanelongatedneck。Thebeakisattenuatedandofwonderfullength:inonespecimenitwas1。4inchinlengthfromthefeatheredbasetothetip;thereforenearlytwiceaslongasthatoftherock—pigeon，whichmeasuredonly。77。WheneverIcompareproportionallyanypartinthecarrierandrock—pigeon，Itakethelengthofthebodyfromthebaseofthebeaktotheendofthetailasthestandardofcomparison;andaccordingtothisstandard，thebeakinoneCarrierwasnearlyhalfaninchlongerthanintherock—pigeon。Theuppermandibleisoftenslightlyarched。Thetongueisverylong。Thedevelopmentofthecarunculatedskinorwattleroundtheeyes，overthenostrils，andonthelowermandible，isprodigious。Theeyelids，measuredlongitudinally，wereinsomespecimensexactlytwiceaslongasintherock—pigeon。Theexternalorificeorfurrowofthenostrilswasalsotwiceaslong。Theopenmouthinitswidestpartwasinonecase。75ofaninchinwidth，whereasintherock—pigeonitisonlyabout。4ofaninch。Thisgreatwidthofmouthisshownintheskeletonbythereflexededgesoftheramusofthelowerjaw。Theheadisflatonthesummitandnarrowbetweentheorbits。Thefeetarelargeandcoarse;thelength，asmeasuredfromendofhindtoetoendofmiddletoe（withouttheclaws），wasintwospecimens2。6inches;andthis，proportionallywiththerock—pigeon，isanexcessofnearlyaquarterofaninch。OneveryfineCarriermeasured311/2inchesfromtiptotipofwing。Birdsofthissub—racearetoovaluabletobeflownascarriers。]
SUB—RACE2/II。DRAGONS;PERSIANCARRIERS。
[TheEnglishDragondiffersfromtheimprovedEnglishCarrierinbeingsmallerinallitsdimensions，andinhavinglesswattleroundtheeyesandoverthenostrils，andnoneonthelowermandible。SirW。ElliotsentmefromMadrasaBagdadCarrier（sometimescalledkhandesi），thenameofwhichshowsitsPersianorigin:itwouldbeconsideredhereaverypoorDragon;
thebodywasofthesizeoftherock—pigeon，withthebeakalittlelonger，namely，1inchfromthetiptothefeatheredbase。Theskinroundtheeyeswasonlyslightlywattled，whilstthatoverthenostrilswasfairlywattled。TheHon。C。Murray，also，sentmetwoCarriersdirectfromPersia;
thesehadnearlythesamecharacterastheMadrasbird，beingaboutaslargeastherock—pigeon，butthebeakinonespecimenwasasmuchas1。15
inlength;theskinoverthenostrilswasonlymoderately，andthatroundtheeyesscarcelyatallwattled。]
SUB—RACE2/III。BAGADOTTEN—TAUBENOFNEUMEISTER（PAVDOTTEN—ORHOCKER—
TAUBEN）。
[IowetothekindnessofMr。Baily，jun。，adeadspecimenofthissingularbreedimportedfromGermany。ItiscertainlyalliedtotheRunts;
nevertheless，fromitscloseaffinitywithCarriers，itwillbeconvenientheretodescribeit。Thebeakislong，andishookedorboweddownwardsinahighlyremarkablemanner，aswillbeseeninfigure24。D。whenItreatoftheskeleton。Theeyesaresurroundedbyawidespaceofbrightredskin，which，aswellasthatoverthenostrils，ismoderatelywattled。Thebreast—boneisremarkablyprotuberant，beingabruptlybowedoutwards。Thefeetandtarsiareofgreatlength，largerthaninfirst—rateEnglishCarriers。Thewholebirdisoflargesize，butinproportiontothesizeofthebodythefeathersofthewingandtailareshort;awildrock—pigeon，ofconsiderablylesssize，hadtail—feathers4。6inchesinlength，whereasinthelargeBagadottenthesefeatherswerescarcelyover4。1inchesinlength。Riedel（5/9。’DieTaubenzucht’Ulm1824s。42。）remarksthatitisaverysilentbird。]
SUB—RACE2/IV。BUSSORAHCARRIER。
[TwospecimensweresentmebySirW。ElliotfromMadras，oneinspiritsandtheotherskinned。ThenameshowsitsPersianorigin。ItismuchvaluedinIndia，andisconsideredasadistinctbreedfromtheBagdadCarrier，whichformsmysecondsub—race。AtfirstIsuspectedthatthesetwosub—
racesmighthavebeenrecentlyformedbycrosseswithotherbreeds，thoughtheestimationinwhichtheyareheldrendersthisimprobable;butinaPersiantreatise（5/10。ThistreatisewaswrittenbySayzidMohammedMusari，whodiedin1770:IowetothegreatkindnessofSirW。Elliotatranslationofthiscurioustreatise。），believedtohavebeenwrittenabout100yearsago，theBagdadandBussorahbreedsaredescribedasdistinct。
TheBussorahCarrierisofaboutthesamesizeasthewildrock—pigeon。Theshapeofthebeak，withsomelittlecarunculatedskinoverthenostrils，——
themuchelongatedeyelids，——thebroadmouthmeasuredinternally，——thenarrowhead，——thefeetproportionallyalittlelongerthanintherock—
pigeon，——andthegeneralappearance，allshowthatthisbirdisanundoubtedCarrier;yetinonespecimenthebeakwasofexactlythesamelengthasintherock—pigeon。Intheotherspecimenthebeak（aswellastheopeningofthenostrils）wasonlyaverylittlelonger，viz。，by。08ofaninch。Althoughtherewasaconsiderablespaceofbareandslightlycarunculatedskinroundtheeyes，thatoverthenostrilswasonlyinaslightdegreerugose。SirW。Elliotinformsmethatinthelivingbirdtheeyeseemsremarkablylargeandprominent，andthesamefactisnoticedinthePersiantreatise;butthebonyorbitisbarelylargerthanthatintherock—pigeon。
AmongsttheseveralbreedssenttomefromMadrasbySirW。ElliotthereisapairoftheKaliPar，blackbirdswiththebeakslightlyelongated，withtheskinoverthenostrilsratherfull，andwithalittlenakedskinroundtheeyes。ThisbreedseemsmorecloselyalliedtotheCarrierthantoanyotherbreed，beingnearlyintermediatebetweentheBussorahCarrierandtherock—pigeon。
ThenamesappliedindifferentpartsofEuropeandinIndiatotheseveralkindsofCarriersallpointtoPersiaorthesurroundingcountriesasthesourceofthisRace。Anditdeservesespecialnoticethat，evenifweneglecttheKaliParasofdoubtfulorigin，wegetaseriesbrokenbyverysmallsteps，fromtherock—pigeon，throughtheBussorah，whichsometimeshasabeaknotatalllongerthanthatoftherock—pigeonandwiththenakedskinroundtheeyesandoverthenostrilsveryslightlyswollenandcarunculated，throughtheBagdadsub—raceandDragons，toourimprovedEnglishCarriers，whichpresentsomarvellousadifferencefromtherock—
pigeonorColumbalivia。]
RACEIII。RUNTS。（SCANDEROONS:DIEFLORENTINERTAUBENANDHINKELTAUBENOF
NEUMEISTER;PIGEONBAGADAIS，PIGEONROMAIN。）
Beaklong，massive;bodyofgreatsize。
[Inextricableconfusionreignsintheclassification，affinities，andnamingofRunts。Severalcharacterswhicharegenerallyprettyconstantinotherpigeons，suchasthelengthofthewings，tail，legs，andneck，andtheamountofnakedskinroundtheeyes，areexcessivelyvariableinRunts。
Whenthenakedskinoverthenostrilsandroundtheeyesisconsiderablydevelopedandwattled，andwhenthesizeofbodyisnotverygreat，RuntsgraduateinsoinsensibleamannerintoCarriers，thatthedistinctionisquitearbitrary。ThisfactislikewiseshownbythenamesgiventothemindifferentpartsofEurope。Nevertheless，takingthemostdistinctforms，atleastfivesub—races（someofthemincludingwell—markedvarieties）canbedistinguished，whichdifferinsuchimportantpointsofstructure，thattheywouldbeconsideredasgoodspeciesinastateofnature。]
SUB—RACE3/I。SCANDEROONOFENGLISHWRITERS（DIEFLORENTINERAND
HINKELTAUBENOFNEUMEISTER）。
[Birdsofthissub—race，ofwhichIkeptonealiveandhavesinceseentwoothers，differfromtheBagadottenofNeumeisteronlyinnothavingthebeaknearlysomuchcurveddownwards，andinthenakedskinroundtheeyesandoverthenostrilsbeinghardlyatallwattled。NeverthelessIhavefeltmyselfcompelledtoplacetheBagadotteninRaceII。，orthatoftheCarriers，andthepresentbirdinRaceIII。，orthatoftheRunts。TheScanderoonhasaveryshort，narrow，andelevatedtail;wingsextremelyshort，sothatthefirstprimaryfeatherswerenotlongerthanthoseofasmalltumblerpigeon！Necklong，muchbowed;breast—boneprominent。Beaklong，being1。15inchfromtiptofeatheredbase;verticallythick;
slightlycurveddownwards。Theskinoverthenostrilsswollen，notwattled;
nakedskinroundtheeyes，broad，slightlycarunculated。Legslong;feetverylarge。Skinofneckbrightred，oftenshowinganakedmedialline，withanakedredpatchatthedistalendoftheradiusofthewing。Mybird，asmeasuredfromthebaseofthebeaktotherootofthetail，wasfully2incheslongerthantherock—pigeon;yetthetailitselfwasonly4
inchesinlength，whereasintherock—pigeon，whichisamuchsmallerbird，thetailis45/8inchesinlength。
TheHinkel—orFlorentinerTaubeofNeumeister（Table13figure1）agreeswiththeabovedescriptioninallthespecifiedcharacters（forthebeakisnotmentioned），exceptthatNeumeisterexpresslysaysthattheneckisshort，whereasinmyScanderoonitwasremarkablylongandbowed;sothattheHinkelformsawell—markedvariety。]
SUB—RACE3/II。PIGEONCYGNEANDPIGEONBAGADAISOFBOITARDANDCORBIE
（SCANDEROONOFFRENCHWRITERS）。
[Ikepttwoofthesebirdsalive，importedfromFrance。Theydifferedfromthefirstsub—raceortrueScanderooninthemuchgreaterlengthofthewingandtail，inthebeaknotbeingsolong，andintheskinabouttheheadbeingmorecarunculated。Theskinoftheneckisred;butthenakedpatchesonthewingsareabsent。Oneofmybirdsmeasured381/2inchesfromtiptotipofwing。Bytakingthelengthofthebodyasthestandardofcomparison，thetwowingswerenolessthan5incheslongerthanthoseoftherock—pigeon！Thetailwas61/4inchesinlength，andtherefore2
1/4incheslongerthanthatoftheScanderoon，——abirdofnearlythesamesize。Thebeakislonger，thicker，andbroaderthanintherock—pigeon，proportionallywiththesizeofbody。Theeyelids，nostrils，andinternalgapeofmouthareallproportionallyverylarge，asinCarriers。Thefoot，fromtheendofthemiddletoendofhindtoe，wasactually2。85inchesinlength，whichisanexcessof。32ofaninchoverthefootoftherock—
pigeon，proportionallytotherelativesizeofthetwobirds。]
SUB—RACE3/III。SPANISHANDROMANRUNTS。
[IamnotsurethatIamrightinplacingtheseRuntsinadistinctsub—
race;yet，ifwetakewell—characterisedbirds，therecanbenodoubtoftheproprietyoftheseparation。Theyareheavy，massivebirds，withshorternecks，legs，andbeaksthanintheforegoingraces。Theskinoverthenostrilsisswollen，butnotcarunculated;thenakedskinroundtheeyesisnotverywide，andonlyslightlycarunculated;andIhaveseenafineso—calledSpanishRuntwithhardlyanynakedskinroundtheeyes。OfthetwovarietiestobeseeninEngland，one，whichistherarer，hasverylongwingsandtail，andagreesprettycloselywiththelastsub—race;theother，withshorterwingsandtail，isapparentlythePigeonromainordinaireofBoitardandCorbie。TheseRuntsareapttotremblelikeFantails。Theyarebadflyers。AfewyearsagoMr。Gulliver（5/11。’PoultryChronicle’volume2page573。）exhibitedaRuntwhichweighed1pound14
ounces;and，asIaminformedbyMr。Tegetmeier，twoRuntsfromthesouthofFrancewerelatelyexhibitedattheCrystalPalace，eachofwhichweighed2pounds21/2ounces。Averyfinerock—pigeonfromtheShetlandIslandsweighedonly141/2ounces。]
SUB—RACE3/IV。TRONFOOFALDROVANDI（LEGHORNRUNT？）。
[InAldrovandi’sworkpublishedin1600thereisacoarsewoodcutofagreatItalianpigeon，withanelevatedtail，shortlegs，massivebody，andwiththebeakshortandthick。Ihadimaginedthatthislattercharactersoabnormalinthegroup，wasmerelyafalserepresentationfrombaddrawing;
butMoore，inhisworkpublishedin1735，saysthathepossessedaLeghornRuntofwhich\"thebeakwasveryshortforsolargeabird。\"InotherrespectsMoore’sbirdresembledthefirstsub—raceorScanderoon，forithadalongbowedneck，longlegs，shortbeak，andelevatedtail，andnotmuchwattleaboutthehead。SothatAldrovandi’sandMoore’sbirdsmusthaveformeddistinctvarieties，bothofwhichseemtobenowextinctinEurope。SirW。Elliot，however，informsmethathehasseeninMadrasashort—beakedRuntimportedfromCairo。]
SUB—RACE3/V。MURASSA（ADORNEDPIGEON）OFMADRAS。
[SkinsofthesehandsomechequeredbirdsweresentmefromMadrasbySirW。
Elliot。Theyareratherlargerthanthelargestrock—pigeon，withlongerandmoremassivebeaks。Theskinoverthenostrilsisratherfullandveryslightlycarunculated，andtheyhavesomenakedskinroundtheeyes;feetlarge。Thisbreedisintermediatebetweentherock—pigeonandaverypoorvarietyofRuntorCarrier。
FromtheseseveraldescriptionsweseethatwithRunts，aswithCarriers，wehaveafinegradationfromtherock—pigeon（withtheTronfodivergingasadistinctbranch）toourlargestandmostmassiveRunts。Butthechainofaffinities，andmanypointsofresemblance，betweenRuntsandcarriers，makemebelievethatthesetworaceshavenotdescendedbyindependentlinesfromtherock—pigeon，butfromsomecommonparent，asrepresentedintheTable，whichhadalreadyacquiredamoderatelylongbeakwithslightlyswollenskinoverthenostrils，andwithsomeslightlycarunculatednakedskinroundtheeyes。]
（FIGURE20。ENGLISHBARB。）
RACEIV。BARBS。（INDISCHETAUBEN;PIGEONSPOLONAIS。）
Beakshort，broad，deep;nakedskinroundtheeyes，broadandcarunculated;
skinovernostrilsslightlyswollen。
[Misledbytheextraordinaryshortnessandformofthebeak，IdidnotatfirstperceivethenearaffinityofthisRacetothatofCarriersuntilthefactwaspointedouttomebyMr。Brent。Subsequently，afterexaminingtheBussorahCarrier，IsawthatnoverygreatamountofmodificationwouldberequisitetoconvertitintoaBarb。ThisviewoftheaffinityofBarbstoCarriersissupportedbytheanalogicaldifferencebetweentheshortandlong—beakedRunts;andstillmorestronglybythefact，that，youngBarbsandDragons，within24hoursafterbeinghatched，resembleeachothermuchmorecloselythandoyoungpigeonsofotherandequallydistinctbreeds。Atthisearlyage，thelengthofbeak，theswollenskinovertheratheropennostrils，thegapeofthemouth，andthesizeofthefeet，arethesameinboth;althoughthesepartsafterwardsbecomewidelydifferent。Wethusseethatembryology（asthecomparisonofveryyounganimalsmayperhapsbecalled）comesintoplayintheclassificationofdomesticvarieties，aswithspeciesinastateofnature。
Fanciers，withsometruth，comparetheheadandbeakoftheBarbtothatofabullfinch。TheBarb，iffoundinastateofnaturewouldcertainlyhavebeenplacedinanewgenusformedforitsreception。Thebodyisalittlelargerthanthatoftherock—pigeon，butthebeakismorethan。2ofaninchshorter;althoughshorter，itisbothverticallyandhorizontallythicker。Fromtheoutwardflexureoftheramiofthelowerjaw，themouthinternallyisverybroad，intheproportionof。6to。4tothatoftherock—pigeon。Thewholeheadisbroad。Theskinoverthenostrilisswollen，butnotcarunculated，exceptslightlyinfirst—ratebirdswhenold;whilstthenakedskinroundtheeyeisbroadandmuchcarunculated。Itissometimessomuchdeveloped，thatabirdbelongingtoMr。HarrisonWeircouldhardlyseetopickupfoodfromtheground。Theeyelidsinonespecimenwerenearlytwiceaslongasthoseoftherock—pigeon。Thefeetarecoarseandstrong，butproportionallyrathershorterthanintherock—
pigeon。Theplumageisgenerallydarkanduniform。Barbs，inshort，maybecalledshort—beakedCarriers，bearingthesamerelationtoCarriersthattheTronfoofAldrovandidoestothecommonRunt。]
GROUPIII。
Thisgroupisartificial，andincludesaheterogeneouscollectionofdistinctforms。Itmaybedefinedbythebeak，inwell—characterisedspecimensoftheseveralraces，beingshorterthanintherock—pigeon，andbytheskinroundtheeyesnotbeingmuchdeveloped。
（FIGURE21。ENGLISHFANTAIL。）
RACEV。—FANTAILS。
SUB—RACE5/I。EUROPEANFANTAILS（PFAUENTAUBEN;TREMBLEURS）。
Tailexpanded，directedupwards，formedofmanyfeathers;oil—glandaborted;bodyandbeakrathershort。
[Thenormalnumberoftail—feathersinthegenusColumbais12;butFantailshavefromonly12（ashasbeenasserted）upto，accordingtoMM。
BoitardandCorbie，42。Ihavecountedinoneofmyownbirds33，andatCalcuttaMr。Blyth（5/12。’AnnalsandMag。ofNat。History’volume191847
page105。）hascountedinanIMPERFECTtail34feathers。InMadras，asIaminformedbySirW。Elliot，32isthestandardnumber;butinEnglandnumberismuchlessvaluedthanthepositionandexpansionofthetail。Thefeathersarearrangedinanirregulardoublerow;theirpermanentfanlikeexpansionandtheirupwarddirectionaremoreremarkablecharactersthantheirincreasednumber。Thetailiscapableofthesamemovementsasinotherpigeons，andcanbedepressedsoastosweeptheground。Itarisesfromamoreexpandedbasisthaninotherpigeons;andinthreeskeletonstherewereoneortwoextracoccygealvertebrae。Ihaveexaminedmanyspecimensofvariouscoloursfromdifferentcountries，andtherewasnotraceoftheoil—gland;thisisacuriouscaseofabortion。（5/13。Thisglandoccursinmostbirds;butNitzsch（inhis’Pterylographie’1840page55）statesthatitisabsentintwospeciesofColumba，inseveralspeciesofPsittacus，insomespeciesofOtis，andinmostorallbirdsoftheOstrichfamily。ItcanhardlybeanaccidentalcoincidencethatthetwospeciesofColumba，whicharedestituteofanoil—gland，haveanunusualnumberoftail—feathers，namely16，andinthisrespectresembleFantails。）
Theneckisthinandbowedbackwards。Thebreastisbroadandprotuberant。
Thefeetaresmall。Thecarriageofthebirdisverydifferentfromthatofotherpigeons;ingoodbirdstheheadtouchesthetail—feathers，whichconsequentlyoftenbecomecrumpled。Theyhabituallytremblemuch:andtheirneckshaveanextraordinary，apparentlyconvulsive，backwardandforwardmovement。Goodbirdswalkinasingularmanner，asiftheirsmallfeetwerestiff。Owingtotheirlargetails，theyflybadlyonawindyday。Thedark—
colouredvarietiesaregenerallylargerthanwhiteFantails。
AlthoughbetweenthebestandcommonFantails，nowexistinginEngland，thereisavastdifferenceinthepositionandsizeofthetail，inthecarriageoftheheadandneck，intheconvulsivemovementsoftheneck，inthemannerofwalking，andinthebreadthofthebreast，thedifferencessograduateaway，thatitisimpossibletomakemorethanonesub—race。Moore，however，anexcellentoldauthority（5/14。SeethetwoexcellenteditionspublishedbyMr。J。M。Eatonin1852and1858entitled’ATreatiseonFancyPigeons。’）says，thatin1735thereweretwosortsofbroad—tailedshakers（i。e。Fantails），\"onehavinganeckmuchlongerandmoreslenderthantheother;\"andIaminformedbyMr。B。P。Brent，thatthereisanexistingGermanFantailwithathickerandshorterbeak。]
SUB—RACE5/II。JAVAFANTAIL。
[Mr。SwinhoesentmefromAmoy，inChina，theskinofaFantailbelongingtoabreedknowntohavebeenimportedfromJava。Itwascolouredinapeculiarmanner，unlikeanyEuropeanFantail;and，foraFantail，hadaremarkablyshortbeak。Althoughagoodbirdofthekind，ithadonly14
tail—feathers;butMr。Swinhoehascountedinotherbirdsofthisbreedfrom18to24tail—feathers。Fromaroughsketchsenttome，itisevidentthatthetailisnotsomuchexpandedorsomuchupraisedasinevensecond—rateEuropeanFantails。ThebirdshakesitsnecklikeourFantails。
Ithadawell—developedoil—gland。FantailswereknowninIndia，asWeshallhereaftersee，beforetheyear1600;andwemaysuspectthatintheJavaFantailweseethebreedinitsearlierandlessimprovedcondition。]
（FIGURE22。AFRICANOWL。）
RACEVI。TURBITANDOWL。（MOVENTAUBEN;PIGEONSACRAVATE。）
Feathersdivergentalongthefrontoftheneckandbreast;beakveryshort，verticallyratherthick;oesophagussomewhatenlarged。
TurbitsandOwlsdifferfromeachotherslightlyintheshapeofthehead;
theformerhaveacrest，andthebeakisdifferentlycurved;buttheymaybehereconvenientlygroupedtogether。Theseprettybirds，someofwhichareverysmall，canberecognisedatoncebythefeathersirregularlydiverging，likeafrill，alongthefrontoftheneck，inthesamemanner，butinalessdegree，asalongthebackoftheneckintheJacobin。Theyhavetheremarkablehabitofcontinuallyandmomentarilyinflatingtheupperpartoftheoesophagus，whichcausesamovementinthefrill。Whentheoesophagusofadeadbirdisinflated，itisseentobelargerthaninotherbreeds，andnotsodistinctlyseparatedfromthecrop。ThePouterinflatesbothitstruecropandoesophagus;theTurbitinflatesinamuchlessdegreetheoesophagusalone。ThebeakoftheTurbitisveryshort，being。28ofaninchshorterthanthatoftherock—pigeon，proportionallywiththesizeoftheirbodies;andinsomeowlsbroughtbyMr。E。VernonHarcourtfromTunis，itwasevenshorter。Thebeakisverticallythicker，andperhapsalittlebroader，inproportiontothatoftherock—pigeon。
RACEVII。TUMBLERS。（TUMMLER，ORBURZELTAUBEN;CULBUTANTS。）
Duringflight，tumblebackwards;bodygenerallysmall;beakgenerallyshort，sometimesexcessivelyshortandconical。
Thisracemaybedividedintofoursub—races，namely，Persian，Lotan，Common，andshort—facedTumblers。Thesesub—racesincludemanyvarietieswhichbreedtrue。IhaveexaminedeightskeletonsofvariouskindsofTumblers:exceptinginoneimperfectanddoubtfulspecimen，theribsareonlyseveninnumber，whereastherock—pigeonhaseightribs。
SUB—RACE7/I。PERSIANTUMBLERS。
IreceivedapairdirectfromPersia，fromtheHon。C。Murray。Theyarerathersmallerbirdsthanthewildrock—pigeon，aboutthesizeofthecommondovecotepigeon，whiteandmottled，slightlyfeatheredonthefeet，withthebeakjustperceptiblyshorterthanintherock—pigeon。H。M。
Consul，Mr。KeithAbbott，informsmethatthedifferenceinthelengthofbeakissoslight，thatonlypractisedPersianfancierscandistinguishtheseTumblersfromthecommonpigeonofthecountry。Heinformsmethattheyflyinflockshighupintheairandtumblewell。Someofthemoccasionallyappeartobecomegiddyandtumbletotheground，inwhichrespecttheyresemblesomeofourTumblers。
SUB—RACE7/II。LOTAN，ORLOWTUN:INDIANGROUNDTUMBLERS。
Thesebirdspresentoneofthemostremarkableinheritedhabitsorinstinctseverrecorded。ThespecimenssenttomefromMadrasbySirW。
Elliotarewhite，slightlyfeatheredonthefeet，withthefeathersontheheadreversed;andtheyarerathersmallerthantherockordovecotepigeon。Thebeakisproportionallyonlyslightlyshorterandratherthinnerthanintherock—pigeon。Thesebirdswhengentlyshakenandplacedonthegroundimmediatelybegintumblingheadoverheels，andtheycontinuethustotumbleuntiltakenupandsoothed，——theceremonybeinggenerallytoblowintheirfaces，asinrecoveringapersonfromastateofhypnotismormesmerism。Itisassertedthattheywillcontinuetorollovertilltheydie，ifnottakenup。Thereisabundantevidencewithrespecttotheseremarkablepeculiarities;butwhatmakesthecasethemoreworthyofattentionis，thatthehabithasbeeninheritedsincebeforetheyear1600，forthebreedisdistinctlydescribedinthe’AyeenAkbery。’（5/15。EnglishtranslationbyF。Gladwin4theditionvolume1。ThehabitoftheLotanisalsodescribedinthePersiantreatisebeforealludedto，publishedabout100yearsago:atthisdatetheLotansweregenerallywhiteandcrestedasatpresent。Mr。Blythdescribesthesebirdsin’AnnalsandMag。ofNat。