oh！thegold;andoh！theFrench——thesethreeoh’sallrankasdreadfulbugbears）andtwogirls……butanotherandtheworstofmybugbearsishereditaryweakness。AllmysistersarewellexceptMrs。Parker，whoismuchoutofhealth;andsoisErasmusathispooraverage:hehaslatelymovedintoQueenAnneStreet。Ihadheardoftheintendedmarriage（TotheRev。J。Hughes。）ofyoursisterFrances。IbelieveIhaveseenhersince，butmymemorytakesmebacksometwenty—fiveyears，whenshewaslyingdown。Irememberwellthedelightfulexpressionofhercountenance。I
mostsincerelywishherallhappiness。
IseeIhavenotansweredhalfyourqueries。WelikeverywellallthatwehaveseenandheardofRugby，andhaveneverrepentedofsending[W。]
there。Ifeelsureschoolshavegreatlyimprovedsinceourdays;butI
hateschoolsandthewholesystemofbreakingthroughtheaffectionsofthefamilybyseparatingtheboyssoearlyinlife;butIseenohelp，anddarenotruntheriskofayouthbeingexposedtothetemptationsoftheworldwithouthavingundergonethemilderordealofagreatschool。
Iseeyouevenaskafterourpears。WehavelotsofBeurreesd’Aremberg，WinterNelis，MarieLouise，and\"NeplusUltra，\"butalloffthewall;thestandarddwarfshaveborneafew，butIhavenoroomformoretrees，sotheirnameswouldbeuselesstome。Youreallymustmakeaholidayandpayusavisitsometime;nowherecouldyoubemoreheartilywelcome。IamatworkatthesecondvolumeoftheCirripedia，ofwhichcreaturesIamwonderfullytired。IhateaBarnacleasnomaneverdidbefore，notevenasailorinaslow—sailingship。Myfirstvolumeisout;theonlypartworthlookingatisonthesexesofIblaandScalpellum。Ihopebynextsummertohavedonewithmytediouswork。Farewell，——docomewheneveryoucanpossiblymanageit。
Icannotbuthopethatthecarbunclemaypossiblydoyougood:Ihaveheardofallsortsofweaknessesdisappearingafteracarbuncle。Isupposethepainisdreadful。Iagreemostentirely，whatablesseddiscoveryischloroform。Whenonethinksofone’schildren，itmakesquitealittledifferenceinone’shappiness。TheotherdayIhadfivegrinders（twobytheelevator）outatasittingunderthiswonderfulsubstance，andfelthardlyanything。
Mydearoldfriend，yoursveryaffectionately，CHARLESDARWIN。
CHARLESDARWINTOW。D。FOX。
Down，January29th[1853]。
MydearFox，YourlastaccountsomemonthsagowassolittlesatisfactorythatIhaveoftenbeenthinkingofyou，andshouldbereallyobligedifyouwouldgivemeafewlines，andtellmehowyourvoiceandchestare。Imostsincerelyhopethatyourreportwillbegood……Oursecondladhasastrongmechanicalturn，andwethinkofmakinghimanengineer。Ishalltryandfindoutforhimsomelessclassicalschool，perhapsBruceCastle。Icertainlyshouldliketoseemorediversityineducationthanthereisinanyordinaryschool——noexercisingoftheobservingorreasoningfaculties，nogeneralknowledgeacquired——Imustthinkitawretchedsystem。Ontheotherhand，aboywhohaslearnttostickatLatinandconqueritsdifficulties，oughttobeabletostickatanylabour。Ishouldalwaysbegladtohearanythingaboutschoolsoreducationfromyou。Iamatmyold，never—endingsubject，buttrustIshallreallygotopressinafewmonthswithmysecondvolumeonCirripedes。IhavebeenmuchpleasedbyfindingsomeoddfactsinmyfirstvolumebelievedbyOwenandafewothers，whosegoodopinionIregardasfinal……Dowriteprettysoon，andtellmeallyoucanaboutyourselfandfamily;andItrustyourreportofyourselfmaybemuchbetterthanyourlast……IhavebeenverylittleinLondonoflate，andhavenotseenLyellsincehisreturnfromAmerica;howluckyhewastoexhumewithhisownhandpartsofthreeskeletonsofreptilesoutoftheCARBONIFEROUSstrata，andoutoftheinsideofafossiltree，whichhadbeenhollowwithin。
Farewell，mydearFox，yoursaffectionately，CHARLESDARWIN。
CHARLESDARWINTOW。D。FOX。
13SeaHouses，Eastbourne，[July15th？1853]。
MydearFox，Hereweareinastateofprofoundidleness，whichtomeisaluxury;andweshouldall，Ibelieve，havebeeninastateofhighenjoyment，haditnotbeenforthedetestablecoldgalesandmuchrain，whichalwaysgivesmuchennuitochildrenawayfromtheirhomes。Ireceivedyourletterof13thJune，whenworkinglikeaslavewithMr。Sowerbyatdrawingformysecondvolume，andsoputoffansweringittillwhenIknewIshouldbeatleisure。Iwasextremelygladtogetyourletter。Ihadintendedacoupleofmonthsagosendingyouasavageorsupplicatingjobationtoknowhowyouwere，whenImetSirP。Egerton，whotoldmeyouwerewell，and，asusual，expressedhisadmirationofyourdoings，especiallyyourfarming，andthenumberofanimals，includingchildren，whichyoukeptonyourland。Elevenchildren，aveMaria！itisaseriouslook—outforyou。Indeed，Ilookatmyfiveboysassomethingawful，andhatetheverythoughtsofprofessions，etc。Ifonecouldinsuremoderatehealthforthemitwouldnotsignifysomuch，forIcannotbuthope，withtheenormousemigration，professionswillsomewhatimprove。Butmybugbearishereditaryweakness。Iparticularlyliketohearallthatyoucansayabouteducation，andyoudeservetobescoldedforsaying\"youdidnotmeantoTORMENTmewithalongyarn。\"YouaskaboutRugby。Ilikeitverywell，onthesameprincipleasmyneighbour，SirJ。Lubbock，likesEton，viz。，thatitisnotworsethananyotherschool;theexpense，WITHALLETC。，ETC。，includingsomeclothes，travellingexpenses，etc。，isfrom110poundsto120poundsperannum。I
donotthinkschoolsaresowickedastheywere，andfarmoreindustrious。
Theboys，Ithink，livetoosecludedintheirseparatestudies;andIdoubtwhethertheywillgetsomuchknowledgeofcharacterasboysusedtodo;
andthis，inmyopinion，istheONEgoodofpublicschoolsoversmallschools。Ishouldthinktheonlysuperiorityofasmallschooloverhomewasforcedregularityintheirwork，whichyourboysperhapsgetatyourhome，butwhichIdonotbelievemyboyswouldgetatmyhome。Otherwise，itisquitelamentablesendingboyssoearlyinlifefromtheirhome……Toreturntoschools。Mymainobjectiontothem，asplacesofeducation，istheenormousproportionoftimespentoverclassics。Ifancy（thoughperhapsitisonlyfancy）thatIcanperceivetheillandcontractingeffectonmyeldestboy’smind，incheckinginterestinanythinginwhichreasoningandobservationcomeintoplay。Merememoryseemstobeworked。Ishallcertainlylookoutforsomeschoolwithmorediversifiedstudiesformyyoungerboys。IwastalkinglatelytotheDeanofHereford，whotakesmoststronglythisview;andhetellsmethatthereisaschoolatHerefordcommencingonthisplan;andthatDr。KennedyatShrewsburyisgoingtobeginvigorouslytomodifythatschool……
IamEXTREMELYgladtohearthatyouapprovedofmycirripedialvolume。I
havespentanalmostridiculousamountoflabouronthesubject，andcertainlywouldneverhaveundertakenithadIforeseenwhatajobitwas。
Ihopetohavefinishedbytheendoftheyear。Dowriteagainbeforeaverylongtime;itisarealpleasuretometohearfromyou。Farewell，withmywife’skindestremembrancestoyourselfandMrs。Fox。
Mydearoldfriend，yoursaffectionately，C。DARWIN。
CHARLESDARWINTOW。D。FOX。
Down，August10th[1853]。
MydearFox，Ithankyousincerelyforwritingtomesosoonafteryourmostheavymisfortune。Yourletteraffectedmesomuch。WebothmosttrulysympathisewithyouandMrs。Fox。Wetoolost，asyoumayremember，notsoverylongago，amostdearchild，ofwhomIcanhardlyyetbeartothinktranquilly;yet，asyoumustknowfromyourownmostpainfulexperience，timesoftensanddeadens，inamannertrulywonderful，one’sfeelingsandregrets。Atfirstitisindeedbitter。IcanonlyhopethatyourhealthandthatofpoorMrs。Foxmaybepreserved，andthattimemaydoitsworksoftly，andbringyoualltogether，onceagain，asthehappyfamily，which，asIcanwellbelieve，yousolatelyformed。
MydearFox，youraffectionatefriend，CHARLESDARWIN。
[ThefollowingletterreferstotheRoyalSociety’sMedal，whichwasawardedtohiminNovember，1853:]
CHARLESDARWINTOJ。D。HOOKER。
Down，November5th[1853]。
MydearHooker，Amongstmylettersreceivedthismorning，IopenedfirstonefromColonelSabine;thecontentscertainlysurprisedmeverymuch，but，thoughtheletterwasaVERYKINDONE，somehow，Icaredverylittleindeedfortheannouncementitcontained。Ithenopenedyours，andsuchistheeffectofwarmth，friendship，andkindnessfromonethatisloved，thattheverysamefact，toldasyoutoldit，mademeglowwithpleasuretillmyveryheartthrobbed。Believeme，Ishallnotsoonforgetthepleasureofyourletter。
Suchhearty，affectionatesympathyisworthmorethanallthemedalsthateverwereorwillbecoined。Again，mydearHooker，Ithankyou。IhopeLindley（JohnLindley，1799—1865，wasthesonofanurserymannearNorwich，throughwhosefailureinbusinesshewasthrownattheageoftwentyonhisownresources。HewasbefriendedbySirW。Hooker，andemployedasassistantlibrarianbySirJ。Banks。Heseemstohavehadenormouscapacityofwork，andissaidtohavetranslatedRichard’s’AnalyseduFruit’atonesittingoftwodaysandthreenights。HebecameAssistant—
SecretarytotheHorticulturalSociety，andin1829wasappointedProfessorofBotanyatUniversityCollege，apostwhichheheldforupwardsofthirtyyears。Hiswritingsarenumerous:thebestknownbeingperhapshis’VegetableKingdom，’publishedin1846。Hisinfluenceinhelpingtointroducethenaturalsystemofclassificationwasconsiderable，andhebrought\"alltheweightofhisteachingandalltheforceofhiscontroversialpowerstosupportit，\"asagainsttheLinneansystemuniversallytaughtintheearlierpartofhiscareer。Sachspointsout（GeschichtederBotanik，1875，page161），thatthoughLindleyadoptedinthemainasoundclassificationofplants，heonlydidsobyabandoninghisowntheoreticalprinciplethatthephysiologicalimportanceofanorganisameasureofitsclassificatoryvalue。）willneverhearthathewasacompetitoragainstme;forreallyitisalmostRIDICULOUS（ofcourseyouwouldneverrepeatthatIsaidthis，foritwouldbethoughtbyothers，thoughnot，Ibelieve，byyou，tobeaffectation）hisnothavingthemedallongbeforeme;ImustfeelSUREthatyoudidquiterighttoproposehim;
andwhatagood，dear，kindfellowyouare，nevertheless，torejoiceinthishonourbeingbestowedonme。
WhatPLEASUREIhavefeltontheoccasion，Iowealmostentirelytoyou。
Farewell，mydearHooker，yoursaffectionately，C。DARWIN。
P。S。——Youmaybelievewhatasurpriseitwas，forIhadneverheardthatthemedalscouldbegivenexceptforpapersinthe’Transactions。’Allthiswillmakemeworkwithbetterheartatfinishingthesecondvolume。
CHARLESDARWINTOC。LYELL。
Down，February18th[1854]。
MydearLyell，Ishouldhavewrittenbefore，haditnotseemeddoubtfulwhetheryouwouldgoontoTeneriffe，butnowIamextremelygladtohearyourfurtherprogressiscertain;notthatIhavemuchofanysorttosay，asyoumaywellbelievewhenyouhearthatIhaveonlyoncebeeninLondonsinceyoustarted。Iwasparticularlygladtosee，twodayssince，yourlettertoMr。Horner，withitsgeologicalnews;howfortunateforyouthatyourkneesarerecovered。Iamastonishedatwhatyousayofthebeauty，thoughIhadfancieditgreat。Itreallymakesmequiteenvioustothinkofyourclamberingupanddownthosesteepvalleys。Andwhatapleasantpartyonyourreturnfromyourexpeditions。IoftenthinkofthedelightwhichI
feltwhenexaminingvolcanicislands，andIcanrememberevenparticularrockswhichIstruck，andthesmellofthehot，black，scoriaceouscliffs;
butofthoseHOTsmellsyoudonotseemtohavehadmuch。Idoquiteenvyyou。HowIshouldliketobewithyou，andspeculateonthedeepandnarrowvalleys。
Howverysingularthefactiswhichyoumentionabouttheinclinationofthestratabeinggreaterroundthecircumferencethaninthemiddleoftheisland;doyousupposetheelevationhashadtheformofaflatdome？I
rememberintheCordillerabeingOFTENstruckwiththegreaterabruptnessofthestrataintheLOWEXTREMEoutermostranges，comparedwiththegreatmassofinnermountains。Idaresayyouwillhavethoughtofmeasuringexactlythewidthofanydikesatthetopandbottomofanygreatcliff（whichwasdonebyMr。Searle[？]atSt。Helena），forithasoftenstruckmeasVERYODDthatthecracksdidnotdieoutOFTENERupwards。Icanthinkofhardlyanynewstotellyou，asIhaveseennoonesincebeinginLondon，whenIwasdelightedtoseeForbeslookingsowell，quitebigandburly。IsawattheMuseumsomeofthesurprisinglyrichgoldorefromNorthWales。RamsayalsotoldmethathehaslatelyturnedagooddealofNewRedSandstoneintoPermian，togetherwiththeLabyrinthodon。Nodoubtyouseenewspapers，andknowthatE。deBeaumontisperpetualSecretary，andwill，Isuppose，bemorepowerfulthanever;andLeVerrierhasArago’splaceintheObservatory。TherewasameetinglatelyattheGeologicalSociety，atwhichPrestwich（judgingfromwhatR。Jonestoldme）broughtforwardyourexacttheory，viz。thatthewholeredclayandflintsoverthechalkplateauhereaboutsistheresiduumfromtheslowdissolutionofthechalk！
Asregardsourselves，wehavenonews，andareallwell。TheHookers，sometimeago，stayedafortnightwithus，and，toourextremedelight，Henslowcamedown，andwasmostquietandcomfortablehere。Itdoesonegoodtoseesocomposed，benevolent，andintellectualacountenance。Therehavebeengreatfearsthathisheartisaffected;but，IhopetoGod，withoutfoundation。Hooker’sbook（SirJ。Hooker’s’HimalayanJournal。’）
isout，andMOSTBEAUTIFULLYgotup。Hehashonouredmebeyondmeasurebydedicatingittome！Asformyself，Iamgottothepage112oftheBarnacles，andthatisthesumtotalofmyhistory。By—the—way，asyoucaresomuchaboutNorthAmerica，ImaymentionthatIhadalongletterfromashipmateinAustralia，whosaystheColonyisgettingdecidedlyrepublicanfromtheinfluxofAmericans，andthatallthegreatandnovelschemesforworkingthegoldareplannedandexecutedbythesemen。Whatago—a—headnationitis！GivemykindestremembrancestoLadyLyell，andtoMrs。Bunbury，andtoBunbury。ImostheartilywishthattheCanariesmaybetentimesasinterestingasMadeira，andthateverythingmaygoonmostprosperouslywithyourwholeparty。
MydearLyell，Yoursmosttrulyandaffectionately，C。DARWIN。
CHARLESDARWINTOJ。D。HOOKER。
Down，March1st[1854]。
MydearHooker，Ifinishedyesterdayeveningthefirstvolume，andIverysincerelycongratulateyouonhavingproducedaFIRST—CLASSbook（’HimalayanJournal。’）——abookwhichcertainlywilllast。Icannotdoubtthatitwilltakeitsplaceasastandard，notsomuchbecauseitcontainsrealsolidmatter，butthatitgivesapictureofthewholecountry。Onecanfeelthatonehasseenit（anddesperatelyuncomfortableIfeltingoingoversomeofthebridgesandsteepslopes），andoneREALISESallthegreatPhysicalfeatures。Youhaveintruthreasontobeproud;considerhowfewtravellerstherehavebeenwithaprofoundknowledgeofonesubject，andwhocouldinadditionmakeamap（which，by—the—way，isoneofthemostdistinctonesIeverlookedat，whereforeblessingsalightonyourhead），andstudygeologyandmeteorology！IthoughtIknewyouverywell，butI
hadnottheleastideathatyourTravelswereyourhobby;butIamheartilygladofit，forIfeelsurethatthetimewillnevercomewhenyouandMrs。
Hookerwillnotbeproudtolookbackatthelabourbestowedonthesebeautifulvolumes。
Yourletter，receivedthismorning，hasinterestedmeEXTREMELY，andI
thankyousincerelyfortellingmeyouroldthoughtsandaspirations。AllthatyousaymakesmeevenmoredeeplygratifiedbytheDedication;butyou，badman，doyourememberaskingmehowIthoughtLyellwouldliketheworktobededicatedtohim？IrememberhowstronglyIanswered，andI
presumeyouwantedtoknowwhatIshouldfeel;whoeverwouldhavedreamedofyourbeingsocrafty？IamgladyouhaveshownalittlebitofambitionaboutyourJournal，foryoumustknowthatIhaveoftenabusedyoufornotcaringmoreaboutfame，though，atthesametime，Imustconfess，Ihaveenviedandhonouredyouforbeingsofree（toofree，asIhavealwaysthought）ofthis\"lastinfirmityof，etc。\"Donotsay，\"thereneverwasapasthithertotome——thephantomwasalwaysinview，\"foryouwillsoonfindotherphantomsinview。HowwellIknowthisfeeling，anddidformerlystillmorevividly;butIthinkmystomachhasmuchdeadenedmyformerpureenthusiasmforscienceandknowledge。
Iamwritinganunconscionablylongletter，butImustreturntotheJournals，aboutwhichIhavehardlysaidanythingindetail。Imprimis，theillustrationsandmapsappeartomethebestIhaveeverseen;thestyleseemstomeeverywhereperfectlyclear（howrareavirtue），andsomepassagesreallyeloquent。Howexcellentlyyouhavedescribedtheuppervalleys，andhowdetestabletheirclimate;IfeltquiteanxiousontheslopesofKinchinthatdreadfulsnowynight。Nothinghasastonishedmemorethanyourphysicalstrength;andallthosedevilishbridges！Well，thankgoodness！ItisnotVERYlikelythatIshallevergototheHimalaya。Muchinascientificpointofviewhasinterestedme，especiallyallaboutthosewonderfulmoraines。IcertainlythinkIquiterealisethevalleys，morevividlyperhapsfromhavingseenthevalleysofTahiti。I
cannotdoubtthattheHimalayaowealmostalltheircontourtorunningwater，andthattheyhavebeensubjectedtosuchactionlongerthananymountains（asyetdescribed）intheworld。WhatacontrastwiththeAndes！
PerhapsyouwouldliketoheartheverylittlethatIcansaypercontra，andthisonlyappliedtothebeginning，inwhich（asitstruckme）therewasnotFLOWenoughtillyougettoMirzaporeontheGanges（buttheThugswereMOSTinteresting），wherethestreamseemedtocarryyouonmoreequablywithlongersentencesandlongerfactsanddiscussions，etc。Inanotheredition（andIamdelightedtohearthatMurrayhassoldalloff），Iwouldconsiderwhetherthispartcouldnotbecondensed。Evenifthemeteorologywasputinfoot—notes，Ithinkitwouldbeanimprovement。Alltheworldisagainstme，butitmakesmeveryunhappytoseetheLatinnamesallinItalics，andallmingledwithEnglishnamesinRomantype;butImustbearthisburden，forallmenofScienceseemtothinkitwouldcorrupttheLatintodressitupinthesametypeaspooroldEnglish。
Well，IamveryproudofMYbook;butthereisonebore，thatIdonotmuchlikeaskingpeoplewhethertheyhaveseenit，andhowtheylikeit，forI
feelsomuchidentifiedwithit，thatsuchquestionsbecomeratherpersonal。Hence，Icannottellyoutheopinionofothers。Youwillhaveseenafairlygoodreviewinthe’Athenaeum。’
WhatcapitalnewsfromTasmania:itreallyisaveryremarkableandcreditablefacttotheColony。（ThisreferstoanunsolicitedgrantbytheColonialGovernmenttowardstheexpensesofSirJ。Hooker’s’FloraofTasmania。’）Iamalwaysbuildingveritablecastlesintheairaboutemigrating，andTasmaniahasbeenmyhead—quartersoflate;sothatIfeelveryproudofmyadoptedcountry:isreallyaverysingularanddelightfulfact，contrastedwiththeslightappreciationofscienceintheoldcountry。Ithankyouheartilyforyourletterthismorning，andforallthegratificationyourDedicationhasgivenme;Icouldnothelpthinkinghowmuch——woulddespiseyoufornothavingdedicatedittosomegreatman，whowouldhavedoneyouanditsomegoodintheeyesoftheworld。
Ah，mydearHooker，youwereverysoftonthishead，andjustifywhatIsayaboutnotcaringenoughforyourownfame。IwishIwasineverywaymoreworthyofyourgoodopinion。Farewell。HowpleasantlyMrs。Hookerandyoumustrestfromoneofyourmanylabours……
Againfarewell:Ihavewrittenawonderfullylongletter。Adios，andGodblessyou。
MydearHooker，everyours，C。DARWIN。
P。S。——Ihavejustlookedovermyramblingletter;IseethatIhavenotatallexpressedmystrongadmirationattheamountofscientificwork，insomanybranches，whichyouhaveeffected。Itisreallygrand。Youhavearighttorestonyouroars;oreventosay，ifitsopleasesyou，that\"yourmeridianispast;\"butwellassureddoIfeelthatthedayofyourreputationandgeneralrecognitionhasonlyjustbeguntodawn。
[InSeptember，1854，hisCirripedeworkwaspracticallyfinished，andhewrotetoDr。Hooker:
\"Ihavebeenfritteringawaymytimeforthelastseveralweeksinawearisomemanner，partlyidleness，andoddsandends，andsendingtenthousandBarnaclesoutofthehouseallovertheworld。ButIshallnowinadayortwobegintolookovermyoldnotesonspecies。WhatadealI
shallhavetodiscusswithyou;IshallhavetolooksharpthatIdonot’progress’intooneofthegreatestboresinlife，tothefewlikeyouwithlotsofknowledge。\"]
CHAPTER1。X。
THEGROWTHOFTHE’ORIGINOFSPECIES。’
[Thegrowthofthe’OriginofSpecies’hasbeenbrieflydescribedinmyfather’swords（above）。Thelettersgiveninthepresentandfollowingchapterswillillustrateandamplifythehistorythussketchedout。
Itisclearthatintheearlypartofthevoyageofthe\"Beagle\"hedidnotfeelitinconsistentwithhisviewstoexpresshimselfinthoroughlyorthodoxlanguageastothegenesisofnewspecies。Thusin1834hewrote（MS。Journals，page468。）atValparaiso:\"Ihavealreadyfoundbedsofrecentshellsyetretainingtheircolouratanelevationof1300feet，andbeneath，thelevelcountryisstrewnwiththem。Itseemsnotaveryimprobableconjecturethatthewantofanimalsmaybeowingtononehavingbeencreatedsincethiscountrywasraisedfromthesea。\"
Thispassagedoesnotoccurinthepublished’Journal，’thelastproofofwhichwasfinishedin1837;andthisfactharmonizeswiththechangeweknowtohavebeenproceedinginhisviews。Butinthepublished’Journal’
wefindpassageswhichshowapointofviewmoreinaccordancewithorthodoxtheologicalnaturalhistorythanwithhislaterviews。Thus，inspeakingofthebirdsSynallaxisandScytalopus（1steditionpage353;2ndeditionpage289），hesays:\"Whenfinding，asinthiscase，anyanimalwhichseemstoplaysoinsignificantapartinthegreatschemeofnature，oneisapttowonderwhyadistinctspeciesshouldhavebeencreated。\"
Acomparisonofthetwoeditionsofthe’Journal’isinstructive，asgivingsomeideaofthedevelopmentofhisviewsonevolution。Itdoesnotgiveusatrueindexofthemassofconjecturewhichwastakingshapeinhismind，butitshowsusthathefeltsureenoughofthetruthofhisbelieftoallowastrongertingeofevolutiontoappearinthesecondedition。HehasmentionedintheAutobiographythatitwasnotuntilhereadMalthusthathegotaclearviewofthepotencyofnaturalselection。Thiswasin1838——ayearafterhefinishedthefirstedition（itwasnotpublisheduntil1839），andfiveyearsbeforethesecondeditionwaswritten（1845）。
Thustheturning—pointintheformationofhistheorytookplacebetweenthewritingofthetwoeditions。
Iwillfirstgiveafewpassageswhicharepracticallythesameinthetwoeditions，andwhichare，therefore，chieflyofinterestasillustratinghisframeofmindin1837。
ThecaseofthetwospeciesofMolothrus（1steditionpage61;2ndeditionpage53）musthavebeenoneoftheearliestinstancesnoticedbyhimoftheexistenceofrepresentativespecies——aphenomenonwhichweknow（’Autobiography，’）struckhimdeeply。Thediscussiononintroducedanimals（1steditionpage139;2ndeditionpage120）showshowmuchhewasimpressedbythecomplicatedinterdependenceoftheinhabitantsofagivenarea。
Ananalogouspointofviewisgiveninthediscussion（1steditionpage98;
2ndeditionpage85）ofthemistakenbeliefthatlargeanimalsrequire，fortheirsupport，aluxuriantvegetation;theincorrectnessofthisviewisillustratedbythecomparisonofthefaunaofSouthAfricaandSouthAmerica，andthevegetationofthetwocontinents。Theinterestofthediscussionisthatitshowsclearlyouraprioriignoranceoftheconditionsoflifesuitabletoanyorganism。
Thereisapassagewhichhasbeenmorethanoncequotedasbearingontheoriginofhisviews。ItiswherehediscussesthestrikingdifferencebetweenthespeciesofmiceontheeastandwestoftheAndes（1steditionpage399）:\"Unlesswesupposethesamespeciestohavebeencreatedintwodifferentcountries，weoughtnottoexpectanyclosersimilaritybetweentheorganicbeingsontheoppositesidesoftheAndesthanonshoresseparatedbyabroadstraitofthesea。\"Inthe2ndeditionpage327，thepassageisalmostverballyidentical，andispracticallythesame。
Thereareotherpassagesagainwhicharemorestronglyevolutionaryinthe2ndedition，butotherwisearesimilartothecorrespondingpassagesinthe1stedition。Thus，indescribingtheblindTuco—tuco（1steditionpage60;
2ndeditionpage52），inthefirsteditionhemakesnoallusiontowhatLamarckmighthavethought，noristheinstanceusedasanexampleofmodification，asintheeditionof1845。
Astrikingpassageoccursinthe2ndedition（page173）ontherelationshipbetweenthe\"extinctedentataandthelivingsloths，ant—eaters，andarmadillos。\"
\"Thiswonderfulrelationshipinthesamecontinentbetweenthedeadandtheliving，will，Idonotdoubt，hereafterthrowmorelightontheappearanceoforganicbeingsonourearth，andtheirdisappearancefromit，thananyotherclassoffacts。\"
Thissentencedoesnotoccurinthe1stedition，buthewasevidentlyprofoundlystruckbythedisappearanceofthegiganticforerunnersofthepresentanimals。Thedifferencebetweenthediscussionsinthetwoeditionsismostinstructive。Inboth，ourignoranceoftheconditionsoflifeisinsistedon，butinthesecondedition，thediscussionismadetoleduptoastrongstatementoftheintensityofthestruggleforlife。
Thenfollowsacomparisonbetweenrarity（Inthesecondedition，page146，thedestructionofNiatacattlebydroughtsisgivenasagoodexampleofourignoranceofthecausesofrarityorextinction。Thepassagedoesnotoccurinthefirstedition。）andextinction，whichintroducestheideathatthepreservationanddominanceofexistingspeciesdependonthedegreeinwhichtheyareadaptedtosurroundingconditions。Inthefirstedition，heismerely\"temptedtobelieveinsuchsimplerelationsasvariationofclimateandfood，orintroductionofenemies，ortheincreasednumberofotherspecies，asthecauseofthesuccessionofraces。\"Butfinally（1stedition）heendsthechapterbycomparingtheextinctionofaspeciestotheexhaustionanddisappearanceofvarietiesoffruit—trees:asifhethoughtthatamysterioustermoflifewasimpressedoneachspeciesatitscreation。
ThedifferenceoftreatmentoftheGalapagosproblemisofsomeinterest。
Intheearlierbook，theAmericantypeoftheproductionsoftheislandsisnoticed，asisthefactthatthedifferentislandspossessformsspeciallytheirown，buttheimportanceofthewholeproblemisnotsostronglyputforward。Thus，inthefirstedition，hemerelysays:——
\"Thissimilarityoftypebetweendistantislandsandcontinents，whilethespeciesaredistinct，hasscarcelybeensufficientlynoticed。Thecircumstancewouldbeexplained，accordingtotheviewsofsomeauthors，bysayingthatthecreativepowerhadactedaccordingtothesamelawoverawidearea。\"——（1steditionpage474。）
Thispassageisnotgiveninthesecondedition，andthegeneralisationsongeographicaldistributionaremuchwiderandfuller。Thusheasks:——
\"Whyweretheiraboriginalinhabitants，associated……indifferentproportionsbothinkindandnumberfromthoseontheContinent，andthereforeactingoneachotherinadifferentmanner——whyweretheycreatedonAmericantypesoforganisation？\"——（2ndeditionpage393。）
Thesamedifferenceoftreatmentisshownelsewhereinthischapter。Thusthegradationintheformofbeakpresentedbythethirteenalliedspeciesoffinchisdescribedinthefirstedition（page461）withoutcomment。
Whereasinthesecondedition（page380）heconcludes:——
\"OnemightreallyfancythatfromanoriginalpaucityofbirdsinthisArchipelago，onespecieshasbeentakenandmodifiedfordifferentends。\"
Onthewholeitseemstomeremarkablethatthedifferencebetweenthetwoeditionsisnotgreater;itisanotherproofoftheauthor’scautionandself—restraintinthetreatmentofhistheory。Afterreadingthesecondeditionofthe’Journal，’wefindwithastrongsenseofsurprisehowfardevelopedwerehisviewsin1837。Weareenabledtoformanopiniononthispointfromthenote—booksinwhichhewrotedowndetachedthoughtsandqueries。Ishallquotefromthefirstnote—book，completedbetweenJuly1837andFebruary1838:andthisisthemoreworthdoing，asitgivesusaninsightintotheconditionofhisthoughtsbeforethereadingofMalthus。Thenotesarewritteninhismosthurriedstyle，somanywordsbeingomitted，thatitisoftendifficulttoarriveatthemeaning。Withafewexceptions（indicatedbysquarebrackets）（Intheextractsfromthenote—bookordinarybracketsrepresentmyfather’sparentheses。）Ihaveprintedtheextractsaswritten;thepunctuation，however，hasbeenaltered，andafewobviousslipscorrectedwhereitseemednecessary。Theextractsarenotprintedinorder，butareroughlyclassified。（Onthefirstpageofthenote—book，iswritten\"Zoonomia\";thisseemstorefertothefirstfewpagesinwhichreproductionbygemmationisdiscussed，andwherethe\"Zoonomia\"ismentioned。Manypageshavebeencutoutofthenote—book，probablyforuseinwritingtheSketchof1844，andthesewouldhavenodoubtcontainedthemostinterestingextracts。）
\"Propagationexplainswhymodernanimalssametypeasextinct，whichislaw，almostproved。\"
\"Wecanseewhystructureiscommonincertaincountrieswhenwecanhardlybelievenecessary，butifitwasnecessarytooneforefather，theresultwouldbeasitis。HenceantelopesatCapeofGoodHope;marsupialsatAustralia。\"
\"Countrieslongestseparatedgreatestdifferences——ifseparatedfromimmersage，possiblytwodistincttypes，buteachhavingitsrepresentatives——asinAustralia。\"
\"Willthisapplytowholeorganickingdomwhenourplanetfirstcooled？\"
Thetwofollowingextractsshowthatheappliedthetheoryofevolutiontothe\"wholeorganickingdom\"fromplantstoman。
\"Ifwechoosetoletconjecturerunwild，thenanimals，ourfellowbrethreninpain，disease，death，sufferingandfamine——ourslavesinthemostlaboriousworks，ourcompanionsinouramusements——theymaypartake[of？]
ourorigininonecommonancestor——wemaybeallmeltedtogether。\"
\"Thedifferentintellectsofmanandanimalsnotsogreatasbetweenlivingthingswithoutthought（plants），andlivingthingswiththought（animals）。\"
Thefollowingextractsareagainconcernedwithanaprioriviewoftheprobabilityoftheoriginofspeciesbydescent[\"propagation，\"hecalledit。]。
\"Thetreeoflifeshouldperhapsbecalledthecoraloflife，baseofbranchesdead;sothatpassagescannotbeseen。\"
\"Therenevermayhavebeengradebetweenpigandtapir，yetfromsomecommonprogenitor。Nowiftheintermediaterankshadproducedinfinitespecies，probablytheserieswouldhavebeenmoreperfect。\"
Atanotherplace，speakingofintermediateformshesays:——
\"Cuvierobjectstopropagationofspeciesbysaying，whyhavenotsomeintermediateformsbeendiscoveredbetweenPalaeotherium，Megalonyx，Mastodon，andthespeciesnowliving？Nowaccordingtomyview（inS。
America）parentofallArmadilloesmightbebrothertoMegatherium——unclenowdead。\"
Speakingelsewhereofintermediateforms，heremarks:——
\"Opponentswillsay——’showthemme。’Iwillansweryes，ifyouwillshowmeeverystepbetweenbulldogandgreyhound。\"
Hereweseethatthecaseofdomesticanimalswasalreadypresentinhismindasbearingontheproductionofnaturalspecies。Thedisappearanceofintermediateformsnaturallyleadsuptothesubjectofextinction，withwhichthenextextractbegins。
\"Itisawonderfulfact，horse，elephant，andmastodon，dyingoutaboutsametimeinsuchdifferentquarters。
\"WillMr。Lyellsaythatsome[same？]circumstancekilleditoveratractfromSpaintoSouthAmerica？——（Never）。
\"Theydie，withouttheychange，likegoldenpippins;itisaGENERATIONOF
SPECIESlikegenerationOFINDIVIDUALS。
\"Whydoesindividualdie？Toperpetuatecertainpeculiarities（thereforeadaptation），andobliterateaccidentalvarieties，andtoaccommodateitselftochange（for，ofcourse，change，eveninvarieties，isaccommodation）。
Nowthisargumentappliestospecies。
\"Ifindividualcannotpropagatehehasnoissue——sowithspecies。
\"IfSPECIESgenerateotherSPECIES，theirraceisnotutterlycutoff:——
likegoldenpippins，ifproducedbyseed，goon——otherwisealldie。
\"Thefossilhorsegenerated，inSouthAfrica，zebra——andcontinued——
perishedinAmerica。