VOLUMEI
PREFACE
InchoosinglettersforpublicationIhavebeenlargelyguidedbythewishtoillustratemyfather’spersonalcharacter。Buthislifewassoessentiallyoneofwork，thatahistoryofthemancouldnotbewrittenwithoutfollowingcloselythecareeroftheauthor。Thusitcomesaboutthatthechiefpartofthebookfallsintochapterswhosetitlescorrespondtothenamesofhisbooks。
InarrangingthelettersIhaveadheredasfaraspossibletochronologicalsequence，butthecharacterandvarietyofhisresearchesmakeastrictlychronologicalorderanimpossibility。Itwashishabittoworkmoreorlesssimultaneouslyatseveralsubjects。Experimentalworkwasoftencarriedonasarefreshmentorvariety，whilebooksentailingreasoningandthemarshallingoflargebodiesoffactswerebeingwritten。Moreover，manyofhisresearcheswereallowedtodrop，andonlyresumedafteranintervalofyears。Thusarigidlychronologicalseriesofletterswouldpresentapatchworkofsubjects，eachofwhichwouldbedifficulttofollow。TheTableofContentswillshowinwhatwayIhaveattemptedtoavoidthisresult。
InprintingthelettersIhavefollowed（exceptinafewcases）theusualplanofindicatingtheexistenceofomissionsorinsertions。Myfather’slettersgivefrequentevidenceofhavingbeenwrittenwhenhewastiredorhurried，andtheybearthemarksofthiscircumstance。Inwritingtoafriend，ortooneofhisfamily，hefrequentlyomittedthearticles:thesehavebeeninsertedwithouttheusualindications，exceptinafewinstances，whereitisofspecialinteresttopreserveintactthehurriedcharacteroftheletter。Othersmallwords，suchas\"of\"，\"to\"，etc。，havebeeninsertedusuallywithinbrackets。Ihavenotfollowedtheoriginalsasregardsthespellingofnames，theuseofcapitals，orinthematterofpunctuation。Myfatherunderlinedmanywordsinhisletters;thesehavenotalwaysbeengiveninitalics，——arenderingwhichwouldunfairlyexaggeratetheireffect。
TheDiaryorPocket—book，fromwhichquotationsoccurinthefollowingpages，hasbeenofvalueassupplyingaframe—workoffactsroundwhichlettersmaybegrouped。Itisunfortunatelywrittenwithgreatbrevity，thehistoryofayearbeingcompressedintoapageorless;andcontainslittlemorethanthedatesoftheprincipaleventsofhislife，togetherwithentriesastohiswork，andastothedurationofhismoreseriousillnesses。Herarelydatedhisletters，sothatbutfortheDiaryitwouldhavebeenallbutimpossibletounravelthehistoryofhisbooks。Ithasalsoenabledmetoassigndatestomanyletterswhichwouldotherwisehavebeenshornofhalftheirvalue。
OflettersaddressedtomyfatherIhavenotmademuchuse。Itwashiscustomtofilealllettersreceived，andwhenhisslenderstockoffiles（\"spits\"ashecalledthem）wasexhausted，hewouldburnthelettersofseveralyears，inorderthathemightmakeuseoftheliberated\"spits。\"
Thisprocess，carriedonforyears，destroyednearlyalllettersreceivedbefore1862。Afterthatdatehewaspersuadedtokeepthemoreinterestingletters，andthesearepreservedinanaccessibleform。
Ihaveattemptedtogive，inChapterIII。，someaccountofhismannerofworking。DuringthelasteightyearsofhislifeIactedashisassistant，andthushadanopportunityofknowingsomethingofhishabitsandmethods。
Ihavereceivedmuchhelpfrommyfriendsinthecourseofmywork。TosomeIamindebtedforreminiscencesofmyfather，toothersforinformation，criticisms，andadvice。ToallthesekindcoadjutorsIgladlyacknowledgemyindebtedness。Thenamesofsomeoccurinconnectionwiththeircontributions，butIdonotnamethosetowhomIamindebtedforcriticismsorcorrections，becauseIshouldwishtobearalonetheloadofmyshort—comings，ratherthantoletanyofitfallonthosewhohavedonetheirbesttolightenit。
ItwillbeseenhowlargelyIamindebtedtoSirJosephHookerforthemeansofillustratingmyfather’slife。Thereadersofthesepageswill，I
think，begratefultoSirJosephforthecarewithwhichhehaspreservedhisvaluablecollectionofletters，andIshouldwishtoaddmyacknowledgmentofthegenerositywithwhichhehasplaceditatmydisposal，andforthekindlyencouragementgiventhroughoutmywork。
ToMr。HuxleyIoweadebtofthanks，notonlyformuchkindhelp，butforhiswillingcompliancewithmyrequestthatheshouldcontributeachapteronthereceptionofthe’OriginofSpecies。’
Finally，itisapleasuretoacknowledgethecourtesyofthepublishersofthe’CenturyMagazine’whohavefreelygivenmetheuseoftheirillustrations。ToMessrs。MaullandFoxandMessrs。ElliottandFryIamalsoindebtedfortheirkindnessinallowingmetheuseofreproductionsoftheirphotographs。
FRANCISDARWIN。
Cambridge，October，1887。
TABLEOFCONTENTS。
VOLUMEI。
CHAPTER1。I。——TheDarwinFamily。
CHAPTER1。II。——Autobiography。
CHAPTER1。III。——Reminiscences。
LETTERS。
CHAPTER1。IV。——CambridgeLife——1828—1831。
CHAPTER1。V。——TheAppointmenttothe’Beagle’——1831。
CHAPTER1。VI。——TheVoyage——1831—1836。
CHAPTER1。VII。——LondonandCambridge——1836—1842。
CHAPTER1。VIII。——Religion。
CHAPTER1。IX。——LifeatDown——1842—1854。
CHAPTER1。X。——TheGrowthofthe’OriginofSpecies。’
CHAPTER1。XI。——TheGrowthofthe’OriginofSpecies’——Letters——1843—1856。
CHAPTER1。XII。——TheUnfinishedBook——May1856—June1858。
CHAPTER1。XIII。——TheWritingofthe’OriginofSpecies’——June18，1858—
November1859。
CHAPTER1。XIV。——ProfessorHuxleyontheReceptionofthe’OriginofSpecies。’
LIFEANDLETTERSOFCHARLESDARWIN。
VOLUMEI。
CHAPTER1。I。
THEDARWINFAMILY。
TheearliestrecordsofthefamilyshowtheDarwinstohavebeensubstantialyeomenresidingonthenorthernbordersofLincolnshire，closetoYorkshire。ThenameisnowveryunusualinEngland，butIbelievethatitisnotunknownintheneighbourhoodofSheffieldandinLancashire。
Downtotheyear1600wefindthenamespeltinavarietyofways——Derwent，Darwen，Darwynne，etc。Itispossible，therefore，thatthefamilymigratedatsomeunknowndatefromYorkshire，Cumberland，orDerbyshire，whereDerwentoccursasthenameofariver。
ThefirstancestorofwhomweknowwasoneWilliamDarwin，wholived，abouttheyear1500，atMarton，nearGainsborough。Hisgreatgrandson，RichardDarwyn，inheritedlandatMartonandelsewhere，andinhiswill，dated1584，\"bequeathedthesumof3s。4d。towardsthesettyngeupoftheQueene’sMajestie’sarmesoverthequearie（choir）dooreintheparishechurcheofMarton。\"（WeoweaknowledgeoftheseearliermembersofthefamilytoresearchesamongstthewillsatLincoln，madebythewell—knowngenealogist，ColonelChester。）
ThesonofthisRichard，namedWilliamDarwin，anddescribedas\"gentleman，\"appearstohavebeenasuccessfulman。WhilstretaininghisancestrallandatMarton，heacquiredthroughhiswifeandbypurchaseanestateatCleatham，intheparishofManton，nearKirtonLindsey，andfixedhisresidencethere。Thisestateremainedinthefamilydowntotheyear1760。Acottagewiththickwalls，somefish—pondsandoldtrees，nowaloneshowwherethe\"OldHall\"oncestood，andafieldisstilllocallyknownasthe\"DarwinCharity，\"frombeingsubjecttoachargeinfavourofthepoorofMarton。WilliamDarwinmust，atleastinpart，haveowedhisriseinstationtohisappointmentin1613byJamesI。tothepostofYeomanoftheRoyalArmouryofGreenwich。Theofficeappearstohavebeenworthonly33
poundsayear，andthedutieswereprobablyalmostnominal;heheldthepostdowntohisdeathduringtheCivilWars。
ThefactthatthisWilliamwasaroyalservantmayexplainwhyhisson，alsonamedWilliam，servedwhenalmostaboyfortheKing，as\"Captain—
Lieutenant\"inSirWilliamPelham’stroopofhorse。Onthepartialdispersionoftheroyalarmies，andtheretreatoftheremaindertoScotland，theboy’sestatesweresequestratedbytheParliament，buttheywereredeemedonhissigningtheSolemnLeagueandCovenant，andonhispayingafinewhichmusthavestruckhisfinancesseverely;forinapetitiontoCharlesII。hespeaksofhisalmostutterruinfromhavingadheredtotheroyalcause。
DuringtheCommonwealth，WilliamDarwinbecameabarristerofLincoln’sInn，andthiscircumstanceprobablyledtohismarriagewiththedaughterofErasmusEarle，serjeant—at—law;hencehisgreat—grandson，ErasmusDarwin，thePoet，derivedhisChristianname。HeultimatelybecameRecorderofthecityofLincoln。
TheeldestsonoftheRecorder，againcalledWilliam，wasbornin1655，andmarriedtheheiressofRobertWaring，amemberofagoodStaffordshirefamily。ThisladyinheritedfromthefamilyofLassells，orLascelles，themanorandhallofElston，nearNewark，whichhasremainedeversinceinthefamily。（CaptainLassells，orLascelles，ofElstonwasmilitarysecretarytoMonk，DukeofAlbemarle，duringtheCivilWars。Alargevolumeofaccountbooks，countersignedinmanyplacesbyMonk，arenowinthepossessionofmycousinFrancisDarwin。Theaccountsmightpossiblyproveofinteresttotheantiquarianorhistorian。AportraitofCaptainLassellsinarmour，althoughusedatonetimeasanarchery—targetbysomesmallboysofourname，wasnotirretrievablyruined。）AportraitofthisWilliamDarwinatElstonshowshimasagood—lookingyoungmaninafull—
bottomedwig。
ThisthirdWilliamhadtwosons，William，andRobertwhowaseducatedasabarrister。TheCleathampropertywaslefttoWilliam，butontheterminationofhislineindaughtersrevertedtotheyoungerbrother，whohadreceivedElston。Onhismother’sdeathRobertgaveuphisprofessionandresidedeverafterwardsatElstonHall。OfthisRobert，CharlesDarwinwrites（WhatfollowsisquotedfromCharlesDarwin’sbiographyofhisgrandfather，formingthepreliminarynoticetoErnstKrause’sinterestingessay，’ErasmusDarwin，’London，1879，page4。）:——
\"Heseemstohavehadsometasteforscience，forhewasanearlymemberofthewell—knownSpaldingClub;andthecelebratedantiquaryDr。Stukeley，in’AnAccountofthealmostentireSceletonofalargeAnimal，’etc。，publishedinthe’PhilosophicalTransactions，’AprilandMay1719，beginsthepaperasfollows:’HavinganaccountfrommyfriendRobertDarwin，Esq。，ofLincoln’sInn，apersonofcuriosity，ofahumansceletonimpressedinstone，foundlatelybytherectorofElston，’etc。Stukeleythenspeaksofitasagreatrarity，’thelikewhereofhasnotbeenobservedbeforeinthisislandtomyknowledge。’JudgingfromasortoflitanywrittenbyRobert，andhandeddowninthefamily，hewasastrongadvocateoftemperance，whichhissoneverafterwardssostronglyadvocated:——
>Fromamorningthatdothshine，>Fromaboythatdrinkethwine，>FromawifethattalkethLatine，GoodLorddeliverme！
\"Itissuspectedthatthethirdlinemaybeaccountedforbyhiswife，themotherofErasmus，havingbeenaverylearnedlady。TheeldestsonofRobert，christenedRobertWaring，succeededtotheestateofElston，anddiedthereattheageofninety—two，abachelor。Hehadastrongtasteforpoetry，likehisyoungestbrotherErasmus。Robertalsocultivatedbotany，and，whenanoldishman，hepublishedhis’PrincipiaBotanica。’ThisbookinMS。wasbeautifullywritten，andmyfather[Dr。R。W。Darwin]declaredthathebelieveditwaspublishedbecausehisoldunclecouldnotendurethatsuchfinecaligraphyshouldbewasted。Butthiswashardlyjust，astheworkcontainsmanycuriousnotesonbiology——asubjectwhollyneglectedinEnglandinthelastcentury。Thepublic，moreover，appreciatedthebook，asthecopyinmypossessionisthethirdedition。\"
Thesecondson，WilliamAlvey，inheritedElston，andtransmittedittohisgranddaughter，thelateMrs。Darwin，ofElstonandCreskeld。Athirdson，John，becamerectorofElston，thelivingbeinginthegiftofthefamily。
Thefourthson，theyoungestchild，wasErasmusDarwin，thepoetandphilosopher。
TABLEOFRELATIONSHIP。（Anincompletelistoffamilymembers。）
ROBERTDARWINofElston，1682—1754，hadthreesons，WilliamAlveyDarwin，1726—1783，RobertWaringDarwin，1724—1816，andErasmusDarwin，1731—1802。
WilliamAlveyDarwin，1726—1783，hadason，WilliamBrownDarwin，1774—
1841，andadaughter，AnneDarwin。
WilliamBrownDarwin，1774—1841，hadtwodaughters，CharlotteDarwinandSarahDarwin。
CharlotteDarwinmarriedFrancisRhodes，nowFrancisDarwinofCreskeldandElston。
SarahDarwinmarriedEdwardNoel。
AnneDarwinmarriedSamuelFoxandhadason，WilliamDarwinFox。
ERASMUSDARWIN，1731—1802，married（1）MARYHOWARD，1740—1770，withwhomhehadtwosons，CharlesDarwin，1758—1778，andROBERTWARINGDARWIN，and（2）
Eliz。Chandos—Pole，1747—1832，withwhomhehadadaughter，ViolettaDarwin，andason，FrancisSacheverelDarwin。
ROBERTWARINGDARWIN，1767—1848，marriedSUSANNAHWEDGWOODandhadason，CHARLESROBERTDARWIN，b。February12，1809，d。April19，1882。
ViolettaDarwinmarriedSamuelTertiusGaltonandhadason，FrancisGalton。
FrancisSacheverelDarwin，1786—1859，hadtwosons，ReginaldDarwinandEdwardDarwin，\"HighElms。\"
ThetableaboveshowsCharlesDarwin’sdescentfromRobert，andhisrelationshiptosomeothermembersofthefamily，whosenamesoccurinhiscorrespondence。AmongtheseareincludedWilliamDarwinFox，oneofhisearliestcorrespondents，andFrancisGalton，withwhomhemaintainedawarmfriendshipformanyyears。HerealsooccursthenameofFrancisSacheverelDarwin，whoinheritedaloveofnaturalhistoryfromErasmus，andtransmittedittohissonEdwardDarwin，author（underthenameof\"HighElms\"）ofa’Gamekeeper’sManual’（4thEdition1863），whichshowskeenobservationofthehabitsofvariousanimals。
Itisalwaysinterestingtoseehowfaraman’spersonalcharacteristicscanbetracedinhisforefathers。CharlesDarwininheritedthetallstature，butnotthebulkyfigureofErasmus;butinhisfeaturesthereisnotraceableresemblancetothoseofhisgrandfather。Nor，itappears，hadErasmustheloveofexerciseandoffield—sports，socharacteristicofCharlesDarwinasayoungman，thoughhehad，likehisgrandson，anindomitableloveofhardmentalwork。Benevolenceandsympathywithothers，andagreatpersonalcharmofmanner，werecommontothetwo。
CharlesDarwinpossessed，inthehighestdegree，that\"vividnessofimagination\"ofwhichhespeaksasstronglycharacteristicofErasmus，andasleading\"tohisoverpoweringtendencytotheoriseandgeneralise。\"Thistendency，inthecaseofCharlesDarwin，wasfullykeptincheckbythedeterminationtotesthistheoriestotheutmost。Erasmushadastrongloveofallkindsofmechanism，forwhichCharlesDarwinhadnotaste。
NeitherhadCharlesDarwintheliterarytemperamentwhichmadeErasmusapoetaswellasaphilosopher。HewritesofErasmus（’LifeofErasmusDarwin，’page68。）:\"ThroughouthislettersIhavebeenstruckwithhisindifferencetofame，andthecompleteabsenceofallsignsofanyover—
estimationofhisownabilities，orofthesuccessofhisworks。\"These，indeed，seemindicationsoftraitsmoststrikinglyprominentinhisowncharacter。YetwegetnoevidenceinErasmusoftheintensemodestyandsimplicitythatmarkedCharlesDarwin’swholenature。ButbythequickburstsofangerprovokedinErasmus，atthesightofanyinhumanityorinjustice，weareagainremindedofhim。
Onthewhole，however，itseemstomethatwedonotknowenoughoftheessentialpersonaltoneofErasmusDarwin’scharactertoattemptmorethanasuperficialcomparison;andIamleftwithanimpressionthat，inspiteofmanyresemblances，thetwomenwereofadifferenttype。IthasbeenshownthatMissSewardandMrs。SchimmelpenninckhavemisrepresentedErasmusDarwin’scharacter。（Ibid。，pages77，79，etc。）Itis，however，extremelyprobablethatthefaultswhichtheyexaggerateweretosomeextentcharacteristicoftheman;andthisleadsmetothinkthatErasmushadacertainacerbityorseverityoftemperwhichdidnotexistinhisgrandson。
ThesonsofErasmusDarwininheritedinsomedegreehisintellectualtastes，forCharlesDarwinwritesofthemasfollows:
\"Hiseldestson，Charles（bornSeptember3，1758），wasayoungmanofextraordinarypromise，butdied（May15，1778）beforehewastwenty—oneyearsold，fromtheeffectsofawoundreceivedwhilstdissectingthebrainofachild。Heinheritedfromhisfatherastrongtasteforvariousbranchesofscience，forwritingverses，andformechanics……Healsoinheritedstammering。Withthehopeofcuringhim，hisfathersenthimtoFrance，whenabouteightyearsold（1766—’67），withaprivatetutor，thinkingthatifhewasnotallowedtospeakEnglishforatime，thehabitofstammeringmightbelost;anditisacuriousfact，thatinafteryears，whenspeakingFrench，heneverstammered。Ataveryearlyagehecollectedspecimensofallkinds。Whensixteenyearsoldhewassentforayearto[ChristChurch]Oxford，buthedidnotliketheplace，andthought（inthewordsofhisfather）thatthe’vigourofhismindlanguishedinthepursuitofclassicalelegancelikeHerculesatthedistaff，andsighedtoberemovedtotherobusterexerciseofthemedicalschoolofEdinburgh。’HestayedthreeyearsatEdinburgh，workinghardathismedicalstudies，andattending’withdiligenceallthesickpooroftheparishofWaterleith，andsupplyingthemwiththenecessarymedicines。’TheAesculapianSocietyawardedhimitsfirstgoldmedalforanexperimentalinquiryonpusandmucus。Noticesofhimappearedinvariousjournals;andallthewritersagreeabouthisuncommonenergyandabilities。Heseemslikehisfathertohaveexcitedthewarmaffectionofhisfriends。ProfessorAndrewDuncan……
spoke……abouthimwiththewarmestaffectionforty—sevenyearsafterhisdeathwhenIwasayoungmedicalstudentatEdinburgh……
\"Aboutthecharacterofhissecondson，Erasmus（born1759），Ihavelittletosay，forthoughhewrotepoetry，heseemstohavehadnoneoftheothertastesofhisfather。Hehad，however，hisownpeculiartastes，viz。，genealogy，thecollectingofcoins，andstatistics。WhenaboyhecountedallthehousesinthecityofLichfield，andfoundoutthenumberofinhabitantsinasmanyashecould;hethusmadeacensus，andwhenarealonewasfirstmade，hisestimatewasfoundtobenearlyaccurate。Hisdispositionwasquietandretiring。Myfatherhadaveryhighopinionofhisabilities，andthiswasprobablyjust，forhewouldnototherwisehavebeeninvitedtotravelwith，andpaylongvisitsto，mensodistinguishedindifferentwaysasBoultontheengineer，andDaythemoralistandnovelist。\"Hisdeathbysuicide，in1799，seemstohavetakenplaceinastateofincipientinsanity。
RobertWaring，thefatherofCharlesDarwin，wasbornMay30，1766，andenteredthemedicalprofessionlikehisfather。HestudiedforafewmonthsatLeyden，andtookhisM。D。（IowethisinformationtothekindnessofProfessorRauwenhoff，DirectoroftheArchivesatLeyden。Hequotesfromthecatalogueofdoctorsthat\"RobertusWaringDarwin，Anglo—
britannus，\"defended（February26，1785）intheSenateaDissertationonthecolouredimagesseenafterlookingatabrightobject，and\"MedicinaeDoctorcreatusestaclar。Paradijs。\"ThearchivesofLeydenUniversityaresocompletethatProfessorRauwenhoffisabletotellmethatmygrandfatherlivedtogetherwithacertain\"PetrusCrompton，Anglus，\"inlodgingsintheApothekersdijk。Dr。Darwin’sLeydendissertationwaspublishedinthe’PhilosophicalTransactions，’andmyfatherusedtosaythattheworkwasinfactduetoErasmusDarwin。——F。D。）atthatUniversityonFebruary26，1785。\"Hisfather\"（Erasmus）\"brought（’LifeofErasmusDarwin，’page85。）himtoShrewsburybeforehewastwenty—oneyearsold（1787），andlefthim20pounds，saying，’Letmeknowwhenyouwantmore，andIwillsendityou。’Hisuncle，therectorofElston，afterwardsalsosenthim20pounds，andthiswasthesolepecuniaryaidwhichheeverreceived……ErasmustellsMr。EdgeworththathissonRobert，afterbeingsettledinShrewsburyforonlysixmonths，’alreadyhadbetweenfortyandfiftypatients。’Bythesecondyearhewasinconsiderable，andeverafterwardsinverylarge，practice。\"
RobertWaringDarwinmarried（April18，1796）Susannah，thedaughterofhisfather’sfriend，JosiahWedgwood，ofEtruria，theninherthirty—secondyear。Wehaveaminiatureofher，witharemarkablysweetandhappyface，bearingsomeresemblancetotheportraitbySirJoshuaReynoldsofherfather;acountenanceexpressiveofthegentleandsympatheticnaturewhichMissMeteyardascribestoher。（’AGroupofEnglishmen，’byMissMeteyard，1871。）ShediedJuly15，1817，thirty—twoyearsbeforeherhusband，whosedeathoccurredonNovember13，1848。Dr。DarwinlivedbeforehismarriagefortwoorthreeyearsonSt。John’sHill;afterwardsattheCrescent，wherehiseldestdaughterMariannewasborn;lastlyatthe\"Mount，\"inthepartofShrewsburyknownasFrankwell，wheretheotherchildrenwereborn。
ThishousewasbuiltbyDr。Darwinabout1800，itisnowinthepossessionofMr。SpencerPhillips，andhasundergonebutlittlealteration。Itisalarge，plain，square，red—brickhouse，ofwhichthemostattractivefeatureistheprettygreen—house，openingoutofthemorning—room。
Thehouseischarminglyplaced，onthetopofasteepbankleadingdowntotheSevern。Theterracedbankistraversedbyalongwalk，leadingfromendtoend，stillcalled\"theDoctor’sWalk。\"AtonepointinthiswalkgrowsaSpanishchestnut，thebranchesofwhichbendbackparalleltothemselvesinacuriousmanner，andthiswasCharlesDarwin’sfavouritetreeasaboy，whereheandhissisterCatherinehadeachtheirspecialseat。
TheDoctortookagreatpleasureinhisgarden，plantingitwithornamentaltreesandshrubs，andbeingespeciallysuccessfulinfruit—trees;andthisloveofplantswas，Ithink，theonlytastekindredtonaturalhistorywhichhepossessed。Ofthe\"Mountpigeons，\"whichMissMeteyarddescribesasillustratingDr。Darwin’snatural—historytaste，Ihavenotbeenabletohearfromthosemostcapableofknowing。MissMeteyard’saccountofhimisnotquiteaccurateinafewpoints。Forinstance，itisincorrecttodescribeDr。Darwinashavingaphilosophicalmind;hiswasamindespeciallygiventodetail，andnottogeneralising。Again，thosewhoknewhimintimatelydescribehimaseatingremarkablylittle，sothathewasnot\"agreatfeeder，eatingagooseforhisdinner，aseasilyasothermendoapartridge。\"（’AGroupofEnglishmen，’page263。）Inthematterofdresshewasconservative，andworetotheendofhislifeknee—breechesanddrabgaiters，which，however，certainlydidnot，asMissMeteyardsays，buttonabovetheknee——aformofcostumechieflyknowntousingrenadiersofQueenAnne’sday，andinmodernwood—cuttersandploughboys。
CharlesDarwinhadthestrongestfeelingofloveandrespectforhisfather’smemory。Hisrecollectionofeverythingthatwasconnectedwithhimwaspeculiarlydistinct，andhespokeofhimfrequently;generallyprefacingananecdotewithsomesuchphraseas，\"Myfather，whowasthewisestmanIeverknew，etc……\"Itwasastonishinghowclearlyherememberedhisfather’sopinions，sothathewasabletoquotesomemaximsorhintofhisinmostcasesofillness。Asarule，heputsmallfaithindoctors，andthushisunlimitedbeliefinDr。Darwin’smedicalinstinctandmethodsoftreatmentwasallthemorestriking。
Hisreverenceforhimwasboundlessandmosttouching。Hewouldhavewishedtojudgeeverythingelseintheworlddispassionately，butanythinghisfatherhadsaidwasreceivedwithalmostimplicitfaith。HisdaughterMrs。Litchfieldremembershimsayingthathehopednoneofhissonswouldeverbelieveanythingbecausehesaidit，unlesstheywerethemselvesconvincedofitstruth，——afeelinginstrikingcontrastwithhisownmanneroffaith。
AvisitwhichCharlesDarwinmadetoShrewsburyin1869leftonthemindofhisdaughterwhoaccompaniedhimastrongimpressionofhisloveforhisoldhome。ThethentenantoftheMountshowedthemoverthehouse，etc。，andwithmistakenhospitalityremainedwiththepartyduringthewholevisit。Astheywereleaving，CharlesDarwinsaid，withapatheticlookofregret，\"IfIcouldhavebeenleftaloneinthatgreen—houseforfiveminutes，IknowIshouldhavebeenabletoseemyfatherinhiswheel—chairasvividlyasifhehadbeentherebeforeme。\"
PerhapsthisincidentshowswhatIthinkisthetruth，thatthememoryofhisfatherhelovedthebest，wasthatofhimasanoldman。Mrs。
Litchfieldhasnoteddownafewwordswhichillustratewellhisfeelingtowardshisfather。Shedescribeshimassayingwiththemosttenderrespect，\"IthinkmyfatherwasalittleunjusttomewhenIwasyoung，butafterwardsIamthankfultothinkIbecameaprimefavouritewithhim。\"
Shehasavividrecollectionoftheexpressionofhappyreveriethataccompaniedthesewords，asifhewerereviewingthewholerelation，andtheremembranceleftadeepsenseofpeaceandgratitude。
WhatfollowswasaddedbyCharlesDarwintohisautobiographical’Recollections，’andwaswrittenabout1877or1878。
\"Imayhereaddafewpagesaboutmyfather，whowasinmanywaysaremarkableman。
\"Hewasabout6feet2inchesinheight，withbroadshoulders，andverycorpulent，sothathewasthelargestmanwhomIeversaw。Whenhelastweighedhimself，hewas24stone，butafterwardsincreasedmuchinweight。
Hischiefmentalcharacteristicswerehispowersofobservationandhissympathy，neitherofwhichhaveIeverseenexceededorevenequalled。Hissympathywasnotonlywiththedistressesofothers，butinagreaterdegreewiththepleasuresofallaroundhim。Thisledhimtobealwaysschemingtogivepleasuretoothers，and，thoughhatingextravagance，toperformmanygenerousactions。Forinstance，Mr。B——，asmallmanufacturerinShrewsbury，cametohimoneday，andsaidheshouldbebankruptunlesshecouldatonceborrow10，000pounds，butthathewasunabletogiveanylegalsecurity。Myfatherheardhisreasonsforbelievingthathecouldultimatelyrepaythemoney，andfrom[his]intuitiveperceptionofcharacterfeltsurethathewastobetrusted。Soheadvancedthissum，whichwasaverylargeoneforhimwhileyoung，andwasafteratimerepaid。
\"Isupposethatitwashissympathywhichgavehimunboundedpowerofwinningconfidence，andasaconsequencemadehimhighlysuccessfulasaphysician。Hebegantopractisebeforehewastwenty—oneyearsold，andhisfeesduringthefirstyearpaidforthekeepoftwohorsesandaservant。Onthefollowingyearhispracticewaslarge，andsocontinuedforaboutsixtyyears，whenheceasedtoattendonanyone。Hisgreatsuccessasadoctorwasthemoreremarkable，ashetoldmethatheatfirsthatedhisprofessionsomuchthatifhehadbeensureofthesmallestpittance，orifhisfatherhadgivenhimanychoice，nothingshouldhaveinducedhimtofollowit。Totheendofhislife，thethoughtofanoperationalmostsickenedhim，andhecouldscarcelyenduretoseeapersonbled——ahorrorwhichhehastransmittedtome——andIrememberthehorrorwhichIfeltasaschoolboyinreadingaboutPliny（Ithink）bleedingtodeathinawarmbath……
\"Owingtomyfather’spowerofwinningconfidence，manypatients，especiallyladies，consultedhimwhensufferingfromanymisery，asasortofFather—Confessor。Hetoldmethattheyalwaysbeganbycomplaininginavaguemannerabouttheirhealth，andbypracticehesoonguessedwhatwasreallythematter。Hethensuggestedthattheyhadbeensufferingintheirminds，andnowtheywouldpourouttheirtroubles，andheheardnothingmoreaboutthebody……Owingtomyfather’sskillinwinningconfidencehereceivedmanystrangeconfessionsofmiseryandguilt。Heoftenremarkedhowmanymiserablewiveshehadknown。Inseveralinstanceshusbandsandwiveshadgoneonprettywelltogetherforbetweentwentyandthirtyyears，andthenhatedeachotherbitterly;thisheattributedtotheirhavinglostacommonbondintheiryoungchildrenhavinggrownup。
\"Butthemostremarkablepowerwhichmyfatherpossessedwasthatofreadingthecharacters，andeventhethoughtsofthosewhomhesawevenforashorttime。Wehadmanyinstancesofthepower，someofwhichseemedalmostsupernatural。Itsavedmyfatherfromevermaking（withoneexception，andthecharacterofthismanwassoondiscovered）anunworthyfriend。AstrangeclergymancametoShrewsbury，andseemedtobearichman;everybodycalledonhim，andhewasinvitedtomanyhouses。Myfathercalled，andonhisreturnhometoldmysistersonnoaccounttoinvitehimorhisfamilytoourhouse;forhefeltsurethatthemanwasnottobetrusted。Afterafewmonthshesuddenlybolted，beingheavilyindebt，andwasfoundouttobelittlebetterthananhabitualswindler。Hereisacaseoftrustfulnesswhichnotmanymenwouldhaveventuredon。AnIrishgentleman，acompletestranger，calledonmyfatheroneday，andsaidthathehadlosthispurse，andthatitwouldbeaseriousinconveniencetohimtowaitinShrewsburyuntilhecouldreceivearemittancefromIreland。Hethenaskedmyfathertolendhim20pounds，whichwasimmediatelydone，asmyfatherfeltcertainthatthestorywasatrueone。AssoonasalettercouldarrivefromIreland，onecamewiththemostprofusethanks，andenclosing，ashesaid，a20poundBankofEnglandnote，butnonotewasenclosed。Iaskedmyfatherwhetherthisdidnotstaggerhim，butheanswered’notintheleast。’Onthenextdayanotherlettercamewithmanyapologiesforhavingforgotten（likeatrueIrishman）toputthenoteintohisletterofthedaybefore……（Agentleman）broughthisnephew，whowasinsanebutquitegentle，tomyfather;andtheyoungman’sinsanityledhimtoaccusehimselfofallthecrimesunderheaven。Whenmyfatherafterwardstalkedoverthematterwiththeuncle，hesaid，’Iamsurethatyournephewisreallyguiltyof……aheinouscrime。’Whereupon[thegentleman]said，’GoodGod，Dr。Darwin，whotoldyou;wethoughtthatnohumanbeingknewthefactexceptourselves！’Myfathertoldmethestorymanyyearsaftertheevent，andIaskedhimhowhedistinguishedthetruefromthefalseself—accusations;anditwasverycharacteristicofmyfatherthathesaidhecouldnotexplainhowitwas。
\"Thefollowingstoryshowswhatgoodguessesmyfathercouldmake。LordShelburne，afterwardsthefirstMarquisofLansdowne，wasfamous（asMacaulaysomewhereremarks）forhisknowledgeoftheaffairsofEurope，onwhichhegreatlypridedhimself。Heconsultedmyfathermedically，andafterwardsharanguedhimonthestateofHolland。MyfatherhadstudiedmedicineatLeyden，andoneday[whilethere]wentalongwalkintothecountrywithafriendwhotookhimtothehouseofaclergyman（wewillsaytheRev。Mr。A——，forIhaveforgottenhisname），whohadmarriedanEnglishwoman。Myfatherwasveryhungry，andtherewaslittleforluncheonexceptcheese，whichhecouldnevereat。Theoldladywassurprisedandgrievedatthis，andassuredmyfatherthatitwasanexcellentcheese，andhadbeensentherfromBowood，theseatofLordShelburne。MyfatherwonderedwhyacheeseshouldbesentherfromBowood，butthoughtnothingmoreaboutituntilitflashedacrosshismindmanyyearsafterwards，whilstLordShelburnewastalkingaboutHolland。Soheanswered，’IshouldthinkfromwhatIsawoftheRev。Mr。A——，thathewasaveryableman，andwellacquaintedwiththestateofHolland。’MyfathersawthattheEarl，whoimmediatelychangedtheconversationwasmuchstartled。OnthenextmorningmyfatherreceivedanotefromtheEarl，sayingthathehaddelayedstartingonhisjourney，andwishedparticularlytoseemyfather。Whenhecalled，theEarlsaid，’Dr。Darwin，itisoftheutmostimportancetomeandtotheRev。Mr。A——tolearnhowyouhavediscoveredthatheisthesourceofmyinformationaboutHolland。’Somyfatherhadtoexplainthestateofthecase，andhesupposedthatLordShelburnewasmuchstruckwithhisdiplomaticskillinguessing，forduringmanyyearsafterwardshereceivedmanykindmessagesfromhimthroughvariousfriends。Ithinkthathemusthavetoldthestorytohischildren;forSirC。LyellaskedmemanyyearsagowhytheMarquisofLansdowne（thesonorgrand—sonofthefirstmarquis）feltsomuchinterestaboutme，whomhehadneverseen，andmyfamily。Whenfortynewmembers（thefortythievesastheywerethencalled）wereaddedtotheAthenaeumClub，therewasmuchcanvassingtobeoneofthem;andwithoutmyhavingaskedanyone，LordLansdowneproposedmeandgotmeelected。IfIamrightinmysupposition，itwasaqueerconcatenationofeventsthatmyfathernoteatingcheesehalf—a—centurybeforeinHollandledtomyelectionasamemberoftheAthenaeum。
\"Thesharpnessofhisobservationledhimtopredictwithremarkableskillthecourseofanyillness，andhesuggestedendlesssmalldetailsofrelief。IwastoldthatayoungdoctorinShrewsbury，whodislikedmyfather，usedtosaythathewaswhollyunscientific，butownedthathispowerofpredictingtheendofanillnesswasunparalleled。FormerlywhenhethoughtthatIshouldbeadoctor，hetalkedmuchtomeabouthispatients。Intheolddaysthepracticeofbleedinglargelywasuniversal，butmyfathermaintainedthatfarmoreevilwasthuscausedthangooddone;