nottopurchaselands，ofwhichIhavenoneed，buttopurchasepleasure:
\"Nonessecupidum，pecuniaest;nonesseemacem，vertigalest。\"
[\"Nottobecovetous，ismoney;nottobeacquisitive，isrevenue。\"
——Cicero，Paradox。，vi。3。]
Ineitheraminanygreatapprehensionofwanting，norindesireofanymore:
\"Divinarumfructusestincopia;copiamdeclaratsatietas。\"
[\"Thefruitofrichesisinabundance;satietydeclaresabundance。\"
——Idem，ibid。，vi。2。
AndIamverywellpleasedthatthisreformationinmehasfallenoutinanagenaturallyinclinedtoavarice，andthatIseemyselfclearedofafollysocommontooldmen，andthemostridiculousofallhumanfollies。
Feraulez，amanthathadrunthroughbothfortunes，andfoundthattheincreaseofsubstancewasnoincreaseofappetiteeithertoeatingordrinking，sleepingortheenjoymentofhiswife，andwhoontheothersidefeltthecareofhiseconomicslieheavyuponhisshoulders，asitdoesonmine，wasresolvedtopleaseapooryoungman，hisfaithfulfriend，whopantedafterriches，andmadehimagiftofallhis，whichwereexcessivelygreat，and，moreover，ofallhewasinthedailywayofgettingbytheliberalityofCyrus，hisgoodmaster，andbythewar;
conditionallythatheshouldtakecarehandsomelytomaintainandplentifullytoentertainhimashisguestandfriend;whichbeingaccordinglydone，theyafterwardslivedveryhappilytogether，bothofthemequallycontentwiththechangeoftheircondition。’TisanexamplethatIcouldimitatewithallmyheart;andIverymuchapprovethefortuneoftheagedprelatewhomIseetohavesoabsolutelystrippedhimselfofhispurse，hisrevenue，andcareofhisexpense，committingthemonewhiletoonetrustyservant，andanotherwhiletoanother，thathehisspunoutalongsuccessionofyears，asignorant，bythismeans，ofhisdomesticaffairsasamerestranger。
Theconfidenceinanotherman’svirtueisnolightevidenceofaman’sown，andGodwillinglyfavourssuchaconfidence。AstowhatconcernshimofwhomIamspeaking，Iseenowhereabettergovernedhouse，morenoblyandconstantlymaintainedthanhis。Happytohaveregulatedhisaffairstosojustaproportionthathisestateissufficienttodoitwithouthiscareortrouble，andwithoutanyhindrance，eitherinthespendingorlayingitup，tohisothermorequietemployments，andmoresuitablebothtohisplaceandliking。
Plenty，then，andindigencedependupontheopinioneveryonehasofthem;andrichesnomorethangloryorhealthhaveotherbeautyorpleasurethanhelendsthembywhomtheyarepossessed。
Everyoneiswellorillatease，accordingashesofindshimself;nothewhomtheworldbelieves，buthewhobelieveshimselftobeso，iscontent;andinthisalonebeliefgivesitselfbeingandreality。
Fortunedoesusneithergoodnorhurt;sheonlypresentsusthematterandtheseed，whichoursoul，morepowerfulthanshe，turnsandappliesasshebestpleases;thesolecauseandsovereignmistressofherownhappyorunhappycondition。Allexternalaccessionsreceivetasteandcolourfromtheinternalconstitution，asclotheswarmus，notwiththeirheat，butourown，whichtheyarefittocoverandnourish;hewhowouldshieldtherewithacoldbody，woulddothesameserviceforthecold，forsosnowandicearepreserved。And，certes，afterthesamemannerthatstudyisatormenttoanidleman，abstinencefromwinetoadrunkard，frugalitytothespendthrift，andexercisetoalazy，tender—bredfellow，soitisofalltherest。Thethingsarenotsopainfulanddifficultofthemselves，butourweaknessorcowardicemakesthemso。Tojudgeofgreat，andhighmattersrequiresasuitablesoul;otherwiseweattributethevicetothemwhichisreallyourown。Astraightoarseemscrookedinthewateritdoesnotonlyimportthatweseethething，buthowandafterwhatmannerweseeit。
Afterallthis，why，amongstsomanydiscoursesthatbysomanyargumentspersuadementodespisedeathandtoendurepain，canwenotfindoutonethathelpsus？Andofsomanysortsofimaginationsashavesoprevaileduponothersastopersuadethemtodoso，whydoesnoteveryoneapplysomeonetohimself，themostsuitabletohisownhumour？Ifhecannotdigestastrong—workingdecoctiontoeradicatetheevil，lethimatleasttakealenitivetoeaseit:
[\"Itisaneffeminateandflimsyopinion，normoresoinpainthaninpleasure，inwhich，whileweareatourease，wecannotbearwithoutacrythestingofabee。Thewholebusinessistocommendthyself。\"——Cicero，Tusc。Quaes。，ii。22。]
Astotherest，amandoesnottransgressphilosophybypermittingtheacrimonyofpainsandhumanfrailtytoprevailsomuchabovemeasure;fortheyconstrainhertogobacktoherunanswerablereplies:\"Ifitbeilltoliveinnecessity，atleastthereisnonecessityuponamantoliveinnecessity\":\"Nomancontinuesilllongbutbyhisownfault。\"Hewhohasneitherthecouragetodienorthehearttolive，whowillneitherresistnorfly，whatcanwedowithhim？
CHAPTERXLI
NOTTOCOMMUNICATEAMAN’SHONOUR
Ofallthefolliesoftheworld，thatwhichismostuniversallyreceivedisthesolicitudeofreputationandglory;whichwearefondoftothatdegreeastoabandonriches，peace，life，andhealth，whichareeffectualandsubstantialgoods，topursuethisvainphantomandemptyword，thathasneitherbodynorholdtobetakenofit:
Lafama，ch’invaghisceaundolcesuonoGlisuperbimortali，etparsibella，Euneco，unsogno，anzid’unsognoun’ombra，Ch’adogniventosidileguaasgombra。\"
[\"Fame，whichwithalluringsoundcharmsproudmortals，andappearssofair，isbutanecho，adream，nay，theshadowofadream，whichateverybreathvanishesanddissolves。\"
——Tasso，Gerus。，xiv。63。]
Andofalltheirrationalhumoursofmen，itshouldseemthatthephilosophersthemselvesareamongthelastandthemostreluctanttodisengagethemselvesfromthis:’tisthemostrestiveandobstinateofall:
\"Quiaetiambeneproficientesanimostentarenoncessat。\"
[\"Becauseitceasesnottoassailevenwell—directedminds\"
——St。Augustin，DeCivit。Dei，v。14。]
Thereisnotanyoneofwhichreasonsoclearlyaccusesthevanity;butitissodeeplyrootedinusthatIdarenotdeterminewhetheranyoneeverclearlydischargedhimselffromitorno。Afteryouhavesaidallandbelievedallhasbeensaidtoitsprejudice，itproducessointestineaninclinationinoppositiontoyourbestargumentsthatyouhavelittlepowertoresistit;for，asCicerosays，eventhosewhomostcontrovertit，wouldyetthatthebookstheywriteaboutitshouldvisitthelightundertheirownnames，andseektoderivegloryfromseemingtodespiseit。Allotherthingsarecommunicableandfallintocommerce:welendourgoodsandstakeourlivesforthenecessityandserviceofourfriends;buttocommunicateaman’shonour，andtorobeanotherwithaman’sownglory，isveryrarelyseen。
Andyetwehavesomeexamplesofthatkind。CatulusLuctatiusintheCimbrianwar，havingdoneallthatinhimlaytomakehisflyingsoldiersfaceaboutupontheenemy，ranhimselfatlastawaywiththerest，andcounterfeitedthecoward，totheendhismenmightratherseemtofollowtheircaptainthantoflyfromtheenemy;whichwastoabandonhisownreputationinordertocovertheshameofothers。WhenCharlesV。cameintoProvenceintheyear1537，’tissaidthatAntoniodeLeva，seeingtheemperorpositivelyresolveduponthisexpedition，andbelievingitwouldredoundverymuchtohishonour，did，nevertheless，verystifflyopposeitinthecouncil，totheendthattheentiregloryofthatresolutionshouldbeattributedtohismaster，andthatitmightbesaidhisownwisdomandforesighthadbeensuchasthat，contrarytotheopinionofall，hehadbroughtaboutsogreatanenterprise;whichwastodohimhonourathisownexpense。TheThracianambassadorscomingtocomfortArchileonida，themotherofBrasidas，uponthedeathofherson，andcommendinghimtothatheightastosayhehadnotlefthislikebehindhim，sherejectedthisprivateandparticularcommendationtoattributeittothepublic:\"Tellmenotthat，\"saidshe;\"IknowthecityofSpartahasmanycitizensbothgreaterandofgreaterworththanhe。\"InthebattleofCrecy，thePrinceofWales，beingthenveryyoung，hadthevanguardcommittedtohim:themainstressofthebattlehappenedtobeinthatplace，whichmadethelordswhowerewithhim，findingthemselvesovermatched，sendtoKingEdwardtoadvancetotheirrelief。Heinquiredoftheconditionhissonwasin，andbeingansweredthathewasaliveandonhorseback:\"Ishould，then，dohimwrong，\"saidtheking，\"nowtogoanddeprivehimofthehonourofwinningthisbattlehehassolongandsobravelysustained;whathazardsoeverheruns，thatshallbeentirelyhisown\";and，accordingly，wouldneithergonorsend，knowingthatifhewent，itwouldbesaidallhadbeenlostwithouthissuccour，andthatthehonourofthevictorywouldbewhollyattributedtohim。
\"Semperenimquodpostremumadjectumest，idremtotamvideturtraxisse。\"
[\"Foralwaysthatwhichislastadded，seemstohaveaccomplishedthewholeaffair。\"——Livy，xxvii。45。]
ManyatRomethought，andwouldusuallysay，thatthegreatestofScipio’sactswereinpartduetoLaelius，whoseconstantpracticeitwasstilltoadvanceandsupportScipio’sgrandeurandrenown，withoutanycareofhisown。AndTheopompus，kingofSparta，tohimwhotoldhimtherepubliccouldnotmiscarrysinceheknewsowellhowtocommand，\"Tisrather，\"answeredhe，\"becausethepeopleknowsowellhowtoobey。\"
Aswomensucceedingtopeerageshad，notwithstandingtheirsex，theprivilegetoattendandgivetheirvotesinthetrialsthatappertainedtothejurisdictionofpeers;sotheecclesiasticalpeers，notwithstandingtheirprofession，wereobligedtoattendourkingsintheirwars，notonlywiththeirfriendsandservants，butintheirownpersons。AstheBishopofBeauvaisdid，whobeingwithPhilipAugustusatthebattleofBouvines，hadanotableshareinthataction;buthedidnotthinkitfitforhimtoparticipateinthefruitandgloryofthatviolentandbloodytrade。Hewithhisownhandreducedseveraloftheenemythatdaytohismercy，whomhedeliveredtothefirstgentlemanhemeteithertokillorreceivethemtoquarter，referringthewholeexecutiontothisotherhand;andhedidthiswithregardtoWilliam，EarlofSalisbury，whomhegaveuptoMessireJehandeNesle。WithalikesubtletyofconsciencetothatIhavejustnamed，hewouldkillbutnotwound，andforthatreasoneverfoughtwithamace。Andacertainpersonofmytime，beingreproachedbythekingthathehadlaidhandsonapriest，stifflyandpositivelydeniedhehaddoneanysuchthing:themeaningofwhichwas，hehadcudgelledandkickedhim。
CHAPTERXLII
OFTHEINEQUALITYAMOUNGSTUS。
Plutarchsayssomewherethathedoesnotfindsogreatadifferencebetwixtbeastandbeastashedoesbetwixtmanandman;whichhesaysinreferencetotheinternalqualitiesandperfectionsofthesoul。And，intruth，IfindsovastadistancebetwixtEpaminondas，accordingtomyjudgmentofhim，andsomethatIknow，whoareyetmenofgoodsense，thatIcouldwillinglyenhanceuponPlutarch，andsaythatthereismoredifferencebetwixtsuchandsuchamanthanthereisbetwixtsuchamanandsuchabeast:
[\"Ah！howmuchmayonemansurpassanother！\"
——Terence，Eunuchus，ii。2。]
andthatthereareasmanyandinnumerabledegreesofmindastherearecubitsbetwixtthisandheaven。Butastouchingtheestimateofmen，’tisstrangethat，ourselvesexcepted，noothercreatureisesteemedbeyonditsproperqualities;wecommendahorseforhisstrengthandsurenessoffoot，\"VolucremSiclaudamusequum，facilicuiplurimapalmaFervet，etexsultatraucovictoriacirco，\"
[\"Sowepraisetheswifthorse，forwhoseeasymasterymanyahandglowsinapplause，andvictoryexultsinthehoarsecircus。
——\"Juvenal，viii。57。]
andnotforhisrichcaparison;agreyhoundforhisspeedofheels，notforhisfinecollar;ahawkforherwing，notforhergessesandbells。
Why，inlikemanner，dowenotvalueamanforwhatisproperlyhisown？
Hehasagreattrain，abeautifulpalace，somuchcredit，somanythousandpoundsayear:alltheseareabouthim，butnotinhim。Youwillnotbuyapiginapoke:ifyoucheapenahorse，youwillseehimstrippedofhishousing—cloths，youwillseehimnakedandopentoyoureye;orifhebeclothed，astheyancientlywerewonttopresentthemtoprincestosell，’tisonlyonthelessimportantparts，thatyoumaynotsomuchconsiderthebeautyofhiscolourorthebreadthofhiscrupper，asprincipallytoexaminehislegs，eyes，andfeet，whicharethemembersofgreatestuse:
\"Regibushicmosest:ubiequosmercantur，opertosInspiciunt;ne，sifacies，utsaepe，decoraMollifultapedeest，emptoreminducathiantem\"
[\"Thisisthecustomofkings:whentheybuyhorses，theyhaveopeninspection，lest，ifafairhead，asoftenchances，issupportedbyaweakfoot，itshouldtemptthegapingpurchaser。\"
——Horace，Sat。，i。2，86。]
why，ingivingyourestimateofaman，doyouprizehimwrappedandmuffledupinclothes？Hethendiscoversnothingtoyoubutsuchpartsasarenotintheleasthisown，andconcealsthosebywhichaloneonemayrightlyjudgeofhisvalue。’Tisthepriceofthebladethatyouinquireinto，notofthescabbard:youwouldnotperadventurebidafarthingforhim，ifyousawhimstripped。Youaretojudgehimbyhimselfandnotbywhathewears;and，asoneoftheancientsverypleasantlysaid:\"Doyouknowwhyyoureputehimtall？Youreckonwithaltheheightofhispattens。\"——[Seneca，Ep。76。]——Thepedestalisnopartofthestatue。Measurehimwithouthisstilts;lethimlayasidehisrevenuesandhistitles;lethimpresenthimselfinhisshirt。Thenexamineifhisbodybesoundandsprightly，activeanddisposedtoperformitsfunctions。Whatsoulhashe？Isshebeautiful，capable，andhappilyprovidedofallherfaculties？Issherichofwhatisherown，orofwhatshehasborrowed？Hasfortunenohandintheaffair？Canshe，withoutwinking，standthelightningofswords？issheindifferentwhetherherlifeexpirebythemouthorthroughthethroat？Isshesettled，evenandcontent？Thisiswhatistobeexamined，andbythatyouaretojudgeofthevastdifferencesbetwixtmanandman。Ishe:
\"Sapiens，sibiqueimperiosus，Quernnequepauperies，nequemors，nequevinculaterrent;
Responsarecupidinibus，contemnerehonoresFortis;etinseipsototusteresatquerotundus，Externinequidvaleatperlaevemorari;
Inquemmancaruitsemperfortuna？\"
[\"Thewiseman，self—governed，whomneitherpoverty，nordeath，norchainsaffright:whohasthestrengthtoresisthisappetitesandtocontemnhonours:whoiswhollyself—contained:whomnoexternalobjectsaffect:whomfortuneassailsinvain。\"
——Horace，Sat。，ii。7，]
suchamanisfivehundredcubitsabovekingdomsandduchies;heisanabsolutemonarchinandtohimself:
\"Sapiens，……Pol！ipsefingitfortunamsibi;\"
[\"Thewisemanisthemasterofhisownfortune，\"
——Plautus，Trin。，ii。2，84。]
whatremainsforhimtocovetordesire？
\"Nonnevidemus，Nilaliudsibinaturamlatrare，nisiut，quoiCorporesejunctusdolorabsit，mentefruatur，Jucundosensu，curasemotu’metuque？\"
[\"Dowenotseethathumannatureasksnomoreforitselfthanthat，freefrombodilypain，itmayexerciseitsmindagreeably，exemptfromcareandfear。\"——Lucretius，ii。16。]
Comparewithsuchaonethecommonrabbleofmankind，stupidandmean—
spirited，servile，instable，andcontinuallyfloatingwiththetempestofvariouspassions，thattossesandtumblesthemtoandfro，andalldependinguponothers，andyouwillfindagreaterdistancethanbetwixtheavenandearth;andyettheblindnessofcommonusageissuchthatwemakelittleornoaccountofit;whereasifweconsiderapeasantandaking，anoblemanandavassal，amagistrateandaprivateman，arichmanandapoor，thereappearsavastdisparity，thoughtheydiffernomore，asamanmaysay，thanintheirbreeches。
InThracethekingwasdistinguishedfromhispeopleafteraverypleasantandespecialmanner;hehadareligionbyhimself，agodallhisown，andwhichhissubjectswerenottopresumetoadore，whichwasMercury，whilst，ontheotherhand，hedisdainedtohaveanythingtodowiththeirs，Mars，Bacchus，andDiana。Andyettheyarenootherthanpicturesthatmakenoessentialdissimilitude;forasyouseeactorsinaplayrepresentingthepersonofadukeoranemperoruponthestage，andimmediatelyafterreturntotheirtrueandoriginalconditionofvaletsandporters，sotheemperor，whosepompandlustresodazzleyouinpublic:
\"ScilicetgrandesviridicumlucesmaragdiAutoincluduntur，teriturquethalassinavestisAssidue，etVenerissudoremexercitapotat;\"
[\"Becausehewearsgreatemeraldsrichlysetingold，dartinggreenlustre;andthesea—bluesilkenrobe，wornwithpressure，andmoistwithillicitlove（andabsorbsthesweatofVenus）。\"
——Lucretius，iv。1123。]
dobutpeepbehindthecurtain，andyouwillseenothingmorethananordinaryman，andperadventuremorecontemptiblethanthemeanestofhissubjects:
\"Illebeatusintrorsumest，istiusbracteatafelicitasest;\"
[\"Theoneishappyinhimself;thehappinessoftheotheriscounterfeit。\"——Seneca，Ep。，115。]
cowardice，irresolution，ambition，spite，andenvyagitatehimasmuchasanother:
\"Nonenimgazae，nequeconsularisSubmovetlictormiserostumultusMentis，etcuraslaqueatacircumTectavolantes。\"
[\"Fornottreasures，northeconsularlictor，canremovethemiserabletumultsofthemind，norcaresthatflyaboutpanelledceilings。\"——Horace，Od。，ii。16，9。]
Careandfearattackhimeveninthecentreofhisbattalions:
\"ReveraquemetushominumcuraequesequacesNecmetuuntsonitusarmorum，neeferatela;
Audacterqueinterreges，rerumquepotentesVersantur，nequefulgoremreverenturabauro。\"
[\"Andintruththefearsandhauntingcaresofmenfearnottheclashofarmsnorpointsofdarts，andmingleboldlywithgreatkingsandmeninauthority，norrespecttheglitterofgold。\"
——Lucretius，ii。47。]
Dofevers，gout，andapoplexiessparehimanymorethanoneofus？Whenoldagehangsheavyuponhisshoulders，cantheyeomenofhisguardeasehimoftheburden？Whenheisastoundedwiththeapprehensionofdeath，canthegentlemenofhisbedchambercomfortandassurehim？Whenjealousyoranyothercapriceswimsinhisbrain，canourcomplimentsandceremoniesrestorehimtohisgood—humour？Thecanopyembroideredwithpearlandgoldheliesunderhasnovirtueagainstaviolentfitofthecolic:
NeecalidaecitiusdeceduntcorporefebresTextilibussiinpicturis，ostroquerubentiJactaris，quamsiplebeiainvestecubandumest。\"
[\"Nordoburningfeversquityousoonerifyouarestretchedonacouchofrichtapestryandinavestofpurpledye，thanifyoubeinacoarseblanket。\"——Idem，ii。34。]
TheflatterersofAlexandertheGreatpossessedhimthathewasthesonofJupiter;butbeingonedaywounded，andobservingthebloodstreamfromhiswound:\"Whatsayyounow，mymasters，\"saidhe，\"isnotthisbloodofacrimsoncolourandpurelyhuman？ThisisnotofthecomplexionofthatwhichHomermakestoissuefromthewoundedgods。\"
ThepoetHermodorushadwrittenapoeminhonourofAntigonus，whereinhecalledhimthesonofthesun:\"Hewhohastheemptyingofmyclose—
stool，\"saidAntigonus，\"knowstothecontrary。\"Heisbutamanatbest，andifhebedeformedorill—qualifiedfromhisbirth，theempireoftheuniversecannotsethimtorights:
\"PuellaeHuncrapiant;quidquidcalcaverithic，rosafiat，\"
[\"Letgirlscarryhimoff;whereverhestepslettherespringuparose！\"——Persius，Sat。，ii。38。]
whatofallthat，ifhebeafool？evenpleasureandgoodfortunearenotrelishedwithoutvigourandunderstanding:
\"Haecperindesunt，utiliusanimus;quieapossidetQuiutiscit，eibona;illi，quinonuriturrecte，mala。\"
[\"Thingsare，asisthemindoftheirpossessor;whoknowshowtousethem，tohimtheyaregood;tohimwhoabusesthem，ill。\"
——\"Terence，Heart。，i。3，21。]
Whateverthebenefitsoffortuneare，theyyetrequireapalatetorelishthem。’Tisfruition，andnotpossession，thatrendersushappy:
[\"’Tisnotlands，oraheapofbrassandgold，thathasremovedfeversfromtheailingbodyoftheowner，orcaresfromhismind。
Thepossessormustbehealthy，ifhethinkstomakegooduseofhisrealisedwealth。Tohimwhoiscovetousortimoroushishouseandestateareasapicturetoablindman，orafomentationtoagouty。\"——Horace，Ep。，i。2，47。]
Heisasot，histasteispalledandflat;henomoreenjoyswhathehasthanonethathasacoldrelishestheflavourofcanary，orthanahorseissensibleofhisrichcaparison。Platoisintherightwhenhetellsusthathealth，beauty，vigour，andriches，andalltheotherthingscalledgoods，areequallyeviltotheunjustasgoodtothejust，andtheevilonthecontrarythesame。Andthereforewherethebodyandthemindareindisorder，towhatuseservetheseexternalconveniences:
consideringthattheleastprickwithapin，ortheleastpassionofthesoul，issufficienttodepriveoneofthepleasureofbeingsolemonarchoftheworld。AtthefirsttwitchofthegoutitsignifiesmuchtobecalledSirandYourMajesty！
\"Totusetargentoconflatus，totusetauro;\"
[\"Whollymadeupofsilverandgold。\"——Tibullus，i。2，70。]
doeshenotforgethispalacesandgirandeurs？Ifhebeangry，canhisbeingaprincekeephimfromlookingredandlookingpale，andgrindinghisteethlikeamadman？Now，ifhebeamanofpartsandofrightnature，royaltyaddsverylittletohishappiness;
\"Siventribene，silateriest，pedibusquetuffs，nilDivitixpoteruntregalesadderemajus;\"
[\"Ifitiswellwiththybelly，thysideandthyfeet，regalwealthwillbeabletoaddnothing。\"——Horace，Ep。，i。12，5。]
hediscerns’tisnothingbutcounterfeitandgullery。Nay，perhapshewouldbeofKingSeleucus’opinion，thathewhoknewtheweightofasceptrewouldnotstooptopickitup，ifhesawitlyingbeforehim，sogreatandpainfularethedutiesincumbentuponagoodking。——[Plutarch，IfaSageshouldMeddlewithAffairsofStale，c。12。]——Assuredlyitcanbenoeasytasktoruleothers，whenwefinditsohardamattertogovernourselves;andastodominion，thatseemssocharming，thefrailtyofhumanjudgmentandthedifficultyofchoiceinthingsthatarenewanddoubtfulconsidered，Iamverymuchofopinionthatitisfarmoreeasyandpleasanttofollowthantolead;andthatitisagreatsettlementandsatisfactionofmindtohaveonlyonepathtowalkin，andtohavenonetoanswerforbutaman’sself;
\"Utsatiusmultojamsitparerequietum，Quamregereimperioresvelle。\"
[\"’Tismuchbetterquietlytoobeythanwishtorule。\"
——Lucretius，V，1126。]
TowhichwemayaddthatsayingofCyrus，thatnomanwasfittorulebuthewhoinhisownworthwasofgreatervaluethanthosehewastogovern;
butKingHieroinXenophonsaysfurther，thatinthefruitionevenofpleasureitselftheyareinaworseconditionthanprivatemen;forasmuchastheopportunitiesandfacilitytheyhaveofcommandingthosethingsatwilltakesofffromthedelightthatordinaryfolksenjoy:
\"Pinguisamor，nimiumquepatens，intaedianobisVertitur，et，stomachodulcisutesca，nocet。\"
[\"Loveinexcessandtoopalpableturnstoweariness，and，likesweetmeatstothestomach，isinjurious。\"——Ovid，Amoy。，ii。19，25。]
Canwethinkthatthesingingboysofthechoirtakeanygreatdelightinmusic？thesatietyratherrendersittroublesomeandtedioustothem。
Feasts，balls，masqueradesandtiltingsdelightsuchasbutrarelysee，anddesiretosee，them;buthavingbeenfrequentlyatsuchentertainments，therelishofthemgrowsflatandinsipid。Nordowomensomuchdelightthosewhomakeacommonpracticeofthesport。Hewhowillnotgivehimselfleisuretobethirstycanneverfindthetruepleasureofdrinking。Farcesandtumblingtricksarepleasanttothespectators，butawearisometoiltothosebywhomtheyareperformed。
Andthatthisisso，weseethatprincesdivertthemselvessometimesindisguisingtheirquality，awhiletodeposethemselves，andtostooptothepoorandordinarywayoflivingofthemeanestoftheirpeople。
\"PlerumquegrataedivitibusvicesMundaequeparvosublarepauperumCoenae，sineaulaeisetostro，Soliicitamexplicuerefrontem。\"
[\"Therichareoftenpleasedwithvariety;andtheplainsupperinapoorcottage，withouttapestryandpurple，hasrelaxedtheanxiousbrow。\"——Horace，Od。，iii。29，13。]
Nothingissodistastefulandcloggingasabundance。Whatappetitewouldnotbebaffledtoseethreehundredwomenatitsmercy，asthegrandsignorhasinhisseraglio？And，ofhisancestorswhatfruitionortasteofsportdidhereservetohimself，whoneverwenthawkingwithoutseventhousandfalconers？Andbesidesallthis，Ifancythatthislustreofgrandeurbringswithitnolittledisturbanceanduneasinessupontheenjoymentofthemosttemptingpleasures;thegreataretooconspicuousandlietooopentoeveryone’sview。NeitherdoIknowtowhatendamanshouldmorerequireofthemtoconcealtheirerrors，sincewhatisonlyreputedindiscretioninus，thepeopleinthembrandwiththenamesoftyrannyandcontemptofthelaws，and，besidestheirproclivitytovice，areapttoholdthatitisaheighteningofpleasuretothem，toinsultoverandtotrampleuponpublicobservances。Plato，indeed，inhisGoygias，definesatyranttobeonewhoinacityhaslicencetodowhateverhisownwillleadshimtodo;andbyreasonofthisimpunity，thedisplayandpublicationoftheirvicesdoofttimesmoremischiefthantheviceitself。Everyonefearstobepriedintoandoverlooked;butprincesareso，eventotheirverygestures，looksandthoughts，thepeopleconceivingtheyhaverightandtitletobejudgesofthembesidesthattheblemishesofthegreatnaturallyappeargreaterbyreasonoftheeminenceandlustreoftheplacewheretheyareseated，andthatamoleorawartappearsgreaterinthemthanawidegashinothers。AndthisisthereasonwhythepoetsfeigntheamoursofJupitertobeperformedinthedisguisesofsomanyborrowedshapes，andthatamongstthemanyamorouspracticestheylaytohischarge，thereisonlyone，asI
remember，whereheappearsinhisownmajestyandgrandeur。
ButletusreturntoHiero，whofurthercomplainsoftheinconvenienceshefoundinhisroyalty，inthathecouldnotlookabroadandtraveltheworldatliberty，beingasitwereaprisonerintheboundsandlimitsofhisowndominion，andthatinallhisactionshewasevermoresurroundedwithanimportunatecrowd。Andintruth，toseeourkingssitallaloneattable，environedwithsomanypeoplepratingaboutthem，andsomanystrangersstaringuponthem，astheyalwaysare，Ihaveoftenbeenmovedrathertopitythantoenvytheircondition。KingAlfonsowaswonttosay，thatinthisasseswereinabetterconditionthankings，theirmasterspermittingthemtofeedattheirowneaseandpleasure，afavourthatkingscannotobtainoftheirservants。Andithasnevercomeintomyfancythatitcouldbeofanygreatbenefittothelifeofamanofsensetohavetwentypeoplepratingabouthimwhenheisatstool;orthattheservicesofamanoftenthousandlivresayear，orthathastakenCasaleordefendedSiena，shouldbeeithermorecommodiousormoreacceptabletohim，thanthoseofagoodgroomofthechamberwhounderstandshisplace。Theadvantagesofsovereigntyareinamannerbutimaginary:everydegreeoffortunehasinitsomeimageofprincipality。
CaesarcallsallthelordsofFrance，havingfreefranchisewithintheirowndemesnes，roiteletsorpettykings;andintruth，thenameofsireexcepted，theygoprettyfartowardskingship;fordobutlookintotheprovincesremotefromcourt，asBrittanyforexample;takenoticeofthetrain，thevassals，theofficers，theemployments，service，ceremony，andstateofalordwholivesretiredfromcourtinhisownhouse，amongsthisowntenantsandservants;andobservewithaltheflightofhisimagination;thereisnothingmoreroyal;hehearstalkofhismasteronceayear，asofakingofPersia，withouttakinganyfurtherrecognitionofhim，thanbysomeremotekindredhissecretarykeepsinsomeregister。And，tospeakthetruth，ourlawsareeasyenough，soeasythatagentlemanofFrancescarcefeelstheweightofsovereigntypinchhisshouldersabovetwiceinhislife。Realandeffectualsubjectiononlyconcernssuchamongstusasvoluntarilythrusttheirnecksundertheyoke，andwhodesigntogetwealthandhonoursbysuchservices:foramanthatloveshisownfireside，andcangovernhishousewithoutfallingbytheearswithhisneighboursorengaginginsuitsoflaw，isasfreeasaDukeofVenice。
\"Paucosservitus，pluresservitutemtenent。\"
[\"Servitudeenchainsfew，butmanyenchainthemselvestoservitude。\"——Seneca，Ep。，22。]
ButthatwhichHieroismostconcernedatis，thathefindshimselfstrippedofallfriendship，deprivedofallmutualsociety，whereinthetrueandmostperfectfruitionofhumanlifeconsists。ForwhattestimonyofaffectionandgoodwillcanIextractfromhimthatowesme，whetherhewillorno，allthatheisabletodo？CanIformanyassuranceofhisrealrespecttome，fromhishumblewayofspeakingandsubmissivebehaviour，whentheseareceremoniesitisnotinhischoicetodeny？Thehonourwereceivefromthosethatfearusisnothonour;
thoserespectsareduetoroyaltyandnottome:
\"MaximumhocregnibonumestQuodfactadominicogiturpopulussuiQuamferre，tamlaudare。\"
[\"’Tisthegreatestbenefitofakingdomthatthepeopleisforcedtocommend，aswellastobeartheactsoftheruler。\"
——Seneca，Thyestes，ii。i，30。]
DoInotseethatthewickedandthegoodking，hethatishatedandhethatisbeloved，havetheoneasmuchreverencepaidhimastheother？
Mypredecessorwas，andmysuccessorshallbe，servedwiththesameceremonyandstate。Ifmysubjectsdomenoharm，’tisnoevidenceofanygoodaffection;whyshouldIlookuponitassuch，seeingitisnotintheirpowertodoitiftheywould？Noonefollowsmeorobeysmycommandsupontheaccountofanyfriendship，betwixthimandme;therecanbenocontractingoffriendshipwherethereissolittlerelationandcorrespondence:myownheighthasputmeoutofthefamiliarityofandintelligencewithmen;thereistoogreatdisparityanddisproportionbetwixtus。Theyfollowmeeitherupontheaccountofdecencyandcustom;orrathermyfortune，thanme，toincreasetheirown。Alltheysaytomeordoformeisbutoutwardpaint，appearance，theirlibertybeingonallpartsrestrainedbythegreatpowerandauthorityIhaveoverthem。Iseenothingaboutmebutwhatisdissembledanddisguised。
TheEmperorJulianbeingonedayapplaudedbyhiscourtiersforhisexactjustice:\"Ishouldbeproudofthesepraises，\"saidhe，\"didtheycomefrompersonsthatdurstcondemnordisapprovethecontrary，incaseI
shoulddoit。\"Alltherealadvantagesofprincesarecommontothemwithmenofmeanercondition（’tisforthegodstomountwingedhorsesandfeeduponambrosia）:theyhavenoothersleep，norotherappetitethanwe;thesteeltheyarmthemselveswithalisofnobettertemperthanthatwealsouse;theircrownsneitherdefendthemfromtherainnorthesun。
Diocletian，whoworeacrownsofortunateandrevered，resignedittoretiretothefelicityofaprivatelife;andsometimeafterthenecessityofpublicaffairsrequiringthatheshouldreassumehischarge，hemadeanswertothosewhocametocourthimtoit:\"Youwouldnotoffer，\"saidhe，\"topersuademetothis，hadyouseenthefineorderofthetreesIhaveplantedinmyorchard，andthefairmelonsIhavesowninmygarden。\"
InAnacharsis’opinion，thehappieststateofgovernmentwouldbewhere，allotherthingsbeingequal，precedenceshouldbemeasuredoutbythevirtues，andrepulsesbythevicesofmen。
WhenKingPyrrhuspreparedforhisexpeditionintoItaly，hiswisecounsellorCyneas，tomakehimsensibleofthevanityofhisambition:
\"Well，sir，\"saidhe，\"towhatenddoyoumakeallthismightypreparation？\"——\"TomakemyselfmasterofItaly，\"repliedtheking。
\"Andwhatafterthatisdone？\"saidCyneas。\"IwillpassoverintoGaulandSpain，\"saidtheother。\"Andwhatthen？\"——\"IwillthengotosubdueAfrica;andlastly，whenIhavebroughtthewholeworldtomysubjection，Iwillsitdownandrestcontentatmyownease。\"
\"ForGodsake，sir，\"repliedCyneas，\"tellmewhathindersthatyoumaynot，ifyouplease，benowintheconditionyouspeakof？Whydoyounotnowatthisinstantsettleyourselfinthestateyouseemtoaimat，andspareallthelabourandhazardyouinterpose？\"
\"Nimirum，quianoncognovit，quxessethabendiFinis，etomninoquoadcrescatveravoluptas。\"
[\"Forsoothbecausehedoesnotknowwhatshouldbethelimitofacquisition，andaltogetherhowfarrealpleasureshouldincrease。\"
——Lucretius，v。1431]
Iwillconcludewithanoldversicle，thatIthinkveryapttothepurpose:
\"Morescuiquesuifinguntfortunam。\"
[\"Everymanframeshisownfortune。\"
——CorneliusNepos，LifeofAtticus]