Itbecomesaquestionoflifeanddeathforsocietytoadaptthemodeofproductiontothenormalfunctioningofthislaw。ModernIndustry，indeed，compelssociety，underpenaltyofdeath，toreplacethedetail—workerofto—day，grappledbylife—longrepetitionofoneandthesametrivialoperation，andthusreducedtothemerefragmentofaman，bythefullydevelopedindividual，fitforavarietyoflabours，readytofaceanychangeofproduction，andtowhomthedifferentsocialfunctionsheperforms，arebutsomanymodesofgivingfreescopetohisownnaturalandacquiredpowers。
Onestepalreadyspontaneouslytakentowardseffectingthisrevolutionistheestablishmentoftechnicalandagriculturalschools，andof\"écolesd’enseignementprofessionnel，\"inwhichthechildrenoftheworking—menreceivesomelittleinstructionintechnologyandinthepracticalhandlingofthevariousimplementsoflabour。ThoughtheFactoryAct，thatfirstandmeagreconcessionwrungfromcapital，islimitedtocombiningelementaryeducationwithworkinthefactory，therecanbenodoubtthatwhentheworking—classcomesintopower，asinevitablyitmust，technicalinstruction，boththeoreticalandpractical，willtakeitsproperplaceintheworking—classschools。Thereisalsonodoubtthatsuchrevolutionaryregents，thefinalresultofwhichistheabolitionoftheolddivisionoflabour，arediametricallyopposedtothecapitalisticformofproduction，andtotheeconomicstatusofthelabourercorrespondingtothatform。Butthehistoricaldevelopmentoftheantagonisms，immanentinagivenformofproduction，istheonlywayinwhichthatformofproductioncanbedissolvedandanewformestablished。\"Nesutorultracrepidam\"？thisnecplusultraofhandicraftwisdombecamesheernonsense，fromthemomentthewatchmakerWattinventedthesteam—engine，thebarberArkwright，thethrostle，andtheworking—jeweller，Fulton，thesteamship;[228]
SolongasFactorylegislationisconfinedtoregulatingthelabourinfactories，manufactories，&c。，itisregardedasamereinterferencewiththeexploitingrightsofcapital。Butwhenitcomestoregulatingtheso—called\"home—labour，\"[229]itisimmediatelyviewedasadirectattackonthepatriapotestas，onparentalauthority。Thetender—heartedEnglishParliamentlongaffectedtoshrinkfromtakingthisstep。Theforceoffacts，however，compelleditatlasttoacknowledgethatmodernindustry，inoverturningtheeconomicfoundationonwhichwasbasedthetraditionalfamily，andthefamilylabourcorrespondingtoit，hadalsounloosenedalltraditionalfamilyties。Therightsofthechildrenhadtobeproclaimed。ThefinalreportoftheCh。
Empl。Comm。of1866，states:\"Itisunhappily，toapainfuldegree，apparentthroughoutthewholeoftheevidence，thatagainstnopersonsdothechildrenofbothsexessomuchrequireprotectionasagainsttheirparents。\"Thesystemofunlimitedexploitationofchildren’slabouringeneralandtheso—calledhome—labourinparticularis\"maintainedonlybecausetheparentsareable，withoutcheckorcontrol，toexercisethisarbitraryandmischievouspowerovertheiryoungandtenderoffspring……
Parentsmustnotpossesstheabsolutepowerofmakingtheirchildrenmere’machinestoearnsomuchweeklywage……’Thechildrenandyoungpersons，therefore，inallsuchcasesmayjustifiablyclaimfromthelegislature，asanaturalright，thatanexemptionshouldbesecuredtothem，fromwhatdestroysprematurelytheirphysicalstrength，andlowerstheminthescaleofintellectualandmoralbeings。\"[230]Itwasnot，however，themisuseofparentalauthoritythatcreatedthecapitalisticexploitation，whetherdirectorindirect，ofchildren’slabour;
but，onthecontrary，itwasthecapitalisticmodeofexploitationwhich，bysweepingawaytheeconomicbasisofparentalauthority，madeitsexercisedegenerateintoamischievousmisuseofpower。
Howeverterribleanddisgustingthedissolution，underthecapitalistsystem，oftheoldfamilytiesmayappear，nevertheless，modernindustry，byassigningasitdoesanimportantpartintheprocessofproduction，outsidethedomesticsphere，towomen，toyoungpersons，andtochildrenofbothsexes，createsaneweconomicfoundationforahigherformofthefamilyandoftherelationsbetweenthesexes。Itis，ofcourse，justasabsurdtoholdtheTeutonic—ChristianformofthefamilytobeabsoluteandfinalasitwouldbetoapplythatcharactertotheancientRoman，theancientGreek，ortheEasternformswhich，moreover，takentogetherformaseriesinhistoricaldevelopment。Moreover，itisobviousthatthefactofthecollectiveworkinggroupbeingcomposedofindividualsofbothsexesandallages，mustnecessarily，undersuitableconditions，becomeasourceofhumanedevelopment;althoughinitsspontaneouslydeveloped，brutal，capitalisticform，wherethelabourerexistsfortheprocessofproduction，andnottheprocessofproductionforthelabourer，thatfactisapestiferoussourceofcorruptionandslavery。[231]
ThenecessityforageneralisationoftheFactoryActs，fortransformingthemfromanexceptionallawrelatingtomechanicalspinningandweaving？thosefirstcreationsofmachinery？intoalawaffectingsocialproductionasawhole，arose，aswehaveseen，fromthemodeinwhichModernIndustrywashistoricallydeveloped。Intherearofthatindustry，thetraditionalformofmanufacture，ofhandicraft，andofdomesticindustry，isentirelyrevolutionised;manufacturesareconstantlypassingintothefactorysystem，andhandicraftsintomanufactures;andlastlp;thespheresofhandicraftandofthedomesticindustriesbecome，ina，comparativelyspeaking，wonderfullyshorttime，densofmiseryinwhichcapitalisticexploitationobtainsfreeplayforthewildestexcesses。Therearetwocircumstancesthatfinallyturnthescale:first，theconstantlyrecurringexperiencethatcapital，sosoonasitfindsitselfsubjecttolegalcontrolatonepoint，compensatesitselfallthemorerecklesslyatotherpoints;[232]secondly，thecryofthecapitalistsforequalityintheconditionsofcompetition，i。e。，forequalrestrainonallexploitationoflabour。[233]Onthispointletuslistentotwoheart—brokencries。Messrs。CooksleyofBristol，nailandchain，&c。，manufacturers，spontaneouslyintroducedtheregulationsoftheFactoryActintotheirbusiness。\"Astheoldirregularsystemprevailsinneighbouringworks，theMessrs。Cooksleyaresubjecttothedisadvantageofhavingtheirboysenticedtocontinuetheirlabourelsewhereafter6
p。m。’This，’theynaturallysay，’isanunjusticeandlosstous，asitexhaustsaportionoftheboy’sstrength，ofwhichweoughttohavethefullbenefit。\"[234]Mr。J。Simpson（paperboxandbagmaker，London）statesbeforethecommissionersoftheCh。Empl。Comm。:\"Hewouldsignanypetitionforit\"（legislativeinterference）……\"Asitwas，healwaysfeltrestlessatnight，whenhehadclosedhisplace，lestothersshouldbeworkinglaterthanhimandgettingawayhisorders。\"[235]Summarising，theCh。Empl。Comm。says:\"Itwouldbeunjusttothelargeremployersthattheirfactoriesshouldbeplacedunderregulation，whilethehoursoflabourinthesmallerplacesintheirownbranchofbusinesswereundernolegislativerestriction。Andtotheinjusticearisingfromtheunfairconditionsofcompetition，inregardtohours，thatwouldbecreatedifthesmallerplacesofworkwereexempt，wouldbeaddedthedisadvantagetothelargermanufacturers，offindingtheirsupplyofjuvenileandfemalelabourdrawnofftotheplacesofworkexemptfromlegislation。Further，astimuluswouldbegiventothemultiplicationofthesmallerplacesofwork，whicharealmostinvariablytheleastfavourabletothehealth，comfort，education，andgeneralimprovementofthepeople。\"[236]
InitsfinalreporttheCommissionproposestosubjecttotheFactoryActmorethan1，400，000children，youngpersons，andwomen，ofwhichnumberaboutonehalfareexploitedinsmallindustriesandbytheso—calledhome—work。[237]Itsays，\"ButifitshouldseemfittoParliamenttoplacethewholeofthatlargenumberofchildren，youngpersonsandfemalesundertheprotectivelegislationaboveadvertedto……itcannotbedoubtedthatsuchlegislationwouldhaveamostbeneficenteffect，notonlyupontheyoungandthefeeble，whoareitsmoreimmediateobjects，butuponthestilllargerbodyofadultworkers，whowouldinalltheseemployments，bothdirectlyandindirectly，comeimmediatelyunderitsinfluence。Itwouldenforceuponthemregularandmoderatehours;itwouldleadtotheirplacesofworkbeingkeptinahealthyandcleanlystate;itwouldthereforehusbandandimprovethatstoreofphysicalstrengthonwhichtheirownwell—beingandthatofthecountrysomuchdepends;itwouldsavetherisinggenerationfromthatoverexertionatanearlyagewhichunderminestheirconstitutionsandleadstoprematuredecay;finally，itwouldensurethem？atleastuptotheageof13？theopportunityofreceivingtheelementsofeducation，andwouldputanendtothatutterignorance……gofaithfullyexhibitedintheReportsofourAssistantCommissioners，andwhichcannotberegardedwithoutthedeepestpain，andaprofoundsenseofnationaldegradatiop;[238]
TheToryCabinet[239]announcedintheSpeechfromtheThrone，onFebruary5，1867，thatithadframedtheproposalsoftheIndustrialCommissionofInquiry[240]intoBills。Togetthatfar，anothertwentyyearsofexperimentumincorporevilihadbeenrequired。Alreadyin1840aParliamentaryCommissionofInquiryonthelabourofchildrenhadbeenappointed。ItsReport，in1842，unfolded，inthewordsofNassauW。Senior，\"themostfrightfulpictureofavarice，selfishnessandcrueltyonthepartofmastersandofparents，andofjuvenileandinfantilemisery，degradationanddestructioneverpresented……Itmaybesupposedthatitdescribesthehorrorsofapastage。Butthereisunhappilyevidencethatthosehorrorscontinueasintenseastheywere。ApamphletpublishedbyHardwickeabout2yearsagostatesthattheabusescomplainedofin1842，areinfullbloomatthepresentday。Itisastrangeproofofthegeneralneglectofthemoralsandhealthofthechildrenoftheworking—class，thatthisreportlayunnoticedfor20years，duringwhichthechildren，’bredupwithouttheremotestsignofcomprehensionastowhatismeantbythetermmorals，whohadneitherknowledge，norreligion，nornaturalaffection，’wereallowedtobecometheparentsofthepresentgeneration。\"[241]
Thesocialconditionshavingundergoneachange，ParliamentcouldnotventuretoshelvethedemandsoftheCommissionof1862，asithaddonethoseoftheCommissionof1840。Hencein1864，whentheCommissionhadnotyetpublishedmorethanapartofitsreports，theearthenwareindustries（includingthepotteries），makersofpaperhangings，matches，cartridges，andcaps，andfustiancuttersweremadesubjecttotheActsinforceinthetextileindustries。IntheSpeechfromtheThrone，on5thFebruary，1867，theToryCabinetofthedayannouncedtheintroductionofBills，foundedonthefinalrecommendationsoftheCommission，whichhadcompleteditslaboursin1866。
Onthe15thAugust，1867，theFactoryActsExtensionAct，andonthe21stAugust，theWorkshops’RegulationActreceivedtheRoyalAssent;theformerActhavingreferencetolargeindustries，thelattertosmall。
Theformerappliestoblast—furnaces，iron’andcoppermills，foundries，machineshops，metalmanufactories，gutta—perchaworks，papermills，glass—works，tobaccomanufactories，letter—pressprinting（includingnewspapers），book—binding，inshorttoallindustrialestablishmentsoftheabovekind，inwhich50
individualsormoreareoccupiedsimultaneously，andfornotlessthan100daysduringtheyear。
TogiveanideaoftheextentofthesphereembracedbytheWorkshops’
RegulationActinitsapplication，wecitefromitsinterpretationclause，thefollowingpassages:
\"Handicraftshallmeananymanuallabourexercisedbywayoftrade，orforpurposesofgainin，orincidentalto，themakinganyarticleorpartofanarticle，orin，orincidentalto，thealtering，repairing，ornamenting，finishing，orotherwiseadaptingforsaleanyarticle。\"
\"Workshopshallmeananyroomorplacewhateverintheopenairorundercover，inwhichanyhandicraftiscarriedonbyanychild，youngperson，orwoman，andtowhichandoverwhichthepersonbywhomsuchchild，youngperson，orwomanisemployed，hastherightofaccessandcontrol。\"
\"Employedshallmeanoccupiedinanyhandicraft，whetherforwagesornot，underamasterorunderaparentashereindefined。\"
\"Parentshallmeanparent，guardian，orperson，havingthecustodyof，orcontrolover，any……childoryoungperson。\"
Clause7，whichimposesapenaltyforemploymentofchildren，youngpersons，andwomen，contrarytotheprovisionsoftheAct，subjectstofines，notonlytheoccupieroftheworkshop，whetherparentornot，buteven\"theparentof，orthepersonderivinganydirectbenefitfromthelabourof，orhavingthecontrolover，thechild，youngpersonorwoman。
\"
TheFactoryActsExtensionAct，whichaffectsthelargeestablishments，derogatesfromtheFactoryActbyacrowdofviciousexceptionsandcowardlycompromiseswiththemasters。
TheWorkshops’RegulationAct，wretchedinallitsdetails，remainedadeadletterinthehandsofthemunicipalandlocalauthoritieswhowerechargedwithitsexecution。When，in1871，Parliamentwithdrewfromthemthispower，inordertoconferitontheFactoryInspectors，towhoseprovinceitthusaddedbyasinglestrokemorethanonehundredthousandworkshops，andthreehundredbrickworks，carewastakenatthesametimenottoaddmorethaneightassistantstotheiralreadyundermannedstaff。[242]
Whatstrikesus，then，intheEnglishlegislationof1867，is，ontheonehand，thenecessityimposedontheparliamentoftherulingclasses，ofadoptinginprinciplemeasuressoextraordinary，andonsogreatascale，againsttheexcessesofcapitalisticexploitation;andontheotherhand，thehesitation，therepugnance，andthebadfaith，withwhichitlentitselftothetaskofcarryingthosemeasuresintopractice。
TheInquiryCommissionof1862alsoproposedanewregulationoftheminingindustry，anindustrydistinguishedfromothersbytheexceptionalcharacteristicthattheinterestsoflandlordandcapitalisttherejoinhands。TheantagonismofthesetwointerestshadbeenfavourabletoFactorylegislation，whileontheotherhandtheabsenceofthatantagonismissufficienttoexplainthedelaysandchicaneryofthelegislationonmines。
TheInquiryCommissionof1840hadmaderevelationssoterrible，soshocking，andcreatingsuchascandalalloverEurope，thattosalveitsconscienceParliamentpassedtheMiningActof1842，inwhichitlimiteditselftoforbiddingtheemploymentundergroundinminesofchildrenunder10yearsofageandfemales。
ThenanotherAct，TheMines’InspectingActof1860，providesthatminesshallbeinspectedbypublicofficersnominatedspeciallyforthatpurpose，andthatboysbetweentheagesof10and12yearsshallnotbeemployed，unlesstheyhaveaschoolcertificate，orgotoschoolforacertainnumberofhours。ThisActwasacompletedeadletterowingtotheridiculouslysmallnumberofinspectors，themeagrenessoftheirpowers，andothercausesthatwillbecomeapparentasweproceed。
OneofthemostrecentBluebooksonminesisthe\"ReportfromtheSelectCommitteeonMines，togetherwith&c。Evidence，23rdJuly，1866。\"ThisReportistheworkofaParliamentaryCommitteeselectedfrommembersoftheHouseofCommons，andauthorisedtosummonandexaminewitnesses。ItisathickfoliovolumeinwhichtheReportitselfoccupiesonlyfivelinestothiseffect;thatthecommitteehasnothingtosay，andthatmorewitnessesmustbeexamined！
ThemodeofexaminingthewitnessesremindsoneofthecrossexaminationofwitnessesinEnglishcourtsofjustice，wheretheadvocatetries，bymeansofimpudent，unexpected，equivocalandinvolvedquestions，putwithoutconnexion，tointimidate，surprise，andconfoundthewitness，andtogiveaforcedmeaningtotheanswersextortedfromhim。Inthisinquirythemembersofthecommitteethemselvesarethecross—examiners，andamongthemaretobefoundbothmine—ownersandmineexploiters;thewitnessesaremostlyworkingcoalminers。Thewholefarceistoocharacteristicofthespiritofcapital，nottocallforafewextractsfromthisReport。
ForthesakeofconcisenessIhaveclassifiedthem。ImayalsoaddthateveryquestionanditsanswerarenumberedintheEnglishBluebooks。
1。Employmentinminesofboysof10yearsandupwards。？Intheminesthework，inclusiveofgoingandreturning，usuallylasts14
or15hours，sometimesevenfrom3，4and5o’clocka。m。，till5and6
o’clockp。m。（n。6，452，83）。Theadultsworkintwoshifts，ofeighthourseach;butthereisnoalternationwiththeboys，onaccountoftheexpense（n。80，203，204）。Theyoungerboysarechieflyemployedinopeningandshuttingtheventilatingdoorsinthevariouspartsofthemine;theolderonesareemployedonheavierwork。incarryingcoal，&c。（n。122，739，1747）。Theyworktheselonghoursundergrounduntiltheir18thor22ndyear，whentheyareputtominer’sworkproper（n。161）。Childrenandyoungpersonsareatpresentworsetreated，andharderworkedthanatanypreviousperiod（n。1663—1667）。TheminersdemandalmostunanimouslyanactofParliamentprohibitingtheemploymentinminesofchildrenunder14。AndnowHusseyVivian（himselfanexploiterofmines）asks:\"Wouldnottheopinionoftheworkmandependuponthepovertyoftheworkman’sfamily？\"Mr。Bruce:
\"Doyounotthinkitwouldbeaveryhardcase，whereaparenthadbeeninjured，orwherehewassickly，orwhereafatherwasdead，andtherewasonlyamother，topreventachildbetween12and14earning1s。7d。
adayforthegoodofthefamily？……Youmustlaydownageneralrule？……Areyoupreparedtorecommendlegislationwhichwouldpreventtheemploymentofchildrenunder12and14，whateverthestateoftheirparentsmightbe？\"\"Yes。\"（ns。107—110）。Vivian:\"Supposingthatanenactmentwerepassedpreventingtheemploymentofchildrenundertheageof14，woulditnotbeprobablethat……theparentsofchildrenwouldseekemploymentfortheirchildreninotherdirections，forinstance，inmanufacture？\"\"NotgenerallyIthink\"（n。174）。Kinnaird:\"Someoftheboysarekeepersofdoors？\"\"Yes。\"\"Istherenotgenerallyaverygreatdraughteverytimeyouopenadoororclos;it？\"\"Yes，generallythereis。\"\"Itsoundsaveryeasything，butitisinfactratherapainfulone？\"
\"Heisimprisonedtherejustthesameasifhewasinacellofagaol。\"
BourgeoisVivian:\"Wheneveraboyisfurnishedwithalampcannotheread？\"
\"Yes，hecanread，ifhefindshimselfincandles……Isupposehewouldbefoundfaultwithifhewerediscoveredreading;heistheretomindhisbusiness，hehasadutytoperform，andhehastoattendtoitinthefirstplace，andIdonotthinkitwouldbealloweddownthepit。\"（ns。
139，141，143，158，160）。
II。Education。？Theworkingminerswantalawforthecompulsoryeducationoftheirchildren，asinfactories。TheydeclaretheclausesoftheActof1860，whichrequireaschoolcertificatetobeobtainedbeforeemployingboysof10and12yearsofage，tobequiteillusory。Theexaminationofthewitnessesonthissubjectistrulydroll。\"Isit（theAct）requiredmoreagainstthemastersoragainsttheparents？\"\"ItisrequiredagainstbothIthink。\"\"Youcannotsaywhetheritisrequiredagainstonemorethanagainsttheother？\"\"No;Icanhardlyanswerthatquestion。\"（ns。
115，116）。\"Doesthereappeartobeanydesireonthepartoftheemployersthattheboysshouldhavesuchhoursastoenablethemtogotoschool？\"
\"No;thehoursarenevershortenedforthatpurpose。\"（n。137）Mr。Kinnaird:
\"Shouldyousaythatthecolliersgenerallyimprovetheireducation;haveyouanyinstancesofmenwhohave，sincetheybegantowork，greatlyimprovedtheireducation，ordotheynotrathergoback，andloseanyadvantagethattheymayhavegained？\"\"Theygenerallybecomeworse:theydonotimprove;
theyacquirebadhabits;theygetontodrinkingandgamblingandsuchlike，，andtheygocompletelytowreck。\"（n。211。）\"Dotheymakeanyattemptofthekind（forprovidinginstruction）byhavingschoolsatnight？\"\"Therearefewcollierieswherenightschoolsareheld，andperhapsatthosecollieriesafewboysdogotothoseschools;buttheyaresophysicallyexhaustedthatitistonopurposethattheygothere。\"（n。454。）\"Youarethen，\"
concludesthebourgeois，\"againsteducation？\"\"Mostcertainlynot;but，\"
&c。（n。443。）\"Butarethey（theemployers）notcompelledtodemandthem（schoolcertificates）？\"\"Bylawtheyare;butIamnotawarethattheyaredemandedbytheemployers。\"\"Thenitisyouropinion，thatthisprovisionoftheActastorequiringcertificates，isnotgenerallycarriedoutinthecollieries？\"\"Itisnotcarriedout。\"（ns。443，444。）\"Dothementakeagreatinterestinthisquestion（ofeducation）？\"\"Themajorityofthemdo。\"（n。717。）\"Aretheyveryanxioustoseethelawenforced？\"
\"Themajorityare。\"（n。718。）\"Doyouthinkthatinthiscountryanylawthatyoupass……canreallybeeffectualunlessthepopulationthemselvesassistinputtingitintooperation？\"\"Manyamanmightwishtoobjecttoemployingaboy，buthewouldperhapsbecomemarkedbyit。\"（n。720。）
\"Markedb;whom？\"\"Byhisemployers。\"（n。721。）
\"Doyouthinkthattheemployerswouldfindanyfaultwithamanwhoobeyedthelaw……？\"\"Ibelievetheywould。\"（n。722。）\"Haveyoueverheardofanyworkmanobjectingtoemployaboybetween10and12，whocouldnotwriteorread？\"\"Itisnotlefttomen’soption。\"（n。123。）\"WouldyoucallfortheinterferenceofParliament？\"\"Ithinkthatifanythingeffectualistobedoneintheeducationofthecolliers’’children，itwillhavetobemadecompulsorybyActofParliament。\"（n。1634。）\"Wouldyoulaythatobligationuponthecolliersonly，oralltheworkpeopleofGreatBritain？\"\"Icametospeakforthecolliers。\"（n。1636。）\"Whyshouldyoudistinguishthem（collieryboys）fromotherboys？\"\"BecauseIthinktheyareanexceptiontotherule。\"（n。1638。）\"Inwhatrespect？\"\"Inaphysicalrespect。\"（n。1639。）\"Whyshouldeducationbemorevaluabletothemthantootherclassesoflads？\"\"Idonotknowthatitismorevaluable;butthroughtheover—exertioninminesthereislesschancefortheboysthatareemployedtheretogeteducation，eitheratSundayschools，oratdayschools。\"（n。1640。）\"Itisimpossibletolookataquestionofthissortabsolutelybyitself？\"（n。1644。）\"Isthereasufficiencyofschools？\"？\"No\"……（n。1646）。\"IftheStateweretorequirethateverychildshouldbesenttoschool，wouldtherebeschoolsforthechildrentogoto？\"\"No;
butIthinkifthecircumstancesweretospringup，theschoolswouldbeforthcoming。\"（n。1647。）\"Someofthem（theboys）cannotreadandwriteatall，Isuppose？\"\"Themajoritycannot……Themajorityofthementhemselvescannot。\"（ns。705，725。）
III。Employmentofwomen。？Since1842womenarenomoreemployedunderground，butareoccupiedonthesurfaceinloadingthecoal，&c。，indrawingthetubstothecanalsandrailwaywaggons，insorting，&c。
Theirnumbershaveconsiderablyincreasedduringthelastthreeorfouryears。（n。1727。）Theyaremostlythewives，daughters，andwidowsoftheworkingminers，andtheiragesrangefrom12to50or60years。（ns。645，1779。）\"Whatisthefeelingamongtheworkingminersastotheemploymentofwomen？\"\"Ithinktheygenerallycondemnit。\"（n。648。）\"Whatobjectiondoyouseetoit？\"\"Ithinkitisdegradingtothesex。\"（n。649。）\"Thereisapeculiarityofdress？\"\"Yes……itisratheraman’sdress，andI
believeinsomecases，itdrownsallsenseofdecency。\"\"Dothewomensmoke？\"
\"Somedo。\"\"AndIsupposeitisverydirtywork？\"\"Verydirty。\"\"Theygetblackandgrimy？\"\"Asblackasthosewhoaredownthemines……Ibelievethatawomanhavingchildren（andthereareplentyonthebanksthathave）
cannotdoherdutytoherchildren。\"（ns。650—654，701。）\"Doyouthinkthatthosewidowscouldgetemploymentanywhereelse，whichwouldbringtheminasmuchwagesasthat（from8s。to10s。aweek）？\"\"Icannotspeaktothat。\"（n。709。）\"Youwouldstillbeprepared，woul;you，\"
（flint—heartedfellow！）\"topreventtheirobtainingalivelihoodbythesemeans？\"\"Iwould。\"（n。710。）\"Whatisthegeneralfeelinginthedistrict……astotheemploymentofwomen？\"\"Thefeelingisthatitisdegrading;
andwewishasminerstohavemorerespecttothefairsexthantoseethemplacedonthepitbank……Somepartoftheworkisveryhard;someofthesegirlshaveraisedasmuchas10tonsofstuffaday。\"（ns。1715，1717。）
\"Doyouthinkthatthewomenemployedaboutthecollieriesarelessmoralthanthewomenemployedinthefactories？\"\"……thepercentageofbadonesmaybealittlemore……thanwiththegirlsinthefactories。\"（n。1237。）
\"Butyouarenotquitesatisfiedwiththestateofmoralityinthefactories？\"
\"No。\"（n。1733。）\"Wouldyouprohibittheemploymentofwomeninfactoriesalso？\"\"No，Iwouldnot。\"（n。1734。）\"Whynot？\"\"Ithinkitamorehonourableoccupationfortheminthemills。\"（n。1735。）\"Stillitisinjurioustotheirmorality，youthink？\"\"Notsomuchasworkingonthepitbank;butitismoreonthesocialpositionItakeit;Idonottakeitonitsmoralgroundalone。Thedegradation，initssocialbearingonthegirls，isdeplorableintheextreme。Whenthese400or500girlsbecomecolliers’wives，themensuffergreatlyfromthisdegradation，anditcausesthemtoleavetheirhomesanddrink。\"（n。1736。）\"Youwouldbeobligedtostoptheemploymentofwomenintheironworksaswell，wouldyounot，ifyoustoppeditinthecollieries？\"\"Icannotspeakforanyothertrade。\"（n。1737。）\"Canyouseeanydifferenceinthecircumstancesofwomenemployedinironworks，andthecircumstancesofwomenemployedabovegroundincollieries？\"\"I
havenotascertainedanythingastothat。\"（n。1740。）\"Canyouseeanythingthatmakesadistinctionbetweenoneclassandtheother？\"\"Ihavenotascertainedthat，butIknowfromhousetohousevisitation，thatitisadeplorablestateofthingsinourdistrict……\"（n。1741。）\"Wouldyouinterfereineverycasewiththeemploymentofwomenwherethatemploymentwasdegrading？\"\"Itwouldbecomeinjurious，Ithink，inthisway:thebestfeelingsofEnglishmenhavebeengainedfromtheinstructionofamother……（n。1750。）\"Thatequallyappliestoagriculturalemployments，doesitnot？\"\"Yes，butthatisonlyfortwoseasons，andwehaveworkallthefourseasons。\"（n。1751。）\"Theyoftenworkdayandnight，wetthroughtotheskin，theirconstitutionunderminedandtheirhealthruined。\"\"Youhavenotinquiredintothatsubjectperhaps？\"\"IhavecertainlytakennoteofitasIhavegonealong，andcertainlyIhaveseennothingparalleltotheeffectsoftheemploymentofwomenonthepitbank……Itistheworkofaman……astrongman。\"（ns。1753，1793，1794。）\"Yourfeelinguponthewholesubjectisthatthebetterclassofcollierswhodesiretoraisethemselvesandhumanisethemselves，insteadofderivinghelpfromthewomen，arepulleddownbythem？\"\"Yes。\"（n。1808。）Aftersomefurthercrookedquestionsfromthesebourgeois，thesecretoftheir\"sympathy\"forwidows，poorfamilies，&c。，comesoutatlast。\"Thecoalproprietorappointscertaingentlementotaketheoversightoftheworkings，anditistheirpolicy，inordertoreceiveapprobation，toplacethingsonthemosteconomicalbasistheycan，andthesegirlsareemployedatfrom1s。upto1s。6d。aday，whereamanattherateof2s。6d。adaywouldhavetobeemployed。\"（n。1816。）
IV。Coroner’sinquests。？\"Withregardtocoroner’sinquestsinyourdistrict，havetheworkmenconfidenceintheproceedingsatthoseinquestswhenaccidentsoccur？\"\"No;theyhavenot。\"（n。360。）\"Whynot？\"
\"Chieflybecausethemenwhoaregenerallychosen，aremenwhoknownothingaboutminesandsuchlike。\"\"Arenotworkmensummonedatalluponthejuries？\"
\"Neverbutaswitnessestomyknowledge。\"\"Whoarethepeoplewhoaregenerallysummoneduponthesejuries？\"\"Generallytradesmenintheneighbourhood……fromtheircircumstancestheyaresometimesliabletobeinfluencedbytheiremployers……theownersoftheworks。Theyaregenerallymenwhohavenoknowledge，andcanscarcelyunderstandthewitnesseswhoarecalledbeforethem，andthetermswhichareusedandsuchlike。\"\"Wouldyouhavethejurycomposedofpersonswhohadbeenemployedinmining？\"
\"Yes，partly……they（theworkmen）thinkthattheverdictisnotinaccordancewiththeevidencegivengenerally。\"（ns。361，364，366，368，371，375。）
\"Onegreatobjectinsummoningajuryistohaveanimpartialone，isitnot？\"\"Yes，Ishouldthinkso。\"\"Doyouthinkthatthejurieswouldbeimpartialiftheywerecomposedtoaconsiderableextentofworkmen？\"\"I
cannotseeanymotivewhichtheworkmenwouldhavetoactpartially……
theynecessarilyhaveabetterknowledgeoftheoperationsinconnexionwiththemine。\"\"Youdonotthinktherewouldbeatendencyonthepartoftheworkmentoreturnunfairlysevereverdicts？\"\"No，Ithinknot。\"
（ns。378，379，380。）
V。Falseweightsandmeasures。？Theworkmendemandtobepaidweeklyinsteadoffortnightly，andbyweightinsteadofbycubicalcontentsofthetubs;theyalsodemandprotectionagainsttheuseoffalseweights，&c。（n。1071。）\"Ifthetubswerefraudulentlyincreased，aman。coulddiscontinueworkingbygiving14days’notice？\"\"Butifhegoestoanotherplace，thereisthesamethinggoingonthere。\"（n。1071。）\"Buthecanleavethatplacewherethewronghasbeencommitted？\"\"Itisgeneral;whereverhegoes，hehastosubmittoit。\"（n。1072。）\"Couldamanleavebygiving14days’notice？\"\"Yes。\"（n。1073。）Andyettheyarenotsatisfied！
VI。Inspectionofmines。？Casualtiesfromexplosionsarenottheonlythingstheworkmensufferfrom。（n。234，sqq。）\"Ourmencomplainedverymuchofthebadventilationofthecollieries……theventilationi;sobadingeneralthatthemencanscarcelybreathe;
theyarequiteunfitforemploymentofanykindaftertheyhavebeenforalengthoftimeinconnexionwiththeirwork;indeed，justatthepartoftheminewhereIamworking，menhavebeenobligedtoleavetheiremploymentandcomehomeinconsequenceofthat……someofthemhavebeenoutofworkforweeksjustinconsequenceofthebadstateoftheventilationwherethereisnotexplosivegas……thereisplentyofairgenerallyinthemaincourses，yetpainsarenottakentogetairintotheworkingswheremenareworking。\"\"Whydoyounotapplytotheinspector？\"\"Totellthetruththerearemanymenwhoaretimidonthatpoint;therehavebeencasesofmenbeingsacrificedandlosingtheiremploymentinconsequenceofapplyingtotheinspector。\"\"Whyisheamarkedmanforhavingcomplained？\"
\"Yes……Andhefindsitdifficulttogetemploymentinanothermine？\"
\"Yes。\"\"DoyouthinktheminesinyourneighbourhoodaresufficientlyinspectedtoinsureacompliancewiththeprovisionsoftheAct？\"\"No;theyarenotinspectedatall……theinspectorhasbeendownjustonceinthepit，andithasbeengoingsevenyears……InthedistricttowhichIbelongtherearenotasufficientnumberofinspectors。Wehaveoneoldmanmorethan70yearsofagetoinspectmorethan130collieries。\"\"Youwishtohaveaclassofsub—inspectors？\"\"Yes。\"（ns。234，241，251，254，274，275，554，276，293。）\"ButdoyouthinkitwouldbepossibleforGovernmenttomaintainsuchanarmy，ofinspectorsaswouldbenecessarytodoallthatyouwantthemtodo，withoutinformationfromthemen？\"\"No，Ishouldthinkitwouldbenexttoimpossible……\"\"Itwouldbedesirabletheinspectorsshouldcomeoftener？\"\"Yes，andwithoutbeingsentfor。\"（n。280，277。）
\"Doyounotthinkthattheeffectofhavingtheseinspectorsexaminingthecollieriessofrequentlywouldbetoshifttheresponsibility（！）ofsupplyingproperventilationfromtheownersofthecollieriestotheGovernmentofficials？\"\"No，Idonotthinkthat，IthinkthattheyshouldmakeittheirbusinesstoenforcetheActswhicharealreadyinexistence。\"（n。