TheprisontowhichthenewministryweredoomingtheNationalAssembly,inadditiontoitsbeingthehighaltarandcastleofdespotism,becametheproperobjecttobeginwith。Thisenterprisebrokeupthenewministry,whobegannowtoflyfromtheruintheyhadpreparedforothers。ThetroopsofBrogliodispersed,andhimselffledalso。
Mr。Burkehasspokenagreatdealaboutplots,buthehasneveroncespokenofthisplotagainsttheNationalAssembly,andthelibertiesofthenation;andthathemightnot,hehaspassedoverallthecircumstancesthatmightthrowitinhisway。TheexileswhohavefledfromFrance,whosecasehesomuchinterestshimselfin,andfromwhomhehashadhislesson,fledinconsequenceofthemiscarriageofthisplot。Noplotwasformedagainstthem;theywereplottingagainstothers;andthosewhofell,met,notunjustly,thepunishmenttheywerepreparingtoexecute。ButwillMr。
Burkesaythatifthisplot,contrivedwiththesubtiltyofanambuscade,hadsucceeded,thesuccessfulpartywouldhaverestrainedtheirwrathsosoon？Letthehistoryofallgovernmentsanswerthequestion。
WhomhastheNationalAssemblybroughttothescaffold？None。Theywerethemselvesthedevotedvictimsofthisplot,andtheyhavenotretaliated;
why,then,aretheychargedwithrevengetheyhavenotacted？Inthetremendousbreakingforthofawholepeople,inwhichalldegrees,tempersandcharactersareconfounded,deliveringthemselves,byamiracleofexertion,fromthedestructionmeditatedagainstthem,isittobeexpectedthatnothingwillhappen？Whenmenaresorewiththesenseofoppressions,andmenacedwiththeprospectsofnewones,isthecalmnessofphilosophyorthepalsyofinsensibilitytobelookedfor？Mr。Burkeexclaimsagainstoutrage;yetthegreatestisthatwhichhimselfhascommitted。Hisbookisavolumeofoutrage,notapologisedforbytheimpulseofamoment,butcherishedthroughaspaceoftenmonths;yetMr。Burkehadnoprovocation—nolife,nointerest,atstake。
Moreofthecitizensfellinthisstrugglethanoftheiropponents:
butfourorfivepersonswereseizedbythepopulace,andinstantlyputtodeath;theGovernoroftheBastille,andtheMayorofParis,whowasdetectedintheactofbetrayingthem;andafterwardsFoulon,oneofthenewministry,andBerthier,hisson—in—law,whohadacceptedtheofficeofintendantofParis。Theirheadswerestuckuponspikes,andcarriedaboutthecity;anditisuponthismodeofpunishmentthatMr。Burkebuildsagreatpartofhistragicscene。Letusthereforeexaminehowmencamebytheideaofpunishinginthismanner。
Theylearnitfromthegovernmentstheyliveunder;andretaliatethepunishmentstheyhavebeenaccustomedtobehold。Theheadsstuckuponspikes,whichremainedforyearsuponTempleBar,differednothinginthehorrorofthescenefromthosecarriedaboutuponspikesatParis;yetthiswasdonebytheEnglishGovernment。Itmayperhapsbesaidthatitsignifiesnothingtoamanwhatisdonetohimafterheisdead;butitsignifiesmuchtotheliving;iteithertorturestheirfeelingsorhardenstheirhearts,andineithercaseitinstructsthemhowtopunishwhenpowerfallsintotheirhands。
Laythentheaxetotheroot,andteachgovernmentshumanity。Itistheirsanguinarypunishmentswhichcorruptmankind。InEnglandthepunishmentincertaincasesisbyhanging,drawingandquartering;theheartofthesuffereriscutoutandhelduptotheviewofthepopulace。InFrance,undertheformerGovernment,thepunishmentswerenotlessbarbarous。WhodoesnotremembertheexecutionofDamien,torntopiecesbyhorses？Theeffectofthosecruelspectaclesexhibitedtothepopulaceistodestroytendernessorexciterevenge;andbythebaseandfalseideaofgoverningmenbyterror,insteadofreason,theybecomeprecedents。Itisoverthelowestclassofmankindthatgovernmentbyterrorisintendedtooperate,anditisonthemthatitoperatestotheworsteffect。Theyhavesenseenoughtofeeltheyaretheobjectsaimedat;andtheyinflictintheirturntheexamplesofterrortheyhavebeeninstructedtopractise。
ThereisinallEuropeancountriesalargeclassofpeopleofthatdescription,whichinEnglandiscalledthe\"mob。\"OfthisclasswerethosewhocommittedtheburningsanddevastationsinLondonin1780,andofthisclasswerethosewhocarriedtheheadsonironspikesinParis。FoulonandBerthierweretakenupinthecountry,andsenttoParis,toundergotheirexaminationattheHoteldeVille;fortheNationalAssembly,immediatelyonthenewministrycomingintooffice,passedadecree,whichtheycommunicatedtotheKingandCabinet,thatthey（theNationalAssembly）wouldholdtheministry,ofwhichFoulonwasone,responsibleforthemeasurestheywereadvisingandpursuing;butthemob,incensedattheappearanceofFoulonandBerthier,torethemfromtheirconductorsbeforetheywerecarriedtotheHoteldeVille,andexecutedthemonthespot。WhythendoesMr。
Burkechargeoutragesofthiskindonawholepeople？Aswellmayhechargetheriotsandoutragesof1780onallthepeopleofLondon,orthoseinIrelandonallhiscountrymen。
Buteverythingweseeorhearoffensivetoourfeelingsandderogatorytothehumancharactershouldleadtootherreflectionsthanthoseofreproach。
Eventhebeingswhocommitthemhavesomeclaimtoourconsideration。Howthenisitthatsuchvastclassesofmankindasaredistinguishedbytheappellationofthevulgar,ortheignorantmob,aresonumerousinalloldcountries？Theinstantweaskourselvesthisquestion,reflectionfeelsananswer。Theyrise,asanunavoidableconsequence,outoftheillconstructionofalloldgovernmentsinEurope,Englandincludedwiththerest。Itisbydistortedlyexaltingsomemen,thatothersaredistortedlydebased,tillthewholeisoutofnature。Avastmassofmankindaredegradedlythrownintotheback—groundofthehumanpicture,tobringforward,withgreaterglare,thepuppet—showofstateandaristocracy。Inthecommencementofarevolution,thosemenareratherthefollowersofthecampthanofthestandardofliberty,andhaveyettobeinstructedhowtoreverenceit。
IgivetoMr。Burkeallhistheatricalexaggerationsforfacts,andIthenaskhimiftheydonotestablishthecertaintyofwhatIherelaydown？Admittingthemtobetrue,theyshowthenecessityoftheFrenchRevolution,asmuchasanyonethinghecouldhaveasserted。TheseoutrageswerenottheeffectoftheprinciplesoftheRevolution,butofthedegradedmindthatexistedbeforetheRevolution,andwhichtheRevolutioniscalculatedtoreform。Placethemthentotheirpropercause,andtakethereproachofthemtoyourownside。
ItisthehonouroftheNationalAssemblyandthecityofParisthat,duringsuchatremendoussceneofarmsandconfusion,beyondthecontrolofallauthority,theyhavebeenable,bytheinfluenceofexampleandexhortation,torestrainsomuch。Neverweremorepainstakentoinstructandenlightenmankind,andtomakethemseethattheirinterestconsistedintheirvirtue,andnotintheirrevenge,thanhavebeendisplayedintheRevolutionofFrance。InowproceedtomakesomeremarksonMr。Burke\'saccountoftheexpeditiontoVersailles,Octoberthe5thand6th。
IcanconsiderMr。Burke\'sbookinscarcelyanyotherlightthanadramaticperformance;andhemust,Ithink,haveconsidereditinthesamelighthimself,bythepoeticallibertieshehastakenofomittingsomefacts,distortingothers,andmakingthewholemachinerybendtoproduceastageeffect。OfthiskindishisaccountoftheexpeditiontoVersailles。Hebeginsthisaccountbyomittingtheonlyfactswhichascausesareknowntobetrue;everythingbeyondtheseisconjecture,eveninParis;andhethenworksupataleaccommodatedtohisownpassionsandprejudices。
ItistobeobservedthroughoutMr。Burke\'sbookthatheneverspeaksofplotsagainsttheRevolution;anditisfromthoseplotsthatallthemischiefshavearisen。Itsuitshispurposetoexhibittheconsequenceswithouttheircauses。Itisoneoftheartsofthedramatodoso。Ifthecrimesofmenwereexhibitedwiththeirsufferings,stageeffectwouldsometimesbelost,andtheaudiencewouldbeinclinedtoapprovewhereitwasintendedtheyshouldcommiserate。
Afteralltheinvestigationsthathavebeenmadeintothisintricateaffair（theexpeditiontoVersailles）,itstillremainsenvelopedinallthatkindofmysterywhicheveraccompanieseventsproducedmorefromaconcurrenceofawkwardcircumstancesthanfromfixeddesign。Whilethecharactersofmenareforming,asisalwaysthecaseinrevolutions,thereisareciprocalsuspicion,andadispositiontomisinterpreteachother;
andevenpartiesdirectlyoppositeinprinciplewillsometimesconcurinpushingforwardthesamemovementwithverydifferentviews,andwiththehopesofitsproducingverydifferentconsequences。Agreatdealofthismaybediscoveredinthisembarrassedaffair,andyettheissueofthewholewaswhatnobodyhadinview。
TheonlythingscertainlyknownarethatconsiderableuneasinesswasatthistimeexcitedatParisbythedelayoftheKinginnotsanctioningandforwardingthedecreesoftheNationalAssembly,particularlythatoftheDeclarationoftheRightsofMan,andthedecreesofthefourthofAugust,whichcontainedthefoundationprinciplesonwhichtheconstitutionwastobeerected。Thekindest,andperhapsthefairestconjectureuponthismatteris,thatsomeoftheministersintendedtomakeremarksandobservationsuponcertainpartsofthembeforetheywerefinallysanctionedandsenttotheprovinces;butbethisasitmay,theenemiesoftheRevolutionderivedhopefromthedelay,andthefriendsoftheRevolutionuneasiness。
Duringthisstateofsuspense,theGardeduCorps,whichwascomposedassuchregimentsgenerallyare,ofpersonsmuchconnectedwiththeCourt,gaveanentertainmentatVersailles（October1）tosomeforeignregimentsthenarrived;andwhentheentertainmentwasattheheight,onasignalgiven,theGardeduCorpstorethenationalcockadefromtheirhats,trampleditunderfoot,andreplaceditwithacounter—cockadepreparedforthepurpose。Anindignityofthiskindamountedtodefiance。Itwaslikedeclaringwar;andifmenwillgivechallengestheymustexpectconsequences。ButallthisMr。Burkehascarefullykeptoutofsight。Hebeginshisaccountbysaying:\"Historywillrecordthatonthemorningofthe6thOctober,1789,theKingandQueenofFrance,afteradayofconfusion,alarm,dismay,andslaughter,laydownunderthepledgedsecurityofpublicfaithtoindulgenatureinafewhoursofrespite,andtroubledmelancholyrepose。\"Thisisneitherthesoberstyleofhistory,northeintentionofit。Itleaveseverythingtobeguessedatandmistaken。Onewouldatleastthinktherehadbeenabattle;andabattlethereprobablywouldhavebeenhaditnotbeenforthemoderatingprudenceofthosewhomMr。Burkeinvolvesinhiscensures。ByhiskeepingtheGardeduCorpsoutofsightMr。BurkehasaffordedhimselfthedramaticlicenceofputtingtheKingandQueenintheirplaces,asiftheobjectoftheexpeditionwasagainstthem。Buttoreturntomyaccount—
ThisconductoftheGardeduCorps,asmightwellbeexpected,alarmedandenragedthePartisans。Thecolorsofthecause,andthecauseitself,werebecometoounitedtomistaketheintentionoftheinsult,andthePartisansweredeterminedtocalltheGardeduCorpstoanaccount。Therewascertainlynothingofthecowardiceofassassinationinmarchinginthefaceofthedaytodemandsatisfaction,ifsuchaphrasemaybeused,ofabodyofarmedmenwhohadvoluntarilygivendefiance。Butthecircumstancewhichservestothrowthisaffairintoembarrassmentis,thattheenemiesoftheRevolutionappeartohaveencourageditaswellasitsfriends。
Theonehopedtopreventacivilwarbycheckingitintime,andtheothertomakeone。ThehopesofthoseopposedtotheRevolutionrestedinmakingtheKingoftheirparty,andgettinghimfromVersaillestoMetz,wheretheyexpectedtocollectaforceandsetupastandard。Wehave,therefore,twodifferentobjectspresentingthemselvesatthesametime,andtobeaccomplishedbythesamemeans:theonetochastisetheGardeduCorps,whichwastheobjectofthePartisans;theothertorendertheconfusionofsuchasceneaninducementtotheKingtosetoffforMetz。
Onthe5thofOctoberaverynumerousbodyofwomen,andmeninthedisguiseofwomen,collectedaroundtheHoteldeVilleortown—hallatParis,andsetoffforVersailles。TheirprofessedobjectwastheGardeduCorps;butprudentmenreadilyrecollectthatmischiefismoreeasilybegunthanended;andthisimpresseditselfwiththemoreforcefromthesuspicionsalreadystated,andtheirregularityofsuchacavalcade。Assoon,therefore,asasufficientforcecouldbecollected,M。delaFayette,byordersfromthecivilauthorityofParis,setoffafterthemattheheadoftwentythousandoftheParismilitia。TheRevolutioncouldderivenobenefitfromconfusion,anditsopposersmight。Byanamiableandspiritedmannerofaddresshehadhithertobeenfortunateincalmingdisquietudes,andinthishewasextraordinarilysuccessful;tofrustrate,therefore,thehopesofthosewhomightseektoimprovethissceneintoasortofjustifiablenecessityfortheKing\'squittingVersaillesandwithdrawingtoMetz,andtopreventatthesametimetheconsequencesthatmightensuebetweentheGardeduCorpsandthisphalanxofmenandwomen,heforwardedexpressestotheKing,thathewasonhismarchtoVersailles,bytheordersofthecivilauthorityofParis,forthepurposeofpeaceandprotection,expressingatthesametimethenecessityofrestrainingtheGardeduCorpsfromfiringuponthepeople。*[3]
HearrivedatVersaillesbetweentenandelevenatnight。TheGardeduCorpswasdrawnup,andthepeoplehadarrivedsometimebefore,buteverythinghadremainedsuspended。Wisdomandpolicynowconsistedinchangingasceneofdangerintoahappyevent。M。delaFayettebecamethemediatorbetweentheenragedparties;andtheKing,toremovetheuneasinesswhichhadarisenfromthedelayalreadystated,sentforthePresidentoftheNationalAssembly,andsignedtheDeclarationoftheRightsofMan,andsuchotherpartsoftheconstitutionaswereinreadiness。
Itwasnowaboutoneinthemorning。Everythingappearedtobecomposed,andageneralcongratulationtookplace。BythebeatofadrumaproclamationwasmadethatthecitizensofVersailleswouldgivethehospitalityoftheirhousestotheirfellow—citizensofParis。Thosewhocouldnotbeaccommodatedinthismannerremainedinthestreets,ortookuptheirquartersinthechurches;andattwoo\'clocktheKingandQueenretired。
Inthisstatematterspassedtillthebreakofday,whenafreshdisturbancearosefromthecensurableconductofsomeofbothparties,forsuchcharacterstherewillbeinallsuchscenes。OneoftheGardeduCorpsappearedatoneofthewindowsofthepalace,andthepeoplewhohadremainedduringthenightinthestreetsaccostedhimwithrevilingandprovocativelanguage。
Insteadofretiring,asinsuchacaseprudencewouldhavedictated,hepresentedhismusket,fired,andkilledoneoftheParismilitia。Thepeacebeingthusbroken,thepeoplerushedintothepalaceinquestoftheoffender。
TheyattackedthequartersoftheGardeduCorpswithinthepalace,andpursuedthemthroughouttheavenuesofit,andtotheapartmentsoftheKing。Onthistumult,nottheQueenonly,asMr。Burkehasrepresentedit,buteverypersoninthepalace,wasawakenedandalarmed;andM。delaFayettehadasecondtimetointerposebetweentheparties,theeventofwhichwasthattheGardeduCorpsputonthenationalcockade,andthematterendedasbyoblivion,afterthelossoftwoorthreelives。
Duringthelatterpartofthetimeinwhichthisconfusionwasacting,theKingandQueenwereinpublicatthebalcony,andneitherofthemconcealedforsafety\'ssake,asMr。Burkeinsinuates。Mattersbeingthusappeased,andtranquilityrestored,ageneralacclamationbrokeforthofLeRoiaParis—LeRoiaParis—TheKingtoParis。Itwastheshoutofpeace,andimmediatelyacceptedonthepartoftheKing。BythismeasureallfutureprojectsoftrapanningtheKingtoMetz,andsettingupthestandardofoppositiontotheconstitution,wereprevented,andthesuspicionsextinguished。
TheKingandhisfamilyreachedParisintheevening,andwerecongratulatedontheirarrivalbyM。Bailly,theMayorofParis,inthenameofthecitizens。
Mr。Burke,whothroughouthisbookconfoundsthings,persons,andprinciples,asinhisremarksonM。Bailly\'saddress,confoundedtimealso。HecensuresM。Baillyforcallingit\"unbonjour,\"agoodday。Mr。Burkeshouldhaveinformedhimselfthatthisscenetookupthespaceoftwodays,thedayonwhichitbeganwitheveryappearanceofdangerandmischief,andthedayonwhichitterminatedwithoutthemischiefsthatthreatened;andthatitistothispeacefulterminationthatM。Baillyalludes,andtothearrivaloftheKingatParis。NotlessthanthreehundredthousandpersonsarrangedthemselvesintheprocessionfromVersaillestoParis,andnotanactofmolestationwascommittedduringthewholemarch。
Mr。BurkeontheauthorityofM。LallyTollendal,adeserterfromtheNationalAssembly,saysthatonenteringParis,thepeopleshouted\"Touslesevequesalalanterne。\"AllBishopstobehangedatthelanthornorlamp—posts。ItissurprisingthatnobodycouldhearthisbutLallyTollendal,andthatnobodyshouldbelieveitbutMr。Burke。Ithasnottheleastconnectionwithanypartofthetransaction,andistotallyforeigntoeverycircumstanceofit。TheBishopshadneverbeenintroducedbeforeintoanysceneofMr。
Burke\'sdrama:whythenarethey,allatonce,andaltogether,toutacoup,ettousensemble,introducednow？Mr。BurkebringsforwardhisBishopsandhislanthorn—likefiguresinamagiclanthorn,andraiseshisscenesbycontrastinsteadofconnection。Butitservestoshow,withtherestofhisbookwhatlittlecreditoughttobegivenwhereevenprobabilityissetatdefiance,forthepurposeofdefaming;andwiththisreflection,insteadofasoliloquyinpraiseofchivalry,asMr。Burkehasdone,I
closetheaccountoftheexpeditiontoVersailles。*[4]
IhavenowtofollowMr。Burkethroughapathlesswildernessofrhapsodies,andasortofdescantupongovernments,inwhichheassertswhateverhepleases,onthepresumptionofitsbeingbelieved,withoutofferingeitherevidenceorreasonsforsodoing。
Beforeanythingcanbereasonedupontoaconclusion,certainfacts,principles,ordata,toreasonfrom,mustbeestablished,admitted,ordenied。Mr。Burkewithhisusualoutrage,abusedtheDeclarationoftheRightsofMan,publishedbytheNationalAssemblyofFrance,asthebasisonwhichtheconstitutionofFranceisbuilt。Thishecalls\"paltryandblurredsheetsofpaperabouttherightsofman。\"DoesMr。Burkemeantodenythatmanhasanyrights？Ifhedoes,thenhemustmeanthattherearenosuchthingsasrightsanywhere,andthathehasnonehimself;forwhoisthereintheworldbutman？ButifMr。Burkemeanstoadmitthatmanhasrights,thequestionthenwillbe:Whatarethoserights,andhowmancamebythemoriginally？
Theerrorofthosewhoreasonbyprecedentsdrawnfromantiquity,respectingtherightsofman,isthattheydonotgofarenoughintoantiquity。Theydonotgothewholeway。Theystopinsomeoftheintermediatestagesofanhundredorathousandyears,andproducewhatwasthendone,asaruleforthepresentday。Thisisnoauthorityatall。Ifwetravelstillfartherintoantiquity,weshallfindadirectcontraryopinionandpracticeprevailing;
andifantiquityistobeauthority,athousandsuchauthoritiesmaybeproduced,successivelycontradictingeachother;butifweproceedon,weshallatlastcomeoutright;weshallcometothetimewhenmancamefromthehandofhisMaker。Whatwashethen？Man。Manwashishighandonlytitle,andahighercannotbegivenhim。ButoftitlesIshallspeakhereafter。
Wearenowgotattheoriginofman,andattheoriginofhisrights。
Astothemannerinwhichtheworldhasbeengovernedfromthatdaytothis,itisnofartheranyconcernofoursthantomakeaproperuseoftheerrorsortheimprovementswhichthehistoryofitpresents。Thosewholivedanhundredorathousandyearsago,werethenmoderns,aswearenow。Theyhadtheirancients,andthoseancientshadothers,andwealsoshallbeancientsinourturn。Ifthemerenameofantiquityistogovernintheaffairsoflife,thepeoplewhoaretoliveanhundredorathousandyearshence,mayaswelltakeusforaprecedent,aswemakeaprecedentofthosewholivedanhundredorathousandyearsago。Thefactis,thatportionsofantiquity,byprovingeverything,establishnothing。
Itisauthorityagainstauthorityalltheway,tillwecometothedivineoriginoftherightsofmanatthecreation。Hereourenquiriesfindaresting—place,andourreasonfindsahome。Ifadisputeabouttherightsofmanhadarisenatthedistanceofanhundredyearsfromthecreation,itistothissourceofauthoritytheymusthavereferred,anditistothissamesourceofauthoritythatwemustnowrefer。
ThoughImeannottotouchuponanysectarianprincipleofreligion,yetitmaybeworthobserving,thatthegenealogyofChrististracedtoAdam。Whythennottracetherightsofmantothecreationofman？Iwillanswerthequestion。Becausetherehavebeenupstartgovernments,thrustingthemselvesbetween,andpresumptuouslyworkingtoun—makeman。
Ifanygenerationofmeneverpossessedtherightofdictatingthemodebywhichtheworldshouldbegovernedforever,itwasthefirstgenerationthatexisted;andifthatgenerationdiditnot,nosucceedinggenerationcanshowanyauthorityfordoingit,norcansetanyup。Theilluminatinganddivineprincipleoftheequalrightsofman（forithasitsoriginfromtheMakerofman）relates,notonlytothelivingindividuals,buttogenerationsofmensucceedingeachother。Everygenerationisequalinrightstogenerationswhichprecededit,bythesamerulethateveryindividualisbornequalinrightswithhiscontemporary。
Everyhistoryofthecreation,andeverytraditionaryaccount,whetherfromtheletteredorunletteredworld,howevertheymayvaryintheiropinionorbeliefofcertainparticulars,allagreeinestablishingonepoint,theunityofman;bywhichImeanthatmenareallofonedegree,andconsequentlythatallmenarebornequal,andwithequalnaturalright,inthesamemannerasifposterityhadbeencontinuedbycreationinsteadofgeneration,thelatterbeingtheonlymodebywhichtheformeriscarriedforward;
andconsequentlyeverychildbornintotheworldmustbeconsideredasderivingitsexistencefromGod。Theworldisasnewtohimasitwastothefirstmanthatexisted,andhisnaturalrightinitisofthesamekind。
TheMosaicaccountofthecreation,whethertakenasdivineauthorityormerelyhistorical,isfulltothispoint,theunityorequalityofman。
Theexpressionadmitsofnocontroversy。\"AndGodsaid,Letusmakemaninourownimage。IntheimageofGodcreatedhehim;maleandfemalecreatedhethem。\"Thedistinctionofsexesispointedout,butnootherdistinctionisevenimplied。Ifthisbenotdivineauthority,itisatleasthistoricalauthority,andshowsthattheequalityofman,sofarfrombeingamoderndoctrine,istheoldestuponrecord。
Itisalsotobeobservedthatallthereligionsknownintheworldarefounded,sofarastheyrelatetoman,ontheunityofman,asbeingallofonedegree。Whetherinheavenorinhell,orinwhateverstatemanmaybesupposedtoexisthereafter,thegoodandthebadaretheonlydistinctions。
Nay,eventhelawsofgovernmentsareobligedtoslideintothisprinciple,bymakingdegreestoconsistincrimesandnotinpersons。
Itisoneofthegreatestofalltruths,andofthehighestadvantagetocultivate。Byconsideringmaninthislight,andbyinstructinghimtoconsiderhimselfinthislight,itplaceshiminacloseconnectionwithallhisduties,whethertohisCreatorortothecreation,ofwhichheisapart;anditisonlywhenheforgetshisorigin,or,touseamorefashionablephrase,hisbirthandfamily,thathebecomesdissolute。ItisnotamongtheleastoftheevilsofthepresentexistinggovernmentsinallpartsofEuropethatman,consideredasman,isthrownbacktoavastdistancefromhisMaker,andtheartificialchasmfilledupwithasuccessionofbarriers,orsortofturnpikegates,throughwhichhehastopass。IwillquoteMr。Burke\'scatalogueofbarriersthathehassetupbetweenmanandhisMaker。Puttinghimselfinthecharacterofaherald,hesays:\"WefearGod—welookwithawetokings—withaffectiontoParliamentswithdutytomagistrates—withreverencetopriests,andwithrespecttonobility。\"Mr。Burkehasforgottentoputin\"\'chivalry。\"HehasalsoforgottentoputinPeter。