第18章
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  Iprepareboxeswithabedoffresh,siftedearthtoreceivethelarvaeandthepupae,whichIlodgeeachinasortofhalf—cellformedbytheimprintofmyfinger。Iwillawaitthetransformationtodecidetowhichsextheybelong。Asfortheperfectinsects,theyareinspected,countedandatoncereleased。

  Intheveryunlikelysuppositionthatthedistributionofthesexesmightvaryindifferentpartsofthecolony,Imakeasecondexcavation,atafewyards\'distancefromtheother。Itsuppliesmewithanothercollectionbothofperfectinsectsandofpupaeandlarvae。

  Whenthemetamorphosisofthelaggardsiscompleted,whichdoesnottakemanydays,Iproceedtotakeageneralcensus。ItgivesmetwohundredandfiftyHalicti。Well,inthisnumberofBees,collectedintheburrowbeforeanyhaveemerged,Iperceivenone,absolutelynonebutfemales;or,tobemathematicallyaccurate,Ifindjustonemale,onealone;andheissosmallandfeeblethathedieswithoutquitesucceedingindivestinghimselfofhisnymphalbands。Thissolitarymaleiscertainlyaccidental。Afemalepopulationoftwohundredandforty—nineHalictiimpliesothermalesthanthisabortion,orratherimpliesnoneatall。Ithereforeeliminatehimasanaccidentofnovalueandconcludethat,intheCylindricalHalictus,theJulygenerationconsistsoffemalesonly。

  Thebuilding—operationsstartagaininthesecondweekofJuly。Thegalleriesarerestoredandlengthened;newcellsarefashionedandtheoldonesrepaired。Followtheprovisioning,thelayingoftheeggs,theclosingofthecells;and,beforeJulyisover,thereissolitudeagain。Letmealsosaythat,duringthebuilding—period,notamaleappearsinsight,afactwhichaddsfurtherprooftothatalreadysuppliedbymyexcavations。

  Withthehightemperatureofthistimeoftheyear,thedevelopmentofthelarvaemakesrapidprogress:amonthissufficientforthevariousstagesofthemetamorphosis。Onthe24thofAugustthereareoncemoresignsoflifeabovetheburrowsoftheCylindricalHalictus,butunderverydifferentconditions。Forthefirsttime,bothsexesarepresent。Males,soeasilyrecognizedbytheirblackliveryandtheirslimabdomenadornedwitharedring,hoverbackwardsandforwards,almostlevelwiththeground。Theyfussaboutfromburrowtoburrow。Afewrarefemalescomeoutforamomentandthengoinagain。

  Iproceedtomakeanexcavationwithmyspade;IgatherindiscriminatelywhateverIcomeacross。Larvaeareveryscarce;

  pupaeabound,asdoperfectinsects。Thelistofmycapturesamountstoeightymalesandfifty—eightfemales。Themales,therefore,hithertoimpossibletodiscover,eitherontheflowersaroundorintheneighbourhoodoftheburrows,couldbepickedupto—daybythehundred,ifIwished。Theyoutnumberthefemalesbyaboutfourtothree;theyarealsofurtherdeveloped,inaccordancewiththegeneralrule,formostofthebackwardpupaegivemeonlyfemales。

  Oncethetwosexeshadappeared,IexpectedathirdgenerationthatwouldspendthewinterinthelarvalstateandrecommenceinMaytheannualcyclewhichIhavejustdescribed。Myanticipationprovedtobeatfault。ThroughoutSeptember,whenthesunbeatsupontheburrows,Iseethemalesflittingingreatnumbersfromoneshafttotheother。Sometimesafemaleappears,returningfromthefields,butwithnopollenonherlegs。Sheseekshergallery,findsit,divesdownanddisappears。

  Themales,asthoughindifferenttoherarrival,offerhernowelcome,donotharassherwiththeiramorouspursuits;theycontinuetovisitthedoorsoftheburrowswithawindingandoscillatingflight。Fortwomonths,Ifollowtheirevolutions。Iftheysetfootonearth,itistodescendforthwithintosomegallerythatsuitsthem。

  Itisnotuncommontoseeseveralofthemonthethresholdofthesameburrow。Theneachawaitshisturntoenter;theyareaspeaceableintheirrelationsasthefemaleswhoarejointownersofaburrow。Atothertimes,onewantstogoinasasecondiscomingout。

  Thissuddenencounterproducesnostrife。Theoneleavingtheholewithdrawsalittletoonesidetomakeenoughroomfortwo;theotherslipspastasbesthecan。Thesepeacefulmeetingsareallthemorestrikingwhenweconsidertheusualrivalrybetweenmalesofthesamespecies。

  Norubbish—moundstandsatthemouthoftheshafts,showingthatthebuildinghasnotbeenresumed;atthemost,afewcrumbsofearthareheapedoutside。Andbywhom,pray?Bythemalesandbythemalone。

  Thelazysexhasbethoughtitselfofworking。Itturnsnavvyandshootsoutgrainsofearththatwouldinterferewithitscontinualentrancesandexits。ForthefirsttimeIwitnessacustomwhichnoHymenopteronhadyetshownme:Iseethemaleshauntingtheinterioroftheburrowswithanassiduityequallingthatofthemothersemployedinnest—building。

  Thecauseoftheseunwontedoperationssoonstandsrevealed。Thefemalesseenflittingabovetheburrowsareveryrare;themajorityofthefemininepopulationremainsequesteredunderground,donotperhapscomeoutonceduringthewholeofthelatterpartofsummer。

  Thosewhodoventureoutgoinagainsoon,empty—handedofcourseandalwayswithoutanyamorousteasingfromthemales,anumberofwhomarehoveringabovetheburrows。

  Ontheotherhand,watchascarefullyasImay,Idonotdiscoverasingleactofpairingoutofdoors。Theweddingsareclandestine,therefore,andtakeplaceunderground。Thisexplainsthemales\'

  fussyvisitstothedoorsofthegalleriesduringthehottesthoursoftheday,theircontinualdescentsintothedepthsandtheircontinualreappearances。Theyarelookingforthefemalescloisteredintheretirementofthecells。

  Alittlespade—worksoonturnssuspicionintocertainty。Iunearthasufficientnumberofcouplestoprovetomethatthesexescometogetherunderground。Whenthemarriageisconsummated,thered—

  beltedonequitsthespotandgoestodieoutsidetheburrow,afterdraggingfromflowertoflowerthebitoflifethatremainstohim。

  Theothershutsherselfupinhercell,theretoawaitthereturnofthemonthofMay。

  SeptemberisspentbytheHalictussolelyinnuptialcelebrations。

  Whenevertheskyisfine,Iwitnesstheevolutionsofthemalesabovetheburrows,withtheircontinualentrancesandexits;shouldthesunbeveiled,theytakerefugedownthepassages。Themoreimpatient,half—hiddeninthepit,showtheirlittleblackheadsoutside,asthoughpeepingfortheleastbreakinthecloudsthatwillallowthemtopayabriefvisittotheflowersroundabout。Theyalsospendthenightintheburrows。Inthemorning,Iattendtheirlevee;Iseethemputtheirheadtothewindow,takealookattheweatherandthengoinagainuntilthesunbeatsontheencampment。

  ThesamemodeoflifeiscontinuedthroughoutOctober,butthemalesbecomelessnumerousfromdaytodayasthestormyseasonapproachesandfewerfemalesremaintobewooed。Bythetimethatthefirstcoldweathercomes,inNovember,completesolitudereignsovertheburrows。Ioncemorehaverecoursetothespade。Ifindnonebutfemalesintheircells。Thereisnotonemaleleft。Allhavevanished,allaredead,thevictimsoftheirlifeofpleasureandofthewindandrain。ThusendsthecycleoftheyearfortheCylindricalHalictus。

  InFebruary,afterahardwinter,whenthesnowhadlainonthegroundforafortnight,IwantedoncemoretolookintothematterofmyHalicti。Iwasinbedwithpneumoniaandatthepointofdeath,toallappearances。Ihadlittleornopain,thankGod,butextremedifficultyinliving。Withthelittleluciditylefttome,beingabletodonoothersortofobserving,Iobservedmyselfdying;Iwatchedwithacertaininterestthegradualfallingtopiecesofmypoormachinery。Wereitnotfortheterrorofleavingmyfamily,whowerestillyoung,Iwouldgladlyhavedeparted。Theafter—lifemusthavesomanyhigherandfairertruthstoteachus。

  Myhourhadnotyetcome。Whenthelittlelampsofthoughtbegantoemerge,allflickering,fromtheduskofunconsciousness,IwishedtotakeleaveoftheHymenopteron,myfondestjoy,andfirstofallofmyneighbour,theHalictus。MysonEmiletookthespadeandwentanddugthefrozenground。Notamalewasfound,ofcourse;buttherewereplentyoffemales,numbedwiththecoldintheircells。

  Afewwerebroughtformetosee。Theirlittlechambersshowednoefflorescenceofrime,withwhichallthesurroundingearthwascoated。Thewaterproofvarnishhadbeenwonderfullyefficacious。Asfortheanchorites,rousedfromtheirtorporbythewarmthoftheroom,theybegantowanderaboutmybed,whereIfollowedthemvaguelywithmyfadingeyes。

  Maycame,aseagerlyawaitedbythesickmanasbytheHalicti。I

  leftOrangeforSerignan,mylaststage,Iexpect。WhileIwasmoving,theBeesresumedtheirbuilding。Igavethemaregretfulglance,forIhadstillmuchtolearnintheircompany。Ihaveneversincemetwithsuchamightycolony。

  TheseoldobservationsonthehabitsoftheCylindricalHalictusmaynowbefollowedbyageneralsummarywhichwillincorporatetherecentdatasuppliedbytheZebraHalictusandtheEarlyHalictus。

  ThefemalesoftheCylindricalHalictuswhomIunearthfromNovemberonwardsareevidentlyfecundated,asisprovedbytheassiduityofthemalesduringtheprecedingtwomonthsandmostpositivelyconfirmedbythecouplesdiscoveredinthecourseofmyexcavations。

  Thesefemalesspendthewinterintheircells,asdomanyoftheearly—hatchingmelliferousinsects,suchasAnthophoraeandMason—

  bees,whobuildtheirnestsinthespring,thelarvaereachingtheperfectstateinthesummerandyetremainingshutupintheircellsuntilthefollowingMay。ButthereisthisgreatdifferenceinthecaseoftheCylindricalHalictus,thatintheautumnthefemalesleavetheircellsforatimetoreceivethemalesunderground。Thecouplespairandthemalesperish。Leftalone,thefemalesreturntotheircells,wheretheyspendtheinclementseason。

  TheZebraHalicti,studiedfirstatOrangeandthen,underbetterconditions,atSerignan,inmyownenclosure,havenotthesesubterraneancustoms:theycelebratetheirweddingsamidthejoysofthelight,thesunandtheflowers。IseethefirstmalesappearinthemiddleofSeptember,onthecentauries。Generallythereareseveralofthemcourtingthesamebride。Nowone,thenanother,theyswoopuponhersuddenly,claspher,leaveher,seizeholdofheragain。Fiercebrawlsdecidewhoshallpossessher。Oneisacceptedandtheothersdecamp。Withaswiftandangularflight,theygofromflowertoflower,withoutalighting。Theyhoveronthewing,lookingaboutthem,moreintentonpairingthanoneating。

  TheEarlyHalictusdidnotsupplymewithanydefiniteinformation,partlythroughmyownfault,partlythroughthedifficultyofexcavationinastonysoil,whichcallsforthepick—axeratherthanthespade。IsuspectherofhavingthenuptialcustomsoftheCylindricalHalictus。

  Thereisanotherdifference,whichcausescertainvariationsofdetailinthesecustoms。Intheautumn,thefemalesoftheCylindricalHalictusleavetheirburrowsseldomornotatall。Thosewhodogooutinvariablycomebackafterabriefhaltupontheflowers。Allpassthewinterinthenatalcells。Ontheotherhand,thoseoftheZebraHalictusmovetheirquarters,meetthemalesoutsideanddonotreturntotheburrows,whichmyautumnexcavationsalwaysfinddeserted。Theyhibernateinthefirsthiding—placesthatoffer。

  Inthespring,thefemales,fecundatedsincetheautumn,comeout:

  theCylindricalHalictifromtheircells,theZebraHalictifromtheirvariousshelters,theEarlyHalictiapparentlyfromtheirchambers,likethefirst。Theyworkattheirnestsintheabsenceofanymale,asdoalsotheSocialWasps,whosewholebroodhasperishedexceptingafewmothersalsofecundatedintheautumn。Inbothcases,theassistanceofthemalesisequallyreal,onlyithasprecededthelayingbyaboutsixmonths。

  Sofar,thereisnothingnewinthelifeoftheHalicti;buthereiswheretheunexpectedappears:inJuly,anothergenerationisproduced;andthistimewithoutmales。Theabsenceofmasculineassistanceisnolongerameresemblancehere,duetoanearlierfecundation:itisarealityestablishedbeyondadoubtbythecontinuityofmyobservationsandbymyexcavationsduringthesummerseason,beforetheemergenceofthenewBees。Atthisperiod,alittlebeforeJuly,ifmyspadeunearththecellsofanyoneofmythreeHalicti,theresultisalwaysfemales,nothingbutfemales,withexceedinglyrareexceptions。

  True,itmaybesaidthatthesecondprogenyisduetothemotherswhoknewthemalesinautumnandwhowouldbeabletonidifytwiceayear。Thesuggestionisnotadmissible。TheZebraHalictusconfirmswhatIsay。Sheshowsustheoldmothersnolongerleavingthehomebutmountingguardattheentrancetotheburrows。Noharvesting—orpottery—workispossiblewiththeseabsorbingdoorkeeping—functions。

  Thereforethereisnonewfamily,evenadmittingthatthemothers\'

  ovariesarenotdepleted。

  IdonotknowifasimilarargumentisvalidinthecaseoftheCylindricalHalictus。Hassheanygeneralsurvivors?Asmyattentionhadnotyetbeendirectedonthispointintheolddays,whenIhadtheinsectatmydoor,Ihavenorecordstogoupon。Forallthat,I

  aminclinedtothinkthattheportressoftheZebraHalictusisunknownhere。Thereasonofthisabsencewouldbethenumberofworkersatthestart。

  InMay,theZebraHalictus,livingbyherselfinherwinterretreat,foundsherhousealone。Whenherdaughterssucceedher,inJuly,sheistheonlygrandmotherintheestablishmentandthepostofportressfallstoher。WiththeCylindricalHalictus,theconditionsaredifferent。HeretheMayworkersaremanyinthesameburrow,wheretheydwellincommonduringthewinter。Supposingthattheysurvivewhenthebusinessofthehouseholdisfinished,towhomwilltheofficeofoverseerfall?Theirnumberissogreatandtheyareallsofullofzealthatdisorderwouldbeinevitable。Butwecanleavethissmallmatterunsettledpendingfurtherinformation。

  Thefactremainsthatfemales,femalesexclusively,havecomeoutoftheeggslaidinMay。Theyhavedescendants,ofthatthereisnoroomfordoubt;theyprocreatethoughtherearenomalesintheirtime。

  >Fromthisgenerationbyasinglesex,therespring,twomonthslater,malesandfemales。Thesemate;andthesameorderofthingsrecommences。

  Tosumup,judgingbythethreespeciesthatformthesubjectofmyinvestigations,theHalictihavetwogenerationsayear:oneinthespring,issuingfromthemotherswhohavelivedthroughthewinterafterbeingfecundatedintheautumn;theotherinthesummer,thefruitofparthenogenesis,thatistosay,ofreproductionbythepowersofthemotheralone。Oftheunionofthetwosexes,femalesaloneareborn;parthenogenesisgivesbirthatthesametimetofemalesandmales。

  Whenthemother,theoriginalgenitrix,hasbeenableoncetodispensewithacoadjutor,whydoessheneedonelater?Whatisthepunyidlertherefor?Hewasunnecessary。Whydoeshebecomenecessarynow?Shallweeverobtainasatisfactoryanswertothequestion?Itisdoubtful。However,withoutmuchhopeofsucceedingwewillonedayconsulttheGall—fly,whoisbetter—versedthanweinthetangledproblemofthesexes。

  INDEX。

  AlpineOdynerus。

  Amadeus\'Eumenes。

  Ammophila(seealsoHairyAmmophila)。

  Andrena。

  AndrenoidOsmia。

  Ant。

  Anthidium(seethevarietiesbelow,Cotton—bee,ResinBee)。

  Anthidiumbellicosum。

  Anthidiumcingulatum(seeGirdledAnthidium)。

  Anthidiumdiadema(seeDiademAnthidium)。

  Anthidiumflorentinum(seeFlorentineAnthidium)。

  AnthidiumLatreillii(seeLatreille\'sResin—bee)。

  Anthidiummanicatum(seeManicateAnthidium)。

  Anthidiumquadrilobum(seeFour—lobedResin—bee)。

  Anthidiumscapulare(seeScapularAnthidium)。

  Anthidiumseptemdentatum(seeSeven—prongedResin—bee)。

  Anthocopapapaveris(seeUpholsterer—bee)。

  Anthophora(seealsoAnthophoraoftheWalls,Hairy—footedAnthophora,MaskedAnthophora)。

  AnthophoraoftheWalls。

  Anthophoraparietina(seeAnthophoraoftheWalls)。

  Anthophorapilipes(seeHairy—footedAnthophora)。

  Anthrax(seeAnthraxsinuata)。

  Anthraxsinuata。

  Aphis(seePlant—louse)。

  Archimedes。

  Augustus,theEmperor。

  Bee。

  Beetle。

  Bembex。

  Black,AdamandCharles。

  BlackPlant—louse。

  BlackPsen。

  Black—tippedLeaf—cutter。

  BlueOsmia。

  Book—louse。

  BrownSnail。

  Bulimulusradiatus。

  Bumble—bee。

  Calicurgus(seePompilus)。

  Capricorn。

  Carpenter—bee。

  Cat。

  Cemonusunicolor。

  Cerambyx(seeCapricorn)。

  Ceratina(seealsothevarietiesbelow)。

  Ceratinaalbilabris。

  Ceratinacallosa。

  Ceratinachalcites。

  Ceratinacoerulea。

  Cerceris。

  Cetonia。

  Chaffinch。

  Chalicodoma(seeMason—bee)。

  Chrysisflammea。

  Cockroach。

  Coelyoxiscaudata。

  Coelyoxisoctodentata。

  Colletes。

  CommonSnail。

  CommonWasp。

  Cotton—bee(seealsothevarietiesofAnthidium)。

  Crayfish。

  Cricket。

  Criocerismerdigera(seeLily—beetle)。

  Cryptusbimaculatus。

  Cryptusgyrator。

  CylindricalHalictus。

  Darwin,CharlesRobert。

  Decticusverrucivorus。

  Devillario,Henri。

  DiademAnthidium。

  Dioxyscincta。

  Dog。

  Dragon—fly。

  Dryden,John。

  Dufour,JeanMarieLeon。

  Dung—beetle。

  Dzierzon,Johann。

  EarlyHalictus。

  Earth—worm。

  Earwig。

  Epeira(seeGardenSpider)。

  Ephialtesdivinator。

  Ephialtesmediator。

  Ephippiger。

  EumenesAmadei(seeAmadeus\'Eumenes)。

  Euritemarubicola。

  Fabre,Emile,theauthor\'sson。

  Fabricius,JohannChristian。

  FeebleLeaf—cutter。

  Field—mouse。

  FlorentineAnthidium。

  Fly(seealsoHouse—fly)。

  Foenuspyrenaicus。

  Four—lobedResin—bee。

  Franklin,Benjamin。

  GardenSnail。

  GardenSpider。

  GirdledAnthidium。

  GirdledSnail(seeBrownSnail)。

  Gnat。

  GoldenOsmia。

  Goldfinch。

  Grasshopper(seealsoGreatGreenGrasshopper)。

  GreatGreenGrasshopper。

  GreatPeacockMoth。

  GreenGrasshopper(seeEphippiger,GreatGreenGrasshopper)。

  GreenOsmia。

  GreyLizard。

  HairyAmmophila。

  Hairy—footedAnthophora。

  Halictus(seealsothevarietiesbelow)。

  Halictuscylindricus(seeCylindricalHalictus)。

  Halictusmalachurus(seeEarlyHalictus)。

  Halictuszebrus(seeZebraHalictus)。

  Hare—footedLeaf—cutter。

  Helixalgira。

  Helixaspersa(seeCommonSnail)。

  Helixcaespitum(seeGardenSnail)。

  Helixnemoralis。

  Helixstriata。

  Heriadesrubicola。

  Herring。

  Hive—bee。

  Honey—bee(seeHive—bee)。

  HornedOsmia。

  House—dog(seeDog)。

  House—fly。

  Kid。

  Kirby,William。

  LaFontaine,Jeande。

  Lamb。

  LanguedocianSphex。

  Laniuscollurio(seeRed—backedShrike)。

  LaPalice,JacquesdeChabannes,Seigneurde。

  Latreille,PierreAndre。

  Latreille\'sOsmia。

  Latreille\'sResin—bee。

  Leaf—cutter,Leaf—cuttingBee(seeMegachile)。

  Leaf—insect。

  Leucopsis。

  Lily—beetle。

  Lithurgus(seealsothevarietiesbelow)。

  Lithurguschrysurus。

  Lithurguscornutus。

  Lizard(seealsoGreyLizard)。

  Locust。

  Locustaviridissima(seeGreatGreenGrasshopper)。

  MacmillanCo。

  \"MademoiselleMori\",authorof。

  ManicateAnthidium。

  Mantis,Mantisreligiosa(seePrayingMantis)。

  MaskedAnthophora。

  Mason—bee(seealsothevarietiesbelow)。

  Mason—beeofthePebbles(seeMason—beeoftheWalls)。

  Mason—beeoftheSheds。

  Mason—beeoftheShrubs。

  Mason—beeoftheWalls。

  May—fly。

  Meade—Waldo,Geoffrey。

  Megachile(seealsothevarietiesbelow)。

  Megachilealbocincta(seeWhite—girdledLeaf—cutter)。

  Megachileapicalis(seeBlack—tippedLeaf—cutter)。

  Megachileargentata(seeSilveryLeaf—cutter)。

  MegachileDufourii(seeSilkyLeaf—cutter)。

  Megachileimbecilla(seeFeebleLeaf—cutter)。

  Megachilelagopoda(seeHare—footedLeaf—cutter)。

  Megachilesericans(seeSilkyLeaf—cutter)。

  Melitta(seeColletes)。

  Miall,Bernard。

  MidwifeToad。

  Morawitz\'Osmia。

  Odynerus(seealsothevarietiesbelow)

  Odynerusalpestris(seeAlpineOdynerus)。

  Odynerusdelphinalis。

  Odynerusrubicola。

  Oil—beetle。

  Omalusauratus。

  Osmia(seealsothevarietiesbelow)。

  Osmiaandrenoides(seeAndrenoidOsmia)。

  Osmiaaurulenta(seeGoldenOsmia)。

  Osmiacornuta(seeHornedOsmia)。

  Osmiacyanea(seeBlueOsmia)。

  Osmiacyanoxantha。

  Osmiadetrita(seeRaggedOsmia)。

  OsmiaLatreillii(seeLatreille\'sOsmia)。

  OsmiaMorawitzi(seeMorawitz\'Osmia)。

  Osmiaparvula(seeTinyOsmia)。

  Osmiarufo—hirta(seeRedOsmia)。

  Osmiatricornis(seeThree—hornedOsmia)。

  Osmiatridentata(seeThree—prongedOsmia)。

  Osmiaversicolor(seeVariegatedOsmia)。

  Osmiaviridana(seeGreenOsmia)。

  Pelopaeus。

  Perez,ProfessorJean。

  Philanthus(seePhilanthusapivorus)。

  Philanthusapivorus。

  Plant—louse(seealsoBlackPlant—louse)。

  Pompilus。

  PrayingMantis。

  Prosopisconfusa。

  Psenatratus(seeBlackPsen)。

  Rabelais,Francois。

  RaggedOsmia。

  Reaumur,ReneAntoineFerchaultde。

  Red—backedShrike。

  Red—Osmia。

  Resin—bee(seealsothevarieties)。

  RingedCalicurgus(seePompilus)。

  Rodwell,MissFrances。

  Rosechafer(seeCetonia)。

  Sapyga(seeSpottedSapyga)。

  Sardine。

  ScapularAnthidium。

  Scolia。

  Scorpion。

  Seven—prongedResin—bee。

  Shrike(seeRed—backedShrike)。

  SilkyLeaf—cutter。

  SilveryLeaf—cutter。

  Snail(seealsothevarieties)

  SocialWasp(seeCommonWasp)。

  Soleniuslapidarius。

  Soleniusvagus。

  Sophocles。

  Sparrow。

  Spence,William。

  Sphex(seealsoLanguedocianSphex,Yellow—wingedSphex。)

  SpottedSapyga。

  Stick—insect。

  Stizus。

  Tachina。

  Tachytes。

  Tarantula。

  TeixeiradeMattos,Alexander。

  Termite。

  Three—hornedOsmia。

  Three—prongedOsmia。

  Tiberius,theEmperor。

  TinyOsmia。

  Tripoxylonfigulus。

  UnarmedZonitis(seeZonitismutica)。

  Upholsterer—bee。

  VariegatedOsmia。

  Virgil。

  Wasp(seealsoCommonWasp)。

  WeavingSpider。

  Weevil。

  White—girdledLeaf—cutter。

  Wolf。

  Worm(seeEarth—worm)。

  Xylocopaviolacea(seeCarpenter—bee)。

  Yellow—wingedSphex。

  ZebraHalictus。

  Zonitismutica。

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